\r\n\tThe purpose of the book is to bring together the latest knowledge about genetic diversity by presenting the studies of some of the scientists who are engaged in development of new tools and ideas used to reveal genetic diversity, often from very different perspectives. The book should prove useful to students, researchers and experts in the area of biology, medicine and agriculture.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-945-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-944-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-946-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"0b1e679fcacdec2448603a66df71ccc7",bookSignature:"Prof. Mahmut Çalışkan and Dr. Sevcan Aydin",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11643.jpg",keywords:"PCR Based Methods, Protein Based Methods, Sequencing, Conservation of Genetic Resources, Natural Variation, Molecular Markers, Genetic Manipulation in Animals, Resistance to Disease, Genetic Manipulation in Plants, Use of Microorganisms in Biotechnology, Genetic Differentiation, Gene Therapy and Gene Editing",numberOfDownloads:17,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 16th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 15th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 3rd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 2nd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Professor of genetics and molecular biology and Head of Biotechnology division at İstanbul University in Turkey whose main research areas include plant molecular genetics, microbial biotechnology and characterization and biotechnological use of halophilic archaeal strains.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Associate Professor of Biotechnology Division in Department of Biology at Istanbul University in Turkey whose main research areas include genetics, environmental biotechnology and bioengineering.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"51528",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Çalışkan",slug:"mahmut-caliskan",fullName:"Mahmut Çalışkan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/51528/images/system/51528.png",biography:"Mahmut Çalışkan is a Professor of Genetics and Molecular Biology in the Department of Biology, Biotechnology Division, Istanbul University, Turkey. He obtained a BSc from Middle East Technical University, Ankara, and a Ph.D. from the University of Leeds, England. His main research areas include the role of germin gene products during early plant development, analysis of genetic variation, polymorphisms, and the characterization and biotechnological use of halophilic archaea.",institutionString:"Istanbul University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"8",institution:{name:"Istanbul University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"462767",title:"Dr.",name:"Sevcan",middleName:null,surname:"Aydin",slug:"sevcan-aydin",fullName:"Sevcan Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003QRfRpQAL/Profile_Picture_2022-03-24T08:49:06.jpg",biography:"Sevcan Aydın is an Associate Professor of Biotechnology Division in Department of Biology at Istanbul University in Türkiye. 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For example, universities of distance education must provide reliable authentication of students in carrying out evaluation tasks. Financial institutions (banks) should provide access to customer accounts only after credible evidence of their authenticity.
A security user login procedure largely determines the security of an information system as a whole (and in the case of distance learning systems and the reliability of the results of implementation of the students of educational tasks). Authenticating the name of the logged in user is one of the steps in the logon process.
To authenticate users of information systems, there are well-known techniques. The first group of such methods is based on checking the knowledge of the user based on some memorized secrets (e.g., secret combination password). In the authentication process, knowledge of this secret is validated. The second group of authentication methods is based on checking the user ownership of certain hardware which becomes the subject (device), such as a smart card or USB token. The device contains the base secret of the user (e.g., its private key digital signature), which does not need to remember. Third party authentication methods are based on checking whether a user has characteristics that could not be separated from it. These characteristics, for example, can be printing finger, face, or voice. Such methods are related to biometric authentications.
But all these methods are as effective as possible in local authentication, when there is no doubt about the source of information for user authentication. If remote authentication has no such confidence, because data for verification can be provided to outsider, you want to create new authentication methods, suitable for use in remote access to information systems. These methods can be used in addition to the existing methods of authentication. Additional authentication methods, for example, are to verify a user based on the knowledge test about his preferences and competencies.
Data on user knowledge can be collected using the analysis of the content the user has visited Internet resources. Such an analysis could be based on the methods of classification of text documents.
Traditional methods of authentication (verification of secret knowledge-based reusable password and verification of biometric characteristics and devices) have a common disadvantage: the ability to intercept confirming the authenticity of the user information with its subsequent playback of the infringer to perform any action against a target system on behalf of a registered user. To improve protection against unauthorized access to sensitive information, it is usually recommended to use the two or multifactor authentication.
Consider the drawbacks of traditional methods of authenticating users of information systems in the case of remote access systems.
The main advantage of validation of knowledge-based authentication of user secret reusable password is the ease of its implementation and use. At the same time, the password authentication has many drawbacks:
many users choose passwords that are easy enough to pick up due to lack of password length, their simplicity, and repetitiveness;
the possibility of using the violator of readily available software tools for picking passwords;
the ability to use social engineering techniques by the infringer (obtain the password by tricking the user); and
the ability to “steal” the password as you type with the keyboard or intercept the password when it is sent over a computer network.
User name authentication using authentication devices is based on the uniqueness and the confidentiality of the information contained in the memory of the device. As such, information, for example, the private (secret) key of the user’s electronic signature could be used. In the process of authenticating, the correctness of such key is validated using the user’s public key certificate issued by a trusted certificate authority and is stored in an information system in which the user registered.
Most often the following devices are used for authentication:
tokens that require connecting to your computer using a USB port and constituting in fact microcomputer;
smart cards also constituting a microcomputer, but additionally requiring the use of card readers;
passive devices (e.g., iButton or Touch Memory), which can only store information to authenticate the device owner.
For active USB devices, added protection from theft applies reusable passwords (so-called PIN-codes), the knowledge of which confirms the use of authentication devices to its rightful owner. Other advantages of authentication devices are no limits in the length and complexity of storage in the device memory and the ability to detect the fact that the device is lost or stolen and lock it in this case.
Authentication procedure using active devices may include the generation and verification of one-time passwords or occasional request response calculation (model “handshake”).
But the use of authentication devices also has a number of disadvantages:
the possibility of device failure or accidental damage;
the additional cost issued by the registered users of the devices and their readers;
the need for a free USB-port or additional equipment to connect your device to your computer;
the possibility to manufacture copies of analog devices or wrongdoing or creating his software emulator; and
the need to deploy a public key infrastructure (PKI) when using the private key of the user as electronic signature stored on his secret device [1].
The biometric authentication checks that the user is unique and inseparable from his personality characteristics shared by physical or static (patterns of papillary lines or fingerprints, hand shape, iris and the retina of the eyes, face shape, etc.) and behavioral or dynamic (timbre, handwritten signature, tempo text input with the keyboard or keyboard “handwriting,” etc.).
The advantages of biometric authentication refers the validity of authentication, user friendliness (it does not need to remember long and complex passwords or permanently carry the device authentication), and the complexity of the falsification of biometric characteristics of the offender.
The disadvantages of biometric authentication are:
the additional cost of the equipment to read the biometric characteristics;
storage standards of biometric characteristics in plaintext, resulting in risk of violation of the privacy of the user;
the possibility of failure to a registered user due to an accidental large deviation of his scanned characteristic from the reference value;
the possibility of interception of biometric characteristics when it is sent over the network.
For protection against interception of biometric characteristics and its subsequent reproduction and when the violator tries to log on to the system on behalf of others, cryptographic methods and tools can be applied. However, the use of encryption when data are transferred across the network assumes the task of managing the encryption keys. The use of a digital signature to confirm the source of biometric data requires the solution of the problem of public key certificate management devices to read such data. These causes reduced the effectiveness of the use of biometric authentication for remote user access.
Biometric authentication in Russia, now, has been started to be used to authenticate clients during their remote access to their accounts [2]. In this case, users must first register with the bank on the list, which is set by the Central Bank of Russia. To authenticate the user, the following actions are then performed:
entering their login and password set during registration;
photographing their face using camera notebook or other devices (e.g., tablet, smartphone, etc.); and
using a microphone, the computer speaks the text received from the authentication server and displays on the screen.
This method of authentication refers to multifactor authentication. It combines checking the knowledge secret password and authentication based on static (face) and dynamic (voice) biometric characteristics. The use of this method does not impose additional requirements to the equipment of users’ computers. Specific technical solutions to this project refer to the trade secrets of its developer and financial organizations. Therefore, the effectiveness of addressing the shortcomings of biometric authentication, mentioned above, is difficult to assess.
For this reason, use a similar solution for remote user authentication information systems (e.g., universities of distance education) which appears to be unfounded so far.
Overall lack of traditional authentication methods for remote user access is the lack of reliable evidence of the source of data for authentication. These data can be reproduced after their “sniffing.” One solution to this problem might be to establish a secure connection between a client and a server using SSL/TLS. Such a decision requires the establishment of a public key infrastructure (PKI) and certificate management [1]. This places additional requirements on the information systems and their owners. Such requirements may be redundant for distance education universities and other organizations with limited budgets.
Another possible solution would be to use the USB device of the remote users to generate one-time passwords for authentication procedure. One-time password intercepts the violator as it will not give the possibility of unauthorized access to information system resources. The use of this decision will complicate the administration of information system and will require additional expenses. Therefore, such a decision is also uncomfortable for distance education universities.
Authentication based on user testing of knowledge collected during his work on the Internet is free from these deficiencies.
Knowledge-based authentication often is used as a second authentication factor when using a password or user password recovery in case of loss. In this authentication scheme, the user is prompted to answer at least one additional “secret” question. But this simple schema is not free from following flaws:
the user can forget his answer to the question;
user response can be guessed by the infringer;
the number of supplementary questions may not be very large; and
answers to additional questions contain only a very small part of the knowledge of the user.
So an authentication method should be developed, which involves the collection of sufficient information. The information collected should be unique for each user, registered in the information system. It is also advisable to use the developed method that does not require any additional user action.
When designing a remote authentication method based on the knowledge of the user on the Internet, you must ensure the collection, accumulation, and use of information about the habits and preferences of the user global network. Analyzing the data of interest, habits, and preferences of Internet user may apply the analysis log of visited Web pages by this user. Among the functions of Web browsers is a function of preserving the history of visited sites and portals by the user in the appropriate journal. This function does not need to include especially constant collection of data on Internet user has visited, in the visit log saved addresses and titles of visited Web pages, as well as the date and time when they were.
Getting the user browsing history of Internet resources (scanned documents) is possible through the development of special extensions (Add-ons) for Internet Explorer and other browsers [3, 4]. However, browser manufacturers can set restrictions on the use of extensions; for example, Google Chrome, which allows installing extensions only from the shop, Chrome Web Store. Enable developer mode gives you the ability to install extensions from an arbitrary location (e.g., from the selected developer folder).
Using a known document object model (DOM) [5], it is possible to present the contents of the document (e.g., a user visited the Web page) in the form of a set of objects with certain properties. Support for this model is obligatory for all Web browsers.
In the DOM, document is presented in a tree structure. It provides a unified way to navigate through the document. This tree structure is called a node tree. Access to all the nodes can be accessed through this tree.
Using the document object model in the analysis of any user visited the Web page allows you to retrieve the value of the properties, which contains the keywords, description of the document, its title, and a list of all its internal headers list captions to the pictures (if they are available in the document). Obtaining these data provides an opportunity to analyze the document and determine the:
set of key words;
the number of occurrences of each of these keywords (phrases) into a document; and
the position of the occurrences of keywords in a document.
Additionally, the results of the analysis provide an opportunity to offer the user a list of keywords (phrases) that best characterizes his interests.
For automatic document classification, visited by the user during his work on the Internet (its inclusion in one or more thematic rubrics), further analysis of the content of the document is required. You can use the following methods of classifying [6]:
For remote user authentication, documents are classified and analyzed to identify those subject areas that are of interest to the user. To store the collected information, the database (DB) is used. The database will then be used for the remote user authentication.
Bayesian method is used as the proposed method of authentication. This method of classification is based on the theorem stating that if the densities of the distribution of each of the classes are known, then the classification algorithm with the minimal probability of errors can be specified explicitly. In practice, the distribution density classes not known. These probabilities has to evaluate (restore) on training sample.
Bayesian method is used when solving different tasks of information security: when spam is detected in an e-mail message, when evaluating the security of information systems, and others.
In our case, the classified document is rich in properties whose order is not important. The submission of the document was obtained by its previous analysis.
The advantages of Bayesian classification method include:
this method allows the relatively quick classification of Web pages that must be specified when the user is authenticated;
this method is characterized by the ease of programming;
A database containing information on behalf of the user, whose authenticity is confirmed, includes the following tables [7]:
In the table “users,” set attributes (columns) as id of the user, his name (“login”), the hash value of the password, the e-mail address of the user, sign mandatory password change at next logon, and date and time of the last logon user. It contains information about the users registered in the information system.
In the table “interests,” set the id attributes of interest and its name. It contains information on those subject areas that represent the interests of the user.
In the table “users_interests,” set columns as the id of connection user and interest, user id, id of interest. Information from this table links a user and his interests, identified by the analysis log of visited Web pages of the user’s Internet browser.
In the table “keywords,” set the columns id keyword, keyword. Keywords are stored here, and they let you associate a document with a specific subject area.
In the table “questions,” set the columns id question, id of interest, which includes the question, the text of the question, and the user\'s response. The questions stored here will be asked to the user for authentication when it is not possible to analyze the history of the Web pages they have visited.
Relational database model consisting of the specified tables is presented in Figure 1.
The relational model DB.
When registering, the user specifies his username and password. Hidden to the user happens an analysis of visited Web pages using browser extensions. Further defines the user’s interests. All data received are stored in the database. List of interests will be stored in the table “interests,” associated with the “users” table—list of users of the system. Each user has an individual set of interests, so the “users” table one column will be “interest_id,” which will store a list of interests of each user. The table “interests” will need at least three columns: “id” (number of entries in the table), “interest_id” (the number of the record interest in the table), and “content” (the name of interest).
In order to verify the conformity of the contents of your browser’s browsing history, interests of user authentication need to be somehow mapped. Each html page can have a set of keywords, description, and header (title). After receiving a list of interests on the basis of the last visited URLs, the received data must be compared with user data stored in the database of the interests that have been entered into it after registration.
If the user tries log in into the information system from his device, it can authenticate using the following algorithm. In this algorithm, the user’s browser history and his interests are identified (specified) and compared with the data received when you register a user in the system (see Figure 2):
Get a list of URLS of the Web pages contained in the log visits.
Retrieve tags for each Web pages from the list (its title, list of keywords, description).
Analysis of the information obtained to determine the user’s interests.
Retrieving information about the interests of the user from the database that was created when its registration in the system.
Comparison of two sets of interests for checking user knowledge.
The algorithm for checking the conformity of the contents of the history of the user’s browser to its interests.
This method retrieves the last 1000 entries from the user’s browsing history over the past 30 days. if the number of records for this period is smaller than 1000 analyses of all the log entries for the specified period of time.
Each time a remote user is authorized, the login and password are checked, as well as data analysis on its work on the Internet. Unbeknown to the user, the list of recent addresses of visited Web pages using Internet Explorer extensions is accessed. Further defines the user interests based on the information about the documents in history. Then the interests of the user who is authenticated are compared with those that are stored in the database. Authorization will be considered successful based on the two conditions:
if “login” and the hash value of the password match; and
if the difference between the interests of the user defined when authentication and retrieved from the database does not exceed the so-called “threshold of discrepancy” [8].
Let us say that from the moment of registration of the user prior to its authorization in the system, the user has actively worked on the Internet and visited the new Web pages that are not reflected in the browser’s history of the Internet when registering. Then, the set of the interests of the user defined with its authorization may not match the set, which is stored in the database. Hence the use of “threshold of discrepancy” sets the maximum allowable difference between the two sets of interests. This threshold can be set by the administrator of the information system, where registering the user.
Let us say that when authorizing a user, the “inconsistency threshold” is not exceeded, and the set of certain user interests is less than his set of interests from the database. In this case, during the authorization process, the user will have to answer the questions of those subject areas that are not in the set, a specific authorization. The user is given a limited time to each response. One interest from DB corresponds to one question, and the user\'s incorrect answers are fixed.
Next, the user will be asked new questions of those substantive areas, the questions of which he gave incorrect answers. The maximum number of issues relevant to each interest is too limited. If you then remain relevant to the interests of user domains, the questions of which he was unable to give the correct answers, then the user authorization will not be available.
If in a set of interests that are stored in the database for each registered user, no interests, which were identified as a result of his successful authorization, these new interests are added to the database.
Application of the developed method of authentication will increase the validity of this procedure when providing remote user access to information system resources. This will reduce the potential damage from thefts of valuable information. For universities of distance education, possible loss may be associated with damage to the business reputation of the extradition documents on education for student evaluations that were falsified.
To create DB registered users, apply the programming language PHP and the database management system (DBMS) MySQL as well as Web-based open source application phpMyAdmin, designed to create and administer MySQL DBMS. phpMyAdmin allows you to administer a MySQL server, which can execute SQL-queries and view the contents of database tables.
Using phpMyAdmin, create a new database and add 5 new tables: “users,” “interests,” “users_interests,” “keywords,” and “questions.”
Web browser extensions (such as Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox) can be created using programming language (such as JavaScript) and hypertext markup language (HTML). This expansion will be used when authenticating for getting address list of Web pages viewed by the user.
Let us look at how to create extensions, for example, for Google Chrome browser. The file was originally created with the obligatory “.JSON” manifest, which contains information about the extension: extension name, version, description, version, and the location of the manifest icon in the browser address bar approx.
Example manifest file:
After you create a manifest, they are created with HTML and JS-files: “typedUrls.html” (HTML page that describes the type of window that is displayed after clicking on the icon extension) and “typedUrls.js” (the file that implements the collection of information about the user’s browser log). For the implementation of the algorithm, the following functions were created:
function showURLs(historyItems) (gathers a list of URLs from the user’s browser history); and
function showHistory() (displays the collected history pages for a specified period of time).
To invoke the necessary functions, event handler “addEventListener” is used.
Creating such extensions when using the proposed method of user authentication allows you to automate the process of analyzing your browser history at the time of registration and authorization of the user. Users will not be required to enter any additional information for its authentication (it introduces only the “login” and password). The extension generates a list of Web page addresses. This list is passed on to the authorization service. Then this list is parsed to determine the set of user’s interests (using Bayesian method) and decision on user authentication or deny his access to the system.
When implementing user authentication algorithm, two Web pages are created:
a page with a form for data input by the user’s authorization; and
a page with a form for user registration.
The master page is considered to be an authorization form. Here you can log in if already registered, or register by clicking on a hyperlink.
On the logon page, the user is allowed to go through the procedure of authorization. If the user has not yet logged in, you can go to the registration page. On this page, the user specifies the user name (“login”), as well as an e-mail address, which will be sent with a random initial password, that will be created by the service registration. If the user has entered valid data that satisfy the conditions (the login name should be between 5 and 15 characters, containing only letters of Latin alphabet, digits, and the characters \' _ \' and \'-\', and e-mail address must be valid and cannot be used twice), then the user will be registered.
When a new user is authorized for the first time, it will need to change the initial password. Without changing the initial password, the user is not authorized and will be accessible only to change password page.
If a user has forgotten his or her password, he or she may recover it by using the function “forgot password?”
To exclude threats of kidnapping registered users passwords directly from a database on a Web server, passwords should be stored in a database in a hashed form. To do this in PHP, there are special functions, e.g., md5 (MD5 hashing algorithm that produces a hash value with a length of 128 bits) [9]. This function returns the result string with hexadecimal hash value.
It is possible to crack a user’s password by using a special dictionary. To protect you from this attack, the password is hashed together with a random number (salt). This salt can be calculated using the PHP function uniqid. This function uses the system timer and pseudorandom number generator for maximum uniqueness and unpredictability of salt.
Impurity is added to the password when it uses concatenation operation (.) and stored in an additional field “uniqid” database table of registered users.
When registering the user list of URLs stored in an array, the Next array analysis and Bayesian classification occur in subject areas that you are interested. After their definitions, user interests are recorded in the database as follows:
Access the table “interest” to obtain a unique number (the “interests_id”) of each user’s interests.
Next all the unique rooms of interest are assigned to a user in table “users_interests.”
In the field “user_id,” a unique number of the user; and in the field “interest_id,” a unique room of interest are recorded.
Thus, in table “users_interests,” rows as many as the user’s interests will be stored exactly, as it was determined.
When you try to log in, user input verification occurs with those that are stored in the database (the password is hashed first, and then compared with the one stored in the database password). Username and password must match exactly with those that are stored in the database.
When authorizing, a user browser extension should get a list of thousands of URLs, which he attended in the last 30 days. If their number is less than 1000, the extension will keep all the available URLs for these 30 days. Next to each URL is determined by its area of expertise (there may be several).
After categorization, the entire list of URLs of interest of the user is compared with its interests in the DB. If the difference exceeds the threshold of discrepancy, the authorization will be refused.
If the user is authenticated from someone else’s computer, to authenticate it gets a list of interests. In this list, user must select the interests of the subject areas that have been identified during registration. Then the user specifies additional questions—one for each subject area (as described above).
If the remote user session duration exceeds the maximum possible period, to continue the work he would have to pass reauthorization. After a specified period of time to a user, that is, on any Web pages, page opens instead of “authorization.” Such a modification is introduced in order to enhance the security of user in the system, because while you are out of the workplace, an attacker could gain access to confidential data, posing as the owner of the account records.
The principles of authentication of users based on their knowledge of their work on the Internet are identified, as well as analyzed by means of collecting such knowledge. The methods to gather and compile information about users of the Internet are analyzed, including browser history log and the DOM of an html page. The methods for solving classification tasks in relation to the interests of Internet users are also analyzed. Their advantages and disadvantages are revealed. In order to accomplish the above objective, Bayesian method was selected.
Also, authentication algorithms are developed and implemented for:
checking the conformity of the contents of the user’s browser history and its previously defined interests; and
calculating the level of “inconsistency” and the decision to authorize a user.
Extensions for browsers such as Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox, allowing receiving log information browser visits within a specified time period are developed as well.
Thus, the work examines the shortcomings of existing methods of authentication when accessing remote information system. The method of multi-factor user authentication does not require the user to commit additional action during authorization. This method increases the reliability of the user’s authorization results compared to the password authentication.
Compared to the use of the device-based authentication method, this method does not require extra costs and does not complicate the administration of information systems due to the need for programming and accounting for issuance of authentication devices.
The application of the method described does not require creating a cryptographically secured connection between a remote user and server information system. Setting a connection involves the creation of a public key infrastructure that also complicates the administration of information system.
Application of the developed method of authentication increases the security of your information systems without the need to increase the cost of its administration. This is especially important for organizations with limited budgets, which include distance education universities.
The author expresses sincere gratitude for student E.V. Mazaeva, for making software implementation of the proposed method.
“The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it [1]”.
Our time is marked by cheap sensors and fast and powerful processors. These elements have the power to cause profound changes in our society and unleash great opportunities, which lead us to the Ubiquitous Computing field. Mark Weiser defined Ubiquitous Computing as computation (not necessarily computers) everywhere and everything. Although, at the moment, Weiser considers that computers were still “in a world of its own [1]”, he already envisioned a new threshold, when the technological advances of computing would overcome the computer to install itself in the most common objects of the daily life [1, 2]. In this sense, it is noteworthy to mention the Internet of Things (IoT) technology as an important element of the Ubiquitous Computing reality.
During the last decades, we could observe the phenomenon of computation needing less hardware, becoming more portable and migrating to our offices, pockets, clothing, and finally, to our body [3]. This spreading process brings in-depth transformations to all human activities and healthcare, and all its dimensions are being strongly impacted. Throughout the world, the healthcare systems, including governments and private companies, are facing challenges to keep the financial balance. Regarding this issue, there are two causes I would like to highlight: Population aging and the lack of adherence to health treatments [4].
We can easily observe a fast change in the demographic profile of the world population. The drop of mortality added to the increase in birth rates in the 40’s and 50’s resulted in a rise of people aged 60 and older [5]. The phenomenon of the population aging can be observed in all the countries, even in regions with low- and middle-income [5]. These rapid and profound changes in the age pyramid also means transformations in various aspects of society, including family dynamics, social security and healthcare demands. Therefore, it is possible to affirm that society is experiencing “a longevity revolution” [5].
The longevity revolution is a gift to our generation and future ones. But, for enjoying all the benefits of this gift, is essential that society is prepared to offer to individuals a healthy and active aging process, allowing people to keep independence and quality of life as long as possible. Thereby, in order to elaborate appropriate plans to achieve such an important and challenging goal, it is crucial to understand the size and speed of the aging process in society. Figure 1 highlights that the percentage of persons aged 65 years and older increased from 6 per cent in 1990 to 9 per cent in 2019. According to United Nations projections, this estimate is expected to reach 16 per cent by 2050. Additionally, life expectancy at birth reached 72.3 years [6].
Percentage of persons aged 65 years or over from 1990 to 2050.
Another interesting data from the United Nations report is the number of persons aged 80 years or older. In Figure 2, we can observe that this age group raised from 54 million in 1990 to 143 million in 2019. Moreover, the estimates indicate they will be 426 million by 2050 [6]. Therefore, we can expect the costs of healthcare to increase, owing to the strong correlation between population aging and healthcare expenditure, being this impact on health finances largely propelled by the prevalence of chronic conditions in elderly population [7, 8].
Number (in millions) of persons aged 80 years or over from 1990 to 2050.
To start the discussion, it is pivotal to understand the meaning of adherence to health care practices. The term suffered an evolution, abandoning the simple idea of adherence to medication or even “the extent to which the patient follows medical instructions” [9] to include a wider range of individual behaviors. According to World Health Organization (WHO), the active search for treatment, immunization, self-management of risk habits and several other actions can be included in the list of indicators of adherence to healthy habits [9].
In fact, adherence is a very complex and multifaceted term, involving a diverse range of actions, behaviors and habits of the individuals. Thus, the task of finding an appropriate and complete definition for adherence already proves to be challenging, evidencing the possible difficulties to choose the most suitable indicators to measure it.
Despite these concerns and the risk of incurring in results with a certain degree of inaccuracy, it is important to understand the adherence and how to improve the levels of commitment and engagement of the patients, since a low adherence has negative impacts on the effectiveness and cost of health treatments [10].
Most of the attempts to measure adherence rely on patients’ reports, which tend to be incomplete and subjective, especially when the patient is non-adherent [10]. However, the recent technological advances give us the unique opportunity to develop extremely precise tools to evaluate how much the behaviors of the individuals draw near the healthcare professional recommendations and, finally, to elaborate strategies based on reality.
Thus, it is possible to realize the association between the transformation of healthcare demands and the possibilities of ubiquitous computing in promoting the transformation of healthcare paradigms. The emerging technologies that compose this new ongoing reality, known as ubiquitous computing, have the potential to cause great revolutions not only for patients, but mainly for managers and for the society that finances the health system.
Regarding Ubiquitous Computing paradigm, it is worthwhile to talk about the Internet of Things. The term was first used in 1999 during a presentation performed by Kevin Ashton about the application of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) in the supply chain. In this context, the Internet of Things was born in the industrial sector or, at least, strongly stimulated to meet the demands of the industry. However, the technology is spreading rapidly and affecting several sectors of human activity [11].
After this start, gradually, the Internet of Things has undergone a profound transformation and expanded to refer to the concept of object networks, including everyday objects, “that are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable, and/or controllable via the Internet [12]”. The communication technologies used to connect these objects are not relevant to our definition. Further, it is crucial to enlarge the concept beyond electronic devices and other products with high added technology, such as vehicles or home appliances. The concept embraces less obvious things, as well as food, clothing and soil [12].
Figure 3 reveals that the expectation is that the number of connected objects continues to increase. Currently, there are already more than 12 billion of IoT connected objects worldwide, and this number should exceed 25 billion by 2025, hence representing an increase of 100%. Another interesting fact is that there is an inversion, at the moment, since there are more connected objects with consumers than with industry. The consumer’s objects are expected to grow 63%, whereas the objects of the industry are expected to grow 145% over the next five years. So, we can notice a vigorous movement of the productive sector to incorporate this new technology [13].
Number (in billion) of IoT connected objects worldwide from 2020 to 2025.
Considering the IoT spending, it is expected that the amount will reach USD 1 trillion by 2022. The current values are near USD 750 billion and it is foreseen an improvement of 34% in the next two years, which proves how thriving this market is [14].
As previously mentioned, IoT is causing a revolution in society. Obviously, the healthcare sector is part of it and is reaping great benefits from the implementation of this technology. Interestingly, IoT originated the term Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), which describes connected medical devices. It is estimated that the overall IoMT market will reach USD 158 billion by 2022 [15]. In addition, people are taking the initiative to use smartphones, wearables or other devices to support the monitoring and management of healthcare. Figure 4 shows that most users are interested in information related to maintenance of good health and exercise level, for example, thus indicating how powerful IoMT can be in preventive medicine [16].
Percentage of adults worldwide who currently use a connected healthy device or tool to manage their health and selected reasons.
These data highlight the role of IoMT in the transformation of the healthcare system to an individualized and patient-centered system (eHealth), in opposition to the current one based on hospitals and mass services [17, 18]. We are observing the growing number of smart and connected medical devices “able to generate, collect, analyze or transmit health data or images and connect to health care provider networks, transmitting data to either a cloud repository or internal servers [15]”. Accordingly, these devices represent a new territory with the possibility to create a fresh and innovative paradigm of connected system and data-drive healthcare. The upcoming changes have the potential to drop the costs and increase access to health care.
It is worthwhile mentioning that the COVID-19 crisis accelerated the adoption of IoMT due to increased pressure on the health system and high risk of contamination in hospitals. Remarkably, IoT improves efficiency in all the health systems through the integration of the network and the usage of all sorts of data in real time to better manage available resources, which is highly important at this moment of health emergency [17, 19].
Furthermore, numerous solutions able to reduce the circulation of patients in the hospitals are gaining attention, and there has been a rapid growth of technologies related to telemedicine and patient remote monitoring [17, 19]. Two main lines of application are here observed. First, the monitoring of COVID-19 patients to follow up the evolution of the disease and reduce the need for circulation of an infected individual. Also, there are examples of IoMT usage for monitoring of patients with chronic disease, because they are a risk group for COVID-19, but it is not possible to simply waive a regular medical supervision [17, 19].
A useful tool to better understand the extension and importance of Ubiquitous Computing in healthcare is the assessment of academic publications on this topic. The efforts undertaken by Universities and Research Centers to advance the technology and develop new possibilities of application demonstrate the expectations that society deposits on it, and also exhibit the potential that the field has to advance propelled by investments in research and development.
A search was conducted in the National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine database using the terms [(ubiquitous computing AND (health OR healthcare)]. Publications from 2010 to 2020 were retrieved. The search returned 913 results. Figure 5 depicts the distribution of these publications in the timeline. Interestingly, an important growth between 2013 and 2015 is evident. Besides, there is a constant improvement in the number of publications every year. In turn, the amount of publications demonstrates that there is space to better explore the subject.
Number of publications retrieved from the National Center for biotechnology information, U.S. National Library of Medicine database using the terms [(ubiquitous computing AND (health OR healthcare)]. Publications from 2010 to 2020 were considered.
Based on the information exposed, we can conclude that the healthcare systems are under an important pressure caused by the population aging. Even countries with low- and middle-income are experiencing the rise of life expectancy. Obviously, this indicates advances in many social aspects, but also shows that society must be prepared to offer healthcare and life quality for this growing population group. It is crucial to develop policies to help people stay healthy and living independently as long as possible.
However, to achieve this goal, the challenges related to the adherence to treatments must be faced. Despite the improvement of healthcare access, there is still a lack of adherence to healthcare treatments and healthy habits, including exercise, for example. Indeed, the low adherence impacts negatively the effectiveness and cost of health treatments.
At the same time, despite these important challenges for healthcare providers, we also have a very unique opportunity to come up with the evolution and convergence of technology. The concept of ubiquitous computing is deeply involved with the IoT technology and its applications. After all, the vision of computation everywhere and everything is becoming reality through this growing network of smart objects.
These new technologies are proven to be a new and prosperous economic sector, since the number of connected devices is rapidly rising, as soon as the respective spending. Besides that, for the first time in medical history, it is possible to understand all aspects of the elements able to interfere in the population’s health, from the functioning of the hospitals to individual behaviors in daily life. Finally, access to such information will transform the way we think and offer healthcare services.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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As this indicates, their removal is insufficient by means of conventional modern water treatment techniques. In the search for a cost-effective solution, advanced oxidation processes have recently gained more attention since they are the most effective available techniques to decompose biorecalcitrant organics. As a main drawback, however, their energy costs are high up to now, preventing their implementation on large scale. For the specific case of water treatment by means of electrical discharge, further optimization is a complex task due to the wide variety in reactor design and materials, discharge types, and operational parameters. In this chapter, an extended overview is given on plasma reactor types, based on their design and materials. Influence of design and materials on energy efficiency is investigated, as well as the influence of operational parameters. The collected data can be used for the optimization of existing reactor types and for development of novel reactors.",book:{id:"5093",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-progress-in-physical-states-and-chemical-reactions",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions"},signatures:"Patrick Vanraes, Anton Y. 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This is seen with, for example, refractive-index sensing, detection of ad−/desorption and ligand-exchange processes, as well as ultrasensitive chemical sensing utilizing well-defined nanocrystals or discrete self-assembled superstructures in 2D and 3D. Apart from individual NPs, the rational design of self-assembled nanostructures grants spectroscopic access to unprecedented physicochemical information. This involves selected research examples on molecular trapping, ligand corona analysis, SERS-encoding, and biosensing. The origin of the SERS effect, also in regard to hot spot formation by off-resonant excitation, is reviewed and discussed in the context of the current challenge to formulate a generalized metric for high SERS efficiency. Special emphasis lies in addressing the fundamental design criteria and the specific challenges of these particle-based sensing techniques.",book:{id:"6861",slug:"plasmonics",title:"Plasmonics",fullTitle:"Plasmonics"},signatures:"Christian Kuttner",authors:[{id:"247741",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Kuttner",slug:"christian-kuttner",fullName:"Christian Kuttner"}]},{id:"49562",doi:"10.5772/61784",title:"Laser-Induced Plasma and its Applications",slug:"laser-induced-plasma-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:4822,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"The laser irradiation have shown a range of applications from fabricating, melting, and evaporating nanoparticles to changing their shape, structure, size, and size distribution. Laser induced plasma has used for different diagnostic and technological applications as detection, thin film deposition, and elemental identification. The possible interferences of atomic or molecular species are used to specify organic, inorganic or biological materials which allows critical applications in defense (landmines, explosive, forensic (trace of explosive or organic materials), public health (toxic substances pharmaceutical products), or environment (organic wastes). Laser induced plasma for organic material potentially provide fast sensor systems for explosive trace and pathogen biological agent detection and analysis. The laser ablation process starts with electronic energy absorption (~fs) and ends at particle recondensation (~ms). Then, the ablation process can be governed by thermal, non-thermal processes or a combination of both. There are several types of models, i.e., thermal, mechanical, photophysical, photochemical and defect models, which describe the ablation process by one dominant mechanism only. Plasma ignition process includes bond breaking and plasma shielding during the laser pulse. Bond breaking mechanisms influence the quantity and form of energy (kinetic, ionization and excitation) that atoms and ions can acquire. Plasma expansion depends on the initial mass and energy in the plume. The process is governed by initial plasma properties (electron density, temperature, velocity) after the laser pulse and the expansion medium. During first microsecond after the laser pulse, plume expansion is adiabatic afterwards line radiation becomes the dominant mechanism of energy loss.",book:{id:"5093",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-progress-in-physical-states-and-chemical-reactions",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions"},signatures:"Kashif Chaudhary, Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizvi and Jalil Ali",authors:[{id:"176684",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif Tufail",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhary",slug:"kashif-tufail-chaudhary",fullName:"Kashif Tufail Chaudhary"},{id:"176867",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Zuhaib",middleName:null,surname:"Haider Rizivi",slug:"syed-zuhaib-haider-rizivi",fullName:"Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizivi"},{id:"176868",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalil",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"jalil-ali",fullName:"Jalil Ali"}]},{id:"63194",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80433",title:"Electrical Diagnostics of Dielectric Barrier Discharges",slug:"electrical-diagnostics-of-dielectric-barrier-discharges",totalDownloads:2036,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:22,abstract:"Atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) has many industrial applications and remains a focus of academic research. This chapter provides a thorough overview of electrical diagnostics for DBD, with a specific focus on charge-voltage measurement techniques. These methods are often underutilised in the existing scientific literature, despite the fact that they can provide useful insights into plasma behaviour. Both optimization of the electrical measurement setup and the interpretation of results are treated in-depth. The diagnostic techniques are discussed for a range of applications, from classic planar DBDs, to catalyst packed beds, plasma actuators, as well as techniques for measuring single microdischarges.",book:{id:"7393",slug:"atmospheric-pressure-plasma-from-diagnostics-to-applications",title:"Atmospheric Pressure Plasma",fullTitle:"Atmospheric Pressure Plasma - from Diagnostics to Applications"},signatures:"Floran Peeters and Tom Butterworth",authors:null},{id:"64351",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80798",title:"Progress in Plasma-Assisted Catalysis for Carbon Dioxide Reduction",slug:"progress-in-plasma-assisted-catalysis-for-carbon-dioxide-reduction",totalDownloads:1956,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Production of chemicals and fuels based on CO2 conversion is attracting a special attention nowadays, especially regarding the fast depletion of fossil resources and increase of CO2 emissions into the Earth’s atmosphere. Recently, plasma technology has gained increasing interest as a non-equilibrium medium suitable for CO2 conversion, which provides a promising alternative to the conventional pathway for greenhouse gas conversion. The combination of plasma and catalysis is of great interest for turning plasma chemistry in applications related to pollution and energy issues. In this chapter a short review of the current progress in plasma-assisted catalytic processes for CO2 reduction is given. The most widely used discharges for CO2 conversion are presented and briefly discussed, illustrating how to achieve a better energy and conversion efficiency. The chapter includes the recent status and advances of the most promising candidates (plasma catalysis) to obtain efficient CO2 conversion, along with the future outlook of this plasma-assisted catalytic process for further improvement.",book:{id:"7502",slug:"plasma-chemistry-and-gas-conversion",title:"Plasma Chemistry and Gas Conversion",fullTitle:"Plasma Chemistry and Gas Conversion"},signatures:"Guoxing Chen, Ling Wang, Thomas Godfroid and Rony Snyders",authors:[{id:"199226",title:"Mr.",name:"Guoxing",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"guoxing-chen",fullName:"Guoxing Chen"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"49562",title:"Laser-Induced Plasma and its Applications",slug:"laser-induced-plasma-and-its-applications",totalDownloads:4822,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"The laser irradiation have shown a range of applications from fabricating, melting, and evaporating nanoparticles to changing their shape, structure, size, and size distribution. Laser induced plasma has used for different diagnostic and technological applications as detection, thin film deposition, and elemental identification. The possible interferences of atomic or molecular species are used to specify organic, inorganic or biological materials which allows critical applications in defense (landmines, explosive, forensic (trace of explosive or organic materials), public health (toxic substances pharmaceutical products), or environment (organic wastes). Laser induced plasma for organic material potentially provide fast sensor systems for explosive trace and pathogen biological agent detection and analysis. The laser ablation process starts with electronic energy absorption (~fs) and ends at particle recondensation (~ms). Then, the ablation process can be governed by thermal, non-thermal processes or a combination of both. There are several types of models, i.e., thermal, mechanical, photophysical, photochemical and defect models, which describe the ablation process by one dominant mechanism only. Plasma ignition process includes bond breaking and plasma shielding during the laser pulse. Bond breaking mechanisms influence the quantity and form of energy (kinetic, ionization and excitation) that atoms and ions can acquire. Plasma expansion depends on the initial mass and energy in the plume. The process is governed by initial plasma properties (electron density, temperature, velocity) after the laser pulse and the expansion medium. During first microsecond after the laser pulse, plume expansion is adiabatic afterwards line radiation becomes the dominant mechanism of energy loss.",book:{id:"5093",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-progress-in-physical-states-and-chemical-reactions",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Progress in Physical States and Chemical Reactions"},signatures:"Kashif Chaudhary, Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizvi and Jalil Ali",authors:[{id:"176684",title:"Dr.",name:"Kashif Tufail",middleName:null,surname:"Chaudhary",slug:"kashif-tufail-chaudhary",fullName:"Kashif Tufail Chaudhary"},{id:"176867",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Zuhaib",middleName:null,surname:"Haider Rizivi",slug:"syed-zuhaib-haider-rizivi",fullName:"Syed Zuhaib Haider Rizivi"},{id:"176868",title:"Prof.",name:"Jalil",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"jalil-ali",fullName:"Jalil Ali"}]},{id:"67663",title:"Electrical Breakdown Behaviors in Microgaps",slug:"electrical-breakdown-behaviors-in-microgaps",totalDownloads:1238,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The study of electrical breakdown behaviors in microgaps has drawn intensive attention around the world due to the miniaturization of electronic devices that allows electronic circuits to be packaged more densely, making possible compact computers, advanced radar and navigation systems, and other devices that use very large numbers of components. Therefore, a clear understanding of the electrical breakdown behaviors in microgaps is required to avoid the dielectric breakdown or to trigger the breakdown at microscale. This chapter introduces the significance of understanding breakdown characterization and reliability assessment for electrostatically actuated devices, magnetic recording devices, photomasks, RF MEMS switches, and micromachines and points out the derivation of the classical Paschen’s law at microscale. Then it summarizes the state-of-the-art research work on the methodology, influencing factors, dynamics, and physical mechanisms of electrical breakdown in microgaps, which is expected to expand the general knowledge of electrical breakdown to the microscale regime or more and benefits the reliability assessment and ESD protection of microscale and nanoscale devices.",book:{id:"8856",slug:"electrostatic-discharge-from-electrical-breakdown-in-micro-gaps-to-nano-generators",title:"Electrostatic Discharge",fullTitle:"Electrostatic Discharge - From Electrical breakdown in Micro-gaps to Nano-generators"},signatures:"Guodong Meng and Yonghong Cheng",authors:null},{id:"66524",title:"Low-C ESD Protection Design in CMOS Technology",slug:"low-c-esd-protection-design-in-cmos-technology",totalDownloads:1675,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection design is needed for integrated circuits in CMOS technology. The choice for ESD protection devices in the CMOS technology includes diode, MOSFET, and silicon controlled rectifier (SCR). These ESD protection devices cause signal losses at high-frequency input/output (I/O) pads due to the parasitic capacitance. To minimize the impacts from ESD protection circuit on high-frequency performances, ESD protection circuit at I/O pads must be carefully designed. A review on ESD protection designs with low parasitic capacitance for high-frequency applications in CMOS technology is presented in this chapter. With the reduced parasitic capacitance, ESD protection circuit can be easily combined or co-designed with high-frequency circuits. As the operating frequencies of high-frequency circuits increase, on-chip ESD protection designs for high-frequency applications will continuously be an important design task.",book:{id:"8856",slug:"electrostatic-discharge-from-electrical-breakdown-in-micro-gaps-to-nano-generators",title:"Electrostatic Discharge",fullTitle:"Electrostatic Discharge - From Electrical breakdown in Micro-gaps to Nano-generators"},signatures:"Chun-Yu Lin",authors:null},{id:"67235",title:"Nanogenerators from Electrical Discharge",slug:"nanogenerators-from-electrical-discharge",totalDownloads:1114,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Electrical discharge is generally considered as a negative effect in the electronic industry and often causes electrostatic discharge (ESD) and thus failure of electronic components and integrated circuits (IC). However, this effect was recently used to develop a new energy-harvesting technology, direct-current triboelectric nanogenerator (DC-TENG). In this chapter, its fundamental mechanism and the working modes of the nanogenerator will be presented. They are different from the general alternating current TENG (AC-TENG) invented in 2012, which is based on triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. Taking advantage of the electrostatic discharge, it can not only promote the miniaturization trend of TENG and self-powered systems, but also provide a paradigm shifting technique to in situ gain electrical energy.",book:{id:"8856",slug:"electrostatic-discharge-from-electrical-breakdown-in-micro-gaps-to-nano-generators",title:"Electrostatic Discharge",fullTitle:"Electrostatic Discharge - From Electrical breakdown in Micro-gaps to Nano-generators"},signatures:"Jie Wang, Di Liu, Linglin Zhou and Zhong Lin Wang",authors:null},{id:"62567",title:"Plasma Damage on Low-k Dielectric Materials",slug:"plasma-damage-on-low-k-dielectric-materials",totalDownloads:1642,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Low dielectric constant (low-k) materials as an interconnecting insulator in integrated circuits are essential for resistance-capacitance (RC) time delay reduction. Plasma technology is widely used for the fabrication of the interconnects, such as dielectric etching, resisting ashing or stripping, barrier metal deposition, and surface treatment. During these processes, low-k dielectric materials may be exposed to the plasma environments. The generated reactive species from the plasma react with the low-k dielectric materials. The reaction involves physical and chemical effects, causing degradations for low-k dielectric materials. This is called “plasma damage” on low-k dielectric materials. Therefore, this chapter is an attempt to provide an overview of plasma damage on the low-k dielectric materials.",book:{id:"6735",slug:"plasma-science-and-technology-basic-fundamentals-and-modern-applications",title:"Plasma Science and Technology",fullTitle:"Plasma Science and Technology - Basic Fundamentals and Modern Applications"},signatures:"Yi-Lung Cheng, Chih-Yen Lee and Chiao-Wei Haung",authors:[{id:"59549",title:"Prof.",name:"Yi-Lung",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"yi-lung-cheng",fullName:"Yi-Lung Cheng"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"229",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:91,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:333,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:144,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:126,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:23,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:13,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa is a Full Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Alicante, Spain, and has been the vice president of International Relations and Development Cooperation at this university since 2010. She created the research group in applied biochemistry in 2017 (https://web.ua.es/en/appbiochem/), and from 1999 to the present has made more than 200 contributions to Spanish and international conferences. Furthermore, she has around seventy-five scientific publications in indexed journals, eighty book chapters, and one patent to her credit. Her research work focuses on microbial metabolism (particularly on extremophile microorganisms), purification and characterization of enzymes with potential industrial and biotechnological applications, protocol optimization for genetically manipulating microorganisms, gene regulation characterization, carotenoid (pigment) production, and design and development of contaminated water and soil bioremediation processes by means of microorganisms. This research has received competitive public grants from the European Commission, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, the Valencia Region Government, and the University of Alicante.",institutionString:"University of Alicante",institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"1177",title:"Prof.",name:"António",middleName:"J. R.",surname:"José Ribeiro Neves",slug:"antonio-jose-ribeiro-neves",fullName:"António José Ribeiro Neves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1177/images/system/1177.jpg",biography:"Prof. António J. R. Neves received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Aveiro, Portugal, in 2007. Since 2002, he has been a researcher at the Institute of Electronics and Informatics Engineering of Aveiro. Since 2007, he has been an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics, Telecommunications, and Informatics, University of Aveiro. He is the director of the undergraduate course on Electrical and Computers Engineering and the vice-director of the master’s degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of several other research organizations worldwide. His main research interests are computer vision, intelligent systems, robotics, and image and video processing. He has participated in or coordinated several research projects and received more than thirty-five awards. He has 161 publications to his credit, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and conference papers. He has vast experience as a reviewer of several journals and conferences. As a professor, Dr. Neves has supervised several Ph.D. and master’s students and was involved in more than twenty-five different courses.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"11317",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Javier Gallegos-Funes",slug:"francisco-javier-gallegos-funes",fullName:"Francisco Javier Gallegos-Funes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/11317/images/system/11317.png",biography:"Francisco J. Gallegos-Funes received his Ph.D. in Communications and Electronics from the Instituto Politécnico Nacional de México (National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico) in 2003. He is currently an associate professor in the Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Higher School) at the same institute. His areas of scientific interest are signal and image processing, filtering, steganography, segmentation, pattern recognition, biomedical signal processing, sensors, and real-time applications.",institutionString:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"428449",title:"Dr.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"ronaldo-ferreira",fullName:"Ronaldo Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428449/images/21449_n.png",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"417317",title:"Mrs.",name:"Chiedza",middleName:null,surname:"Elvina Mashiri",slug:"chiedza-elvina-mashiri",fullName:"Chiedza Elvina Mashiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"352140",title:"Dr.",name:"Edina",middleName:null,surname:"Chandiwana",slug:"edina-chandiwana",fullName:"Edina Chandiwana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"342259",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Leonard",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"leonard-mushunje",fullName:"Leonard Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"347042",title:"Mr.",name:"Maxwell",middleName:null,surname:"Mashasha",slug:"maxwell-mashasha",fullName:"Maxwell Mashasha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Midlands State University",country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"2941",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto J.",middleName:"Jorge",surname:"Rosales-Silva",slug:"alberto-j.-rosales-silva",fullName:"Alberto J. Rosales-Silva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"437913",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Urriolagoitia-Sosa",slug:"guillermo-urriolagoitia-sosa",fullName:"Guillermo Urriolagoitia-Sosa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"435126",title:"Prof.",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"José de Castro Ferreira",slug:"joaquim-jose-de-castro-ferreira",fullName:"Joaquim José de Castro Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"437899",title:"MSc.",name:"Miguel Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Ángel Castillo-Martínez",slug:"miguel-angel-angel-castillo-martinez",fullName:"Miguel Angel Ángel Castillo-Martínez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"289955",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",middleName:null,surname:"Kishor Duggirala",slug:"raja-kishor-duggirala",fullName:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific Research, Brain Functions, Human Development, UN’s Human Development Index, Self-Awareness, Self-development",scope:"