Selected airborne pathogens with quorum sensing communication system.
\r\n\tStatistical machine learning specifically poses some of the most challenging theoretical problems in modern statistics, the crucial among them being the general problem of understanding the link between inference and computation. This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of linear method for regression, non linear method for regression, deep learning, unsupervised learning, artificial neural network, and support vector machine (SVM).
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3fb79b0a4a302d6318df11534e1ec85",bookSignature:"Dr. Andino Maseleno",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8661.jpg",keywords:"Linear Method for Regression, Non Linear Method for Regression, Deep Learning, Unsupervised Learning, K-Means Clustering, Hierarchichal Clustering, Principal Component Analysis, Artificial Neural Network, Learning in Neural Network, Convolutional Neural Network, Support Vector Clustering, Multiclass SVM",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 3rd 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 24th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 22nd 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 11th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 9th 2019",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"219663",title:"Dr.",name:"Andino",middleName:null,surname:"Maseleno",slug:"andino-maseleno",fullName:"Andino Maseleno",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219663/images/system/219663.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andino Maseleno is a research fellow at the Institute of Informatics and Computing Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. He was a visiting fellow in Centre for lifelong learning, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam, in July 2016 till March 2017. He received the B.S. in Informatics Engineering from UPN 'Veteran” Yogyakarta, Indonesia in 2005, M.Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia in 2009, and Ph.D. in Computer Science from Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam in 2015.",institutionString:"Universiti Tenaga Nasional",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"606",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-machine-learning-and-data-mining"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177731",firstName:"Dajana",lastName:"Pemac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177731/images/4726_n.jpg",email:"dajana@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at IntechOpen, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Scientific Advisors on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible Academic Editors for each book project. Once an editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join IntechOpen as Scientific Advisors. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7780",title:"Ontological Analyses in Science, Technology and Informatics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c8b15505d4716d94f299061496ef48",slug:"ontological-analyses-in-science-technology-and-informatics",bookSignature:"Andino Maseleno and Marini Othman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219663",title:"Dr.",name:"Andino",surname:"Maseleno",slug:"andino-maseleno",fullName:"Andino Maseleno"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"262",title:"Bioinformatics",subtitle:"Trends and Methodologies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f712d07cfe29ec4fe517d6e50aa94aa",slug:"bioinformatics-trends-and-methodologies",bookSignature:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31509",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood",surname:"A. Mahdavi",slug:"mahmood-a.-mahdavi",fullName:"Mahmood A. Mahdavi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3176",title:"Self-Organizing Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4564709e06dd0c4e216e0da9615c928d",slug:"self-organizing-maps",bookSignature:"George K Matsopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3176.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2912",title:"Ass. Prof.",name:"George",surname:"Matsopoulos",slug:"george-matsopoulos",fullName:"George Matsopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6569",title:"Recent Applications in Data Clustering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5170375bf81951acd2496097ec1333ea",slug:"recent-applications-in-data-clustering",bookSignature:"Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6578",title:"Data Mining",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4f09e58a93ed74f9d1d5600f6d6e518c",slug:"data-mining",bookSignature:"Ciza Thomas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6578.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"43680",title:"Prof.",name:"Ciza",surname:"Thomas",slug:"ciza-thomas",fullName:"Ciza Thomas"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7664",title:"Introduction to Data Science and Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6934476897c6a728296ecd1ec1e69a61",slug:"introduction-to-data-science-and-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Keshav Sud, Pakize Erdogmus and Seifedine Kadry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"202929",title:"Dr.",name:"Keshav",surname:"Sud",slug:"keshav-sud",fullName:"Keshav Sud"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"14078",title:"Lithosphere as a Nonlinear System: Geodynamic Consequences",doi:"10.5772/13777",slug:"lithosphere-as-a-nonlinear-system-geodynamic-consequences",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/14078.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/14078",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/14078",totalDownloads:2677,totalViews:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 11th 2010",dateReviewed:"September 13th 2010",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 28th 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/14078",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/14078",book:{slug:"tectonics"},signatures:"E. G. Mirlin",authors:[{id:"14961",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeny G.",middleName:null,surname:"Mirlin",fullName:"Evgeny G. Mirlin",slug:"evgeny-g.-mirlin",email:"egmmir@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"34",title:"Tectonics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Tectonics",slug:"tectonics",publishedDate:"February 28th 2011",bookSignature:"Damien Closson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/34.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Closson",slug:"damien-closson",fullName:"Damien Closson"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"14070",title:"Plates Amalgamation and Plate Destruction, the Western Gondwana History",slug:"plates-amalgamation-and-plate-destruction-the-western-gondwana-history",totalDownloads:6686,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ngako Vincent and Njonfang Emmanuel",authors:[{id:"14021",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Ngako",fullName:"Vincent Ngako",slug:"vincent-ngako"},{id:"15011",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Njonfang",fullName:"Emmanuel Njonfang",slug:"emmanuel-njonfang"}]},{id:"14071",title:"Lithospheric Structure and Tectonics of the Eastern Alps – Evidence from New Seismic Data",slug:"lithospheric-structure-and-tectonics-of-the-eastern-alps-evidence-from-new-seismic-data",totalDownloads:4166,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Ewald Brückl",authors:[{id:"17584",title:"Dr.",name:"Ewald",middleName:null,surname:"Brückl",fullName:"Ewald Brückl",slug:"ewald-bruckl"}]},{id:"14072",title:"Structure and Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Outer Carpathians",slug:"structure-and-plate-tectonic-evolution-of-the-northern-outer-carpathians",totalDownloads:3431,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jan Golonka, Kaja Pietsch and Paweł Marzec",authors:[{id:"16567",title:"Dr.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Golonka",fullName:"Jan Golonka",slug:"jan-golonka"},{id:"16568",title:"Prof.",name:"Kaja",middleName:null,surname:"Pietsch",fullName:"Kaja Pietsch",slug:"kaja-pietsch"},{id:"16569",title:"Dr.",name:"Paweł",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",fullName:"Paweł Marzec",slug:"pawel-marzec"}]},{id:"14073",title:"Tectonic Model of the Sinai Peninsula Based on Geophysical Investigations",slug:"tectonic-model-of-the-sinai-peninsula-based-on-geophysical-investigations",totalDownloads:6174,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Taha Rabeh",authors:[{id:"13912",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha",middleName:null,surname:"Rabeh",fullName:"Taha Rabeh",slug:"taha-rabeh"}]},{id:"14074",title:"Siberia - From Rodinia to Eurasia",slug:"siberia-from-rodinia-to-eurasia",totalDownloads:4242,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dmitry V. Metelkin, Valery A. Vernikovsky and Alexey Yu. Kazansky",authors:[{id:"15531",title:"Dr.",name:"Dmitry V.",middleName:null,surname:"Metelkin",fullName:"Dmitry V. Metelkin",slug:"dmitry-v.-metelkin"},{id:"16573",title:"Dr.",name:"Valery A.",middleName:null,surname:"Vernikovsky",fullName:"Valery A. Vernikovsky",slug:"valery-a.-vernikovsky"},{id:"16574",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexey Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Kazansky",fullName:"Alexey Yu Kazansky",slug:"alexey-yu-kazansky"}]},{id:"14075",title:"Proto-Basin Types of North China Craton (NCC) in Late Triassic and Its Implication for Regional Tectonics of Initial Craton Destruction",slug:"proto-basin-types-of-north-china-craton-ncc-in-late-triassic-and-its-implication-for-regional-tecton",totalDownloads:3277,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yang Minghui, Liu Chiyang, Zeng Peng, Bai Hua and Zhou Jin",authors:[{id:"16677",title:"Dr.",name:"Minghui",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Minghui Yang",slug:"minghui-yang"}]},{id:"14076",title:"Tectonic Implications of Stratigraphy Architecture in Distal Part of Foreland Basin, Southwestern Taiwan",slug:"tectonic-implications-of-stratigraphy-architecture-in-distal-part-of-foreland-basin-southwestern-tai",totalDownloads:3102,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jong-Chang Wu, Kenn-Ming Yang, Yi-Ru Chen and Wen-Rong Chi",authors:[{id:"15478",title:"Dr.",name:"Jong-Chang",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Jong-Chang Wu",slug:"jong-chang-wu"},{id:"16652",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenn-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",fullName:"Kenn-Ming Yang",slug:"kenn-ming-yang"},{id:"16653",title:"Mr.",name:"Wen-Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Chi",fullName:"Wen-Rong Chi",slug:"wen-rong-chi"}]},{id:"14077",title:"Seismic Hazard in Tien Shan: Basement Structure Control Over the Deformation Induced by Indo-Eurasia Collision",slug:"seismic-hazard-in-tien-shan-basement-structure-control-over-the-deformation-induced-by-indo-eurasia-",totalDownloads:3451,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Buslov, Mikhail M. and De Grave, Johan",authors:[{id:"15140",title:"Dr.",name:"Mikhail M.",middleName:null,surname:"Buslov",fullName:"Mikhail M. Buslov",slug:"mikhail-m.-buslov"}]},{id:"14078",title:"Lithosphere as a Nonlinear System: Geodynamic Consequences",slug:"lithosphere-as-a-nonlinear-system-geodynamic-consequences",totalDownloads:2677,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"E. G. Mirlin",authors:[{id:"14961",title:"Dr.",name:"Evgeny G.",middleName:null,surname:"Mirlin",fullName:"Evgeny G. Mirlin",slug:"evgeny-g.-mirlin"}]},{id:"14079",title:"Layer-Block Tectonics, a New Concept of Plate Tectonics - An Example from Nansha Micro-Plate, Southern South China Sea",slug:"layer-block-tectonics-a-new-concept-of-plate-tectonics-an-example-from-nansha-micro-plate-southern-s",totalDownloads:2904,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hai-ling Liu, Hong-bo Zheng, Yan-Lin Wang, Chao-Hua Wu, Mei-Song Zhao and Yun-Kong Du",authors:[{id:"15534",title:"Dr.",name:"Hai-Ling",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Hai-Ling Liu",slug:"hai-ling-liu"}]},{id:"14080",title:"The Role of Geoelectrical DC Methods in Determining the Subsurface Tectonics Features. Case Studies from Syria",slug:"the-role-of-geoelectrical-dc-methods-in-determining-the-subsurface-tectonics-features-case-studies-f",totalDownloads:3748,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Jamal Asfahani",authors:[{id:"14539",title:"Prof.",name:"Jamal",middleName:"Abdo",surname:"Asfahani",fullName:"Jamal Asfahani",slug:"jamal-asfahani"}]},{id:"14081",title:"Salt Tectonics of the Lisan Diapir Revealed by Synthetic Aperture Radar Images",slug:"salt-tectonics-of-the-lisan-diapir-revealed-by-synthetic-aperture-radar-images",totalDownloads:4035,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Damien Closson, Najib Abou Karaki, Nada Milisavljević, Frédéric Hallot, and Marc Acheroy",authors:[{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Closson",fullName:"Damien Closson",slug:"damien-closson"},{id:"4262",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"Milisavljevic",fullName:"Nada Milisavljevic",slug:"nada-milisavljevic"},{id:"16555",title:"Prof.",name:"Najib",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Karaki",fullName:"Najib Abou Karaki",slug:"najib-abou-karaki"},{id:"16556",title:"Dr.",name:"Choi",middleName:null,surname:"Sungchan",fullName:"Choi Sungchan",slug:"choi-sungchan"},{id:"16557",title:"Dr.",name:"Matthieu",middleName:null,surname:"Ferry",fullName:"Matthieu Ferry",slug:"matthieu-ferry"},{id:"16558",title:"Professor",name:"Alain",middleName:null,surname:"Demoulin",fullName:"Alain Demoulin",slug:"alain-demoulin"},{id:"16559",title:"MSc.",name:"Frédéric",middleName:null,surname:"Hallot",fullName:"Frédéric Hallot",slug:"frederic-hallot"},{id:"16560",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Acheroy",fullName:"Marc Acheroy",slug:"marc-acheroy"}]},{id:"14082",title:"Mantle-like Trace Element Composition of Petroleum – Contributions from Serpentinizing Peridotites",slug:"mantle-like-trace-element-composition-of-petroleum-contributions-from-serpentinizing-peridotites",totalDownloads:3965,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Peter Szatmari, Teresa Cristina O. da Fonseca and Norbert F. Miekeley",authors:[{id:"16685",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Szatmari",fullName:"Peter Szatmari",slug:"peter-szatmari"},{id:"16863",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa Cristina O.",middleName:null,surname:"Da Fonseca",fullName:"Teresa Cristina O. Da Fonseca",slug:"teresa-cristina-o.-da-fonseca"},{id:"16864",title:"Dr.",name:"Norbert F.",middleName:null,surname:"Miekeley",fullName:"Norbert F. Miekeley",slug:"norbert-f.-miekeley"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3727",title:"Land Applications of Radar Remote Sensing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"26e11b6e4cce4e245e6e28b281563139",slug:"land-applications-of-radar-remote-sensing",bookSignature:"Francesco Holecz, Paolo Pasquali, Nada Milisavljevic and Damien Closson",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",surname:"Closson",slug:"damien-closson",fullName:"Damien Closson"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"46699",title:"Adaptive Speckle Filtering in Radar Imagery",slug:"adaptive-speckle-filtering-in-radar-imagery",signatures:"Edmond Nezry",authors:[{id:"168843",title:"Dr.",name:"Edmond",middleName:null,surname:"Nezry",fullName:"Edmond Nezry",slug:"edmond-nezry"}]},{id:"46357",title:"Large Scale Mapping of Forests and Land Cover with Synthetic Aperture Radar Data",slug:"large-scale-mapping-of-forests-and-land-cover-with-synthetic-aperture-radar-data",signatures:"Josef Kellndorfer, Oliver Cartus, Jesse Bishop, Wayne Walker and\nFrancesco Holecz",authors:[{id:"168830",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Holecz",fullName:"Francesco Holecz",slug:"francesco-holecz"},{id:"170758",title:"Dr.",name:"Josef",middleName:null,surname:"Kellndorfer",fullName:"Josef Kellndorfer",slug:"josef-kellndorfer"}]},{id:"46527",title:"Estimation of Cultivated Areas Using Multi-Temporal SAR Data",slug:"estimation-of-cultivated-areas-using-multi-temporal-sar-data",signatures:"Nada Milisavljević, Francesco Collivignarelli and Francesco Holecz",authors:[{id:"168830",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Holecz",fullName:"Francesco Holecz",slug:"francesco-holecz"},{id:"4262",title:"Dr.",name:"Nada",middleName:null,surname:"Milisavljevic",fullName:"Nada Milisavljevic",slug:"nada-milisavljevic"},{id:"168823",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Collivignarelli",fullName:"Francesco Collivignarelli",slug:"francesco-collivignarelli"}]},{id:"46352",title:"Combining Moderate-Resolution Time-Series RS Data from SAR and Optical Sources for Rice Crop Characterisation: Examples from Bangladesh",slug:"combining-moderate-resolution-time-series-rs-data-from-sar-and-optical-sources-for-rice-crop-charact",signatures:"Andrew Nelson, Mirco Boschetti, Giacinto Manfron, Franceco\nHolecz, Francesco Collivignarelli, Luca Gatti, Massimo Barbieri,\nLorena Villano, Parvesh Chandna and Tri Setiyono",authors:[{id:"168830",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Holecz",fullName:"Francesco Holecz",slug:"francesco-holecz"},{id:"168823",title:"MSc.",name:"Francesco",middleName:null,surname:"Collivignarelli",fullName:"Francesco Collivignarelli",slug:"francesco-collivignarelli"},{id:"168819",title:"Dr.",name:"Andy",middleName:null,surname:"Nelson",fullName:"Andy Nelson",slug:"andy-nelson"},{id:"168820",title:"Dr.",name:"Tri",middleName:null,surname:"Setiyono",fullName:"Tri Setiyono",slug:"tri-setiyono"},{id:"168821",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirco",middleName:null,surname:"Boschetti",fullName:"Mirco Boschetti",slug:"mirco-boschetti"},{id:"168822",title:"MSc.",name:"Giacinto",middleName:null,surname:"Manfron",fullName:"Giacinto Manfron",slug:"giacinto-manfron"},{id:"168848",title:"MSc.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Barbieri",fullName:"Massimo Barbieri",slug:"massimo-barbieri"},{id:"170366",title:"MSc.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Gatti",fullName:"Luca Gatti",slug:"luca-gatti"},{id:"170367",title:"BSc.",name:"Lorena",middleName:null,surname:"Villano",fullName:"Lorena Villano",slug:"lorena-villano"},{id:"170368",title:"Dr.",name:"Parvesh",middleName:null,surname:"Chandna",fullName:"Parvesh Chandna",slug:"parvesh-chandna"}]},{id:"46130",title:"Change Detection and Classification Using High Resolution SAR Interferometry",slug:"change-detection-and-classification-using-high-resolution-sar-interferometry",signatures:"Azzedine Bouaraba, Nada Milisavljević, Marc Acheroy and Damien\nClosson",authors:[{id:"168243",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Bouaraba",middleName:null,surname:"Azzedine",fullName:"Bouaraba Azzedine",slug:"bouaraba-azzedine"}]},{id:"46372",title:"High Resolution Radargrammetry – 3D Terrain Modeling",slug:"high-resolution-radargrammetry-3d-terrain-modeling",signatures:"Paola Capaldo, Francesca Fratarcangeli, Andrea Nascetti, Francesca\nPieralice, Martina Porfiri and Mattia Crespi",authors:[{id:"168800",title:"Dr.",name:"Mattia",middleName:null,surname:"Crespi",fullName:"Mattia Crespi",slug:"mattia-crespi"},{id:"168825",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Capaldo",fullName:"Paola Capaldo",slug:"paola-capaldo"},{id:"168826",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Nascetti",fullName:"Andrea Nascetti",slug:"andrea-nascetti"},{id:"168827",title:"MSc.",name:"Martina",middleName:null,surname:"Porfiri",fullName:"Martina Porfiri",slug:"martina-porfiri"},{id:"168828",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Fratarcangeli",fullName:"Francesca Fratarcangeli",slug:"francesca-fratarcangeli"},{id:"168829",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",middleName:null,surname:"Pieralice",fullName:"Francesca Pieralice",slug:"francesca-pieralice"}]},{id:"46376",title:"Fusion of Interferometric SAR and Photogrammetric Elevation Data",slug:"fusion-of-interferometric-sar-and-photogrammetric-elevation-data",signatures:"Loris Copa, Daniela Poli and Fabio Remondino",authors:[{id:"89325",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Remondino",fullName:"Fabio Remondino",slug:"fabio-remondino"},{id:"168807",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Copa",fullName:"Loris Copa",slug:"loris-copa"},{id:"168810",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",middleName:null,surname:"Poli",fullName:"Daniela Poli",slug:"daniela-poli"}]},{id:"46448",title:"Mapping of Ground Deformations with Interferometric Stacking Techniques",slug:"mapping-of-ground-deformations-with-interferometric-stacking-techniques",signatures:"Paolo Pasquali, Alessio Cantone, Paolo Riccardi, Marco Defilippi,\nFumitaka Ogushi, Stefano Gagliano and Masayuki Tamura",authors:[{id:"168247",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Pasquali",fullName:"Paolo Pasquali",slug:"paolo-pasquali"},{id:"168811",title:"Mr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Riccardi",fullName:"Paolo Riccardi",slug:"paolo-riccardi"},{id:"168812",title:"Mr.",name:"Alessio",middleName:null,surname:"Cantone",fullName:"Alessio Cantone",slug:"alessio-cantone"},{id:"168813",title:"Mr.",name:"Marco",middleName:null,surname:"Defilippi",fullName:"Marco Defilippi",slug:"marco-defilippi"},{id:"168814",title:"Mr.",name:"Fumitaka",middleName:null,surname:"Ogushi",fullName:"Fumitaka Ogushi",slug:"fumitaka-ogushi"},{id:"168815",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Gagliano",fullName:"Stefano Gagliano",slug:"stefano-gagliano"},{id:"170671",title:"Prof.",name:"Masayuki",middleName:null,surname:"Tamura",fullName:"Masayuki Tamura",slug:"masayuki-tamura"}]},{id:"46356",title:"SAR Data Analysis in Solid Earth Geophysics: From Science to Risk Management",slug:"sar-data-analysis-in-solid-earth-geophysics-from-science-to-risk-management",signatures:"S. Atzori and S. Salvi",authors:[{id:"168242",title:"Dr.",name:"Simone",middleName:null,surname:"Atzori",fullName:"Simone Atzori",slug:"simone-atzori"},{id:"168842",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"Salvi",fullName:"Stefano Salvi",slug:"stefano-salvi"}]},{id:"46344",title:"Dikes Stability Monitoring Versus Sinkholes and Subsidence, Dead Sea Region, Jordan",slug:"dikes-stability-monitoring-versus-sinkholes-and-subsidence-dead-sea-region-jordan",signatures:"Damien Closson and Najib Abou Karaki",authors:[{id:"13897",title:"Dr.",name:"Damien",middleName:null,surname:"Closson",fullName:"Damien Closson",slug:"damien-closson"},{id:"168785",title:"Prof.",name:"Najib",middleName:null,surname:"Abou Karaki",fullName:"Najib Abou Karaki",slug:"najib-abou-karaki"},{id:"168786",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Pasquali",fullName:"Paolo Pasquali",slug:"paolo-pasquali"},{id:"168787",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Riccardi",fullName:"Paolo Riccardi",slug:"paolo-riccardi"}]}]}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"58097",title:"Detection and Control of Indoor Airborne Pathogenic Bacteria by Biosensors Based on Quorum Sensing Chemical Language: Bio-Tools, Connectivity Apps and Intelligent Buildings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72390",slug:"detection-and-control-of-indoor-airborne-pathogenic-bacteria-by-biosensors-based-on-quorum-sensing-c",body:'\nLegionnaire’s disease outbreak (1976) is a masterpiece that allows us to understand how the interaction between environment, pathogen and host can be influenced by lifestyle and technology [1]. Nowadays, because human population continues to grow and people spend their time in confined and shared spaces, concentration and spread of microorganisms must be controlled to avoid infectious outbreaks produced by airborne pathogens.
\nIn indoor spaces, airborne pathogens can be part of aerosols that are produced and disseminated by heating, ventilation, air conditioning or humidifier systems (HVAC) [2]. These systems can be found in several buildings, including shopping centers, hospitals, hotels, cinemas, supermarkets, educational centers, restaurants, houses, airports, cars, trains and busses. Based on the above building design, HVAC equipment and population density are factors that must be considered to avoid the spread of airborne pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, appropriate air microbial quality controls are necessary to reduce biological risks.
\nCurrent procedures for microbiological air quality evaluation (ISO 14698-1:2003) are based on passive or active air sampling methods [3]. Passive methods involve the exposition of a petri dish (containing a selected solid culture media) to the environment during an established period, while active methods consist of automatic air samplers with a culture medium that is exposed to a forced airflow. In both methods, samples are incubated in favorable conditions for microorganism (bacteria, yeasts or molds), during 24–72 h. These methods are suitable for the risk assessment through microbial quantification in air [colony forming units (CFU) count]; however, they are not adequate for pathogen identification, for which biochemical characterization, immunoassays and 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing are more accurate and adequate. Nevertheless, these time-consuming procedures generate a delay in the surveillance of microbial air quality. For this reason, it is necessary to consider other methods that are able to detect and identify pathogenic microorganisms in a more efficient and rapid manner. In this context, biosensors able to detect specific molecules produced by pathogenic microorganisms are a more precise and faster method for the detection of airborne pathogens.
\nIn this chapter, we describe different biosensors (based on whole cell sensing-reporter systems) that are able to detect bacterial signaling molecules produced in a concentration-dependent manner by the quorum sensing (QS) cell-to-cell communication system. These signaling molecules called autoinducers (AI) are present inside bacterial cells as well as in the environment and can be specific according to producer strain. Since QS is present in different pathogenic bacteria like Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes, it is proposed that biosensors can be applied to develop new technologies for the detection of airborne pathogenic bacteria in indoor spaces. Furthermore, a general model for biosensor technology focused on the development of intelligent buildings is presented. The aim of this model is to reduce airborne pathogenic bacteria concentration and dissemination, in association with online applications (Apps).
\nIn confined and shared spaces, the host-environment-pathogen equilibrium can be altered due to inadequate building design that leads to a reduced air renewal, limitation of natural light and favors overcrowding, increasing microbial concentration and dissemination of airborne pathogenic bacteria. Figure 1 shows four different models of pathogen-environment-host interaction. When environment-host-pathogen interplay is at equilibrium, pathogenic microorganisms exist at low concentration in the environment due to physical-chemical or biological factors such as temperature, ultraviolet light, pH and water activity (Aw) (a). In certain conditions, in which biological risks should be reduced at minimum or eliminated, pathogens should get excluded from the host’s environment (b). This includes research facilities with biosafety level 3 or 4, and pharmaceutical facilities for production of vaccines, medical devices or parenteral nutrition. On the other hand, in confined or overcrowded spaces, a major biological risk is expected due to impact of the environment on pathogen-host interaction (c). In this condition, different strategies to reduce microbial concentrations and disseminations should be considered. These strategies include ventilation, heating, air conditioning and humidifiers systems, as well as high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and ultra-low particulate air (ULPA) filters, UV lamps and sanitizers (aerosol). On the other hand, when all measures for air quality control fail, the loss of host-environment-pathogen equilibrium generates an infectious outbreak (d).
\nHost (H)-environment (E)-pathogen (P) interplay in different conditions. The schemes show four different interaction conditions between the host and the pathogen. In an ideal condition (a), pathogens have a low interaction with the environment and the host, even though it is circulating in the population and the environment. In (b), there is a restrictive condition in which for biosafety reasons, the pathogen must be excluded from the environment and the host. In (c) and (d), a model is shown for host-environment-pathogen interaction in indoor at low and high biological risk, respectively.
Quorum sensing is a cell-to-cell communication system that allows bacteria to act in a coordinate manner. This mechanism is based on the synthesis, release and detection of signal molecules, called autoinducers (AI), whose increase is in a cell-density dependent mode. When AI reaches a threshold concentration due to an increase in bacterial population, the autoinducer activates a transcriptional regulator that controls gene expression of genetic elements under QS regulation. The first report of QS was in 1979, when Nelson and Hasting described this communication system as a regulatory mechanism of bioluminescence in Vibrio harveyi [4]. Nowadays, three parallel quorum sensing mechanisms have been identified in V. harveyi as regulators of gene expression [5].
\nIn Gram-negative bacteria, QS consists typically of an autoinducer synthase and transcriptional regulator protein that binds to the AI and regulates gene expression of target genes. The chemical structure of the AI can vary between microorganisms; nevertheless, the main AIs in Gram-negative bacteria are N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL). Other autoinducers identified in Gram-negative bacteria include: autoinducer-2 (AI-2); cholera autoinducer CAI-1, diffusible signal factor (DSF), Legionella autoinducer (LAI-1), among others (for review, see Ref. [6]). In Gram-positive bacteria, two types of QS systems have been identified: a one-component system and a two-component QS system. In both systems, the autoinducers correspond to oligopeptides called autoinducer peptide (AIP) that are synthetized and secreted to the environment, where they suffer structural modifications. In the one-component QS system, extracellular AIPs are transported back into the cell through permeases and are recognized by a specific receptor in the cytoplasm that acts as a transcriptional regulator. The two-component system consists of a membrane-bound protein kinase that recognized AIP and activates the transcriptional regulator in the cytoplasm through its phosphorylation (for review, see Ref. [7]).
\nQuorum sensing (QS) communication system is present in a diverse group of microorganisms from environmental to human pathogenic bacteria. In pathogenic bacteria, QS regulates the expression of virulence factors such as biofilm formation, enzyme production and secretion and antibiotic resistance [8, 9]. Regarding airborne pathogens, QS communication system is present in several airborne bacteria (Table 1), playing a role in virulence and pathogenesis.
\nAirborne pathogen | \nPathology | \nMain autoinducer(s) type | \nRefs. | \n
---|---|---|---|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | \nOpportunistic infections | \nAHL* 3-oxo-AHL* | \n[14, 15] | \n
Klebsiella pneumoniae | \nPneumonia, bronchitis | \nAI-2** | \n[19] | \n
Acinetobacter baumannii | \nOpportunistic infections | \n3-hydroxy-AHL* | \n[18] | \n
Streptococcus pyogenes | \nPharyngitis, cellulitis | \nAI-2** | \n[22] | \n
Legionella pneumophila | \nLegionnaire’s disease | \nLAI-1*** (3-hydroxypentadecane-4-one) | \n[20] | \n
Selected airborne pathogens with quorum sensing communication system.
AHL: acyl homoserine lactone.
AI-2: autoinducer-2.
LAI-1: Legionella autoinducer.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic bacterium that causes healthcare-associated infections, including respiratory infections in immunodeficient patients. These infections are of major concern in patients with cystic fibrosis and severe burn injuries [10, 11]. The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that P. aeruginosa causes 51,000 healthcare-associated infections per year in the United States. Due to antibiotic resistance that reaches 13% in the USA, these infections can become chronic and are associated with high mortality rates. In this pathogen, several virulence factors are under QS control: biofilm formation, pyoverdine synthesis and hemolysin production, among others [12, 13]. The major autoinducer molecules identified in P. aeruginosa QS are N-butyryl-L-homoserine lactone and N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone [14, 15].
\nAcinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative pathogen associated with hospital-acquired infections. The ability of this pathogen to develop antibiotic resistance is a public health issue worldwide. Its main QS signaling molecule has been identified as N-3-hydroxy-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone, and in this pathogen, QS regulates biofilm formation and the expression of drug-resistance genes [16, 17, 18].
\nKlebsiella pneumoniae is also a Gram-negative bacterium that causes nosocomial infections. This pathogen presents type 2 QS system and uses AI-2 (furanosyl borate diester) as autoinducer, and this system is involved in biofilm formation [19].
\nLegionella pneumophila is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that, through inhalation, can cause Legionnaires´ disease, which is a severe type of pneumonia. This pathogen uses LAI-1 (3-hydroxypentadecane-4-one) as autoinducers for Legionella quorum sensing (Lqs) system [20]. In L. pneumophila, QS system regulates biofilm formation, and LAI-1 has been described to be involved in inter-kingdom communication with eukaryotic cells [21].
\nStreptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive microorganism that causes pharyngitis and other respiratory tract infections. In this pathogen, QS has been related to protease production, among other phonotypical characteristics. Despite S. pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium, recent studies have identified that it uses AI-2 as a signaling molecule in QS [22].
\nDue to quorum sensing (QS), communication system allows bacteria to act in a coordinate manner, to coordinate gene expression and to have a greater impact on their host, and this system has become a new target for the development of antimicrobial therapies as well as for bacterial diagnosis and therapeutic purposes [23, 24]. In this context, a diverse number of biosensors have been designed and developed to identify QS communication signals called autoinducers (AIs).
\nBiosensors are analytical bio-physicochemical-electronic devices that are able to detect and quantify analytes from a sample (for review, see Ref. [25]). The physical-chemical-electronic component of a biosensor is a detector and transducer able to capture a specific signal generated by the biological component when it is associated with its cognate analyte. The biological component of a biosensor can be whole cells (genetically modified microorganisms containing a genic construct based on a sensing-reporter system); proteins (enzymes, antibodies and antigens) or nucleic acids. To enhance the interaction with the analyte and detector-transducer unit, the biosensor can be encapsulated or adsorbed on inert supports. This chapter focuses on whole cell genetically modified microorganisms designed to detect chemical analytes that are produced by specific bacteria, specifically to detect chemical signals called autoinducers (AIs) produced by the cell-to-cell QS communication system.
\nAccuracy of QS biosensors for pathogen detection depends on the specificity of each molecular sensor (regulatory protein) in response to its autoinducer (AI). In this context, there exist QS whole cell detection systems for acylated homoserine lactones (AHL) and their 3-oxo-AHL and 3-hydroxy-AHL derivatives that are able to differentiate between the length of the acyl chain. For example, Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 and pSB536 can detect short-chain AHL, while pSB1075 detects long-chain AHL. On the other hand, other biosensors detect furanosyl borate diester (AI-2) using genetically modified Vibrio harveyi strains that do not produce this autoinducer and do not present receptors for other QS systems. From this point of view, QS biosensors can be considered an accurate method; however, it should be noted that it is an indirect detection method for pathogens.
\nRegarding QS biosensor precision and sensibility, whole cell biosensors can be classified according to their reporter system, which are activated by the transcriptional regulator associated to the AI. Table 2 shows different biosensors, their phenotypes and detection methods. From these detection systems, luminescence (fluorescence or chemiluminescence) is considered a precise and highly sensitive method [26]. Both, signal and detection methods (luminometer or spectrofluorimeter), allow to detect low concentrations of its AI, which is of special interest due to AI and can activate QS system at low concentrations. For example, threshold concentration of 3-oxo-N-acyl homoserine lactone for the activation of QS system in P. aeruginosa is 10 nM [27]; therefore, it is of extreme importance that biosensors can detect AI concentrations of this order of magnitude. In this context, QS biosensor can detect QS signaling molecules at concentrations ranging from pM to μM [28].
\nBiosensor | \nHost | \nDetected signaling molecule | \nReporter system | \nDetection method | \nRefs. | \n|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Genotype | \nPhenotype | \n|||||
Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 | \n\n | C4-AHL C6-AHL* C6–3-oxo-AHL C8-AHL C8–3-oxo-AHL | \nvioABCD | \nViolacein synthesis, Color | \nColorimetric | \n[29] | \n
pSB401 | \nEscherichia coli JM109 | \nC6-AHL C6–3-oxo-AHL* C8-AHL C8–3-oxo-AHL | \nluxCDABE | \nLuciferase synthesis, Luminiscence | \nLuminiscence | \n[30] | \n
pSB536 | \nEscherichia coli JM109 | \nC4-AHL* | \nluxCDABE | \nLuciferase synthesis, Luminiscence | \nLuminiscence | \n[31] | \n
pSB1075 | \nEscherichia coli JM109 | \nC10–3-oxo-AHL C12–3-oxo-AHL* C12-AHL | \nluxCDABE | \nLuciferase synthesis, Luminiscence | \nLuminiscence | \n[30] | \n
pZLR4 | \nAgrobacterium tumefaciens NT1 | \nC8–3-oxo-AHL* All 3-oxo-AHL C6-AHL C8-AHL C10-AHL C12-AHL C14-AHL C6–3-hydroxy-AHL C8–3-hydroxy-AHL C10–3-hydroxy-AHL | \nlacZ | \nβ-galactosidase activity, Color | \nColorimetric | \n[32] | \n
pAS-C8 | \nBroad host range | \nC8-AHL C10-AHL | \ngfp | \nGFP synthesis, Fluorescence | \nFluorescence | \n[33] | \n
Vibrio harveyi JMH597 | \n\n | AI-2 | \nluxCDABE | \nLuciferase, Luminiscence | \nLuminiscence | \n[5] | \n
Biosensor for quorum sensing signaling molecules.
Major sensibility to this signaling molecule.
Table 2 shows different types of biosensors for the detection of quorum sensing signaling molecules and the reporter systems used in each case.
\nAs previously described, AIs can diffuse outside the cell into culture medium (environment) and be sensed by other microorganisms. Figure 2 shows C. violaceum CV026 (A) exposed to AHL produced by C. violaceum wild type (B), inducing violacein synthesis in strain CV026 as a positive reaction for the detection of AHL. On the other hand, A. tumefaciens NT1 pZLR4 supplemented with X-gal shows no β-galactosidase activity (colorless) in the absence of AHL (A), while bacterial culture shows a chromogenic reaction when it is exposed to AHL due to this enzyme activity.
\nBacterial biosensors for AHL detection. Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 (A) exposed to diffusible AHLs produced by C. violaceum wild type (B). Agrobacterium tumefaciens NT1 pZLR4 supplemented with X-gal (C) and A. tumefaciens NT1 pZLR4 supplemented with X-gal and C6-AHL (D).
Classically, quorum sensing (QS) has been studied to find new strategies to fight bacterial infections [34]; nevertheless, this system has also been proposed as a biomarker system [35]. Due to QS, autoinducers (AIs) are chemically diverse and are biomolecules produced under conditions by specific bacteria, and detection of AI allows an indirect identification of bacterial pathogens [36, 37]. Because AI concentration increases in a cell-density dependent manner, their detection and quantification also permit to determine the state of infection [38]. Several analytical methods have been used to identify these molecules, like ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high-resolution mass spectrometry; nevertheless, these chemical analyses require high-tech equipment as well as sample preparation, extraction and purification [39]. Therefore, it has been proposed that QS microbial biosensors are a potent tool for environmental and healthcare monitoring [40]. Unlike biosensors for inorganic bacterial compounds like ATP [41], biosensors based on QS show higher specificity and consist of viable microbial cells.
\nIn order to detect airborne bacterial pathogens in indoor spaces in a more efficient manner, whole cell and cell-free biosensors are able to detect QS signaling molecules, which are of great interest. These sensors are suitable for in vitro and in situ measurements [42]. As described earlier, reporter methods include luminescent, fluorescent and colorimetric signals (Table 2), which required widely available equipment for laboratory usage as well as for in situ measurements [43]. Additionally, QS biosensors can detect QS signaling molecules at low concentrations, ranging from pM to μM [28]. Figure 3 shows a biosensor model for autoinducer detection. This biosensor is composed of four essential genetic elements: promoter R1, gene encoding QS transcriptional regulator, promoter R2 and a reporter system. R1 is a promoter region that regulates gene expression of the transcriptional regulator of QS system. This promoter can be designed in order to respond to different stimuli and induce gene expression of the transcriptional regulator. This transcriptional regulator binds the autoinducer and regulates gene expression of the reporter system by binding promoter region R2, which is a QS promoter region.
\nThe main issues regarding detection of airborne pathogens are related to low bacterial concentration in air samples and interference of other particulate materials in the analyses, requiring appropriate sampling methods and equipment. In this context, QS biosensor technology should contain three essential units: (i) air sampler, (ii) cassette containing active bacterial cells used as biosensor and (iii) a signal processing module that allows data analysis and report generation. There are two main strategies to obtain air samples: (1) to use air samples and (2) harvest particulate matter from air conditioning equipment [44]. Air samples can be directly coupled to culture medium or inorganic supports containing the biosensor, which will be activated in the presence of QS signaling molecules [45].
\nThe selection of the appropriated biosensor will depend on equipment availability. Colorimetric biosensors do not need a specialized instrument for qualitative analysis due to their visual signal. In case of a quantitative evaluation, a spectrophotometer equipped with specific filters is needed. On the other hand, luminescent and fluorescent biosensors require luminometer and a fluorimeter, respectively, for qualitative and quantitative measurements. Excitation and emission wavelength will depend on the fluorescent protein, which is used as a reporter.
\nBiosensors for detection of autoinducers (AI) molecules from quorum sensing (QS). Promoter R1 regulates gene expression of the quorum sensing transcriptional regulation (TR) that binds autoinducer (AI) molecules. The TR-AI complex induces gene expression of the reporter system by binding promoter region R2, which is a canonical QS promoter region.
From a positive and holistic point of view, the vertiginous advances in connectivity, robotics, automation, electronics, computer science, synthetic biology and artificial intelligence allow us to understand that these disciplines will improve our living conditions. In this context, it is easy to imagine the positive impact of automated bioelectronic systems integrated into architecture design and newly build techniques on life quality and health. However, the most revolutionary aspect will be incorporation of intelligent automation devices in cars, houses, hospitals, classrooms or institutional buildings, and how these systems will intelligently generate favorable healthy conditions for the people, cities and their environments [46].
\nOn the other hand, considering climate change and the increase in antibiotic resistance, complex solutions should be developed to avoid health problems associated with indoor spaces such as the sick building syndrome (SBS) [47, 48]. In this context, the integration of biosensors for the detection and surveillance of pathogenic microorganisms and quality control indoor spaces is an appropriate challenge [49, 50, 51, 52].
\nSynthetic biology is an interdisciplinary tool based on biology, engineering and bioinformatics that appears appropriate to generate a bridge to connect bio-based solutions with indoor microbial air quality systems in intelligent buildings. For example, with this tool, it is possible to develop genetic circuits and new bioelectronic devices for the detection of pathogens [40, 53]. As previously discussed, biosensors (cell-based or cell-independent sensors) are a suitable tool for the detection of molecules related to environmental quality problems or health risks. In this sense, the development of new bioelectronic devices that consider a sampler unit, a biosensor unit and a receptor unit, remotely connected through online systems represents an advance that allows us to efficiently act against pathogens in indoor environments. In this context, it is important to highlight that the main advantage of smart buildings for human health is related to their ability to couple air quality sensors with automatic control systems.
\nAccording to the abovementioned factors, Figure 4 shows an integrative model of biosensors coupled to an air sampler, equipped with units that allow (i) capturing microorganisms and their molecules, (ii) exposing them to biosensors, (iii) capturing the signals emitted by the biosensor and (iv) analyzing them and sending a report through web applications to the users. Likewise, the proposed model integrates this technology into intelligent buildings or indoor spaces in general to remotely activate automated systems that reduce the microbial load or informs the health authority in the event of an infectious outbreak occurs.
\nSensors for detecting and monitoring pathogens in indoor spaces in the era of connectivity, intelligent buildings and automation. Figure shows the integration of a quorum sensing autoinducer biosensor to an intelligent air sampling system, connected to an intelligent control and surveillance system.
This work was supported by the following grant: CIDI-DIUV 4/2016 from Universidad de Valparaíso and grant: FONDEF VIU140070 from Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT).
\nIntechOpen aims to ensure that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our Authors. To that end we maintain a flexible Copyright Policy guaranteeing that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and Authors retain exclusive copyright to their Work.
',metaTitle:"Publication Agreement - Chapters",metaDescription:"IN TECH aims to guarantee that original material is published while at the same time giving significant freedom to our authors. For that matter, we uphold a flexible copyright policy meaning that there is no transfer of copyright to the publisher and authors retain exclusive copyright to their work.\n\nWhen submitting a manuscript the Corresponding Author is required to accept the terms and conditions set forth in our Publication Agreement as follows:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/publication-agreement-chapters",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\\n\\n1. DEFINITIONS
\\n\\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\\n\\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\\n\\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\\n\\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\\n\\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\\n\\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\\n\\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\\n\\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\\n\\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\\n\\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\\n\\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\\n\\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\\n\\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\\n\\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\\n\\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\\n\\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\\n\\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\\n\\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\\n\\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\\n\\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\\n\\n5. TERMINATION
\\n\\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\\n\\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\\n\\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\\n\\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\\n\\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\\n\\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\\n\\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\\n\\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\\n\\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\\n\\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\\n\\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\\n\\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\\n\\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\\n\\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\\n\\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"
The Corresponding Author (acting on behalf of all Authors) and INTECHOPEN LIMITED, incorporated and registered in England and Wales with company number 11086078 and a registered office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2QJ conclude the following Agreement regarding the publication of a Book Chapter:
\n\n1. DEFINITIONS
\n\nCorresponding Author: The Author of the Chapter who serves as a Signatory to this Agreement. The Corresponding Author acts on behalf of any other Co-Author.
\n\nCo-Author: All other Authors of the Chapter besides the Corresponding Author.
\n\nIntechOpen: IntechOpen Ltd., the Publisher of the Book.
\n\nBook: The publication as a collection of chapters compiled by IntechOpen including the Chapter. Chapter: The original literary work created by Corresponding Author and any Co-Author that is the subject of this Agreement.
\n\n2. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S GRANT OF RIGHTS
\n\n2.1 Subject to the following Article, the Corresponding Author grants and shall ensure that each Co-Author grants, to IntechOpen, during the full term of copyright and any extensions or renewals of that term the following:
\n\nThe aforementioned licenses shall survive the expiry or termination of this Agreement for any reason.
\n\n2.2 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of any Co-Author) reserves the following rights to the Chapter but agrees not to exercise them in such a way as to adversely affect IntechOpen's ability to utilize the full benefit of this Publication Agreement: (i) reprographic rights worldwide, other than those which subsist in the typographical arrangement of the Chapter as published by IntechOpen; and (ii) public lending rights arising under the Public Lending Right Act 1979, as amended from time to time, and any similar rights arising in any part of the world.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author confirms that they (and any Co-Author) are and will remain a member of any applicable licensing and collecting society and any successor to that body responsible for administering royalties for the reprographic reproduction of copyright works.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, copyright in the Chapter and all versions of it created during IntechOpen's editing process (including the published version) is retained by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\nSubject to the license granted above, the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author retains patent, trademark and other intellectual property rights to the Chapter.
\n\n2.3 All rights granted to IntechOpen in this Article are assignable, sublicensable or otherwise transferrable to third parties without the Corresponding Author's or any Co-Author’s specific approval.
\n\n2.4 The Corresponding Author (on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author) will not assert any rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to object to derogatory treatment of the Chapter as a consequence of IntechOpen's changes to the Chapter arising from translation of it, corrections and edits for house style, removal of problematic material and other reasonable edits.
\n\n3. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S DUTIES
\n\n3.1 When distributing or re-publishing the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen. The Corresponding Author warrants that each Co-Author will also credit the Book in which the Chapter has been published as the source of first publication, as well as IntechOpen, when they are distributing or re-publishing the Chapter.
\n\n3.2 When submitting the Chapter, the Corresponding Author agrees to:
\n\nThe Corresponding Author will be held responsible for the payment of the Open Access Publishing Fees.
\n\nAll payments shall be due 30 days from the date of the issued invoice. The Corresponding Author or the payer on the Corresponding Author's and Co-Authors' behalf will bear all banking and similar charges incurred.
\n\n3.3 The Corresponding Author shall obtain in writing all consents necessary for the reproduction of any material in which a third-party right exists, including quotations, photographs and illustrations, in all editions of the Chapter worldwide for the full term of the above licenses, and shall provide to IntechOpen upon request the original copies of such consents for inspection (at IntechOpen's option) or photocopies of such consents.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author shall obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognize themselves or be identified by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs).
\n\n3.4 The Corresponding Author and any Co-Author shall respect confidentiality rights during and after the termination of this Agreement. The information contained in all correspondence and documents as part of the publishing activity between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author are confidential and are intended only for the recipient. The contents may not be disclosed publicly and are not intended for unauthorized use or distribution. Any use, disclosure, copying, or distribution is prohibited and may be unlawful.
\n\n4. CORRESPONDING AUTHOR'S WARRANTY
\n\n4.1 The Corresponding Author represents and warrants that the Chapter does not and will not breach any applicable law or the rights of any third party and, specifically, that the Chapter contains no matter that is defamatory or that infringes any literary or proprietary rights, intellectual property rights, or any rights of privacy. The Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) the Chapter is the original work of themselves and any Co-Author and is not copied wholly or substantially from any other work or material or any other source; (ii) the Chapter has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal or in a book or edited collection, and is not under consideration for any such publication; (iii) they themselves and any Co-Author are qualifying persons under section 154 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988; (iv) they themselves and any Co-Author have not assigned and will not during the term of this Publication Agreement purport to assign any of the rights granted to IntechOpen under this Publication Agreement; and (v) the rights granted by this Publication Agreement are free from any security interest, option, mortgage, charge or lien.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author also warrants and represents that: (i) they have the full power to enter into this Publication Agreement on their own behalf and on behalf of each Co-Author; and (ii) they have the necessary rights and/or title in and to the Chapter to grant IntechOpen, on behalf of themselves and any Co-Author, the rights and licenses expressed to be granted in this Publication Agreement. If the Chapter was prepared jointly by the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, the Corresponding Author warrants and represents that: (i) each Co-Author agrees to the submission, license and publication of the Chapter on the terms of this Publication Agreement; and (ii) they have the authority to enter into this Publication Agreement on behalf of and bind each Co-Author. The Corresponding Author shall: (i) ensure each Co-Author complies with all relevant provisions of this Publication Agreement, including those relating to confidentiality, performance and standards, as if a party to this Publication Agreement; and (ii) remain primarily liable for all acts and/or omissions of each such Co-Author.
\n\nThe Corresponding Author agrees to indemnify and hold IntechOpen harmless against all liabilities, costs, expenses, damages and losses and all reasonable legal costs and expenses suffered or incurred by IntechOpen arising out of or in connection with any breach of the aforementioned representations and warranties. This indemnity shall not cover IntechOpen to the extent that a claim under it results from IntechOpen's negligence or willful misconduct.
\n\n4.2 Nothing in this Publication Agreement shall have the effect of excluding or limiting any liability for death or personal injury caused by negligence or any other liability that cannot be excluded or limited by applicable law.
\n\n5. TERMINATION
\n\n5.1 IntechOpen has a right to terminate this Publication Agreement for quality, program, technical or other reasons with immediate effect, including without limitation (i) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author commits a material breach of this Publication Agreement; (ii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being an individual) is the subject of a bankruptcy petition, application or order; or (iii) if the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author (being a company) commences negotiations with all or any class of its creditors with a view to rescheduling any of its debts, or makes a proposal for or enters into any compromise or arrangement with any of its creditors.
\n\nIn case of termination, IntechOpen will notify the Corresponding Author, in writing, of the decision.
\n\n6. INTECHOPEN’S DUTIES AND RIGHTS
\n\n6.1 Unless prevented from doing so by events outside its reasonable control, IntechOpen, in its discretion, agrees to publish the Chapter attributing it to the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author.
\n\n6.2 IntechOpen has the right to use the Corresponding Author’s and any Co-Author’s names and likeness in connection with scientific dissemination, retrieval, archiving, web hosting and promotion and marketing of the Chapter and has the right to contact the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author until the Chapter is publicly available on any platform owned and/or operated by IntechOpen.
\n\n6.3 IntechOpen is granted the authority to enforce the rights from this Publication Agreement, on behalf of the Corresponding Author and any Co-Author, against third parties (for example in cases of plagiarism or copyright infringements). In respect of any such infringement or suspected infringement of the copyright in the Chapter, IntechOpen shall have absolute discretion in addressing any such infringement which is likely to affect IntechOpen's rights under this Publication Agreement, including issuing and conducting proceedings against the suspected infringer.
\n\n7. MISCELLANEOUS
\n\n7.1 Further Assurance: The Corresponding Author shall and will ensure that any relevant third party (including any Co-Author) shall, execute and deliver whatever further documents or deeds and perform such acts as IntechOpen reasonably requires from time to time for the purpose of giving IntechOpen the full benefit of the provisions of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.2 Third Party Rights: A person who is not a party to this Publication Agreement may not enforce any of its provisions under the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.
\n\n7.3 Entire Agreement: This Publication Agreement constitutes the entire agreement between the parties in relation to its subject matter. It replaces and extinguishes all prior agreements, draft agreements, arrangements, collateral warranties, collateral contracts, statements, assurances, representations and undertakings of any nature made by or on behalf of the parties, whether oral or written, in relation to that subject matter. Each party acknowledges that in entering into this Publication Agreement it has not relied upon any oral or written statements, collateral or other warranties, assurances, representations or undertakings which were made by or on behalf of the other party in relation to the subject matter of this Publication Agreement at any time before its signature (together "Pre-Contractual Statements"), other than those which are set out in this Publication Agreement. Each party hereby waives all rights and remedies which might otherwise be available to it in relation to such Pre-Contractual Statements. Nothing in this clause shall exclude or restrict the liability of either party arising out of its pre-contract fraudulent misrepresentation or fraudulent concealment.
\n\n7.4 Waiver: No failure or delay by a party to exercise any right or remedy provided under this Publication Agreement or by law shall constitute a waiver of that or any other right or remedy, nor shall it preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy. No single or partial exercise of such right or remedy shall preclude or restrict the further exercise of that or any other right or remedy.
\n\n7.5 Variation: No variation of this Publication Agreement shall be effective unless it is in writing and signed by the parties (or their duly authorized representatives).
\n\n7.6 Severance: If any provision or part-provision of this Publication Agreement is or becomes invalid, illegal or unenforceable, it shall be deemed modified to the minimum extent necessary to make it valid, legal and enforceable. If such modification is not possible, the relevant provision or part-provision shall be deemed deleted.
\n\nAny modification to or deletion of a provision or part-provision under this clause shall not affect the validity and enforceability of the rest of this Publication Agreement.
\n\n7.7 No partnership: Nothing in this Publication Agreement is intended to, or shall be deemed to, establish or create any partnership or joint venture or the relationship of principal and agent or employer and employee between IntechOpen and the Corresponding Author or any Co-Author, nor authorize any party to make or enter into any commitments for or on behalf of any other party.
\n\n7.8 Governing law: This Publication Agreement and any dispute or claim (including non-contractual disputes or claims) arising out of or in connection with it or its subject matter or formation shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the law of England and Wales. The parties submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the English courts to settle any dispute or claim arising out of or in connection with this Publication Agreement (including any non-contractual disputes or claims).
\n\nLast updated: 2020-11-27
\n\n\n\n
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/55578/images/4574_n.png",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:117095},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateendthirdsteppublish"},books:[],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9279",title:"Concepts, Applications and Emerging Opportunities in Industrial Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9bfa87f9b627a5468b7c1e30b0eea07a",slug:"concepts-applications-and-emerging-opportunities-in-industrial-engineering",bookSignature:"Gary Moynihan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9279.jpg",editors:[{id:"16974",title:"Dr.",name:"Gary",middleName:null,surname:"Moynihan",slug:"gary-moynihan",fullName:"Gary Moynihan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5126},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8697",title:"Virtual Reality and Its Application in Education",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee01b5e387ba0062c6b0d1e9227bda05",slug:"virtual-reality-and-its-application-in-education",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8697.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9343",title:"Trace Metals in the Environment",subtitle:"New Approaches and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae07e345bc2ce1ebbda9f70c5cd12141",slug:"trace-metals-in-the-environment-new-approaches-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar, Hugo Saldarriaga-Noreña and Agnieszka Saeid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9343.jpg",editors:[{id:"255959",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Murillo-Tovar",slug:"mario-alfonso-murillo-tovar",fullName:"Mario Alfonso Murillo-Tovar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7831",title:"Sustainability in Urban Planning and Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c924420492c8c2c9751e178d025f4066",slug:"sustainability-in-urban-planning-and-design",bookSignature:"Amjad Almusaed, Asaad Almssad and Linh Truong - Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7831.jpg",editors:[{id:"110471",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Zaki",surname:"Almusaed",slug:"amjad-almusaed",fullName:"Amjad Almusaed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9376",title:"Contemporary Developments and Perspectives in International Health Security",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b9a00b84cd04aae458fb1d6c65795601",slug:"contemporary-developments-and-perspectives-in-international-health-security-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg, Sagar C. Galwankar, Ricardo Izurieta and Thomas Papadimos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9376.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7769",title:"Medical Isotopes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8d3c5a6c9a42398e56b4e82264753f7",slug:"medical-isotopes",bookSignature:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi and Muhammad Babar Imrani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7769.jpg",editors:[{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8468",title:"Sheep Farming",subtitle:"An Approach to Feed, Growth and Sanity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"838f08594850bc04aa14ec873ed1b96f",slug:"sheep-farming-an-approach-to-feed-growth-and-sanity",bookSignature:"António Monteiro",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8468.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190314",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"Cardoso",surname:"Monteiro",slug:"antonio-monteiro",fullName:"António Monteiro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9523",title:"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5eb6ec2db961a6c8965d11180a58d5c1",slug:"oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery",bookSignature:"Gokul Sridharan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9523.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82453",title:"Dr.",name:"Gokul",middleName:null,surname:"Sridharan",slug:"gokul-sridharan",fullName:"Gokul Sridharan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9785",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f457ca61f29cf7e8bc191732c50bb0ce",slug:"endometriosis",bookSignature:"Courtney Marsh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255491",title:"Dr.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Marsh",slug:"courtney-marsh",fullName:"Courtney Marsh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9018",title:"Some RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a5cae846dbe3692495fc4add2f60fd84",slug:"some-rna-viruses",bookSignature:"Yogendra Shah and Eltayb Abuelzein",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8816",title:"Financial Crises",subtitle:"A Selection of Readings",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f2f49fb903656e4e54280c79fabd10c",slug:"financial-crises-a-selection-of-readings",bookSignature:"Stelios Markoulis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8816.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"237863",title:"Dr.",name:"Stelios",middleName:null,surname:"Markoulis",slug:"stelios-markoulis",fullName:"Stelios Markoulis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:null,name:"Michael S.",middleName:"S",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10150",title:"Smart Manufacturing",subtitle:"When Artificial Intelligence Meets the Internet of Things",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87004a19de13702d042f8ff96d454698",slug:"smart-manufacturing-when-artificial-intelligence-meets-the-internet-of-things",bookSignature:"Tan Yen Kheng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10150.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"78857",title:"Dr.",name:"Tan Yen",middleName:null,surname:"Kheng",slug:"tan-yen-kheng",fullName:"Tan Yen Kheng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9386",title:"Direct Numerical Simulations",subtitle:"An Introduction and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"158a3a0fdba295d21ff23326f5a072d5",slug:"direct-numerical-simulations-an-introduction-and-applications",bookSignature:"Srinivasa Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9386.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9139",title:"Topics in Primary Care Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ea774a4d4c1179da92a782e0ae9cde92",slug:"topics-in-primary-care-medicine",bookSignature:"Thomas F. Heston",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"217926",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas F.",middleName:null,surname:"Heston",slug:"thomas-f.-heston",fullName:"Thomas F. Heston"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9208",title:"Welding",subtitle:"Modern Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7d6be076ccf3a3f8bd2ca52d86d4506b",slug:"welding-modern-topics",bookSignature:"Sadek Crisóstomo Absi Alfaro, Wojciech Borek and Błażej Tomiczek",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"65292",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi",middleName:"C. Absi",surname:"Alfaro",slug:"sadek-crisostomo-absi-alfaro",fullName:"Sadek Crisostomo Absi Alfaro"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"169",title:"Biomedicine",slug:"biomedicine",parent:{title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:95,numberOfWosCitations:26,numberOfCrossrefCitations:26,numberOfDimensionsCitations:54,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"biomedicine",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8400",title:"Molecular Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222a58353415f02de25a212213bddc00",slug:"molecular-medicine",bookSignature:"Sinem Nalbantoglu and Hakima Amri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7159",title:"Body-mass Index and Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb520e914b9b3d726b9b9f9d047011ce",slug:"body-mass-index-and-health",bookSignature:"Ayşe Emel Önal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7159.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25840",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayse Emel",middleName:null,surname:"Onal",slug:"ayse-emel-onal",fullName:"Ayse Emel Onal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6632",title:"Biofeedback",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7fd6758aaba7064d143ca8a1c05ef6c7",slug:"biofeedback",bookSignature:"Mark Schwartz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63257",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Schwartz",slug:"mark-schwartz",fullName:"Mark Schwartz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6205",title:"Polypeptide",subtitle:"New Insight into Drug Discovery and Development",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"35f89bf9a197198efc0d44d0ff56d800",slug:"polypeptide-new-insight-into-drug-discovery-and-development",bookSignature:"Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"70235",title:"Prof.",name:"Usman Sumo Friend",middleName:null,surname:"Tambunan",slug:"usman-sumo-friend-tambunan",fullName:"Usman Sumo Friend Tambunan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1899",title:"Biomedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4b1bc3c9f0a151f8c9ffda110c2053d6",slug:"biomedicine",bookSignature:"Chao Lin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1899.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109875",title:"Dr.",name:"Chao",middleName:null,surname:"Lin",slug:"chao-lin",fullName:"Chao Lin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"33119",doi:"10.5772/38349",title:"Additive Manufacturing Solutions for Improved Medical Implants",slug:"additive-manufacturing-solutions-for-improved-implants",totalDownloads:7491,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:19,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Vojislav Petrovic, Juan Vicente Haro, Jose Ramón Blasco and Luis Portolés",authors:[{id:"116774",title:"Dr.",name:"Vojislav",middleName:null,surname:"Petrovic",slug:"vojislav-petrovic",fullName:"Vojislav Petrovic"},{id:"116777",title:"MSc.",name:"Juan",middleName:"Vicente",surname:"Haro González",slug:"juan-haro-gonzalez",fullName:"Juan Haro González"},{id:"116778",title:"BSc.",name:"José Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Blasco Puchades",slug:"jose-ramon-blasco-puchades",fullName:"José Ramón Blasco Puchades"},{id:"116779",title:"BSc.",name:"Luís",middleName:null,surname:"Portolés Griñán",slug:"luis-portoles-grinan",fullName:"Luís Portolés Griñán"}]},{id:"33113",doi:"10.5772/33951",title:"Encapsulation and Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets: Advances and Challenges",slug:"encapsulation-and-surface-engineering-of-pancreatic-islets-advances-and-challenges-",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Veronika Kozlovskaya, Oleksandra Zavgorodnya and Eugenia Kharlampieva",authors:[{id:"97932",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Kharlampieva",slug:"eugenia-kharlampieva",fullName:"Eugenia Kharlampieva"},{id:"101333",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kozlovskaya",slug:"veronika-kozlovskaya",fullName:"Veronika Kozlovskaya"},{id:"135852",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zavgorodnya",slug:"oleksandra-zavgorodnya",fullName:"Oleksandra Zavgorodnya"}]},{id:"33114",doi:"10.5772/38852",title:"In-Situ Forming Biomimetic Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration",slug:"in-situ-forming-biomimetic-hydrogels-for-tissue-regeneration",totalDownloads:3703,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Rong Jin",authors:[{id:"120160",title:"Dr.",name:"Rong",middleName:null,surname:"Jin",slug:"rong-jin",fullName:"Rong Jin"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68486",title:"Metabolomics: Basic Principles and Strategies",slug:"metabolomics-basic-principles-and-strategies",totalDownloads:1443,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Sinem Nalbantoglu",authors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}]},{id:"74620",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Distinct Diseases",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-distinct-diseases",totalDownloads:63,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:null,title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Adnan Batman, İrem Yalim Camci, Elif Kadioglu, Kezban Uçar Çifçi, Berçem Yeman Kıyak, Servet Tunoglu, Ezgi Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoglu and Yusuf Tutar",authors:null},{id:"62232",title:"Body Mass Index and Insulin Sensitivity/Resistance: Cross Talks in Gestational Diabetes, Normal Pregnancy and Beyond",slug:"body-mass-index-and-insulin-sensitivity-resistance-cross-talks-in-gestational-diabetes-normal-pregna",totalDownloads:658,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"body-mass-index-and-health",title:"Body-mass Index and Health",fullTitle:"Body-mass Index and Health"},signatures:"Mariana Petrova Genova, Bisera Dimitrova Atanasova and Katya\nNikolova Todorova-Ananieva",authors:[{id:"246034",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mariana",middleName:null,surname:"Petrova Genova",slug:"mariana-petrova-genova",fullName:"Mariana Petrova Genova"},{id:"246802",title:"MSc.",name:"Bisera",middleName:null,surname:"Dimitrova Atanasova",slug:"bisera-dimitrova-atanasova",fullName:"Bisera Dimitrova Atanasova"},{id:"246803",title:"Dr.",name:"Katia",middleName:null,surname:"Todorova -Ananieva",slug:"katia-todorova-ananieva",fullName:"Katia Todorova -Ananieva"}]},{id:"61418",title:"Effect of Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback on Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations",slug:"effect-of-infra-low-frequency-neurofeedback-on-infra-slow-eeg-fluctuations",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"biofeedback",title:"Biofeedback",fullTitle:"Biofeedback"},signatures:"Vera A. Grin-Yatsenko, Valery A. Ponomarev, Olga Kara, Bernhard\nWandernoth, Mark Gregory, Valentina A. Ilyukhina and Juri D.\nKropotov",authors:[{id:"234121",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Vera",middleName:null,surname:"Grin-Yatsenko",slug:"vera-grin-yatsenko",fullName:"Vera Grin-Yatsenko"},{id:"238431",title:"Prof.",name:"Valery",middleName:null,surname:"Ponomarev",slug:"valery-ponomarev",fullName:"Valery Ponomarev"},{id:"238434",title:"Dr.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Kara",slug:"olga-kara",fullName:"Olga Kara"},{id:"238435",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Wandernoth",slug:"bernhard-wandernoth",fullName:"Bernhard Wandernoth"},{id:"238437",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Gregory",slug:"mark-gregory",fullName:"Mark Gregory"},{id:"238439",title:"Prof.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Ilyukhina",slug:"valentina-ilyukhina",fullName:"Valentina Ilyukhina"},{id:"238441",title:"Prof.",name:"Juri",middleName:null,surname:"Kropotov",slug:"juri-kropotov",fullName:"Juri Kropotov"}]},{id:"57941",title:"A Transmembrane Single-Polypeptide-Chain (sc) Linker to Connect the Two G-Protein–Coupled Receptors in Tandem and the Design for an In Vivo Analysis of Their Allosteric Receptor- Receptor Interactions",slug:"a-transmembrane-single-polypeptide-chain-sc-linker-to-connect-the-two-g-protein-coupled-receptors-in",totalDownloads:406,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"polypeptide-new-insight-into-drug-discovery-and-development",title:"Polypeptide",fullTitle:"Polypeptide - New Insight into Drug Discovery and Development"},signatures:"Toshio Kamiya, Takashi Masuko, Dasiel Oscar Borroto-Escuela,\nHaruo Okado and Hiroyasu Nakata",authors:[{id:"211414",title:"Dr.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Kamiya",slug:"toshio-kamiya",fullName:"Toshio Kamiya"},{id:"218892",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Masuko",slug:"takashi-masuko",fullName:"Takashi Masuko"},{id:"218893",title:"Dr.",name:"Dasiel",middleName:null,surname:"Borroto-Escuela",slug:"dasiel-borroto-escuela",fullName:"Dasiel Borroto-Escuela"},{id:"218894",title:"Dr.",name:"Haruo",middleName:null,surname:"Okado",slug:"haruo-okado",fullName:"Haruo Okado"},{id:"218895",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyasu",middleName:null,surname:"Nakata",slug:"hiroyasu-nakata",fullName:"Hiroyasu Nakata"}]},{id:"33120",title:"Crossings on Public Perception of Biomedicine: Spain and the European Indicators",slug:"crossings-on-public-perception-of-biomedicine-spain-and-the-european-indicators-",totalDownloads:1291,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Eulalia Pérez Sedeño and María José Miranda Suárez",authors:[{id:"112999",title:"Dr.",name:"Eulalia",middleName:null,surname:"Perez Sedeno",slug:"eulalia-perez-sedeno",fullName:"Eulalia Perez Sedeno"},{id:"117289",title:"MSc.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda Suárez",slug:"maria-jose-miranda-suarez",fullName:"María José Miranda Suárez"}]},{id:"64435",title:"Precision Medicine: Role of Biomarkers in Early Prediction and Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease",slug:"precision-medicine-role-of-biomarkers-in-early-prediction-and-diagnosis-of-alzheimer-s-disease",totalDownloads:1181,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Liming Shen, Sijian Xia, Huajie Zhang, Fang Yao, Xukun Liu, Yuxi Zhao, Ming Ying, Javed Iqbal and Qiong Liu",authors:[{id:"263601",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Liming",middleName:null,surname:"Shen",slug:"liming-shen",fullName:"Liming Shen"},{id:"273558",title:"Ms.",name:"Sijian",middleName:null,surname:"Xia",slug:"sijian-xia",fullName:"Sijian Xia"},{id:"273562",title:"Ms.",name:"Huajie",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"huajie-zhang",fullName:"Huajie Zhang"},{id:"273563",title:"Ms.",name:"Fang",middleName:null,surname:"Yao",slug:"fang-yao",fullName:"Fang Yao"},{id:"273564",title:"Ms.",name:"Xukun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"xukun-liu",fullName:"Xukun Liu"},{id:"273565",title:"Ms.",name:"Yuxi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhao",slug:"yuxi-zhao",fullName:"Yuxi Zhao"},{id:"273566",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Ying",slug:"ming-ying",fullName:"Ming Ying"},{id:"273567",title:"Dr.",name:"Javed",middleName:null,surname:"Iqbal",slug:"javed-iqbal",fullName:"Javed Iqbal"},{id:"273569",title:"Prof.",name:"Qiong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"qiong-liu",fullName:"Qiong Liu"}]},{id:"67272",title:"Introductory Chapter: Insight into the OMICS Technologies and Molecular Medicine",slug:"introductory-chapter-insight-into-the-omics-technologies-and-molecular-medicine",totalDownloads:405,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Sinem Nalbantoglu and Abdullah Karadag",authors:[{id:"147712",title:"Dr.",name:"Sinem",middleName:null,surname:"Nalbantoglu",slug:"sinem-nalbantoglu",fullName:"Sinem Nalbantoglu"}]},{id:"65402",title:"Pharmacogenetics and Cancer Treatment: Progress and Prospects",slug:"pharmacogenetics-and-cancer-treatment-progress-and-prospects",totalDownloads:905,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"molecular-medicine",title:"Molecular Medicine",fullTitle:"Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Munindra Ruwali",authors:[{id:"245866",title:"Dr.",name:"Munindra",middleName:null,surname:"Ruwali",slug:"munindra-ruwali",fullName:"Munindra Ruwali"}]},{id:"33113",title:"Encapsulation and Surface Engineering of Pancreatic Islets: Advances and Challenges",slug:"encapsulation-and-surface-engineering-of-pancreatic-islets-advances-and-challenges-",totalDownloads:2973,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,book:{slug:"biomedicine",title:"Biomedicine",fullTitle:"Biomedicine"},signatures:"Veronika Kozlovskaya, Oleksandra Zavgorodnya and Eugenia Kharlampieva",authors:[{id:"97932",title:"Prof.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Kharlampieva",slug:"eugenia-kharlampieva",fullName:"Eugenia Kharlampieva"},{id:"101333",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronika",middleName:null,surname:"Kozlovskaya",slug:"veronika-kozlovskaya",fullName:"Veronika Kozlovskaya"},{id:"135852",title:"MSc.",name:"Oleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zavgorodnya",slug:"oleksandra-zavgorodnya",fullName:"Oleksandra Zavgorodnya"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"biomedicine",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"74620",title:"Molecular Mechanisms of Distinct Diseases",slug:"molecular-mechanisms-of-distinct-diseases",totalDownloads:69,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95114",book:{title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Adnan Batman, İrem Yalim Camci, Elif Kadioglu, Kezban Uçar Çifçi, Berçem Yeman Kıyak, Servet Tunoglu, Ezgi Nurdan Yenilmez Tunoglu and Yusuf Tutar"},{id:"72967",title:"Endogenous Retroelements in Cancer: Molecular Roles and Clinical Approach",slug:"endogenous-retroelements-in-cancer-molecular-roles-and-clinical-approach",totalDownloads:92,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93370",book:{title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Kang-Hoon Lee and Je-Yoel Cho"},{id:"71908",title:"Genetic Risk Factors and Lysosomal Function in Parkinson Disease",slug:"genetic-risk-factors-and-lysosomal-function-in-parkinson-disease",totalDownloads:61,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91850",book:{title:"Methods in Molecular Medicine"},signatures:"Marcella Vieira Barroso Montenegro, Carlos Eduardo de Melo Amaral and Luiz Carlos Santana da Silva"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:8},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/108720/lars-haering",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"108720",slug:"lars-haering"},fullPath:"/profiles/108720/lars-haering",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()