Physicochemical analysis of biomass (dried basis).
\r\n\tTotal pelvic exenteration implies en bloc resection of the rectum, distal colon, bladder, lower ureter, internal reproductive organs, draining lymph nodes, and pelvic peritoneum. The procedure was first described by Brunschwig in 1948 as a palliative operation for advanced cervical cancer.
\r\n\r\n\t
\r\n\tDisease-free survival following salvage resection is dependent upon achieving an R0 resection margin. A clear understanding of applied surgical anatomy, appropriate preoperative planning, and a multidisciplinary approach to aggressive soft tissue, bony, and vascular resection with appropriate reconstruction is necessary.
\r\n\tThis book will discuss technical tips, tricks, and pitfalls that may assist in managing these cancers as well as the roles of additional boost radiation and intraoperative radiation therapy in the management of such cancers.
",isbn:"978-1-83881-103-7",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-102-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-117-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6faf06dfe50a3febba931e41b794f4e5",bookSignature:"Dr. Alberto Vannelli",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9788.jpg",keywords:"Colorectal Cancer, Pelvic Exenteration, Rectal Cancer, Cancer Recurrence, Colorectal Surgery, Chemotherapy, Target Therapy, Radiotherapy, Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapies, Robotic Surgery, Prevention, Survival Rate",numberOfDownloads:873,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 27th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 17th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 3rd 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"8 months",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:'Alberto Vannelli MD, was granted a Doctor of Medicine degree from "La Statale" University of Milan after which he did an internship and four year of residency in Liver Transplantation Unit at Maggiore Hospital (Milan). He completed in a residency in Colorectal Cancer Surgery at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan. Since october 2018 he is Director of General Surgery at Valduce Hospital.',coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"34524",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Vannelli",slug:"alberto-vannelli",fullName:"Alberto Vannelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/34524/images/system/34524.jpg",biography:"Alberto Vannelli obtained his Doctor of Medicine degree from “La Statale” University of Milan after which he did an internship and four years of residency in Liver Transplantation Unit at Maggiore Hospital (Milan). He completed a residency in Colorectal Cancer Surgery at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan. He was an Attending Surgeon at Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori of Milan (2001- 2011) and Senior Attending Surgeon at Valduce Hospital at Como (2011- to date). Since October 2018, he is Director of General Surgery at Valduce Hospital. His practice is devoted to pelvic surgery with a particular interest in rectal cancer. Dr. Vannelli has contributed to the literature with an innovative theory on pelvic lymphedema and new modified tension-free technique in wall defects after abdominoperineal resection.",institutionString:"Ospedale Valduce",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ospedale Valduce",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"}],chapters:[{id:"73942",title:"Public Health: Prevention",slug:"public-health-prevention",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"74325",title:"Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients with Rectal Cancer",slug:"role-of-magnetic-resonance-imaging-in-patients-with-rectal-cancer",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73666",title:"Colorectal Cancer in Vietnam",slug:"colorectal-cancer-in-vietnam",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73481",title:"Imaging and Diagnosis for Planning the Surgical Procedure",slug:"imaging-and-diagnosis-for-planning-the-surgical-procedure",totalDownloads:323,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73883",title:"Indocyanine Green Fluorescence in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"indocyanine-green-fluorescence-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:88,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73294",title:"Adjuvant Therapies in Colon Cancer",slug:"adjuvant-therapies-in-colon-cancer",totalDownloads:80,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73336",title:"Palliative Care in Colorectal Cancer",slug:"palliative-care-in-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73754",title:"Landscape of Current Targeted Therapies for Advanced Colorectal Cancer",slug:"landscape-of-current-targeted-therapies-for-advanced-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73584",title:"Laparoscopic Right Colectomy. Intracorporeal Anastomosis Is Associated with Better Outcome",slug:"laparoscopic-right-colectomy-intracorporeal-anastomosis-is-associated-with-better-outcome",totalDownloads:56,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"73329",title:"Retinoids in Treatment of Colorectal Cancer",slug:"retinoids-in-treatment-of-colorectal-cancer",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"301331",firstName:"Mia",lastName:"Vulovic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/301331/images/8498_n.jpg",email:"mia.v@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager, my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1165",title:"Novel Strategies in Lymphedema",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d219d4509ab19a62d7dc15b39ac8ec9",slug:"novel-strategies-in-lymphedema",bookSignature:"Alberto Vannelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34524",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Vannelli",slug:"alberto-vannelli",fullName:"Alberto Vannelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6550",title:"Cohort Studies in Health Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"01df5aba4fff1a84b37a2fdafa809660",slug:"cohort-studies-in-health-sciences",bookSignature:"R. Mauricio Barría",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88861",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Mauricio",surname:"Barría",slug:"r.-mauricio-barria",fullName:"R. Mauricio Barría"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophanides",surname:"Theophile",slug:"theophanides-theophile",fullName:"Theophanides Theophile"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"878",title:"Phytochemicals",subtitle:"A Global Perspective of Their Role in Nutrition and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec77671f63975ef2d16192897deb6835",slug:"phytochemicals-a-global-perspective-of-their-role-in-nutrition-and-health",bookSignature:"Venketeshwer Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/878.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"63064",title:"Graphene-Based Heterogeneous Electrodes for Energy Storage",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80068",slug:"graphene-based-heterogeneous-electrodes-for-energy-storage",body:'\nIn order to overcome the exhaustion of fossil fuels and to address the ever-growing demands for clean, sustainable and high efficient energy supply [1, 2, 3], the advanced energy storage techniques, including the supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries (Li-ion battery (LIB), Na-ion battery (SIB)), fuel cells as well as the solar cells have been widely investigated for the commercial use [4, 5, 6]. In the advanced energy storage devices, especially for the rechargeable batteries, the electrode materials should have the following features: high energy density, high working voltage, high power density, long cycling stability, high rate capacity as well as the environmental friendly [7, 8, 9, 10].
\nIn the rechargeable batteries, e.g. LIBs, the commercial anode material is graphite, whose theoretical-specific capacity is only 372 mA h/g [10], which cannot meet the requirement of the advanced energy storage techniques as described above. In order to overcome the low specific capacity of the graphite anode, amounts of substitute anode materials, e.g. Si (4200 mAh/g) [11], SnO (790 mAh/g) [12, 13], SnSb (825 mAh/g) [14, 15], Sn (993 mAh/g) [16], SbS3 (947 mAh/g) [17], have been developed for high-capacity rechargeable batteries (Figure 1). However, the cycling stability became the most challenging issue for the high-capacity anode materials due to the volume expansion along with the charge–discharge process [18], e.g. 320% expansion for Si anode. Therefore, the gradient and/or the heterostructured anode materials could be the alternative approaches for the long cycling-stability, high specific capacity rechargeable batteries.
\nPerformance data of anode materials for SIB, reproduced with permission [19].
As a promising two dimensional (2D) material, graphene has attracted intense interest in the field of transparent electrode [20, 21, 22, 23, 24], field emission transistors (FET) [25, 26, 27], flexible devices [28, 29, 30, 31], corrosion protection [32, 33, 34], catalysis [35, 36, 37] and energy storage [38, 39, 40], due to its large electrical conductivity, high thermal/chemical stability as well as the flexibility. With respect to the electrode materials, the graphene based heterogeneous electrodes were expected to occupy the excellent electrical conductivity, the long cycling stability and the high rate capability.
\nIn this chapter, the assembly strategies for the graphene based heterogeneous electrodes, including the ball-milling, hydrothermal, electrospinning, microwave-assisted approaches, and the characterization methods will be fully reviewed. The mechanism behind the enhanced performance with graphene will be discussed, and an outlook on the challenges that should be addressed in the future will also be illustrated in the end.
\nAs a low-temperature alloying method, ball-milling is highly efficient in preparing the alloys and composites [41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46]. As for the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials, ball milling exhibited the advantages in the size/layer reduction [47], interface-contact enhancement [48, 49] as well as the low cost and time saving [50].
\nAs illustrated by Tie et al. [47], in the ball milling preparation of Si@SiOx/graphene heterogeneous anode material (Figure 2), the graphene nanosheets (GNS) could be exfoliated from the expanded graphite (EG) due to the accumulated mechanical shearing force of the agate balls, and the particle size of silicon could be reduced to 50–100 nm, which contributed to the uniform dispersion of Si nanoparticles on the GNS, and finally gave rise to the Si@SiOx/graphene composite. Owing to the reduced Si nanoparticle size, the SiOx adhesion layer as well as the synergistic effect of GNS, the Si@SiOx/graphene heterogeneous anode material exhibited the enhanced cycling stability, high reversible capacity, and rate capability.
\nSchematic illustration for ball milling synthesis of Si@SiOx/grapheme anode material [47].
Besides, the ball milling method could also be used to prepare other graphene based anode materials. Sun et al. [48] reported the ball milling synthesis of MoS2/graphene anode materials used for high rate SIBs, where the bulky MoS2 and graphite were firstly expanded by the intercalation of Na+ and K+ between the layers, and then the several-layer MoS2 nanosheets and the graphene sheets could be exfoliated from the loose counterparts, which finally resulted in the formation of the restacked MoS2/graphene heterostructures owing to the high surface energy and the interlayer Van der Waals attractions. Chen et al. [51] prepared the center-iodized graphene (CIG) and edge-iodized graphene (EIG) through the ball milling method, and the CIG were found to be an advanced anode material to boost the performance of the LIBs. In the other cases, Xia et al. [52] assembled the layer-by-layered SnS2/graphene anode materials for the LIBs via ball-milling, where the volume change of SnS2 could be buffered by the graphene, and the shuttle effect in the cycling could also be suppressed, both of which gave rise to an excellent rate capability and the negligible capacity fading over 180 cycles; Ma et al. [49] prepared the MoTe2/FLG (few-layer graphene) anode material for the LIBs through the ball milling of MoTe2 and graphite, which exhibited a high reversible capacity and an ultrahigh cycling stability.
\nHydrothermal method is an efficient and cost-effective approach for the assembly of metastable crystalline structures [53, 54, 55, 56, 57], especially for the heterogeneous structure with solid interface contact [58, 59, 60, 61]. As for the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials, the use of hydrothermal assembly could effectively reduce the cost, improve the crystallinity, and consolidate the interface contact, and therefore improve the energy storage performance.
\nPang et al. [62] reported the hydrothermal assembly of VS4@GS (graphene sheets) nanocomposites used as the anode material for the SIBs. As shown in Figure 3, the CTA+ (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium ion) cations were firstly absorbed on the negatively charged GO (graphene oxide) sheets, and then the TAA (thioacetamide) and VO43− were attached onto the CTA+ to form the TAA-VO43−- CTA+-GO complex, which was then transferred into the VS4/GS composite under the hydrothermal conditions. As an anode material, this composite exhibited a large specific capacity, good rate capability, and remarkable long cycling stability, which should be ascribed to the porous structure together with the synergistic interaction between the highly conductive graphene network and the VS4 nanoparticles.
\nHydrothermal synthesis route for the VS4@GS nanocomposites [62].
In other cases, hydrothermal assembly could also be used to fabricate the polyaniline (PANI)/graphene [58, 63], TiO2/graphene [64], Mn3O4/CeO2/graphene [65], α-Fe2O3/graphene [59], and Mn3O4/graphene electrode materials [66]. As illustrated in the literatures, the hydrothermal assembly of graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials is usually starting with the graphite oxide (GO), the active electrode materials and/or surfactants, which should be mainly due to the intrinsic negatively charged surface of the GO that could be easily attached to the positively charged surfactants, and facilitate the nucleation and the growth of active materials on the reduced graphite oxide (rGO, graphene) sheets under the hydrothermal conditions. The strong interface adhesion and the high crystallinity of the hydrothermal assembled composite should benefit the electrode with improved energy storage performance.
\nAs an efficient fabrication method for nanofibers [67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73], the electrospinning method has also been developed for producing nanofiber/graphene heterogeneous electrode materials for the energy storage applications [74, 75, 76, 77, 78].
\nAs an example, Wei et al. [78] demonstrated an electrospinning fabrication of GO-PAN/PVDF (GPP) membrane electrode for fuel cell applications. In the preparation of GPP membrane electrode material (Figure 4), the uniform GPP precursor was prepared by dispersing the PAN, PVDF, and GO in DMF solvent, and then the GPP nanofibers were coated onto the carbon paper sheet attached on a collector drum via the electrospinning. Finally, the electrode was assembled by loading the Pt/C catalysts on the GPP nanofiber membranes.
\nA synthetic route to GO-PAN/PVDF (GPP) nanofibers [78]. PAN is polyacrylonitrile, and PVDF is polyvinylidene fluoride.
As a promising procedure, the electrospinning method was also reported to prepare the carbon nanofibers [74], carbonized gold (Au)/graphene (G) hybrid nanowires [75], GO/PVA composite nanofibers [76], and graphene/carbon nanofibers [77] electrode materials for the supercapacitor, biosensor applications. It should be noticed that the uniformity and the viscosity of the precursor should be carefully controlled, since both of which are critical for the mechanical strength and the electrochemical performance of the ultimate products.
\nAs a quick and even heating method throughout the sample, the microwave assisted heating method has been widely used in the preparation of nanomaterials [79, 80]. In the preparation of graphene based electrode materials, the microwave assisted method has shown the advantages in the reduction and exfoliation of GO, the time efficiency, and the energy saving [9, 81, 82, 83].
\nAs shown in Figure 5, Kumar et al. [81] reported the microwave assisted synthesis of palladium (Pd) nanoparticle intercalated nitrogen doped rGO (NrGO) and the application as anode material for the fuel cells. In this synthesis, the GO nanosheets could be reduced and exfoliated under the microwave irradiation with pyridine treatment, and the nitrogen doping could also be achieved via the further modification with pyridine. The obtained porous rGO and NrGO could be decorated with Pd nanoparticles, which gave rise to a high electroactive surface, and therefore resulted in a high catalytic activity.
\nSchematic illustration of the microwave assisted synthesis of Pd-rGO and Pd-NrGO hybrids [81].
For the energy storage electrode materials, the microwave assisted method has been used to ultrafast assembly of the Mn0.8Co0.2CO3/graphene composite [9], SnO2/graphene composite for LIBs [82], and SnO2@graphene/N-doped carbons for SIBs [83]. The ultrafast and uniform heating effect of the microwave method should be due to the dielectric heating principle, under which the polar molecules in the microwave radiation could rotate in a high frequency, and thus generate thermal energies evenly across the samples, which benefits the synthesis with environmental friendship, low cost, low energy consumption as well as the porous structures that especially provide the quick transfer channels of the Li+/Na+ cations in the rechargeable batteries.
\nIn the morphology analysis of the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials, the top-view and cross-section SEM (Figure 6) could be used to determine the distribution of the active materials wrapped or attached by the layered graphene substrates based on the high resolution detector for the secondary electrons emitted on the sample surface. Combined with the EDS (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) technique, the interface of the heterogeneous electrode could also be figured out clearly via the elemental mapping for the active materials and the graphene substrates [48, 51, 82].
\nSEM images for the Mn0.8Co0.2CO3/graphene oxide (a, b) [9] and Pd-NrGO hybrides (c, d) [81].
As a powerful characterization method, TEM has been widely used to determine the morphology, crystal structure as well as the interface adhesion of the heterogeneous structures due to its atomic level resolution and the sensitivity to the contrast changes along with the elemental differences on the interface [84, 85]. With respect to the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials, as shown in Figure 7, the uniform dispersion of SnO2 on the graphene layers could be determined in the low magnification TEM image (Figure 7b,c), and the well crystallized SnO2 nanoparticles could be clearly indexed in the HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy) and the corresponding FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) patterns (Figure 7d–i). The morphology and the crystal structure determined by TEM should be consistent with the result of SEM and XRD, respectively.
\n(a) SEM image. (b, c) Low-magnification TEM images for the SnO2/graphene hybrids. HRTEM images showing the octahedral SnO2 model enclosed by {221} facets with (d–f) [\n\n\n1\n¯\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n¯\n\n\n 1] and (g–i) [\n\n\n1\n¯\n\n\n 0 1] zone axes [7].
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a promising technique for determining the stoichiometry, the valence states, and the bonding conditions of the elements in the compounds, which has been widely used to characterize the functional materials [86, 87, 88, 89, 90]. Regarding to the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials, as shown in Figure 8 for the high resolution XPS scan of Pd-NrGO hybrids [81], the C 1s XPS peak could be split into the peaks for C=C (284.6 eV), C—O (286.4 eV), C—N (285.4 eV), and C=N (287.6 eV), the N 1S peak could be split into the graphitic-N (401.4 eV), pyrollic-N (400.1 eV) and pyridinic-N (398.1 eV) peaks, and the O 1S could be split into the Pd—O (529.5 eV), C—O (530.6 eV), and C=O (532.9 eV) peaks, which fully revealed the bonding information within the Pd-NrGO hybrids.
\nHigh resolution XPS spectra for (a) C 1s, (b) O 1s, (c) N 1s and (d) Pd 3d of Pd-NrGO hybrids [81].
Apart from the SEM, TEM, and XPS, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, FTIR, and thermal analysis methods (TGA, DSC) were also used to determine the crystal structure, morphology, thermal stability, and other physical/chemical characteristics of the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials. The electrochemical performance for the energy storage was usually evaluated by the tests, including the cyclic voltammetry (CV), rate capability, galvanostatic charge/discharge (GCD), cycling specific capacity, and the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS, e.g. Nyquist plots) (Figure 9).
\n(a) Cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of carbon nanofiber samples, (b) rate capability curves of carbon nanofiber from 10 to 100 mV/s, (c) GCD curves of carbon nanofiber samples, (d) rate capability curves of carbon nanofiber from 0.25 to 1.5 a/g, (e) Ragone plots of the supercapacitor devices, and (f) Nyquist plots of carbon nanofiber samples [74].
As for the active materials in the anode for the energy storage devices (e.g. supercapacitor, LIBs, and SIBs), the modification via bonding or attaching with the graphene or rGO always results in the improvement of the electrochemical performance with respect to the cycling stability, rate capability as well as the high specific capacity.
\nBehind the enhancement of the performance, there exist several possible mechanisms for the property promotion as illustrated in the following:
The growth of nanoparticles for the active materials could be effectively restricted by the graphene, giving rise to the uniform dispersion of the nanoparticles that facilitates the increase of specific area and the active sites for K+/Na+ storage [7].
The non-faradaic capacitance could be contributed by the graphene due to the electrical double layer-effect [7].
The fragmentation of the active materials due to the volume expansion and contraction during the charge–discharge cycles could be depressed by the flexible graphene, which benefits the devices with excellent cycling stability and rate capability [7, 52].
The conductivity of the active materials could be enhanced by the graphene, which gives rise to the increase of reversible capacity [52].
The graphene in the composite could supply a physical barrier between the active materials and the electrolyte, which effectively suppresses the shuttle effect of the byproducts in the de-charge process that could fade capacity of the batteries [52].
In summary, the synthesis and the characterization of the graphene based heterogeneous electrode materials for the energy storage applications (e.g. SIBs, LIBs, and supercapacitor) have been fully reviewed and discussed in this chapter. In the synthesis of the title materials, ball milling and hydrothermal methods show the cost-effective advantages. Comparatively, the electrospinning method exhibits the benefits in the nanowire composite assembly, and the microwave assisted approach occupies the superiority in the ultrafast fabrication. With respect to the characterization, the morphology could be determined by the SEM and TEM, and the electrochemical performance could be evaluated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV), rate capability, galvanostatic charge/ discharge (GCD), cycling specific capacity, and the EIS tests. In the composite, the graphene could restrict the growth of the nanosized active materials, contribute the non-faradaic capacitance, improve the conductivity, suppress the fragmentation, and supply a physical barrier between the active materials and the electrolyte, which benefit the devices with excellent cycling stability, large rate capability as well as the high specific capacity.
\nIn the future, the most interesting and challenging applications of the graphene in the nanocomposite for the energy storage devices should be the ultrafast rechargeable batteries, the large-energy-density supercapacitors, and the all-solid-state LIBs.
\nThis work was supported by the National Key R&D Project from Minister of Science and Technology of China (No. 2017YFB0406200), National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Electronic Packaging Materials (Shenzhen Development and Reform Committee 2017-934), Leading Scientific Research Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(QYZDY-SSW-JSC010), and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory (2014B030301014).
\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n\n lithium ion batteries sodium ion batteries scanning electron microscopy transmission electron microscopy X-ray diffraction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy thermal gravimetric analysis differential scanning calorimetry
Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant, renewable, and one of the cheapest carbon neutral raw materials in the biosphere that can be used to produce sustainable products such as biofuels, using different technologies [1]. The lignocellulosic biomass consists of mainly cellulose carbohydrate polymer, hemicellulose, and the aromatic component, lignin [2]. Lignocellulose biomass can store up to 47 MJkg−1 more energy than lithium ion batteries (0.8 MJkg−1) [3]. Lignocellulose biomass is considered a potential candidate to sustainable green alternative source of energy and chemicals due to its high energy density, volatile matter content, and global widespread [3]. The release of volatile matter and other contents in biomass has been extensively studied using pyrolysis technology. Pyrolysis involves the conversion of biomass into bio-oil, gases (volatile matter) and biochar, in the absence of oxygen [4, 5]. The technique is robust and essential in providing vital knowledge of kinetics of devolatilization of any biomass prior to further processing via different conversion technologies. In addition, pyrolysis is effective in reducing the bulky biomass into uniform, energy dense, and easily transportable fuel [6]. Despite always being the first stage in most combustion or gasification process, there are no accurate and enough data on the kinetics and reaction mechanisms of different lignocellulosic biomass [7]. This is attributed to the complexity and the varying physico-chemical properties in different lignocellulosic biomass [7]. In addition, there may be many reactions occurring from the extremely complex pyrolysis process of the lignocellulose biomass [8]. Therefore, developing accurate kinetic models to account for all reactions taking place remains a challenge [6]. Isolation of the complex lignocellulosic biomass into individual fractions and characterization of the individual fractions can provide a better understanding of the combustion kinetics and reaction mechanism. Different biomass isolation/extraction techniques such as liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, acid-base, ultrasound, and microwave-assisted extractions, among others, have been reported before [9]. The choice of the method depends on the biomass type and its fraction to be isolated [9]. Hence, each procedure affects the sample’s product yields and physical, chemical, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties differently. Despite the studies on the yields and operating parameters such as solvent and time [9], less or no information is available regarding the kinetic and thermodynamic parametric studies for the combustion of the isolated lignocellulose fractions to assess the difference in the extraction processes. Different general kinetic models on lignocellulose biomass have been suggested [10, 11].
Date palm waste constitutes about 500,000 metric tons per year from ca. 44 million date palm trees found in the United Arab Emirates where this research was conducted. The aims of this research are to isolate cellulose from date palm lignocellulose complex using low concentration acid-base solutions and Organosolv techniques and to model nonisothermal combustion kinetics using model-free methods and finally to predict the most probable mechanistic reaction mechanism of the isolated celluloses. Using thermal-gravimetric technique at different heating rates, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using model-free methods, namely Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), and Starink models. The FWO model-free method compensates the experimental measurement errors. However, the KAS and Starink methods depend on the choice of good constant degree of conversion from the derivative mass loss function to provide precision of the kinetic data [12]. In addition, application of different model-free methods involves wide conversion range that allows for study of change in mechanism during a reaction and reduces mass transfer limitations by using multiple heating rates [13].
The rachis part of adult date palm waste (DPW) (10–15 years old) was supplied by the UAE University farm, Al foah, Al Ain. The samples were ground to 180-micron particle size to reduce the effects of heat and mass transfer limitations. All the solvents (ACS grade) and reagents were supplied by Sigma Aldrich and were used with no further purification. Prior to cellulose isolation, 10 g biomass was valorized with benzene/ethanol (2, 1 v/v) for 48 h using Soxhlet extraction to reduce extractives such as waxes and resins surrounding the lignocellulose complex.
For acid-base isolation; DPW (5 g) extractive-free sample of particle size 180 μm was placed in a 250-mL beaker and leached with 200 mL of 0.1 M HCl while heating at 100°C for 2 h under stirring at 150 rpm. After vacuum filtration, the cellulose and lignin-rich residue was washed with 20 mL of deionized water to remove any residual hemicellulose and then air dried overnight. The hemicellulose was solubilized by HCl and heating due to its labile nature making it easy to dissolve out of the lignocellulose complex. The cellulose- and lignin-rich residue was further treated with 200 mL of 0.1 M NaOH while heating at 100°C for 2 h under constant stirring at 150 rpm. After subsequent vacuum filtration of the mixture, the cellulose-rich residue was washed with 20 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to remove any residual lignin. The isolated cellulose was air dried under laboratory conditions overnight prior to characterization.
For Organosolv isolation, DPW were isolated using methanol/water solvents as reported in literature, with some modifications [14]. The 6.7 g sample of particle size 180 μm was placed in high pressure/temperature reactor vessel (Parr 4848, U.S.A). A mixture of 84 mL sulfuric acid (0.045 N), 13.4 mL formaldehyde (37 wt.%), and 84 mL methanol was added to the reactor vessel containing the sample. The reactor was sealed and purged with nitrogen gas (6–10 bars), and the reaction was performed for 1 h at 160°C under constant stirring at 700 rpm. The product mixture was vacuum filtered after cooling to room temperature. The cellulose-rich residues were air dried overnight prior to characterization, and the yield was determined by a gravimetric analysis technique. The ultimate analysis was conducted, and the results are recorded in Table 1.
Proximate and ultimate analyses | Date palm lignocellulose | Organosolv cellulose | Acid-base cellulose |
---|---|---|---|
Moisture content (wt.%) | 6.72 ± 0.4 | 7.08 ± 0.4 | 8.72 ± 0.4 |
Volatile matter (wt.%) | 78.62 ± 0.04 | 65.22 ± 0.02 | 66.92 ± 0.01 |
Ash content (wt.%) | 6.12 ± 0.1 | 7.36 ± 0.04 | 7.24 ± 0.01 |
Fixed carbon (wt.%) | 5.40 ± 0.01 | 4.40 ± 0.10 | 4.80 ± 0.14 |
HHV (MJkg−1) | 17.28 | 15.46 | 15.18 |
Cellulose yield (wt.%) | — | 43.15 ± 2.40 | 64.15 ± 2.40 |
Physicochemical analysis of biomass (dried basis).
The IRTrace-100 FTIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) was used for the FTIR analysis. The extracted celluloses were analyzed to investigate the difference in the functional groups after extraction. The spectral results were recorded within a range of 500–4000 cm−1 wavelength using 4 cm−1 spectral resolution and 34 scans. Figure 1 shows several major absorption bands and the difference between the samples. DPW sample before isolation showed typical lignocellulose strong band absorption bonds. For instance, the bands at 1037 cm−1 indicating C▬O, C〓C and C▬C bond stretching, between 2840 and 2926 cm−1 indicating C▬H stretching and 3200–3474 cm−1 for O▬H stretching, were assigned to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, respectively. Similar results were reported for other biomass in the literature [15]. However, there were noticeable changes in the functional groups of celluloses from the same biomass with reduction in the peak intensity, an indication of component(s) removal (plausibly lignin and hemicellulose). For instance, the would-be lignin and hemicellulose band intensity at 1037 cm−1 greatly reduced an indication of component(s) removal. The C▬H bond stretching in the region of 2840 assigned to lignin in DPW was absent in isolated cellulose samples. In addition, the reduced peak intensity between 845 and 1156 cm−1 associated with the C▬O▬C asymmetrical stretching and glycosidic bond, a characteristic of cellulose, was observed. Furthermore, the decrease in OH vibration strength around 3200–3474 cm−1 indicates a reduction in some of the OH-containing compounds which are phenolics from lignin. It is worth to note that both extraction methods showed similar functional groups except that the Organosolv cellulose had C▬H bond assigned to lignin in the region around 2326 and 2363 cm−1 which was absent for the acid-base cellulose samples. The FTIR results showed the effectiveness of the cellulose isolation methods from DPW biomass complex. The samples were further characterized for their morphological differences using SEM imaging technique.
FTIR spectrum of (a) lignocellulose DPW, (b) Organosolv cellulose and (c) acid-base cellulose.
The structural morphologies of the isolated cellulose were analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (JEOL Neoscope JCM-5000, Tokyo Japan). The samples were Au/C coated using vacuum spatter while clamped on the sample holder. The images were captured on spot size of 40 using 10 kV. The SEM results in Figure 2 show a difference in the structural morphologies between the cellulose samples from the two methods. Figure 2(a) shows the original DPW with ring-like structures (see the arrow point) plausible to be the cellulose chiral nematic ordering, surrounded by irregular shaped structures which could be assumed to be lignin and hemicellulose. Acid-base cellulose in Figure 2(b) showed porous surface similar to those reported for cellulose from the teak wood [16]. However, Organosolv cellulose (Figure 2(c)) showed an aggregate of cellulose block structure with uneven polished surface.
SEM images of the (a) original rachis, (b) acid-base cellulose and (c). Organosolv cellulose captured at magnification X1000.
The combustion characteristics of isolated celluloses were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analysis was done on a TGA (Q500, TA instrument). Samples of 6 mg (±1.0) were first equilibrated at 25°C for 5 min and then heated at specific heating rates of 10, 15, 20, and 25°C/min to 900°C. The process was performed under constant nitrogen environment flowing at 20 mL/min. As the thermal decomposition progressed, the change in weight was recorded continuously as a function of temperature and time. Figure 3 shows the isoconversion versus temperature at different heating rates for the isolated celluloses from DPW. The conversion curves for acid-base (colored) and Organosolv (black) methods below 300 and 340°C, respectively, showed similar thermal decomposition patterns at all heating rates. There was a slight shift toward higher temperature side with increasing heating rates, possibly due to the increasing thermal energy in the system [17]. However, at higher temperatures, the conversion pattern changed for both methods, possibly due to the change in the degradation chemistry of components under pyrolysis. It is worth to note that Organosolv cellulose showed better thermal stability than the acid-base cellulose. Figure 4 shows the differential thermogravimetric (DTG) results against temperature at different heating rates for the DPW and the isolated celluloses. The results showed a typical thermal degradation of lignocellulose biomass. The curves of both samples moved downward as the heating rate increased, owing to the shorter reaction time at increasing temperature, a phenomenon known as thermal hysteresis. However, Figure 4(a) showed a noticeable difference between the peak mass loss patterns compared to Figure 4(b) for the two cellulose methods, which suggests a difference in the degradation chemistry. Table 2 shows the temperature ranges that define the major stages of mass loss in response to increasing temperature for isolated celluloses from both methods, as given in Table 3. Stage I started from minimum temperature, Tmin to T1, the total average celluloses mass loss for acid-base and Organosolv were 9.46 ± 0.1 and 5.28 ± 0.1%, respectively. This was attributed to the inherent moisture and water molecules embedded in the intercellular and intracellular void spaces of the celluloses. Stage II, from T1 to T3 for both methods, there was only one major clear peak (Figure 4(b)) and the average mass loss in this region was 72.51 ± 0.7 and 55.82 ± 1.1%, for acid-base and Organosolv celluloses, respectively. The weight loss in this stage is associated with pyrolysis of mainly cellulose and to a lesser extent hemicellulose [18]. Compared to the three peaks observed in Figure 4(a) for the original DPW, this clearly shows that both methods were effective for cellulose isolation from the complex lignocellulose matrix of DPW. Stage III had total average mass loss of 8.68 ± 1.2 and 33.08 ± 0.8%, for acid-base and Organosolv methods, respectively. This represented combustion of the carbonaceous and some part of char oxidation [19]. In addition, the higher mass loss for Organosolv cellulose was plausibly due to residual lignin. Moreover, the FTIR results showed some lignin functional groups for this method. The last stage was associated with charring process and ash formation. The average total mass loss for acid-base and Organosolv methods in this stage were 9.57 ± 1.3 and 5.20 ± 0.4%. TGA analysis data was used for kinetic modeling using the model-free methods.
The relationship of conversion against temperature for acid-base cellulose (colored) and Organosolv cellulose (black).
The relationship of DTG against temperature for (a) date palm waste and (b) isolated celluloses (acid-base, colored; Organosolv, black).
Heating rate (°C min−1) | Tmin (°C) | T1 (°C) | T2 (°C) | T3 (°C) | Tmax (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acid-base cellulose | |||||
10 | 30 | 192 | 266 | 402 | 900 |
15 | 197 | 273 | 406 | ||
20 | 199 | 279 | 411 | ||
25 | 201 | 381 | 415 | ||
Organosolv cellulose | |||||
10 | 30 | 220 | 318 | 422 | 900 |
15 | 226 | 324 | 435 | ||
20 | 227 | 328 | 441 | ||
25 | 228 | 330 | 450 |
Characteristic temperatures associated with mass loss during pyrolysis of cellulose.
Stages | Temperature | Heating rate (°C min−1) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | ||
Acid-base cellulose | |||||
Stage I, WL% | Tmin–T1 | 10.06 | 9.17 | 9.33 | 9.26 |
Stage II, WL % | T1–T3 | 71.59 | 72.76 | 73.16 | 72.52 |
Stage III, WL % | T3–Tmax | 10.18 | 8.88 | 7.30 | 8.35 |
Final residue at 900-100 °C (%) | 7.99 | 9.19 | 11.21 | 9.87 | |
Organosolv cellulose | |||||
Stage I, WL % | Tmin–T1 | 4.35 | 5.24 | 5.72 | 5.79 |
Stage II, WL % | T1–T3 | 54.42 | 56.16 | 57.16 | 55.55 |
Stage III, WL % | T3–Tmax | 35.57 | 33.30 | 32.24 | 33.69 |
Final residue at 900-100 °C (%) | 5.66 | 5.30 | 4.88 | 4.97 |
Mass loss (%) during different stages of cellulose pyrolysis.
The TGA data were used to calculate the nonisothermal kinetic and thermodynamic parameters using model-free equations of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger-Akahila-Sunose (KAS), and Starink reported in the literature [20].
where
where
The choice for these model-free methods is because no previous knowledge about reaction mechanism is required to determine the reaction activation energy [21]. The preexponential factor (A) and thermodynamic parameters [enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and Gibb’s free energy (ΔG)] were calculated using equations in literature [22].
where
The activation energies for both sample methods were calculated using the three models, namely FWO, KAS, and Starink. These model-free methods avoid the shortcomings during model fitting and kinetic compensation effects. The FWO model-free method compensates the experimental measurement errors. However, the KAS and Starink methods depend on the good constant degree of conversion from the derivative mass loss function to provide precision of the kinetic data [12]. Therefore, application of different model-free methods involves a wide conversion range that allows for the study of change in mechanism during a reaction and reduces mass transfer limitations by using multiple heating rates [13]. Figure 5 shows the relationship of activation energy and enthalpy from the three model-free methods for acid-base and Organosolv celluloses. Results showed little or no difference between Eα and ΔH. This closeness in Eα and ΔH values signifies the formation of activation complex and little extra energy might be required to achieve product formation [23]. Organosolv cellulose Eα and ΔH values were higher than acid-base cellulose especially at higher temperatures (α >0.6). This was possibly due to a difference in the cellulose structure between the two methods. In addition, the residual lignin fractions detected in Organosolv method could also have resulted in the increased energy of activation, Eα, and bond dissociation, ΔH, needed to overcome the carbon number distribution from other components other than cellulose. It was noted that the ΔH values for all samples were positive, an indication of energy consumed during pyrolysis process, and are used to release various volatile and biochar products. Furthermore, the calculated solid-state process parameters were different due to the fundamental differences in the model-free methods [12, 13]. The first difference arises from the slope, S, of straight lines which is directly proportional to the activation energy, that is, FWO, KAS, and Starink slope,
Activation energy and enthalpies of (a) acid-base cellulose and (b) Organosolv by three model-free methods.
Tables 4–6 show other thermodynamic parameters from the three model-free methods for the acid-base and the Organosolv cellulose samples, respectively. The ΔG values for Organosolv cellulose for all model-free methods were lower than those of acid-base cellulose samples. Gibb’s free energy gives the measure of how favorable a reaction is to reach chemical equilibrium [24]. In context of the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the sample with higher values of ΔG (acid-base cellulose), the further its reaction is from equilibrium and the further its reaction must shift to reach equilibrium. However, the entropy, ΔS values were lower for the acid-base celluloses for all model-free methods, with negative entropy values for the FWO model. This implies that the degree of disorder of initial reactants was higher than that of the products formed by bond dissociations [22]. In addition, it was already discussed previously that the heat input during the thermal decomposition was for bond dissociation of the reactants. In the context of reaction energy, the acid-base cellulose sample required lower activation energy and enthalpy to form products than Organosolv cellulose samples. On the other hand, the preexponential factor of Organosolv cellulose was ca. two times higher than that of acid-base cellulose. This was plausibly because the activation energy had a similar trend as already discussed above. The preexponential factor and activation energy both influence chemical kinetics and reaction dynamics in pyrolysis of biomass involving complex heterogeneous reactions [25]. The R2 of all model-free parameters was above 0.98, signifying accuracy of the models.
FWOa | FWOb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | Log A (s−1) | ΔG (kJmol−1) | ΔS (Jmol−1) | Log A (s−1) | ΔG (kJmol−1) | ΔS (Jmol−1) |
0.1 | 10.17 | 151.46 | −0.12 | 27.20 | 84.18 | 0.21 |
0.2 | 10.96 | 164.16 | −0.11 | 27.24 | 91.96 | 0.21 |
0.3 | 11.34 | 171.76 | −0.10 | 27.26 | 94.86 | 0.21 |
0.4 | 11.79 | 178.07 | −0.09 | 27.15 | 97.26 | 0.21 |
0.5 | 12.13 | 183.36 | −0.08 | 27.17 | 100.17 | 0.21 |
0.6 | 12.25 | 189.25 | −0.08 | 27.53 | 109.59 | 0.21 |
0.7 | 12.17 | 198.03 | −0.08 | 25.07 | 136.91 | 0.17 |
0.8 | 11.15 | 216.34 | −0.10 | 21.64 | 167.53 | 0.10 |
0.9 | 11.28 | 243.04 | −0.10 | 23.20 | 192.64 | 0.13 |
Av | 11.47 ±0.68 | 188.39 ±27.89 | −0.10 ±20.01 | 25.94 ± 2.16 | 119.45 ±37.98 | 0.18 ±0.04 |
The kinetic and thermodynamic parameter values of celluloses determined by FWO model.
Acid-base.
Organosolv.
R2 were above 0.98.
KASa | KASb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | Log A (s−1) | ΔG (kJmol−1) | ΔS (Jmol−1) | Log A (s−1) | ΔG (kJmol−1) | ΔS (Jmol−1) |
0.1 | 31.09 | 138.51 | 0.28 | 76.86 | 81.66 | 1.16 |
0.2 | 34.78 | 149.86 | 0.35 | 76.54 | 89.24 | 1.15 |
0.3 | 36.56 | 156.67 | 0.38 | 76.62 | 92.06 | 1.16 |
0.4 | 38.05 | 162.34 | 0.41 | 76.69 | 94.38 | 1.16 |
0.5 | 39.18 | 167.12 | 0.43 | 76.76 | 97.21 | 1.16 |
0.6 | 40.29 | 172.40 | 0.46 | 76.72 | 106.42 | 1.16 |
0.7 | 41.65 | 180.30 | 0.48 | 72.62 | 132.86 | 1.08 |
0.8 | 43.89 | 196.73 | 0.52 | 71.44 | 162.07 | 1.05 |
0.9 | 46.97 | 220.82 | 0.58 | 78.19 | 186.28 | 1.18 |
Av | 39.16 ± 4.78 | 171.64 ± 25.07 | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 75.83 ± 2.23 | 115.80 ± 36.62 | 1.14 ± 0.04 |
The kinetic and thermodynamic parameter values of celluloses determined by KAS model.
Acid-base
Organosolv.
R2 were above 0.98.
STARINKa | STARINKb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
α | Log A (s−1) | ΔG (kJmol−1) | ΔS (Jmol−1) | Log A (s−1) | ΔG (kJmol−1) | ΔS (Jmol−1) |
0.1 | 29.65 | 138.69 | 0.25 | 74.89 | 81.73 | 1.12 |
0.2 | 33.82 | 149.97 | 0.33 | 74.76 | 89.30 | 1.12 |
0.3 | 35.63 | 156.78 | 0.37 | 74.59 | 92.13 | 1.12 |
0.4 | 36.99 | 162.47 | 0.39 | 74.71 | 94.46 | 1.12 |
0.5 | 38.15 | 167.24 | 0.41 | 74.80 | 97.28 | 1.12 |
0.6 | 39.22 | 172.53 | 0.43 | 74.83 | 106.50 | 1.12 |
0.7 | 40.55 | 180.43 | 0.46 | 70.70 | 132.96 | 1.04 |
0.8 | 42.60 | 196.89 | 0.50 | 69.46 | 162.20 | 1.01 |
0.9 | 45.58 | 221.00 | 0.55 | 76.04 | 186.43 | 1.14 |
Av | 38.02 ± 4.75 | 171.78 ± 25.05 | 0.41 ± 0.09 | 73.86 ± 2.21 | 115.89 ± 36.65 | 1.10 ± 0.04 |
The kinetic and thermodynamic parameter values of celluloses determined by STARINK model.
Acid-base
Organosolv.
R2 were above 0.98.
Malek method which is the commonly used approach to determine probable reaction mechanism involving heterogeneous reaction was used [26]. The Malek method is described by the following equation.
where
The theoretical z(α) plots versus α depend on f(α) and g(α) functions. However, the experimental z(α) values can be obtained by using a specific heating rate for a specific value of
Experimental and theoretical Z(α) master plots for pyrolysis of acid-base cellulose at (a) 10°Cmin−1, (b) 15°Cmin−1, (c) 20°Cmin−1 and (d) 25°Cmin−1.
Experimental and theoretical Z(α) master plots for pyrolysis of Organosolv cellulose at (a) 10°Cmin−1, (b) 15°Cmin−1, (c) 20°Cmin−1 and (d) 25°Cmin−1.
The experimental and the fitted z(α) master plots of acid-base cellulose showed a normal distribution behavioral curve trend for all model-free methods at investigated heating rates. However, Organosolv cellulose showed a sigmoid curve skewed more to the left hand side. The correlation coefficient of acid-base method ranged between 0.9789 and 0.9884, while that of Organosolv ranged between 0.9525 and 0.9795, signifying the accuracy in the reported data. It is worth to note that both methods had best fit at 15°C/min. The data were fit with polynomial curves of n = 3 and n = 4 for Organosolv and acid-base celluloses, respectively, implying third and fourth dimension growth as described by general Avrami-Erofeev model of multidimensional nuclei and random growth reaction mechanism (
The low cost and high yield acid-base and Organosolv methods were assessed for isolation of cellulose from date palm lignocellulose waste biomass. The structural, chemical, and morphological characterizations of the isolated celluloses were studied. The nonisothermal combustion studies were investigated using three different model-free methods. The reaction mechanism was studied using Malek method.
The SEM images revealed chiral nematic orderings structures distinctive of cellulose. The change in FTIR peak intensity and the difference in the vibrational bond stretching among the isolated celluloses and between original biomass signified component removal from the lignocellulose complex. The TGA results from both methods showed one major decomposition peak assigned to cellulose in contrast to original biomass with three peaks. The results further revealed a possible difference in the degradation chemistry at higher temperature where isoconversion was higher than 0.6.
The FWO model for the acid-base method gave the lowest activation energy (99.77–173.76 kJmol−1) and the Organosolv method by KAS model gave the highest activation energy (419.63–934.49 kJmol−1). There was a strong relationship between activation energy and enthalpy, and the positive enthalpy values confirmed that endothermic reaction took place during the pyrolysis of the cellulose samples. The Gibbs’s free energy, ΔG, results revealed that Organosolv cellulose pyrolysis reaction would easily reach equilibrium, much easier in a trend of KAS > Starink> FWO models. The measure for disorder was less favorable for the acid-base method with negative entropy values in the FWO model-free method.
The reaction mechanism by Malek method was described by Avrami-Erofeev model mechanism (
The results of this study confirm the existence of multistep mechanism occurring in solid-state reactions due to variations in activation energy with the heating rates. The study provides important data information and a robust approach to understanding the cellulose pyrolysis structures and mechanisms by different isolation methods across a broad range of temperature and different heating rates.
This work was financially supported by the Emirates Centre for Energy and Environment Research, UAEU (31R107).
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"126408",title:"Prof.",name:"A",middleName:null,surname:"Chaves",slug:"a-chaves",fullName:"A Chaves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do Ceará",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"116458",title:"Prof.",name:"A. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Minzoni",slug:"a.-a.-minzoni",fullName:"A. A. Minzoni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"105746",title:"Dr.",name:"A.W.M.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Koopman-van Gemert",slug:"a.w.m.m.-koopman-van-gemert",fullName:"A.W.M.M. Koopman-van Gemert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105746/images/5803_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Anna Wilhelmina Margaretha Maria Koopman-van Gemert MD, PhD, became anaesthesiologist-intensivist from the Radboud University Nijmegen (the Netherlands) in 1987. She worked for a couple of years also as a blood bank director in Nijmegen and introduced in the Netherlands the Cell Saver and blood transfusion alternatives. She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"90116",title:"Dr.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Flores-Gil",slug:"aaron-flores-gil",fullName:"Aaron Flores-Gil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Carmen",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"119935",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Dandache",slug:"abbas-dandache",fullName:"Abbas Dandache",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Politécnica del Valle de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5766},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5228},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1717},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10370},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:897},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15791}],offset:12,limit:12,total:6959},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10676",title:"Graph Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"900c60742d224080732bd16bd25ccba8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Harun Pirim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10676.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"146092",title:"Dr.",name:"Harun",surname:"Pirim",slug:"harun-pirim",fullName:"Harun Pirim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"85eac84b173d785f989522397616124e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10678",title:"Biostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f63db439474a574454a66894db8b394c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10678.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:1}],offset:12,limit:12,total:3},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8558",title:"Aerodynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db7263fc198dfb539073ba0260a7f1aa",slug:"aerodynamics",bookSignature:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy and Aly-Mousaad Aly",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8558.jpg",editors:[{id:"35542",title:"Prof.",name:"Mofid",middleName:null,surname:"Gorji-Bandpy",slug:"mofid-gorji-bandpy",fullName:"Mofid Gorji-Bandpy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7847",title:"Medical Toxicology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db9b65bea093de17a0855a1b27046247",slug:"medical-toxicology",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Tomohisa Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7847.jpg",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoglu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5240},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9644",title:"Glaciers and the Polar Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e8cfdc161794e3753ced54e6ff30873b",slug:"glaciers-and-the-polar-environment",bookSignature:"Masaki Kanao, Danilo Godone and Niccolò Dematteis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9644.jpg",editors:[{id:"51959",title:"Dr.",name:"Masaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kanao",slug:"masaki-kanao",fullName:"Masaki Kanao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9385",title:"Renewable Energy",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a6b446d19166f17f313008e6c056f3d8",slug:"renewable-energy-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tolga Taner, Archana Tiwari and Taha Selim Ustun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9385.jpg",editors:[{id:"197240",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tolga",middleName:null,surname:"Taner",slug:"tolga-taner",fullName:"Tolga Taner"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"186791",title:"Dr.",name:"Archana",middleName:null,surname:"Tiwari",slug:"archana-tiwari",fullName:"Archana Tiwari",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186791/images/system/186791.jpg",biography:"Dr. Archana Tiwari is Associate Professor at Amity University, India. Her research interests include renewable sources of energy from microalgae and further utilizing the residual biomass for the generation of value-added products, bioremediation through microalgae and microbial consortium, antioxidative enzymes and stress, and nutraceuticals from microalgae. She has been working on algal biotechnology for the last two decades. She has published her research in many international journals and has authored many books and chapters with renowned publishing houses. She has also delivered talks as an invited speaker at many national and international conferences. Dr. Tiwari is the recipient of several awards including Researcher of the Year and Distinguished Scientist.",institutionString:"Amity University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Amity University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"197609",title:"Prof.",name:"Taha Selim",middleName:null,surname:"Ustun",slug:"taha-selim-ustun",fullName:"Taha Selim Ustun",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/197609/images/system/197609.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Taha Selim Ustun received a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. He is a researcher with the Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA), where he leads the Smart Grid Cybersecurity Laboratory. Prior to that, he was a faculty member with the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. His current research interests include power systems protection, communication in power networks, distributed generation, microgrids, electric vehicle integration, and cybersecurity in smart grids. He serves on the editorial boards of IEEE Access, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, Energies, Electronics, Electricity, World Electric Vehicle and Information journals. Dr. Ustun is a member of the IEEE 2004 and 2800, IEC Renewable Energy Management WG 8, and IEC TC 57 WG17. He has been invited to run specialist courses in Africa, India, and China. He has delivered talks for the Qatar Foundation, the World Energy Council, the Waterloo Global Science Initiative, and the European Union Energy Initiative (EUEI). His research has attracted funding from prestigious programs in Japan, Australia, the European Union, and North America.",institutionString:"Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute, AIST (FREA)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"8985",title:"Natural Resources Management and Biological Sciences",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5c2e219a6c021a40b5a20c041dea88c4",slug:"natural-resources-management-and-biological-sciences",bookSignature:"Edward R. Rhodes and Humood Naser",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8985.jpg",editors:[{id:"280886",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward R",middleName:null,surname:"Rhodes",slug:"edward-r-rhodes",fullName:"Edward R Rhodes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9671",title:"Macrophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03b00fdc5f24b71d1ecdfd75076bfde6",slug:"macrophages",bookSignature:"Hridayesh Prakash",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9671.jpg",editors:[{id:"287184",title:"Dr.",name:"Hridayesh",middleName:null,surname:"Prakash",slug:"hridayesh-prakash",fullName:"Hridayesh Prakash"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9027",title:"Human Blood Group Systems and Haemoglobinopathies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00d8e40b11cfb2547d1122866531c7e",slug:"human-blood-group-systems-and-haemoglobinopathies",bookSignature:"Osaro Erhabor and Anjana Munshi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9027.jpg",editors:[{id:"35140",title:null,name:"Osaro",middleName:null,surname:"Erhabor",slug:"osaro-erhabor",fullName:"Osaro Erhabor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10432",title:"Casting Processes and Modelling of Metallic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2c5c9df938666bf5d1797727db203a6d",slug:"casting-processes-and-modelling-of-metallic-materials",bookSignature:"Zakaria Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10432.jpg",editors:[{id:"201670",title:"Dr.",name:"Zak",middleName:null,surname:"Abdallah",slug:"zak-abdallah",fullName:"Zak Abdallah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"7841",title:"New Insights Into Metabolic Syndrome",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef5accfac9772b9e2c9eff884f085510",slug:"new-insights-into-metabolic-syndrome",bookSignature:"Akikazu Takada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7841.jpg",editors:[{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9243",title:"Coastal Environments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8e05e5f631e935eef366980f2e28295d",slug:"coastal-environments",bookSignature:"Yuanzhi Zhang and X. San Liang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9243.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77597",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanzhi",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",slug:"yuanzhi-zhang",fullName:"Yuanzhi Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9521",title:"Antimicrobial Resistance",subtitle:"A One Health Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30949e78832e1afba5606634b52056ab",slug:"antimicrobial-resistance-a-one-health-perspective",bookSignature:"Mihai Mareș, Swee Hua Erin Lim, Kok-Song Lai and Romeo-Teodor Cristina",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9521.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"88785",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihai",middleName:null,surname:"Mares",slug:"mihai-mares",fullName:"Mihai Mares"}],equalEditorOne:{id:"190224",title:"Dr.",name:"Swee Hua Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"swee-hua-erin-lim",fullName:"Swee Hua Erin Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190224/images/system/190224.png",biography:"Dr. Erin Lim is presently working as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates and is affiliated as an Associate Professor to Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Selangor, Malaysia. She obtained her Ph.D. from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2010 with a National Science Fellowship awarded from the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation Malaysia and has been actively involved in research ever since. Her main research interests include analysis of carriage and transmission of multidrug resistant bacteria in non-conventional settings, besides an interest in natural products for antimicrobial testing. She is heavily involved in the elucidation of mechanisms of reversal of resistance in bacteria in addition to investigating the immunological analyses of diseases, development of vaccination and treatment models in animals. She hopes her work will support the discovery of therapeutics in the clinical setting and assist in the combat against the burden of antibiotic resistance.",institutionString:"Abu Dhabi Women’s College",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Perdana University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},equalEditorTwo:{id:"221544",title:"Dr.",name:"Kok-Song",middleName:null,surname:"Lai",slug:"kok-song-lai",fullName:"Kok-Song Lai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221544/images/system/221544.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Lai Kok Song is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi Women\\'s College, Higher Colleges of Technology in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. He obtained his Ph.D. in Biological Sciences from Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Japan in 2012. Prior to his academic appointment, Dr. Lai worked as a Senior Scientist at the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation, Malaysia. His current research areas include antimicrobial resistance and plant-pathogen interaction. His particular interest lies in the study of the antimicrobial mechanism via membrane disruption of essential oils against multi-drug resistance bacteria through various biochemical, molecular and proteomic approaches. Ultimately, he hopes to uncover and determine novel biomarkers related to antibiotic resistance that can be developed into new therapeutic strategies.",institutionString:"Higher Colleges of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Higher Colleges of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Arab Emirates"}}},equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9560",title:"Creativity",subtitle:"A Force to Innovation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"58f740bc17807d5d88d647c525857b11",slug:"creativity-a-force-to-innovation",bookSignature:"Pooja Jain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9560.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"316765",title:"Dr.",name:"Pooja",middleName:null,surname:"Jain",slug:"pooja-jain",fullName:"Pooja Jain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9669",title:"Recent Advances in Rice Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"12b06cc73e89af1e104399321cc16a75",slug:"recent-advances-in-rice-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur- Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-Ur-",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-Ur- Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9550",title:"Entrepreneurship",subtitle:"Contemporary Issues",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b4ac1ee5b743abf6f88495452b1e5e7",slug:"entrepreneurship-contemporary-issues",bookSignature:"Mladen Turuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9550.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"319755",title:"Prof.",name:"Mladen",middleName:null,surname:"Turuk",slug:"mladen-turuk",fullName:"Mladen Turuk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10065",title:"Wavelet Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8868e332169597ba2182d9b004d60de",slug:"wavelet-theory",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10065.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9313",title:"Clay Science and Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fa7e70396ff10620e032bb6cfa6fb72",slug:"clay-science-and-technology",bookSignature:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9313.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"7153",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Morari Do Nascimento",slug:"gustavo-morari-do-nascimento",fullName:"Gustavo Morari Do Nascimento"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9888",title:"Nuclear Power Plants",subtitle:"The Processes from the Cradle to the Grave",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c2c8773e586f62155ab8221ebb72a849",slug:"nuclear-power-plants-the-processes-from-the-cradle-to-the-grave",bookSignature:"Nasser Awwad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9888.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145209",title:"Prof.",name:"Nasser",middleName:"S",surname:"Awwad",slug:"nasser-awwad",fullName:"Nasser Awwad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1379",title:"Theriogenology",slug:"animal-science-theriogenology",parent:{title:"Animal Science",slug:"animal-science"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:118,numberOfWosCitations:70,numberOfCrossrefCitations:30,numberOfDimensionsCitations:84,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicSlug:"animal-science-theriogenology",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6898",title:"Comparative Endocrinology of Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1c615706c8e4220ea5a24d231947ac7a",slug:"comparative-endocrinology-of-animals",bookSignature:"Edward Narayan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6898.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward J",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-j-narayan",fullName:"Edward J Narayan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"185",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d8c5b0152828cb1d252f0531fe4024fa",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",bookSignature:"Milad Manafi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"56772",title:"Dr.",name:"Milad",middleName:null,surname:"Manafi",slug:"milad-manafi",fullName:"Milad Manafi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"16107",doi:"10.5772/16563",title:"Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility",slug:"effect-of-cryopreservation-on-sperm-quality-and-fertility",totalDownloads:14907,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:25,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Alemayehu Lemma",authors:[{id:"25594",title:"Dr.",name:"Alemayehu",middleName:null,surname:"Lemma",slug:"alemayehu-lemma",fullName:"Alemayehu Lemma"}]},{id:"16100",doi:"10.5772/16592",title:"Artificial Insemination in Pigs",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-pigs",totalDownloads:14563,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Maes Dominiek, Lopez Rodriguez Alfonso, Rijsselaere Tom, Vyt Philip and Van Soom Ann",authors:[{id:"25704",title:"Prof.",name:"Dominiek",middleName:null,surname:"Maes",slug:"dominiek-maes",fullName:"Dominiek Maes"},{id:"41076",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",middleName:null,surname:"Lopéz Rodriguez",slug:"alfonso-lopez-rodriguez",fullName:"Alfonso Lopéz Rodriguez"},{id:"41077",title:"Dr.",name:"Tom",middleName:null,surname:"Rijsselaere",slug:"tom-rijsselaere",fullName:"Tom Rijsselaere"},{id:"41078",title:"Dr.",name:"Philip",middleName:null,surname:"Vyt",slug:"philip-vyt",fullName:"Philip Vyt"},{id:"41079",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Van Soom",slug:"ann-van-soom",fullName:"Ann Van Soom"}]},{id:"16098",doi:"10.5772/16642",title:"Artificial Insemination of Sheep - Possibilities, Realities and Techniques at the Farm Level",slug:"artificial-insemination-of-sheep-possibilities-realities-and-techniques-at-the-farm-level",totalDownloads:10589,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Sandor Kukovics, Erzsebet Gyoker, Timea Nemeth and Elemer Gergatz",authors:[{id:"25894",title:"Prof.",name:"Sándor",middleName:null,surname:"Kukovics",slug:"sandor-kukovics",fullName:"Sándor Kukovics"},{id:"112137",title:"Dr.",name:"Timea",middleName:null,surname:"Németh",slug:"timea-nemeth",fullName:"Timea Németh"},{id:"112138",title:"Dr.",name:"Elemér",middleName:null,surname:"Gergátz",slug:"elemer-gergatz",fullName:"Elemér Gergátz"},{id:"112139",title:"Dr.",name:"Erzsébet",middleName:null,surname:"Gyökér",slug:"erzsebet-gyoker",fullName:"Erzsébet Gyökér"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71105",title:"Understanding Sow Sexual Behavior and the Application of the Boar Pheromone to Stimulate Sow Reproduction",slug:"understanding-sow-sexual-behavior-and-the-application-of-the-boar-pheromone-to-stimulate-sow-reprodu",totalDownloads:409,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"John J. McGlone, Edgar O. Aviles-Rosa, Courtney Archer, Meyer M. Wilson, Karlee D. Jones, Elaina M. Matthews, Amanda A. Gonzalez and Erica Reyes",authors:[{id:"311962",title:"Prof.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"McGlone",slug:"john-mcglone",fullName:"John McGlone"},{id:"315592",title:"Dr.",name:"Edgar",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Aviles-Rosa",slug:"edgar-aviles-rosa",fullName:"Edgar Aviles-Rosa"},{id:"315595",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Courtney",middleName:null,surname:"Archer",slug:"courtney-archer",fullName:"Courtney Archer"},{id:"315596",title:"Ms.",name:"Meyer",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"meyer-wilson",fullName:"Meyer Wilson"},{id:"315597",title:"Ms.",name:"Karlee",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"karlee-jones",fullName:"Karlee Jones"},{id:"315598",title:"Ms.",name:"Elaina",middleName:null,surname:"Mathews",slug:"elaina-mathews",fullName:"Elaina Mathews"},{id:"315599",title:"Ms.",name:"Erica",middleName:"Leighann",surname:"Reyes",slug:"erica-reyes",fullName:"Erica Reyes"},{id:"315600",title:"MSc.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"amanda-gonzalez",fullName:"Amanda Gonzalez"}]},{id:"16102",title:"Sperm Preparation Techniques for Artificial Insemination - Comparison of Sperm Washing, Swim Up, and Density Gradient Centrifugation Methods",slug:"sperm-preparation-techniques-for-artificial-insemination-comparison-of-sperm-washing-swim-up-and-den",totalDownloads:29072,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Ilaria Natali",authors:[{id:"27026",title:"Dr.",name:"Ilaria",middleName:null,surname:"Natali",slug:"ilaria-natali",fullName:"Ilaria Natali"}]},{id:"70760",title:"Induction and Synchronization of Estrus",slug:"induction-and-synchronization-of-estrus",totalDownloads:574,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Prasanna Pal and Mohammad Rayees Dar",authors:[{id:"299126",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Rayees",middleName:null,surname:"Dar",slug:"mohammad-rayees-dar",fullName:"Mohammad Rayees Dar"},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal"}]},{id:"73979",title:"Troubled Process of Parturition of the Domestic Pig",slug:"troubled-process-of-parturition-of-the-domestic-pig",totalDownloads:198,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Claudio Oliviero and Olli Peltoniemi",authors:[{id:"45491",title:"Prof.",name:"Olli",middleName:null,surname:"Peltoniemi",slug:"olli-peltoniemi",fullName:"Olli Peltoniemi"},{id:"45504",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",middleName:null,surname:"Oliviero",slug:"claudio-oliviero",fullName:"Claudio Oliviero"}]},{id:"16099",title:"Artificial Insemination in Dogs",slug:"artificial-insemination-in-dogs",totalDownloads:39244,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Rita Payan-Carreira, Sonia Miranda and Wojciech Nizanski",authors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira"},{id:"41065",title:"Dr.",name:"Sónia",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",slug:"sonia-miranda",fullName:"Sónia Miranda"},{id:"62597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wojciech",middleName:null,surname:"Nizanski",slug:"wojciech-nizanski",fullName:"Wojciech Nizanski"}]},{id:"16096",title:"Artificial Insemination: Current and Future Trends",slug:"artificial-insemination-current-and-future-trends",totalDownloads:21576,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Jane M. Morrell",authors:[{id:"29913",title:"Dr.",name:"Jane M.",middleName:null,surname:"Morrell",slug:"jane-m.-morrell",fullName:"Jane M. Morrell"}]},{id:"73116",title:"Bovine Mastitis: Part I",slug:"bovine-mastitis-part-i",totalDownloads:222,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,book:{slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine"},signatures:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",authors:[{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego"}]},{id:"16104",title:"Evaluation of a New Method and Diagnostic Test in Semen Analysis",slug:"evaluation-of-a-new-method-and-diagnostic-test-in-semen-analysis",totalDownloads:4653,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Petra Zrimšek",authors:[{id:"26350",title:"Dr.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Zrimšek",slug:"petra-zrimsek",fullName:"Petra Zrimšek"}]},{id:"16106",title:"Management Factors Affecting Fertility in Sheep",slug:"management-factors-affecting-fertility-in-sheep",totalDownloads:8888,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Pilar Santolaria, Inmaculada Palacin and Jesus Yaniz",authors:[{id:"30119",title:"Dr.",name:"Pilar",middleName:null,surname:"Santolaria",slug:"pilar-santolaria",fullName:"Pilar Santolaria"},{id:"32657",title:"Mr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"Yaniz",slug:"jesus-yaniz",fullName:"Jesus Yaniz"},{id:"32658",title:"Mrs",name:"Inmaculada",middleName:null,surname:"Palacin",slug:"inmaculada-palacin",fullName:"Inmaculada Palacin"}]},{id:"16109",title:"Mechanical and Pharmacologic Applications of Artificial Insemination in Ewes",slug:"mechanical-and-pharmacologic-applications-of-artificial-insemination-in-ewes",totalDownloads:4510,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,book:{slug:"artificial-insemination-in-farm-animals",title:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals",fullTitle:"Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals"},signatures:"Faruk Aral, Fusun Temamogulları and Semra Sezen Aral",authors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral"},{id:"115582",title:"Dr.",name:"Füsun",middleName:null,surname:"Temamoğulları",slug:"fusun-temamogullari",fullName:"Füsun Temamoğulları"},{id:"115583",title:"Dr.",name:"Semra",middleName:null,surname:"Sezen Aral",slug:"semra-sezen-aral",fullName:"Semra Sezen Aral"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicSlug:"animal-science-theriogenology",limit:3,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10176",title:"Microgrids and Local Energy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c32b4a5351a88f263074b0d0ca813a9c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Nick Jenkins",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10176.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"55219",title:"Prof.",name:"Nick",middleName:null,surname:"Jenkins",slug:"nick-jenkins",fullName:"Nick Jenkins"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:8,limit:8,total:1},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/106302/james-jebaseelan-samuel-emmanuel-rajan",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"106302",slug:"james-jebaseelan-samuel-emmanuel-rajan"},fullPath:"/profiles/106302/james-jebaseelan-samuel-emmanuel-rajan",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()