Tests of the binary compatibility in BiCOMC.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1950",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Video Compression",title:"Video Compression",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Even though video compression has become a mature field, a lot of research is still ongoing. 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Nowadays, lots of software have been developed based on components because of reusability and composability which can make development and maintenance easier. The component-based approach has some advantages that the cost and time required for maintenance and development can be reduced through the combination of components and the property of encapsulation. In particular, the robot software platforms such as OPRoS [1, 2, 3], openRTM [4, 5], and OROCOS [6], which are examples of component-based systems, have been using components of dynamic libraries, such as .dll and .so, in order for components to be able to be developed and maintained with ease. Despite these advantages, there are some hurdles in reusing of the components. The biggest hurdle is the binary compatibility issue of C++ based components, which is whether or not the components in the binary code compiled by a type of compiler are executing together on the same operating system with other components compiled by its old version compiler or other types of compilers. In practice, the number of components implemented with programming languages such as Java and Python has been increasing because those languages do not cause the binary compatibility problems. However, C++ is an important programming language needed for the control of automation machines/devices such as robots and SW-based PLCs because it provides fast performance [7, 8]. In addition, there have been lots of C++ based components or modules developed and stably used till now for industrial/office/home automation. Because the components were compiled by different types and/or versions of compilers, it is necessary to reuse them effectively. Therefore, the binary compatibility of C++ components (or objects) should be resolved. Note that examples of the components (or objects) are classes, variables, and methods, where a class can include variables, methods, and zero or more classes.
There are following two types of methods in dynamical sharing of C++ classes: the C-based dynamic library method and the sharing method supported by a compiler. Because the C-based dynamic library method cannot directly share classes, the executable files such as .exe, .dll, and .so refer to the abstract class of the same header files and deliver the address of the instance of the class. The sharing method by compiler can directly share classes. But the method cannot share instances of classes compiled by different types of compilers [9]. In other words, there is a serious problem that the sharing of classes is applicable only to the same compiler, which makes spreading of C++ based components difficult.
For instance, let us consider two types of components in the Windows environment, which are made using Visual C++ from Microsoft (MSVC) and GCC from GNU, respectively. A MSVC-based component and a GCC-based component are not mutually compatible in most cases even though they have been made in the same Windows environment. This situation occurs due to the binary compatibility problem. The binary compatibility problem generally causes the situations where the methods of the object cannot be suitably called or its operation is not properly executed. And then the system can enter into a down (or dead) state. To solve the problem, it is necessary to design an object structure compatible in all types of compilers [10].
There have been some researches to solve the binary compatibility problem of C++ objects, examples of which are COM [11], CCC [12], and ZL [13]. COM solves the binary compatibility problem of C++ objects but has some limitations that it should operate in a Windows environment and be supported only by the MSVC compiler [11]. CCC is a library that the classes are composed of only header files to maintain the binary compatibility and designed to use the C++ 11 features [14] to make binary compatible objects with ease. But CCC has a limitation that it can be used only by compilers that support the C++ 11 standard. In other words, CCC does not share objects compiled by compilers not supporting the C++ 11 standard. In the C++ compatible language ZL [13], the binary compatible classes are supported by customized preprocessors and macros. It does not however support multiple inheritances and provides the binary compatibility only for GCC because the compiler for ZL is made from modified version of GCC. In addition COM and CCC do not support the method overloading, but ZL partially supports it. CCC supports exception handling, COM does it in the restricted manner, but ZL does not support it.
This chapter proposes the binary compatibility object model for C++ (BiCOMC) for reusability of software components which provide binary compatibility for sharing objects between C++ executable files in the Windows or the Linux environment. In addition, the proposed model provides the method overloading and overriding, multiple inheritance, and exception handling. And BiCOMC makes each other share the objects generated by different types of compilers such as MSVC, GCC, and ICC. This chapter provides macros of C++ preprocessor for sharing the binary compatible objects easily and independently of the types and versions of compilers. This chapter illustrates how to use the proposed model via a simple example in the Windows and Linux environment. To validate the proposed method, BiCOMC is compared with COM and CCC in terms of the call time during execution and the binary compatibility among interface versions and the types of compilers. Moreover, it is shown that BiCOMC-based components made using both MSVC and GCC can call the methods of each other and the interface version problems are resolved.
In the next section, a binary compatibility object model for C++ (BiCOMC) is proposed, which has the structures of virtual function tables including multiple inheritance and the casting algorithm for conversion of interfaces. It is shown that method overloading and multiple inheritances are supported. In Section 3, the component based on BiCOMC is defined, and its implementation is shown using examples. Section 4 suggests two examples. One is a simple example to illustrate how to use the proposed method in Windows and Linux environment. The other is an example of a robot application to validate the proposed method, where the application consists of three components compiled by different types of compilers. In Section 5, the binary compatibility and the performance measure of the call time of methods are evaluated. Finally, the conclusions are given in Section 6.
A BiCOMC is shown in Figure 1 and has the interface Object as the root of the hierarchy of the class diagrams. Since interfaces are public and can be used by many objects, they do not have any member variables so that binary compatibility is maintained. Note that the interface Object has one pointer variable as shown in Figure 1 for sharing of a virtual function table. The point variable is the vftptr pointer for accessing of the table and exists at the topmost of the interface. The structure of the virtual function table is explained later.
Class diagram of Object and ErrorDetail interface for BiCOMC.
Let us consider the case where an executable file A can create an object but a different executable file B can delete the object. In this case, the memory allocated by the file A cannot normally be deleted using the C++ delete operator in the file B because the delete operator of the file B cannot invoke the destructor of the class in the file A. To solve this problem, the interface Object has a destroy() method so that objects can be deleted by the executable file which created the objects.
Because objects that are shared externally are exposed in the form of an interface, they cannot know the prototype of the object and then cannot be replicated through the C++ copy constructor. The interface Object has a clone() method that is allowed to clone the object.
When interface methods are implemented, the order of the methods in the virtual function table should be the same as the declaration order of the methods in the interface. So the order of the methods in the interface should not be changed once the interface is open in public. Adding a new method to the interface is allowed if its order is not changed. In other words the insertion of a new method is allowed only as the last method of the interface.
All methods can cause exceptions which are related to the interface ErrorDetail in Figure 1. Therefore, only objects implemented in the interface ErrorDetail should be thrown at the occurrence of the exceptions. The interface ErrorDetail has a value() method, a category() method, and a message() method that return an error value, an error category, and a description of the error, respectively.
An interface can inherit only one parent interface, but a class can inherit multiple interfaces. When a class has inherited multiple interfaces, the class has multiple vftptr pointers, which are the addresses of virtual function tables for individually inherited interfaces. The class, which is inherited multiple interfaces, refers to as many virtual function tables as the number of the inherited interfaces, which is shown in Figure 3.
The vftptr pointer of the interface Object points to a virtual function table. A virtual function table contains the address of the overridden method and the interface information for the interface. Figure 2 shows the structure of the virtual function table. The sizes of depth, version, and next offset are equal to the size of a void pointer (or void*), respectively.
Structure of a virtual function table.
A virtual function table contains all the parent interfaces inherited by the interface. The first element, depth, of a virtual function table in Figure 2 stores the number of inheritances from the interface Object to the last interface. If the interface directly inherited by the implementation class is the interface Object, the value of depth is 0. The second element, version, means the version number of BiCOMC for future extension of BiCOMC. The third element, next offset, is used for the objects that inherit multiple interfaces and represents the offset between the current vftptr and the next vftptr, which is explained later. The fourth element Object FT refers to the address of the function table of the interface Object where the actual addresses of overridden methods and the interface information are stored. The remaining elements i-th interface FT points to the function table of the i-th interface (i = 1… N).
The entry interface info in the function table means the interface information. The entry j-th mth. addr. (j = 1… M) is the address of the j-th method. Note that the addresses of the methods are stored in the same order as the order of declaration of the methods.
The interface info includes some elements such as hash, subhash, mth. count, interface name, and j-th mth. sig. (j = 1… M). The hash is a 64bit value, and it is calculated with the name of the interface and the names of inherited interfaces. The same hash means that the name of the interface and the names of the inherited interfaces are the same. The subhash is also a 64bit value, and it is calculated with M method signatures which contain the name of the method, a return type, and parameters’ types. The same subhash means that the method definitions of two interfaces are the same. The sizes of the hash and the subhash of the interface may not be the same as the size of void*. Their sizes are calculated in (1) in bytes. If the hash values of two objects are different, the objects are incompatible. The subhash values are used for the method overloading and backward compatibility. So the method signatures should be checked if the subhash values are not matched. Note that the interface name and the j-th mth. sig. (j = 1…M) are null-terminated character strings encoded by UTF-8 and j-th mth. sig. consists of the method name, the return type, and types of parameters:
As mentioned above, the method signature can distinguish other methods with the same name because the method’s signature is based on the method name as well as the types of parameters and the return type. So it can be said that BiCOMC supports the method overloading.
In BiCOMC, an object that inherits multiple interfaces has as many vftptr pointers as the number of inherited interfaces. Note that the basic structure of the virtual function table is described in Section 2.2. Figure 3 shows the structure of the virtual function tables of an object inheriting three interfaces.
Structure of virtual function table in the case of multiple inheritance.
In the case where three interfaces have been inherited, three vftptr pointers exist as shown in Figure 3. Assume that a 32bit system is used and the next offset of the virtual function Table 1 is 4, which is the difference between the address of vftptr 2 and the address of vftptr 1 in the instance of class. And the next offset of the virtual function Table 3 is −8, which is the difference between the address of vftptr 1 and the address of vftptr 3.
BiCOMC | Dynamic library (DLL) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSVC | GCC | ICC | ||||||
9 | 14 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 14 | 16 | |||
Executable (EXE) | MS VC | 9 | O | O | O | O | O | O |
14 | O | O | O | O | O | O | ||
GCC | 4.5 | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
5.2 | O | O | O | O | O | O | ||
ICC | 14 | O | O | O | O | O | O | |
16 | O | O | O | O | O | O |
Tests of the binary compatibility in BiCOMC.
General casting methods of C++ such as static_cast and dynamic_cast cannot be used among objects created by different types of compilers. Therefore, methods that can cast BiCOMC objects are necessary regardless of a type of compilers used. Figure 4 shows an algorithm for casting BiCOMC objects to other interfaces.
Algorithm for interface casting.
The casting algorithm gets virtual function tables using two parameters of obj and tgtTable. The algorithm compares the tables of obj with the tables of the target interface in order to check whether or not two interfaces are compatible. NULL is returned if two interfaces are not compatible each other. The seventh, tenth, and forty-second lines in Figure 4 are for processing of multiple inheritance. Lines 21–24 check hash values to test the names of interfaces and inheritance relationships. That is, lines 21–24 compare the hash values and detect whether they are compatible by detecting whether a new interface is added or a different interface name exists. Lines 25–37 compare subhash values, and two interfaces are considered as compatible interfaces if the values are the same. If they are different, it examines method signatures of interface information to check compatibility. An example of interface casting is shown in Figure 6.
In this section the component based on BiCOMC is defined, and its implementation is shown using examples. Figure 5 shows an example of the class Comp_1 based on BiCOMC, where the interface Interface_1 and the interface Interface_2 inherit the interface Object and Interface_3 inherits Interface_2. The definition of the interfaces in Figure 5 is shown in Figure 7. The class Comp_1 is one of the components that provide interfaces Interface_1 and Interface_3. Interface Interface_1 consists of void mth_1(int) and int. mth_2(), and interface Interface_3 inherits interface Interface_2 and consists of void mth_1() and int. mth_2(int).
Class diagram example of relationship between component and interface.
Figure 6 shows an example of the interface casting algorithm in Figure 4, which shows that Interface_1 is converted to Interface_2 using bicomc_cast based on the algorithm in Figure 4.
An example of interface casting.
The macro BICOMC_INTERFACE defines interfaces as shown in Figure 7, using one or two parameters. The first parameter is the name of the interface, and the second parameter is the name of the parent interface and optional. In the case where the second parameter is empty, the interface Object is inherited. The macro BICOMC_DECL_METHOD in Figure 7 declares the method of the interface. The macro has three parameters as follows: the first parameter is the name of the method, the second parameter is the function type of the method, and the third parameter is the number of parameters of the method. For example, let us consider BICOMC_DECL_METHOD(mth_2, int.(), 0). This macro represents the method int. mth_2() in Figure 8.
Definition of interface using macro in
C++ code of
The interface definition in Figure 7 is converted into the C++ code of Figure 8 by C++ preprocessor. Note that C++ code for Interface_2 is not represented. The macro BICOMC_INTERFACE in Figure 7 is converted to the C++ code related to the inputted interface name such as Interface_1. As seen in the 1st and 17th lines of Figure 8, the macro BICOMC_INTERFACE (Interface_1) and BICOMC_INTERFACE (Interface_3, Interface_2) create the codes of class Interface_1 public Object and class Interface_3 public Interface_2, respectively. The macro BICOMC_DECL_METHOD is converted to a method which consists of a name, a return type, and parameters. The second, third, and eleventh lines in Figure 7 are converted into the third–seventh lines, ninth–fourteenth lines, and nineteenth to twenty-fourth lines in Figure 8, respectively. From the virtual function table pointed at by the vftptr pointer of the interface Object, the addresses of functions(or methods) are acquired using the inheritance depth of the interface and the order of declarations of the interface methods as shown in the 5th, 11th, and 21st lines in Figure 8, and then the actual overridden methods are called. These methods are converted into the function type as shown in Figure 9 and then stored. Note that ErrorCode is a wrapper class of ErrorDetail in Figure 1.
Function type stored in the virtual function table.
In Figure 9, parameter I* is the address of the interface instance, the second parameter R* is the address of the variable receiving the return value of the method, and other parameters (P_1…P_N) are parameters of the method. The method stored in the function type is called with the same function-calling convention. Note that exception information is returned using the interface ErrorDetail. When the exception information has been returned, the C++ code of the method throws the exception on behalf of the method as shown in the 6th, 12th, and 22nd lines in Figure 8.
Figure 10 shows the implementation of the interfaces in Figure 7. The interfaces in Figure 7 are inherited, and the methods are overridden in order to define the class Comp_1. The interfaces and methods for overriding are set using the macros BICOMC_OVERRIDE and BICOMC_OVER_METHOD. Parameters of the macro BICOMC_OVERRIDE are names of all interfaces that the component inherits. Parameters of the macro BICOMC_OVER_METHOD are the names and signatures of the overridden methods. Figure 11 shows C++ code converted from Figure 10 by C++ preprocessor. The macro BICOMC_OVERRIDE is converted to bool overrideMethod(), and parameters of the macro such as Interface_1 and Interface_3 are used for clear conversion of overridden methods related to the type of the interface. The BICOMC_OVER_METHOD macros on lines 3–7 in Figure 10 are converted to codes on lines 6–11 in Figure 11 and the macro BiCOMC_OVERRIDE_INIT() to holder(overrideMethod()) on the 16th line in Figure 11.
Implementation of interfaces and overriding.
C++ code of
This section describes in sequence how to make a file copy application, which is a simple example based on BiCOMC. The file copy application is designed to run on Windows and Linux and is built using MSVC and GCC, respectively. The dynamic library providing the file copy function, which named utility, is created, and the executable file using this dynamic library, which named app, is generated as the application. The interface is first defined to share an object that provides a method for copying files. The interface to provide this functionality is defined in the utility.h file as the ICopy interface. Figure 12 shows that the ICopy interface is defined based on the macro of BiCOMC and is the source code of the dynamic library named
C++ code of utility.h.
The BiCOMC macro is defined in
In order to implement the
C++ code of utility.h.
The
C++ code of app.cpp.
The
Compilation commands of app.cpp and utility.cpp.
This section explains how to implement BiCOMC-based components using a robot applications. The robot application consists of three components in a Windows environment as follows: the
Configuration example of components for a robot application.
The component
Definition of interfaces IMobile and IManipulator.
Definition of component MobileComp.
Example of component AppComp.
Definition of component ManipulatorComp.
Figure 21 shows the operation results of the robot after three components in Figure 16 are successfully implemented, which are parts captured from a video clip [15]. It can be observed from Figure 21 that the BiCOMC-based components function properly regardless of the types of compilers.
Video capture of robot application running.
This section evaluates the binary compatibility occurred among different types of compilers and verifies whether backward compatibility can be maintained when the interface version has been changed. There are some binary compatibility checking tools like ABI Compliance Checker [16], shlib-compat [17], libabigail [18], and ABICheck [19], but these tools are used to check API/ABI in C language level or to compare virtual function tables generated by the supported compiler. So they cannot check the binary compatibility of C++ objects created by different types of compilers. In addition these tools cannot detect the compatibility maintained by BiCOMC. For checking of the binary compatibility, this chapter uses the proposed methods explained in Sections 5.1 and 5.2. Finally the call times as performance measures are compared among BiCOMC, COM, and CCC using different types of compilers.
Compilers generally reorder a virtual function table according to each compiler’s ABI, which makes the binary compatibility difficult. The interface
Interface for binary compatibility test.
These methods are called to check whether the normal return value is delivered. The tests are considered successful if the three methods are normally called and are judged to have failed if any of the methods are not normally called or the program has shut down. The experiments using the interface
It can be seen in Tables 1 and 2 that BiCOMC and CCC guarantee the binary compatibility among MSVC, GCC, and ICC. However, CCC is only available in compilers supporting C++ 11. Table 3 shows that the binary compatibility between MSVC and ICC is guaranteed as stated in [20], but these two compilers are not compatible with GCC. As stated earlier, the different types of compilers reorder the virtual function table, and then the reordered methods are not called normally. So C++ methods are called abnormally by different types of compilers as shown in Table 3, whereas BiCOMC and CCC worked normally because they prevent to reorder a virtual function table.
CCC | Dynamic library (DLL) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSVC | GCC | ICC | ||||||
9 | 14 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 14 | 16 | |||
Executable (EXE) | MS VC | 9 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
14 | — | O | — | O | — | O | ||
GCC | 4.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
5.2 | — | O | — | O | — | O | ||
ICC | 14 | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
16 | — | O | — | O | — | O |
Tests of the binary compatibility in CCC.
CCC | Dynamic library (DLL) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSVC | GCC | ICC | ||||||
9 | 14 | 4.5 | 5.2 | 14 | 16 | |||
Executable (EXE) | MS VC | 9 | O | O | X | X | O | O |
14 | O | O | X | X | O | O | ||
GCC | 4.5 | X | X | O | O | X | X | |
5.2 | X | X | O | O | X | X | ||
ICC | 14 | O | O | X | X | O | O | |
16 | O | O | X | X | O | O |
Tests of the binary compatibility in C++.
In developing the program, it is necessary to add a new method to the existing interface. That is, the interface version is changed in this case, which is shown in Figure 23.
Interface for backward compatibility test per version.
Figure 23 shows two interfaces of
This test also uses simple methods that return values of 1, 2, and 3, respectively, which are similar to methods used in Section 5.1. The experiments are done using MSVC 14, GCC 5.2, and ICC 16 in Windows 10.
Table 4 shows that BiCOMC can enable the binary compatibility between interfaces of versions
Method compiler | BiCOMC | CCC | COM | C++ |
---|---|---|---|---|
MSVC 14 | O | X | X | X |
GCC 5.2 | O | X | — | X |
ICC 16 | O | X | X | X |
Tests of the backward compatibility.
Call times as performance measures are measured in Windows 10 using MSVC 14, GCC 5.2, and ICC 16. The methods of objects are called 10 million times, and the call times are obtained as the average values of all call times. These are shown in Figures 24–26, in which MSVC, GCC, and ICC compilers are used for evaluation, respectively. In these figures, two notations such as
Call time in MSVC.
Call time in GCC.
Call time in ICC.
Tables 1–4 show that BiCOMC provides the best binary compatibility among different types of compilers. Figures 24–26 show that C++ has the best call time, but the call time of BiCOMC is similar to those of C++ and COM. CPP is generally faster than others because the method calling accesses an optimized virtual function table which accesses directly addresses of methods. COM is also similar to CPP. Note that GCC does not support COM. CCC is slower as std::function, one of the C++ 11 features [14], is basically used [12]. BiCOMC is slower slightly than CPP and COM because it accesses addresses of methods in the
This chapter proposed the binary compatibility object model for C++ (BiCOMC) to provide the binary compatibility of objects necessary for reusability of software components in the Windows and Linux environment in order to share objects among C++ based executable files such as .exe, .dll, and .so. The interfaces for the component, method overloading and overriding, multiple inheritance, and the exception handling were suggested based on BiCOMC model.
The proposed model was validated by application examples and comparisons with commonly known object models such as C++, COM, and CCC in terms of the call time of a method during execution and the binary compatibility such as reusability. The application examples showed that components compiled by GCC and MSVC call each other without any restrictions. From Tables 1–3, it can be seen that the BiCOMC provides better binary compatibility in a Windows environment than object models in C++, COM, and CCC, which are compiled in GCC, MSVC, and ICC. The BiCOMC was compared with C++, COM, and CCC in terms of the call times of methods during run time. The results showed that the call time of the BiCOMC was similar to C++/COM. In other words, the application examples and the evaluation results verified that the proposed method was provided for the binary compatibility among different types of compilers.
In future we will develop and distribute BiCOMC-based components for various applications such as industrial/medical robot applications and factory/home automation application, which can be used regardless of the types of compilers.
Soybean production in Mozambique is gaining pace through land area expansion at the expense of other crops mainly driven by lucrative prices and the unsatisfied market demand particularly the poultry industry [1]. However, climate change effects, low soil fertility and poor crop management keep yield below the world average. Some farmers are seeking solutions to these challenges by adopting region adapted improved varieties, use of soil amendments such as organic manures and inoculant application to improve nitrogen availability. Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient in soybean production due to its high uptake by plants, vulnerability to leaching, denitrification and removal through crop harvest [2]. Inoculation of rhizobia enhances biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in soybean production and is economically viable for use among smallholder farmers due to its low price over inorganic commercial fertilizer blends [3, 4]. Likewise, soybean producers have the quest to improve yield which necessitates inoculation with effective rhizobial strains [5, 6, 7]. Inoculation improves soybean yield and increases crop resilience to climatic changes effects across Africa such as drought incidences experienced in Mozambique through better water use efficiency (WUE) [8]. Although many African countries currently produce inoculant that is effective for both promiscuous and non-promiscuous soybean varieties and other legumes like beans, cowpea, and groundnuts [9], Mozambique as a country lacks the capacity and facilities for local production. However, production volumes of these inoculants seldom satisfy in-country or regional demand warranting importation of supplementary stocks from as far as south America [10]. Unfortunately, produced inoculants fail to reach smallholder farmers in Africa on time due to logistic constrains linking production and distribution. Development of promiscuous soybean varieties, capable of fixing nitrogen with indigenous rhizobia [11] offer a promising solution to improving BNF. In addition, advancement in research has led to isolation of promising indigenous rhizobia that establish symbiotic association with soybean [12, 13]. The research was based on the notion that African soils have indigenous rhizobia strains capable of colonizing soybean root. Unfortunately, isolated indigenous rhizobia strains are yet to be commercialized despite performing better than or like the well-known USDA 110 strain. Commercial production in solid or liquid form of identified indigenous rhizobia strains is necessary to improve their efficiency since naturally they occur in low populations in the soil coupled with low efficacy as effective nitrogen fixers.
Inoculants can be packaged in liquid, peat, or granular forms. Only the liquid or peat/powder forms of inoculants are found in Mozambique with the latter being more abundant and easier to handle among producers. Both forms of inoculants can be applied on seed or directly on soil before planting. Although both forms of inoculants improve yield, variations in the amount tend to occur due to other factors such as viability, storage and environment especially soil moisture in a specific site [14]. In many cases, seed yield inoculated with liquid formula seldom gives better than the peat inoculants. Liquid inoculants offer limited protection to the rhizobia hence survivability can be a challenge in sub-optimal conditions [15, 16, 17] while peat carriers provide more protection to the live cells to a limited extend as it is still important to plant the seed or cover the soil soon after application. Bacterial cells survival on the seed or soil in Mozambique could mainly be affected by desiccation and high temperatures [18]. The most common inoculant application method in Mozambique is on seed although there exists a potential for soil application especially among the large-scale commercial soybean producers who have the capacity to mechanize farm operations.
Soybeans acquire N from either BNF or soil and sometimes inorganic N fertilizer if applied. Maximum N demand in soybean occurs between the R3 and R5 stages of development [19]. Proportions of N absorbed from these sources differ with the cropping system and management. Since BNF is an energy consuming process, soybean will not invest in it where either the soil or fertilizer N is adequate. On the other hand, unavailability of N from any of the sources during plant growth will result in N translocation from other parts of the plant such as leaves to the grain, which diminishes the photosynthesis thus reducing yield potential [20]. Soybean plant N derived from BNF leads to improved productivity. Nitrogen availability in soybean production can be enhanced through inoculation. Inoculating soybean with liquid or peat based effective rhizobia strains promotes nodulation and plant growth that contribute to increased yield. Through BNF, soybean can satisfy between 50% and 60% of its nitrogen requirement [21]. Farmers in Mozambique rarely apply external inorganic fertilizer on soybean. Therefore, the N sources of soybean production is either soil or BNF where inoculants are applied, or effective indigenous rhizobia strains exist in the soil. More so, where inoculants are applied, there exists no means to quantify the amount of N fixed in the fields other than the yield obtained. Benefits of BNF are higher when phosphorus fertilizer is applied in addition to rhizobia inoculation on soybean [5] or cowpea [3] in Mozambique.
Carbon is released from the plant through the leaves as CO2 during transpiration. Likewise, water is lost from the plant by the same process through the stomata. Transpiration is important in plants as it facilitates mass-flow movement of nutrients from the roots to the above ground parts. This process is inversely correlated to availability of soil moisture content hence affecting plant WUE [22]. WUE is the ratio of plant dry matter production against the water used over a period. It can also be defined at a point in time as the ratio between the rate of carbon fixation and the rate of transpiration. 13C isotope discrimination is used to determine a fraction of carbon isotope during CO2 uptake and fixation and related to WUE that is an important physiological character as an indicator of plant adaptability to drought conditions through the functioning of the stomata [23]. It is strongly linked to the ratio of the intercellular and atmospheric concentration of CO2 (
Field studies using soybean variety ‘
Location | Angonia | Gurue | Nampula |
---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.4 | 6.2 | 6.6 |
P (ppm) | 25.0 | 44.8 | 0.3 |
K (ppm) | 122.8 | 421.0 | 90.4 |
Ca (ppm) | 772.8 | 1755.0 | 800.5 |
Mg (ppm) | 165.5 | 301.8 | 113.0 |
Na (ppm) | 29.4 | 17.9 | 29.3 |
EC (dS/cm) | 0.059 | 0.057 | 0.050 |
CEC (cmolc/kg) | 6.6 | 15.0 | 6.0 |
N (%) | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.13 |
Sand (%) | 64.0 | 56.8 | 63.2 |
Silt (%) | 6.6 | 12.1 | 2.0 |
Clay (%) | 29.4 | 31.1 | 34.8 |
Soil characteristics at the experimental sites’ soils.
Two inoculants were sourced from Novozymes BioAg (Cell-Tech® liquid and Cell-Tech® peat) in Saskatoon, SK Canada and Soygro (Soyflo-liquid and Soycap-powder) in Potchefstroom South Africa. According to the manufacturers’ specifications, the inoculants contained 2 × 109 cells/ml or cells/g of
Liquid inoculants required for 2 kg soybean seed were weighed and diluted with 100 ml of distilled water before applying on seed in a plastic bag. The seeds were then mixed well for the surfaces to be fully coated with the inoculant. For the solid-based inoculants, the seeds were weighed into a plastic bag then moist with water for Cell-Tech® peat or Mollyflo for the Soycap-powder. Seeds were then mixed well in the plastic bag until all the surfaces were coated with a film of water or Mollyflo. Then respective quantities of solid-based inoculants added and mixed well to cover the surfaces of all the seeds. All the preparations were done under shade and the seeds planted within 2 h of mixing with the inoculant.
Volumes of inoculants to be applied on soil per plot were measured using a syringe into 2 l hand sprayers before adding 1 l of distilled water. The mixture was then agitated gently to equally distribute the inoculant cells in the water. Later the mixture was sprayed into open seed furrows followed immediately with seed placement and covering with soil. To apply the solid-based inoculants onto soil, quantities of respective plot inoculants were weight and mixed with 100 g moist fine sieved (1 mm sieve) soil in a wide mouth plastic container with a lid. Then soil and inoculant were mixed thoroughly by shaking. The lid was then perforated using a hot nail to open many holes like a saltshaker. This mixture was then applied in open furrow followed by immediate planting of seeds and covering with soil. To avoid scorching of the rhizobia strains to death in the sun, immediately planting the seeds and covering with soil is recommended.
A disc plow was used for land preparation followed by two passes of harrowing. Both seasons’ experiments were planted between 16 and 24 December depending on the onset of rains in each site. Experimental treatments were formulated by combining the two inoculants, their formula (liquid or solid) and place of application (seed or soil) plus a control (no amendment). These resulted in nine treatments that were layered out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). A non-promiscuous soybean variety Safari was planted in plots of 20 m2 in four replications. Plots consisted of seven rows of 8 m in length, 0.50 m row-spacing and 0.1 m between plants within rows. During establishment of the trials, similar treatments were planted by one person for all the four replicates to avoid contamination. Planting and weeding (twice) were done by hand at site-specific scheduling. The experiment was conducted under rainfed conditions for both seasons with no external water supply through irrigation. Pests were controlled once at beginning of flowering using 100 ml of Cypermethrin (200 g active ingredient/l) and 50 ml of Lambda Cyhalothrin (50 g active ingredient/l) applied using 15 l knapsack sprayer.
Data on nodulation, plant growth, nitrogen fixed, 13C related WUE, yield and yield components were collected. At R3 (flowering to podding) growth stage when pods had reached 10−12 mm long at one of the four uppermost nodes on main stem, five randomly selected soybean plants were excavated using a hoe and spade from each plot ensuring that all the roots were recovered. All the soil was washed out of the roots and all nodules plucked out carefully by hand. The nodules were counted and later placed in envelopes before drying in an oven at 60°C for 48 h to determine nodule dry weight. Plant biomass were also dried in an oven at 60°C until constant dry weight was achieved. Later the biomass was ground to pass through a 2-mm mesh sieve for plant tissue N analysis stable light isotope ratio mass spectrometer. At maturity, 10 plants were randomly selected and harvested for determination of pod density and seed weight. Pods from each plot were threshed manually and grain yield was determined. The moisture content of grain samples from each plot was measured using Farmex MT-16 grain moisture Tester (AgraTronix LLC, Streetsboro, Ohio, USA) and grain yield in kg ha−1 was adjusted to 13% moisture content. Above-ground plant biomass from whole plots were sun-dried to 10% moisture content for 10 days to determined harvest biomass weight.
The isotopic analyses of 15N and 13C were performed at the Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa using a Stable Light Isotope Laboratory on a Flash EA 1112 Series coupled to a Delta V Plus stable light isotope ratio mass spectrometer via a ConFlo IV system (Thermo Fischer, Bremen, Germany). Aliquots of 1.2 mg were weighed into toluene pre-cleaned tin capsules. During the analysis, a standard (Merck Gel: δ13C = −20.57‰, δ15N = 6.8‰, C% = 43.83, N% = 14.64) and a blank sample were run after every 12 samples. The air nitrogen was used as the reference isotope values for nitrogen. The 15N natural abundance expressed as the δ (delta) notation is the ‰ deviation of the 15N natural abundance of the sample from atmospheric N2 (0.36637 atom % 15N) was calculated [29] with the analytical precision values used being <0.2‰ for δ13C and < 0.2‰ for δ15N.
The percentage
Where, δ15Nref is the mean 15N natural abundance of the collected reference plants (maize), 15Nleg is the 15N natural abundance of soybean, and the
Where legume biomass N refers to the N content of plants shoots.
To perform the 13C/12C isotopic analysis, the plants shoots were weighed (sub-sampled) into tin capsules and analyzed on a mass spectrometer as described for the 15N/14N isotopic analysis. Shoot C content was calculated by relating plant %
Reference carbon isotope values were the Vienna Pee-Dee Belemnite (PDB). Change in 13C (∆13C) was calculated as follows
Where δ13Catm is 13C change in atmospheric CO2 (−8) and δ13Cplant in plant material.
The relationship between carbon fixation and stomatal conductance in soybean at R3 stage was determined based on the model linking the isotope discrimination (∆13C) to plant and atmospheric 13C [34]. A linear relationship was used to relate the isotope discrimination to plant physiological properties.
Where
Since the ratio of leaf conductance to water vapor is 1.6 g CO2, and therefor change in 13C can be related to the A/gH2O ratio as follows:
WUE defined as the ratio of the fluxes of net photosynthesis and conductance for water vapor (
Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed using PROC GLM in Statistical Analysis System (SAS)® 9.4 [36]. First a combined analysis across locations and cropping seasons was performed. Since location and season effects were dominant, the two variables were combined to form environment. Secondly, a factorial ANOVA was performed, to evaluate the effects of environment, treatment, and their interactions. Environments effects were considered random and were significant for all the variables [37] while the treatments factors were fixed effects for each environment. Means were determined for treatments, and comparisons done using Tukey adjustment at
Formation of nodules is an indicator of BNF through the symbiotic relationship of soybean plant and the inoculant strains. Data on nodule count and dry weight per plant were collected for both crown and lateral nodules. There were no significant differences (
Treatment (inoculant application) | Angonia 2017 | Ruace 2017 | Ruace 2018 |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 9.0d | 8.5b | 11.1c |
Seed Cell-Tech liquid | 36.6bc | 42.6a | 48.1ab |
Seed Cell-Tech peat | 52.6abc | 57.5a | 60.5a |
Seed Soyflo-liquid | 38.8bc | 38.3a | 36.0ab |
Seed Soycap-powder | 63.9a | 58.6a | 56.1ab |
Soil Cell-Tech liquid | 37.9bc | 34.9a | 42.9ab |
Soil Cell-Tech peat | 53.4abc | 54.4a | 37.8ab |
Soil Soyflo-liquid | 32.8c | 34.2a | 37.6ab |
Soil Soycap-powder | 55.4ab | 54.4a | 28.7bc |
%CV | 10.3 | 13.2 | 14.7 |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0001 |
Nodule count per plant of inoculated soybean.
The subscripts signify statistical differences at p<0.05. Same letters indicate no differences while different letters show significance in the treatments within the season.
Treatment (inoculant application) | Angonia 2017 | Ruace 2017 | Ruace 2018 |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 33.5d | 36.6b | 69.0b |
Seed Cell-Tech liquid | 134.3cd | 174.1a | 247.0ab |
Seed Cell-Tech peat | 259.4ab | 247.3a | 275.1ab |
Seed Soyflo-liquid | 155.4bc | 176.6a | 228.0ab |
Seed Soycap-powder | 294.3a | 295.7a | 310.7a |
Soil Cell-Tech liquid | 147.0bc | 165.1a | 249.5a |
Soil Cell-Tech peat | 238.9abc | 255.3a | 228.3ab |
Soil Soyflo-liquid | 169.6bc | 180.1a | 239.0a |
Soil Soycap-powder | 256.7ab | 256.7a | 220.5ab |
%CV | 28.8 | 26.9 | 35.6 |
<0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0127 |
Nodule weight (mg) per plant of inoculated soybean.
The subscripts signify statistical differences at p<0.05. Same letters indicate no differences while different letters show significance in the treatments within the season.
In Angonia and Ruace in 2017, nodule counts were lowest for the uninoculated soybean and the nodule count per plant was observed to be the highest from seed inoculated soybean with Soycap-powder (Table 2). Comparable nodules were formed for inoculated soybean at Ruace in 2018 except for Soycap-powder soil application. A common trend was observed between manufacturers/source liquid and solid inoculants regardless of the application on soil or seed. The liquid inoculants had numerically lower nodules formed than the solid (peat or powder) based. Generally, liquid based inoculants averaged at 36.5, 37.5 and 41.2 versus 56.3, 56.2 and 45.8 nodules plant−1 for Angonia 2017, Ruace 2017 and Ruace 2018 respectively. Except for Ruace 2018 with 50.2 and 36.8 nodules plant−1 for seed and soil inoculant application, mean number of nodules formed between the two inoculation methods were not different for the other environments. The total number of nodules formed per plant were significantly higher (
Similar trends of nodules plant−1 were also observed for the nodule dry weight (mg plant−1). Inoculated soybean had heavier nodules than the uninoculated ones averaging at 206.9, 218.8 and 249.7 mg plant−1 versus 33.5, 36.6 and 69.9 mg plant−1 for Angonia 2017, Ruace 2017 and Ruace 2018 respectively (Table 3). It was also noted that the dry weight per nodule at Ruace in 2018 was higher than at Angonia and Ruace 2017 for all the treatments. The average weight per nodule was Angonia 2017 (4.3 mg nodule−1), Ruace 2017 (4.6 mg nodule−1) and Ruace 2018 (6.0 mg nodule−1). The heaviest weight per nodule was from soybean that were inoculated with Soycap powder applied on the soil at 7.7 mg nodule−1 in Ruace 2018. As observed for the nodule counts, significantly heavier nodules (
Environment | Correlation coefficient | Significance level |
---|---|---|
Angonia 2017 | 0.926 | <0.0001 |
Nampula 2017 | 0.935 | <0.0001 |
Ruace 2017 | 0.957 | <0.0001 |
Angonia 2018 | 0.922 | <0.0001 |
Ruace 2018 | 0.938 | <0.0001 |
The correlation between nodule count and nodule dry weight of soybean.
Nitrogen is important in soybean production. Soybean has the ability of obtaining nitrogen from the atmosphere through BNF. The proportion of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere denoted as %Ndfa by soybean used as an indicator of nitrogen fixed through BNF. The %Ndfa was as low as 3.8% for control treatment in Angonia 2017 to as high as 69.8% for soybean that were inoculated with Cell-Tech liquid inoculant at Ruace 2018 (Figure 1). Our study showed that inoculating soybean seed with Soycap-powder could derive as high as 50.8% of the nitrogen from the atmosphere across the environments compared to 14.1% for the uninoculated soybean. The proportion of N derived from the atmosphere significantly varied with treatment for each environment. Therefore, the highest %Ndfa was 44.0% for soil Cell-Tech peat in Nampula 2017, 46.9% for seed Soycap-powder in Angonia 2017, 66.4% for seed Soyflo-liquid and 69.8% for soil Cell-Tech liquid inoculant at Ruace 2018. In each environment, %Ndfa due to inoculation was significant (
Proportion of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa).
Nitrogen uptake associated to BNF by the Safari variety per hectare was also calculated across the seasons for each site. Inoculating soybean increased the amount of plant N uptake at all the three sites. Plant N uptake was highest at Angonia with 235 kg N ha−1, followed by Ruace with 150 kg N ha−1 and at Nampula with 137 kg N ha−1 for the inoculated soybean against the uninoculated counterparts at 113 kg N ha−1, 46 kg N ha−1 and 98 kg N ha−1 correspondingly for all the sites (Table 5). Different treatments had significantly high amount of plant N uptake at each site. The highest plant N uptake was 158 kg N ha−1 at Nampula, 307 kg N ha−1 at Angonia for soil Soycap-powder and 194 kg N ha−1 for soil Cell-Tech liquid at Ruace when averaged across the seasons. Like the nodulation data, the amount of plant N uptake per ha for liquid based inoculant was numerically lower than the solid form at every application method (seed or soil) at Nampula. Since the form of inoculant also affected the amount of plant N uptake per ha at each site, solid-based inoculants resulted in more N absorbed by the plant than liquid-based at 146 vs. 126, 253 vs. 216 and 158 vs. 143 kg N ha−1 for Nampula, Angonia and Ruace respectively (Table 5).
Treatment (inoculant application) | Nampula | Angonia | Ruace |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 98b | 113c | 46d |
Seed Cell-Tech liquid | 110ab | 181abc | 112c |
Seed Cell-Tech peat | 137ab | 313a | 129bc |
Seed Soyflo-liquid | 110ab | 261ab | 144ab |
Seed Soycap-powder | 136ab | 213abc | 144ab |
Soil Cell-Tech liquid | 149ab | 221abc | 194a |
Soil Cell-Tech peat | 154ab | 178bc | 171ab |
Soil Soyflo-liquid | 134ab | 202abc | 120bc |
Soil Soycap-powder | 158a | 307ab | 188ab |
%CV | 24.1 | 32.1 | 18.8 |
0.0257 | 0.0519 | <0.0001 |
Amount of plant nitrogen derived from BNF (kg ha−1) by soybean in 2018 growing season following inoculant application.
The subscripts signify statistical differences at p<0.05. Same letters indicate no differences while different letters show significance in the treatments within the season.
Water-use efficiency at growth level (WUEg), an indicator of biomass accumulation over water transpired was calculated based on the assimilation of carbon at R3 growth stage. Before the calculations, the C:N ratio of plant biomass was also determined. Our data indicate that no significant differences existed for the C:N ratio values across the treatments with an average of 13.6 (data not presented). Similarly, 13C isotope discrimination (a fraction of carbon isotope of soybean leaves during CO2 uptake and fixation) was not significant with an average of 20.1‰ across treatments within environments except for Ruace 2018 where seed Cell-Tech peat inoculant had the lowest significant (
Relationship between 13C isotope discrimination and WUE in Ruace 2018 growing season.
Inoculation treatment yield was determined within each environment. Significant differences (
Yield of inoculated soybean at three experimental sites of Nampula, Angonia and Ruace in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons.
Contrast analysis of yield on whether to apply inoculant or not and using which placement (seed or soil) were conducted at
Contrasts | Nampula | Angonia | Ruace | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2017 | ||||||
Control | 978 | 1646 | 1685 | |||
Control vs. inoculant | 1779 | <0.0001 | 2770 | <0.0001 | 2270 | 0.0251 |
Control vs. seed | 1903 | <0.0001 | 2817 | <0.0001 | 2285 | 0.0268 |
Control vs. soil | 1655 | 0.0004 | 2724 | <0.0001 | 2254 | 0.0350 |
Control | 1139 | 1439 | ||||
Control vs. inoculant | 1753 | 0.0047 | 2413 | 0.0005 | ||
Control vs. seed | 1821 | 0.0029 | 2469 | 0.0005 | ||
Control vs. soil | 1684 | 0.0137 | 2357 | 0.0014 |
Yield gains of inoculation and inoculant application place (seed or soil).
Contrasts | Nampula | Angonia | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cell-Tech | 1584 | 2662 | ||
Cell-Tech vs. Soygro | 1904 | <0.0001 | 2878 | 0.0501 |
Liquid | 1580 | 2437 | ||
Liquid vs. peat | 1907 | <0.0001 | 3103 | <0.0001 |
Seed | 1868 | 2817 | ||
Seed vs. soil | 1620 | 0.0002 | 2725 | 0.3894 |
Yield of soybean due to source, grade, and placement of inoculant in 2017 season.
Inoculation increased the number of nodules and dry weight. Inoculants have been shown to increase the number of nodules per plant in soybean production regardless of the source and stage of plant growth at application ranging from planting time to V6 [38]. Use of the inoculants with compatible rhizobia strain for non-promiscuous varieties [39, 40] and availability of right strain resident rhizobia for promiscuous genotypes [41] leads to formation of more nodules in soybean. In our study, on average, the number of nodules increased by 5.1 times in Angonia 2017, 5.5 times in Ruace 2017 and 3.9 times in Ruace 2018 due to inoculation with liquid and solid inoculants either in seed or direct soil application. Solid based inoculants had high number of nodules and dry weight than the liquid inoculants. Our results corroborate with the findings from a study conducted in the Eastern Region of the south of Vietnam where nodulation of the liquid inoculants was less than the peat-based inoculants for similar rhizobia strains [15, 42]. Solid based inoculants better protect the rhizobia strains from harsh environmental conditions hence leading to increased viability than the liquid inoculants. In addition, solid carrier inoculants attach better onto the seed during inoculation. Also, our data indicated that although crown nodules were fewer in number than the lateral nodules, individual nodules of the former were heavier than the later. It has been reported that crown nodules can account for up to 82% and above of the total nodule count or dry weight in soybean [43]. Crown nodules from our study accounted for 41.7–64.0% of the total nodule dry weight. More crown nodules are formed early in the season following inoculation than the lateral nodules that are formed later after development of lateral roots.
Sources of nitrogen for soybean in our study were either BNF or absorption from soil. The BNF process was enhanced by introduction of compatible rhizobia strain through inoculation. More nitrogen was fixed from the atmosphere for inoculated soybean in Angonia and Ruace relative to Nampula. Nampula lies in a semi-arid region of Mozambique with frequent incidences of drought leading to low soil moisture. High temperatures, drought and low soil moisture has been shown to reduce the effectiveness of rhizobia in BNF process leading to low nodulation hence reduced %Ndfa [44]. In Angonia and Ruace the large share of plant N was from the atmosphere representing as high as 69.8%. Other studies have reported high percentages of plant N in soybean to be associated with atmospheric nitrogen though BNF [45, 46]. As earlier indicated, plant N uptake associated with BNF varies with the biotic factors such as soybean and rhizobia characteristics as well as abiotic factors largely controlled by the environment and management. Due to the differences in the interaction levels of these factors, variations were observed in the amount of N uptake by soybean [47]. For instance, soybean in Angonia a more humid environment, absorbed more N from the atmosphere than Nampula site that is in a drier ecology. A similar trend of N fixed in wet versus drier environment was reported on farmer’s fields in humid Dowa (88.9 kg N ha−1) and drier Salima location (47.1 kg N ha−1) in Malawi [48]. Soil moisture that depends on the rainfall amount has been reported to greatly affect amount of N fixed. The amount of N uptake was determined at R3 growth stage in soybean. This growth stage falls within the peak N demand period of flowering to podding in soybean production. Like the amount of N derived from the atmosphere, plant tissue N was enhanced by inoculation [14]. Soybean had accumulated as high as 307 kg N ha−1 in Angonia. These findings are like those reported for inoculated TGx 1660-19F soybean with 306 kg N ha−1 at Mokwa in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria [49]. Although we did not monitor plant N over the growing season, the amount of N in plant tissue varies with the growth stage due to the translocations that occur between plant parts.
Both 13C isotope discrimination and WUEg were not significant among the treatments within each environment except at Ruace in 2018. This suggests that these two parameters measured at the R3 stage were not dependent on the application of the inoculant. Like our findings at R3 growth stage in soybean, Zhao et al. [50] also reported that no significant difference existed in C isotope discrimination and corresponding WUEg at wheat harvest time. Also, Yang et al. [51] reported no clear significance differences in the amount of carbon isotope composition among C3 plants in the Yellow River region in China. For the case of Ruace in 2018 a negative relationship was observed between 13C isotope discrimination and WUEg. Values of 13C isotope discrimination generally decrease with reductions in water availability. Reduced water availability leads to a decline in transpiration rate hence increased water-use efficiency [22, 35, 52]. Also earlier reported was a negative relationship between 13C isotope discrimination in wheat at tillering stage and WUE of above ground biomass measured over the seedling to tillering period [50]. The change in 13C isotope discrimination in relation to the environment may differ with plant growth stages due to variation in physiological processes within the plant that define its functionality requirements [53]. Since we measured 13C isotope discrimination and WUEg at one stage for all the treatments, the likelihood of soybean functionality being comparable was high and more dependent on the environment. Therefore, 13C isotope discrimination can be used to determine differences in WUEg of different soybean growth stages rather than a variation associated to inoculation at a single stage [54].
Inoculation increased yield in all the three sites between an average of 602−1124 kg ha−1. Our results agree with a study conducted in 2013 and 2014 in the same locations using storm a non-promiscuous variety that recorded an increase of 523−989 kg ha−1 [6]. These results of yield increase due to inoculation also confirms previous report [5, 8] where inoculation alone led to higher soybean yield that uninoculated. Although numerical average increase in yield due to inoculation was higher in Angonia and Ruace than Nampula across the seasons, percent rise in production was higher at Nampula 620−766 kg ha−1 (65%) than Angonia 918−1124 (60%) and Ruace 602−974 (52%). Chibeba et al. [6] reported and increased of 47% in yield of inoculated over the uninoculated soybean variety storm. Association between the introduced rhizobia strain and soybean was enhanced in the humid environments of Angonia and Ruace than the drier Nampula. Adequate moisture is required to take full advantage of the BNF process in inoculated soybean. The numerical rise in yield is also a pointer to the earlier reported enhanced nodulation in the inoculated soybean regardless of the placement on seed or soil. Across the sites, average soybean yield of 1440 kg ha−1 for the uninoculated fields is above the Mozambique national average of 1216 kg ha−1 [55, 56]. Therefore, use of inoculation in this study indicated that soybean yield can be increased by 1052 kg ha−1 over the national average figure. Our study observed that inoculant application on seed (2308 kg ha−1) gave higher yield than soil application (2228 kg ha−1) agrees with the report by [57] where seed inoculation 2842 kg ha−1 was greater than 2678 kg ha−1 for soil inoculation on planting line. Seed inoculation plus good adhesive agent and proper mixing of the seeds in the bag enables better distribution of the rhizobia cells per seed-grain. As a result, the rhizobia cells remain close to the seed and can attach to the root as soon as it germinates leading to better nodulation and BNF process that promote increased yield production. Seed inoculation led to a difference in yield was also noted between the liquid and solid inoculants. Solid inoculants (peat or powder) gave higher yield of 2389 kg ha−1 than the liquid inoculant 2147 kg ha−1 across the environments. Similar results where solid inoculants gave higher yields than liquid inoculants were reported from a study comparing the two forms of inoculants in Vietnam on promiscuous soybean varieties where identical rhizobia strains of in peat inoculant outyielded the liquid counterparts between 40 and 60 kg ha−1 [42]. These results demonstrates that farmers in Mozambique have a basket of inoculation options to choose from in enhancing soybean yield on their fields. However, selection of suitable inoculant should be made with consideration of environmental site conditions especially soil moisture availability over the growing season and the easiness of application.
Inoculation improved soybean nodulation by increasing the number of nodule count and its dry weight. Increase in nodulation could be associated to improved soybean productivity through high plant N uptake and yield. Nitrogen uptake and yield increased with application of inoculants. Farmers in Mozambique are likely to produce more soybean through using of solid cased inoculants applied on the seed than the liquid inoculants plus soil application. Although WUEg related to 13C isotope discrimination at R3 stage did not vary with inoculation, it is recommended that further study be conducted to determine cumulative WUE of the whole plant for the complete growing season while segregating for different growth stages. This could offer information on how to time soybean planting to take advantage of shifting growing seasons characteristics due to climate change. As such, soybean varieties could be selected for adaptability and resilience in specific agroecologies based on carbon assimilation, WUE and plant N uptake that affect yield. Data on inoculation and 13C isotope discrimination could be utilized by breeders in selection of high yielding soybean varieties adapted to drought conditions like those found in Mozambique. The varieties developed would have high transpiration efficiency and WUE.
The authors greatly acknowledge financial support from the Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers (CGIAR) through the Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals (CRP-GLDC) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through Feed the Future Mozambique Improved Seeds for Better Agriculture (SEMEAR) project in Mozambique. Thanks to the IITA technical staff at Angonia, Nampula and Ruace stations in Mozambique for managing the trials and collecting of field-related data.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'When submitting a manuscript, the Author is required to accept the Terms and Conditions set out in our Publication Agreement – Monographs/Compacts as follows:
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\n\nPolicy last updated: 2018-09-11
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Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9843dc1d810407088ed9eef10768a64b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Joceli Mayer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11922.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"110638",title:"Prof.",name:"Joceli",surname:"Mayer",slug:"joceli-mayer",fullName:"Joceli Mayer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11762",title:"Characteristics and Applications of Boron",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"611776f7f3cc9951a8956d2e3d535a8e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Chatchawal Wongchoosuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11762.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"34521",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Chatchawal",surname:"Wongchoosuk",slug:"chatchawal-wongchoosuk",fullName:"Chatchawal Wongchoosuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11910",title:"Frontiers in Voltammetry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fc53a7599a61ed04a0672a7bca81e9c2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Rajendrachari Shashanka, Dr. Kiran Kenchappa Somashekharappa, Dr. Sharath Peramenahalli Chikkegouda and Dr. Shamanth Vasanth",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11910.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"246025",title:"Dr.",name:"Shashanka",surname:"Rajendrachari",slug:"shashanka-rajendrachari",fullName:"Shashanka Rajendrachari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11517",title:"Phase Change Materials - 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Abdurakhmonov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"213344",title:"Prof.",name:"Ibrokhim Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Abdurakhmonov",slug:"ibrokhim-y.-abdurakhmonov",fullName:"Ibrokhim Y. Abdurakhmonov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"779",title:"Protein Purification",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8aa371cf1ed6990c6ede21238f467547",slug:"protein-purification",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/779.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2065",title:"Proteomic Applications in Biology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baa6b908de04fd85f51d95cee99e29c",slug:"proteomic-applications-in-biology",bookSignature:"Joshua L. Heazlewood and Christopher J. Petzold, Subject editors: Tsz-Kwong Man and Ricardo J. Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77562",title:"Dr.",name:"Joshua",middleName:"L",surname:"Heazlewood",slug:"joshua-heazlewood",fullName:"Joshua Heazlewood"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"26650",doi:"10.5772/28791",title:"Identification of Proteins Involved in pH Adaptation in Extremophile Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica",slug:"identification-of-proteins-involved-in-ph-adaptation-in-extremophile-yeast-yarrowia-lipolytica",totalDownloads:2441,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"2065",slug:"proteomic-applications-in-biology",title:"Proteomic Applications in Biology",fullTitle:"Proteomic Applications in Biology"},signatures:"Ekaterina Epova, Marina Guseva, Leonid Kovalyov, Elena Isakova, Yulia Deryabina, Alla Belyakova, Marina Zylkova and Alexei Shevelev",authors:[{id:"75367",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexei",middleName:null,surname:"Shevelev",slug:"alexei-shevelev",fullName:"Alexei Shevelev"},{id:"147168",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",middleName:null,surname:"Epova",slug:"ekaterina-epova",fullName:"Ekaterina Epova"},{id:"147169",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Guseva",slug:"marina-guseva",fullName:"Marina Guseva"},{id:"147170",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonid",middleName:null,surname:"Kovalyov",slug:"leonid-kovalyov",fullName:"Leonid Kovalyov"},{id:"147171",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Isakova",slug:"elena-isakova",fullName:"Elena Isakova"},{id:"147173",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Deryabina",slug:"yulia-deryabina",fullName:"Yulia Deryabina"},{id:"147174",title:"Dr.",name:"Alla",middleName:null,surname:"Belyakova",slug:"alla-belyakova",fullName:"Alla Belyakova"},{id:"147175",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Zylkova",slug:"marina-zylkova",fullName:"Marina Zylkova"}]},{id:"26601",doi:"10.5772/30212",title:"Lectins: To Combat Infections",slug:"lectins-to-combat-with-infections",totalDownloads:5124,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"779",slug:"protein-purification",title:"Protein Purification",fullTitle:"Protein Purification"},signatures:"Barira Islam and Asad U. Khan",authors:[{id:"81392",title:"Dr.",name:"Asad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"asad-khan",fullName:"Asad Khan"}]},{id:"26596",doi:"10.5772/29947",title:"Protein Purification by Affinity Chromatography",slug:"protein-purification-by-affinity-chromatography",totalDownloads:12762,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"779",slug:"protein-purification",title:"Protein Purification",fullTitle:"Protein Purification"},signatures:"Luana C. B. B. Coelho, Andréa F. S. Santos, Thiago H. Napoleão, Maria T. S. Correia and Patrícia M. G. Paiva",authors:[{id:"78098",title:"Dr.",name:"Luana Cassandra",middleName:null,surname:"Coelho",slug:"luana-cassandra-coelho",fullName:"Luana Cassandra Coelho"},{id:"79304",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Paiva",slug:"patricia-paiva",fullName:"Patricia Paiva"},{id:"80032",title:"Dr.",name:"Andréa",middleName:null,surname:"Santos",slug:"andrea-santos",fullName:"Andréa Santos"},{id:"80033",title:"MSc.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Henrique",surname:"Napoleao",slug:"thiago-napoleao",fullName:"Thiago Napoleao"},{id:"80034",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Tereza",middleName:null,surname:"Correia",slug:"maria-tereza-correia",fullName:"Maria Tereza Correia"}]},{id:"26595",doi:"10.5772/27543",title:"The Isolation of Invertase from Baker’s Yeast – An Introduction to Protein Purification Strategies",slug:"the-isolation-of-invertase-from-baker-s-yeast-an-introduction-to-protein-purification-strategies",totalDownloads:25863,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"779",slug:"protein-purification",title:"Protein Purification",fullTitle:"Protein Purification"},signatures:"Anthony P. Timerman",authors:[{id:"70551",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Timerman",slug:"anthony-timerman",fullName:"Anthony Timerman"}]},{id:"26598",doi:"10.5772/31078",title:"Purification Systems Based on Bacterial Surface Proteins",slug:"purification-systems-based-on-bacterial-surface-proteins",totalDownloads:2960,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"779",slug:"protein-purification",title:"Protein Purification",fullTitle:"Protein Purification"},signatures:"Tove Boström, Johan Nilvebrant and Sophia Hober",authors:[{id:"85491",title:"Prof.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Hober",slug:"sophia-hober",fullName:"Sophia Hober"},{id:"133412",title:"PhD.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Nilvebrant",slug:"johan-nilvebrant",fullName:"Johan Nilvebrant"},{id:"133414",title:"Dr.",name:"Tove",middleName:null,surname:"Bostrom",slug:"tove-bostrom",fullName:"Tove Bostrom"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"26595",title:"The Isolation of Invertase from Baker’s Yeast – An Introduction to Protein Purification Strategies",slug:"the-isolation-of-invertase-from-baker-s-yeast-an-introduction-to-protein-purification-strategies",totalDownloads:25863,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"779",slug:"protein-purification",title:"Protein Purification",fullTitle:"Protein Purification"},signatures:"Anthony P. Timerman",authors:[{id:"70551",title:"Dr.",name:"Anthony",middleName:null,surname:"Timerman",slug:"anthony-timerman",fullName:"Anthony Timerman"}]},{id:"66162",title:"TLR-Mediated Host Immune Response to Parasitic Infectious Diseases",slug:"tlr-mediated-host-immune-response-to-parasitic-infectious-diseases",totalDownloads:1071,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important for the host immune response to a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. These receptors become activated upon recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and thus initiate the innate immune response to the corresponding pathogen. A key aspect of TLRs is their activation of signaling that leads to cytokine production and an inflammatory response. Additionally, TLRs act as the bridge between innate and acquired immunity, enhancing phagocytosis and the process of killing parasites. We herein focus on how parasites (protozoans and helminths) and their derived products have the capability of stimulating or evading the host response by triggering or inhibiting TLR activation. Parasites often develop successful survival strategies that imply interference with the host immune response. Accordingly, many of these organisms have molecules that modulate inflammation and other aspects of host immunity. Taking advantage of such mechanisms, there are some anti-inflammatory therapies based on human infection with helminths. Helminths and protozoans influence the activity of various TLRs, especially TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9. A better understanding of the role of TLRs and their parasite-derived ligands should certainly provide new therapeutic tools for combatting various parasitic and inflammatory diseases.",book:{id:"8805",slug:"toll-like-receptors",title:"Toll-like Receptors",fullTitle:"Toll-like Receptors"},signatures:"M. Magdalena Aguirre-García, Araceli Rojas-Bernabé, A. Pamela Gómez-García and Alma R. Escalona-Montaño",authors:[{id:"227636",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Aguirre-García",slug:"m.-magdalena-aguirre-garcia",fullName:"M. Magdalena Aguirre-García"},{id:"239828",title:"MSc.",name:"Alma R.",middleName:null,surname:"Escalona-Montaño",slug:"alma-r.-escalona-montano",fullName:"Alma R. Escalona-Montaño"},{id:"276682",title:"Dr.",name:"Araceli",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas-Bernabé",slug:"araceli-rojas-bernabe",fullName:"Araceli Rojas-Bernabé"},{id:"289754",title:"MSc.",name:"A. Pamela",middleName:null,surname:"Gómez-García",slug:"a.-pamela-gomez-garcia",fullName:"A. Pamela Gómez-García"}]},{id:"66687",title:"TLR Signaling on Protozoan and Helminthic Parasite Infection",slug:"tlr-signaling-on-protozoan-and-helminthic-parasite-infection",totalDownloads:1144,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a major component of innate immune system, are expressed as membrane or cytosolic receptors on neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), B lymphocytes, Th1, Th2, and regulatory T lymphocytes. It recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Toll-interleukin1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) of various invading pathogens. Downstream signaling of TLRs activates NF-κB, which acts as a transcription factor of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and costimulatory molecules. A balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine protects host body from infectious agents and also induces the healing process. Some of parasitic infections by protozoans and helminths such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Amoebiasis, Filariasis, Schistosomiasis, Ascariasis, Taeniasis, and Fasciolosis are the leading cause of death and economic loss in both developing and developed nations. Frequent exposure to parasites, immigration, refugee resettlement, increasing immunodeficiency, climate change, drug resistance, lack of vaccination, etc. are the major cause of emerging and re-emerging of the above-stated diseases. However, TLR activation by parasites could stimulate antigen presenting cells and ultimately clear the pathogens by phagocytosis. So, a better understanding of host-parasite interaction in relation to TLR signaling pathway will improve the controlling method of these pathogens in immunotherapy.",book:{id:"8805",slug:"toll-like-receptors",title:"Toll-like Receptors",fullTitle:"Toll-like Receptors"},signatures:"Chandrani Fouzder, Alpana Mukhuty, Snehasis Das and Dipanjan Chattopadhyay",authors:[{id:"278297",title:"MSc.",name:"Alpana",middleName:null,surname:"Mukhuty",slug:"alpana-mukhuty",fullName:"Alpana Mukhuty"},{id:"286872",title:"Ms.",name:"Chandrani",middleName:null,surname:"Fouzder",slug:"chandrani-fouzder",fullName:"Chandrani Fouzder"},{id:"286873",title:"Mr.",name:"Snehasis",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"snehasis-das",fullName:"Snehasis Das"},{id:"286874",title:"Mrs.",name:"Dipanjan",middleName:null,surname:"Chattopadhyay",slug:"dipanjan-chattopadhyay",fullName:"Dipanjan Chattopadhyay"}]},{id:"66447",title:"Precipitation of Detergent-Containing Samples for Top-Down and Bottom-Up Proteomics",slug:"precipitation-of-detergent-containing-samples-for-top-down-and-bottom-up-proteomics",totalDownloads:1261,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Prior to proteome analysis by mass spectrometry (MS), protein mixtures must first be subject to various sample preparation steps. The goal is to isolate proteins in high yield, and with high purity. Liquid chromatography (LC) separation is also integral to comprehensive proteome characterization, and so a key component of sample preparation is simply to solubilize the proteome in LC-MS compatible solvents. Hydrophobic proteins (membrane proteins) represent a greater challenge to maintain protein solubility during sample preparation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a favored detergent to solubilize proteins, and also is used to impart mass-based fractionation (i.e., SDS PAGE, GELFrEE). However, SDS is incompatible with downstream LC-MS analysis. Fortunately, effective strategies for SDS removal do exist, which permits the use of this surfactant in proteomics workflows. Here we highlight an approach that is grounded in the classic technique—protein precipitation. The technique has been updated and has recently seen a revival as a strategy permitting high protein recovery, with exceptional purity. Moreover, with aid of simple disposable spin cartridges, protein precipitation can meet the needs of high throughput, automated, and reproducible proteome purification, enabling the analysis of SDS-containing samples in both top-down and bottom-up formats.",book:{id:"6914",slug:"proteomics-technologies-and-applications",title:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications",fullTitle:"Proteomics Technologies and Applications"},signatures:"Alan Doucette and Andrew Crowell",authors:null},{id:"67051",title:"2D Gel Electrophoresis to Address Biological Issues",slug:"2d-gel-electrophoresis-to-address-biological-issues",totalDownloads:1267,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis is a high-resolution technique for the study of proteome. This chapter describes how it can be applied to characterize specific differences in the proteome profile of breast cancer cells following gene target interference. The proteome is the complete set of proteins encoded by a genome, and proteomic analysis consists in profiling the whole proteins expressed in a given cell, tissue, organ, or organism. Proteomic expression has the main purpose of qualitatively and quantitatively comparing proteins expressed under physiological and/or pathological conditions. Although it is not the unique approach used in modern proteomics, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) is unrivaled allowing simultaneous separation of thousands of proteins and the detection of post-translational modification, not predictable through genome analysis. 2DE combines two physical principles to separate complex protein mixtures: the isoelectric point and the molecular weight. The result is a gel map in which each protein isoform present in the sample can be visualized as a spot, analyzed, quantified, and identified by mass spectrometry analysis. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. 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After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"258334",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Fonseca-Alves",slug:"carlos-eduardo-fonseca-alves",fullName:"Carlos Eduardo Fonseca-Alves",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/258334/images/system/258334.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Paulista",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"191123",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan José",middleName:null,surname:"Valdez-Alarcón",slug:"juan-jose-valdez-alarcon",fullName:"Juan José Valdez-Alarcón",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBfcQAG/Profile_Picture_1631354558068",institutionString:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institution:{name:"Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"161556",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Dos Anjos",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",slug:"maria-dos-anjos-pires",fullName:"Maria Dos Anjos Pires",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS8q2QAC/Profile_Picture_1633432838418",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"209839",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Spinu",slug:"marina-spinu",fullName:"Marina Spinu",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRLXpQAO/Profile_Picture_1630044895475",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"92185",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Savic",slug:"sara-savic",fullName:"Sara Savic",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/92185/images/system/92185.jfif",institutionString:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institution:{name:'Scientific Veterinary Institute "Novi Sad"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}}]},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. 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He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. 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He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. 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Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"22",type:"subseries",title:"Applied Intelligence",keywords:"Machine Learning, Intelligence Algorithms, Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Applications on Applied Intelligence",scope:"This field is the key in the current industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), where the new models and developments are based on the knowledge generation on applied intelligence. The motor of the society is the industry and the research of this topic has to be empowered in order to increase and improve the quality of our lives.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). 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