Parameters of the working drive at low load, the load drive is switched off.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6518",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Chitin-Chitosan - Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology",title:"Chitin-Chitosan",subtitle:"Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Chitin is the second most abundant biopolymer after cellulose and is a resourceful copious and cheap biomaterial discovered in 1859 owing to significant industrial and technological utility. Raw chitin-chitosan resembles keratin in its biological functions. Chitin chemistry vastly developed via innate unparalleled biological features and exceptional physicochemical characters. Chitosan endures assorted chemical/physical modifications easily at free proactive functionalities, yet intact bulk properties are achieved through processing, viz., film, membrane, composite, hybrid, nanofibre, nanoparticle, hydrogel and scaffolds. Rapidly lessen bioresources signify chitosan as an option due to renewable eco-friendliness and drive embryonic myriad applications in S&T. Controlled surface modification in its flexible framework imparts advanced functionalized applications in science and technology developments. Chitosan-matrix is advantageous over biopolymers due to inherent economic, versatile and unequivocal portfolio from bio-molecule to quantum dots which traced its great journey in modern S&T. Overall, chitosan chemistry boosted R&D in countless domains like agriculture, biochemical, medicine, pharmaceutics, nanotechnology, biotechnology, material/food science, microbiology, biomedicine, bioengineering, biochemistry, bioprocessing and environment.",isbn:"978-1-78923-407-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-406-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-519-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71146",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"chitin-chitosan-myriad-functionalities-in-science-and-technology",numberOfPages:382,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"2bbe245f1821a6691cc6d07e5b3462cf",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",publishedDate:"July 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6518.jpg",numberOfDownloads:22748,numberOfWosCitations:56,numberOfCrossrefCitations:45,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:4,numberOfDimensionsCitations:95,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:7,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:196,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 6th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",middleName:"Sukhadeorao",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188286/images/system/188286.jpg",biography:"Rajendra S. Dongre received his M.Sc. from the Department of Chemistry, R.T.M., Nagpur University in 1996 (Gold Medalist) and his PhD in 2010. His research work includes organic synthesis, chitosan bio-composite, assorted dimensional matrix, and remediation of water pollution de-fluoridation; nitrate, chromium, and phosphate lead (II). He has worked as a Scientist-B in the CSIR-LAB, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) Nagpur M.S., India. Overall, he has 25 years of experience in research and development and 18 years of post-graduate teaching experience, which has resulted in 70 international research paper publications. He has guided four research students to pursue their PhD. He received the 6th National Award (runner-up) for Technology Innovation in Petrochemicals and Downstream Plastics Processing Industry, for research in the field of polymer science and technology, handed by the Honorable Ananth Kumar, Petrochemical & Fertilizers Minister of Government of India in 2016. He received the 5th National Science & Technology Award for research contribution in the field of developing science in 2017, by EET-CRS, Noida, India.",institutionString:"RTM Nagpur University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"916",title:"Biotechnology",slug:"biomaterials-biotechnology"}],chapters:[{id:"61752",title:"Introductory Chapter: Multitask Portfolio of Chitin/Chitosan: Biomatrix to Quantum Dot",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77218",slug:"introductory-chapter-multitask-portfolio-of-chitin-chitosan-biomatrix-to-quantum-dot",totalDownloads:1254,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rajendra Sukhadeorao Dongre",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61752",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61752",authors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],corrections:null},{id:"60657",title:"Carboxymethyl-Chitosan Cross-Linked 3- Aminopropyltriethoxysilane Membrane for Speciation of Toxic Chromium from Water",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76035",slug:"carboxymethyl-chitosan-cross-linked-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane-membrane-for-speciation-of-toxic-ch",totalDownloads:928,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Adsorption of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution onto the nanomaterials prepared by modified chitosan was investigated in a batch system to evaluate the efficiency of biomass as an adsorbent. The crosslinking materials of chitosan & silicon dioxide and carboxymethyl chitosan & silicon dioxide were synthesized, respectively, as new adsorbent materials for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption potential of Cr(VI) by the nanomaterials for desalination was investigated by varying experimental conditions such as pH, contact time and the dosage of the nanomaterials. Adsorption isotherms of Cr(VI) onto the membrane were studied with varying initial concentrations under optimum experiment conditions. The surface property of the membrane was characterized by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The concentrations of Cr(VI) in solution are determined by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry). The membrane of carboxymethyl chitosan & silicon dioxide exhibited higher adsorption capacity than the membrane of chitosan & silicon dioxide for Cr(VI). The adsorption sites and specific surface area may be increased by changing from chitosan to carboxymethyl chitosan. The maximum adsorption capacity was estimated as 80.7 mg·g−1 for Cr(VI) under the optimum conditions.",signatures:"Naoki Kano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60657",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60657",authors:[{id:"140948",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Kano",slug:"naoki-kano",fullName:"Naoki Kano"}],corrections:null},{id:"61247",title:"Chitosan-Clay Based (CS-NaBNT) Biodegradable Nanocomposite Films for Potential Utility in Food and Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76498",slug:"chitosan-clay-based-cs-nabnt-biodegradable-nanocomposite-films-for-potential-utility-in-food-and-env",totalDownloads:1343,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The aim of this work is to design newer material for food packaging applications and to valorize the Moroccan marine wastes using chitosan (CS) prepared from exoskeletons of shrimps. Biodegradable and uniform nanocomposite films developed from sodium bentonite nanoparticles dispersed in chitosan matrix were carefully studied. The montmorillonite is used as nanofiller, and aqueous acetic acid solution is employed as a medium for dissolving and dispersing chitosan and montmorillonite. The existence of dialdehyde chitosan as cross-linking agent was examined. Morphology, thermal behavior, and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite films have been studied using FTIR, TGA, FEGSEM, TEM, XRD, and a tensile test. The XRD results indicate the formation of an intercalated and exfoliated nanostructure at low bentonite content and an intercalated and flocculated nanostructure at high bentonite content. Plastic deformation of the chitosan film is carried out using a thermomechanical treatment in the presence of a solvent and a plasticizer. The nanocomposite films obtained show a good tensile strength due to the reinforcement of chitosan intercalation in the silicate, which is an interesting mechanical property needed for food packaging applications. These nanocomposite films made from naturally occurring materials might play an important role in advanced research in food and environmental science.",signatures:"Asmae Laaraibi, Fatiha Moughaoui, Fouad Damiri, Amine Ouakit,\nImane Charhouf, Souad Hamdouch, Abdelhafid Jaafari, Abdelmjid\nAbourriche, Noureddine Knouzi, Ahmed Bennamara and\nMohammed Berrada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61247",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61247",authors:[{id:"224783",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",surname:"Berrada",slug:"mohammed-berrada",fullName:"Mohammed Berrada"},{id:"237618",title:"Dr.",name:"Asmae",surname:"Laaraibi",slug:"asmae-laaraibi",fullName:"Asmae Laaraibi"},{id:"247093",title:"Dr.",name:"Fouad",surname:"Damiri",slug:"fouad-damiri",fullName:"Fouad Damiri"},{id:"255711",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatiha",surname:"Moughaoui",slug:"fatiha-moughaoui",fullName:"Fatiha Moughaoui"},{id:"255712",title:"Dr.",name:"Amine",surname:"Ouaket",slug:"amine-ouaket",fullName:"Amine Ouaket"},{id:"255713",title:"Dr.",name:"Imane",surname:"Charhouf",slug:"imane-charhouf",fullName:"Imane Charhouf"},{id:"255714",title:"Prof.",name:"Souad",surname:"Hamdouch",slug:"souad-hamdouch",fullName:"Souad Hamdouch"},{id:"255715",title:"Prof.",name:"Noureddine",surname:"Knouzi",slug:"noureddine-knouzi",fullName:"Noureddine Knouzi"},{id:"255716",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Bennamara",slug:"ahmed-bennamara",fullName:"Ahmed Bennamara"},{id:"255717",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelmjid",surname:"Abourriche",slug:"abdelmjid-abourriche",fullName:"Abdelmjid Abourriche"},{id:"255718",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhafid",surname:"Jaafari",slug:"abdelhafid-jaafari",fullName:"Abdelhafid Jaafari"}],corrections:null},{id:"61572",title:"A Review of Chitosan-Based Materials for the Removal of Organic Pollution from Water and Bioaugmentation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76540",slug:"a-review-of-chitosan-based-materials-for-the-removal-of-organic-pollution-from-water-and-bioaugmenta",totalDownloads:1893,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chitin is a natural polymer extracted mostly from shrimp or crab shells and is the Earth’s second most abundant polysaccharide. After a simple deacetylation procedure, chitin is converted into chitosan that consists in a polysaccharide structure of deacetylated-β-glucosamine. Chitosan has been largely employed in wastewater treatment the removal of colloids through coagulation-flocculation processes. Different chitosan based materials have been produced and tested in the removal of inorganic pollutants such as toxic metals and metalloids, nutrients, dyes, micropollutants and hydrocarbons. Sorbents such as magnetic-activated carbon chitosan have been successfully tested in the removal of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and amoxicillin) from water. Raw chitosan and ZnO nanoparticles entrapped in chitosan have demonstrated an excellent potential for the removal of the insecticide permethrin from aqueous effluents. Chitin and chitosan in flake and powder form have also demonstrated a promising effectiveness in the removal of oil spilled in seawater. Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic sponges modified by thioles have been also prepared from chitosan and used for the removal of oil spills. Chitosan hydrogels have been tested as well as entrapment matrices for the immobilization of hydrocarbon-degrading biomass for oil spills. Strains such as R. corynebacteriorides (QBTo), Bacillus subtilis LAMI008 and B. pumilus have been successfully immobilized and employed in hydrocarbon degradation processes. In this book chapter, the use of chitosan and chitosan-based materials in the removal of organic pollutants from water is reviewed.",signatures:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate and Elena Martínez-Francés",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61572",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61572",authors:[{id:"188725",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Escudero-Oñate",slug:"carlos-escudero-onate",fullName:"Carlos Escudero-Oñate"},{id:"246684",title:"MSc.",name:"Elena",surname:"Martínez-Francés",slug:"elena-martinez-frances",fullName:"Elena Martínez-Francés"}],corrections:null},{id:"60859",title:"Chitosan’s Wide Profile from Fibre to Fabrics: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76196",slug:"chitosan-s-wide-profile-from-fibre-to-fabrics-an-overview",totalDownloads:1174,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Textile has a high structure capacity, is adaptive to multiple situations and is applied in food, energy, environmental, construction and medical industries. Its stable and flexible characteristics are sure to attract even more attention. Biofunctional textile is one of the most important categories of functional textile, taking up 7% of the total amount, and is expected to be the most promising section of growth. Due to the restrict requirement of fibre production, chitosan is one of the few materials that can be spun into pure fibre. The pure chitosan fibre can be blend with other fibres and produce durable functional fabric suitable for medical as well as daily use. This article also reviewed existed modification on chitosan material prepared for fibre spinning and technology related to chitosan-based textile production and discussed the difficulties and possible solutions in chitosan yarn spinning and possible ways of fabric forming.",signatures:"Xue Luo and Li Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60859",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60859",authors:[{id:"226218",title:"Prof.",name:"Li",surname:"Li",slug:"li-li",fullName:"Li Li"},{id:"240768",title:"Dr.",name:"Venus",surname:"Luo",slug:"venus-luo",fullName:"Venus Luo"}],corrections:null},{id:"61083",title:"Blended Composites of Chitosan: Adsorption Profile for Mitigation of Toxic Pb (II) Ions from Water",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74790",slug:"blended-composites-of-chitosan-adsorption-profile-for-mitigation-of-toxic-pb-ii-ions-from-water",totalDownloads:1312,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An environmental pollution is the unfavorable alteration of surrounding toxicity due to heavy metals, organic pollutants, radioactive materials, pesticides, dyes, pigments, fatty/oil impurities and minerals that are responsible for crucial ecological and health concerns. The indiscriminate industrial and anthropological activities render water resources unsuitable for consumptions. Percolations of synthetic pollutants in water are responsible for detrimental effects on aquatic flora and fauna. Environmental contamination of water poses the major challenge to develop efficient water treatment techniques based on usage of biopolymers. Hence, chitosan (de-acetylated chitin: β-(1 → 4) D-glucosamine) biosorbent is preferred which is cheap, biodegradable, and biocompatible for the mitigation of few heavy metals from water. Chitosan’s flexible skeleton was modified by doping few organic/inorganic moieties to yield biocomposites for adsorption of varied pollutants. In this chapter, the batch adsorption of toxic Pb (II) ions from water using graphite doped chitosan composite (GDCC) as an adsorbent is discussed. Maximum Pb (II) ions adsorption capacity was 6.711 mg/g (from Langmuir) at optimum pH 6 with dosage of 1 g/L in 120 min. Biosorption mechanism is emphasized in context with wastewater cleanup procedures.",signatures:"Asha H. Gedam, Prashil K. Narnaware and Vrushali Kinhikar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61083",authors:[{id:"223515",title:"Dr.",name:"Asha",surname:"Gedam",slug:"asha-gedam",fullName:"Asha Gedam"},{id:"241910",title:"Mr.",name:"Prashil",surname:"Narnaware",slug:"prashil-narnaware",fullName:"Prashil Narnaware"},{id:"241912",title:"Dr.",name:"Vrushali",surname:"Kinhikar",slug:"vrushali-kinhikar",fullName:"Vrushali Kinhikar"}],corrections:null},{id:"60136",title:"Sewage Polluted Water Treatment via Chitosan: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75395",slug:"sewage-polluted-water-treatment-via-chitosan-a-review",totalDownloads:1870,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Due to the increasing scarcity of water, wastewater treatment and water conditioning are one of the major future issues. Together with the need to apply highly accessible abundant materials and the demand to replace fossil-based chemicals with sustainable compounds from renewable resources, chitosan (CS) provides some of the solutions to obtain these goals and combines both, abundance and sustainability. Hence, the focus of this review is on the application of CS in wastewater treatment providing advantages and drawbacks in using CS in contrast to chitin. We herewith present the application of CS for coagulation/flocculation purposes, whether as native compound, as functionalized molecule or as blend, respectively, composite. The heavy metal, respectively, dye removal is an additional theme to be addressed in the body of the text. The third topic of this review contains the application of CS blends or composites in order to prepare membrane materials for water purification or conditioning. Together with a summary of the recent study, we discuss these findings and possible consequences for future works. In addition, we provide some theoretical background of the processes that CS is involved in and state some mechanistic insights.",signatures:"Thomas Hahn and Susanne Zibek",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60136",authors:[{id:"235708",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Susanne",surname:"Zibek",slug:"susanne-zibek",fullName:"Susanne Zibek"},{id:"235709",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Hahn",slug:"thomas-hahn",fullName:"Thomas Hahn"}],corrections:null},{id:"59720",title:"Chitosan-Based Green and Sustainable Corrosion Inhibitors for Carbon Steel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74989",slug:"chitosan-based-green-and-sustainable-corrosion-inhibitors-for-carbon-steel",totalDownloads:1353,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Development of non-toxic and environmental friendly corrosion inhibitors is highly desirable owing to the increasing demands of “green chemistry” throughout the world. In view of these several forms of green corrosion inhibitors such as drugs or medicines, plant extracts, ionic liquids and synthetic inhibitors derived from multicomponent reactions (MCRs) and mechanochemical mixing are being employed. Nowadays, MCRs in association with microwave and ultrasound irradiations represent one of the best green strategies. Natural polysaccharides particularly chitosan derivatives gained substantial advancement. Chitosan and its several derivatives have been employed effective as corrosion inhibitors for metals and alloys in various aggressive media. The present chapter features the collection of major works that have been published on the inhibition effect of chitosan and its derivatives. The utilization of the chitosan and its derivatives as effective corrosion inhibitors is based on the fact that they contain several polar functional groups such as amino (-NH2), hydroxyl (-OH) and acetyl (-COCH3) groups that effectively bind with metallic surface and behave as adsorption centers.",signatures:"Chandrabhan Verma, Arumugam Madhan Kumar, Mohammad\nAbu Jafar Mazumder and Mumtaz Ahmad Quraishi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59720",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59720",authors:[{id:"207838",title:"Prof.",name:"Mumtaz",surname:"Quraishi",slug:"mumtaz-quraishi",fullName:"Mumtaz Quraishi"},{id:"229278",title:"Dr.",name:"Arumugam",surname:"Madhan Kumar",slug:"arumugam-madhan-kumar",fullName:"Arumugam Madhan Kumar"},{id:"229279",title:"Dr.",name:"Chandrabhan",surname:"Verma",slug:"chandrabhan-verma",fullName:"Chandrabhan Verma"},{id:"239861",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Mazumder",slug:"mohammad-mazumder",fullName:"Mohammad Mazumder"}],corrections:null},{id:"61448",title:"Overview of Electrospinned Chitosan Nanofiber Composites for Wound Dressings",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76037",slug:"overview-of-electrospinned-chitosan-nanofiber-composites-for-wound-dressings",totalDownloads:1700,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Chitosan has a medical application because of its natural origin and properties of biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and antimicrobial capacity. Electrospinning produces non-woven nanofibers to wound dressing with high specific surface area and small pores. These properties are favorable for absorption of exudates and prevent the penetration of bacteria, thus promoting wound healing. For this reason, chitosan blends are used to produce nanofiber dressings, and the characterization of the structural, mechanical, and biological properties is very promising for further studies. Nowadays, the researchers are seeking for biomaterials that provide modern dressings with many qualities, which are designed to promote wound healing. In this chapter, the electrospinning parameters that affect the nanofiber properties based on chitosan to prepare wound dressings are highlighted.",signatures:"Claudia A. Vega-Cázarez, Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado and Jaime\nLópez-Cervantes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61448",authors:[{id:"190200",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"López-Cervantes",slug:"jaime-lopez-cervantes",fullName:"Jaime López-Cervantes"},{id:"226463",title:"Ms.",name:"Claudia A.",surname:"Vega-Cázarez",slug:"claudia-a.-vega-cazarez",fullName:"Claudia A. Vega-Cázarez"},{id:"239902",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia I.",surname:"Sánchez-Machado",slug:"dalia-i.-sanchez-machado",fullName:"Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado"}],corrections:null},{id:"60238",title:"Chitosan and Xyloglucan-Based Hydrogels: An Overview of Synthetic and Functional Utility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74646",slug:"chitosan-and-xyloglucan-based-hydrogels-an-overview-of-synthetic-and-functional-utility",totalDownloads:1624,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The development of new strategies for wound healing has resulted in the design of biomedical devices using polymers of natural origin. Hydrogels are biomaterials formed by three-dimensional polymeric networks that can retain large amounts of water or biological fluids, and smooth texture similar to living tissue. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide, (1-4)-2-amino-2deoxy-ß-D-glucan, which has desirable features such as biocompatibility, non-toxicity, hemostasis and antibacterial character. Xyloglucans have different applications in tissue engineering for their physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and control of cell expansion. Hydrogels had been made of homogeneous mixtures prepared of chitosan and purified xyloglucan, followed by a freeze-drying process to develop a flexible and porous structure. Additionally, their mechanical properties such as porosity, solubility, biodegradation, and the antibacterial activity of the hydrogels are studied. The results suggest that the incorporation of xyloglucan favors the characteristics from chitosan-based hydrogels, providing a promising alternative for application in biomaterials with antimicrobial activity.",signatures:"Diana M. Martínez-Ibarra, Jaime López-Cervantes, Dalia I. Sánchez-\nMachado and Ana Sanches-Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60238",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60238",authors:[{id:"190199",title:"Dr.",name:"Dalia I.",surname:"Sánchez-Machado",slug:"dalia-i.-sanchez-machado",fullName:"Dalia I. Sánchez-Machado"},{id:"241596",title:"MSc.",name:"Diana M.",surname:"Martínez-Ibarra1",slug:"diana-m.-martinez-ibarra1",fullName:"Diana M. Martínez-Ibarra1"},{id:"241597",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"López-Cervantes",slug:"jaime-lopez-cervantes",fullName:"Jaime López-Cervantes"},{id:"241599",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Sanches-Silva",slug:"ana-sanches-silva",fullName:"Ana Sanches-Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"60791",title:"An Overview of Chitosan-Xanthan Gum Matrices as Controlled Release Drug Carriers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76038",slug:"an-overview-of-chitosan-xanthan-gum-matrices-as-controlled-release-drug-carriers",totalDownloads:1403,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Naturally occurring polysaccharides and/or their chemically modified derivatives have been widely investigated in relation to their use as components of controlled release systems for drug delivery. The aforementioned is due, in part, to their distinct properties such as abundant availability and biocompatibility as well as environmental and economic advantages. Chitosan (CS) and xanthan gum (XG) based matrices have received growing scientific/pharmaceutical interest as oral controlled release drug carriers. Herein, recent advances spanning the last two decades in CS-XG based drug delivery systems are reviewed with the emphasis being on oral tablet formulations, due to their versatility as pharmaceutical dosage forms. The mechanism of interaction between CS and XG, by means of computational and experimental approaches, is scrutinized. Results obtained from the literature establish the possibility of fabricating a controlled release drug delivery system based on CS and XG matrices. This can be achieved by monitoring and manipulating the physiochemical properties of the two polymers as well as the experimental variables affecting their drug retardation efficiency, without the need to employ special equipment or sophisticated experimental techniques/methodologies.",signatures:"Suha M. Dadou, Milan D. Antonijevic, Babur Z. Chowdhry and\nAdnan A. Badwan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60791",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60791",authors:[{id:"230453",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Badwan",slug:"adnan-badwan",fullName:"Adnan Badwan"},{id:"230557",title:"Dr.",name:"Suha",surname:"Dadou",slug:"suha-dadou",fullName:"Suha Dadou"},{id:"240252",title:"Prof.",name:"Babur",surname:"Chowdhry",slug:"babur-chowdhry",fullName:"Babur Chowdhry"},{id:"240253",title:"Dr.",name:"Milan",surname:"Antonijevic",slug:"milan-antonijevic",fullName:"Milan Antonijevic"}],corrections:null},{id:"60911",title:"Ampicillin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for In Vitro Antimicrobial Screening on Escherichia coli",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76034",slug:"ampicillin-loaded-chitosan-nanoparticles-for-in-vitro-antimicrobial-screening-on-escherichia-coli",totalDownloads:1074,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Purpose: To develop ampicillin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles by modified ionic gelation method for evaluating their antimicrobial activity onto Escherichia coli.",signatures:"Marilyn Porras-Gómez, Jose Vega-Baudrit and Santiago Núñez-\nCorrales",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60911",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60911",authors:[{id:"224271",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",surname:"Vega Baudrit",slug:"jose-vega-baudrit",fullName:"Jose Vega Baudrit"},{id:"224330",title:"MSc.",name:"Marilyn",surname:"Porras-Gómez",slug:"marilyn-porras-gomez",fullName:"Marilyn Porras-Gómez"},{id:"227071",title:"BSc.",name:"Santiago",surname:"Nunez-Corrales",slug:"santiago-nunez-corrales",fullName:"Santiago Nunez-Corrales"}],corrections:null},{id:"60387",title:"Chitoneous Materials for Control of Foodborne Pathogens and Mycotoxins in Poultry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76041",slug:"chitoneous-materials-for-control-of-foodborne-pathogens-and-mycotoxins-in-poultry",totalDownloads:1185,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Public concern with the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, particularly among foodborne pathogens has been challenging the poultry industry to find alternative means of control. Chitosan is a modified, natural biopolymer derived by deacetylation of chitin. The antimicrobial activity and film-forming property of chitosan makes it a potential source of food preservative or coating material of natural origin for improvement of quality and shelf life of various foods of agriculture, poultry, beef and seafood origin. In addition to its use as an antimicrobial, it has been shown that it has good properties as a mycotoxin adsorbent. The purposes of the present chapter is to summarize our experience using chitin-chitosan from Deacetylated 95% food grade chitosan (Paragon Specialty Products LLC Rainsville, AL) or Aspergillus oryzae meal (Fermacto®, PetAg Inc., Hampshire IL) to control foodborne pathogens, improve performance, biological sanitizer and mycotoxin binder in commercial poultry.",signatures:"Daniel Hernandez-Patlan, Bruno Solis-Cruz, Billy M. Hargis and\nGuillermo Tellez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60387",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60387",authors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"},{id:"76651",title:"Dr.",name:"Billy",surname:"Hargis",slug:"billy-hargis",fullName:"Billy Hargis"},{id:"240160",title:"MSc.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Hernandez-Patlan",slug:"daniel-hernandez-patlan",fullName:"Daniel Hernandez-Patlan"},{id:"240161",title:"Dr.",name:"Bruno",surname:"Solis-Cruz",slug:"bruno-solis-cruz",fullName:"Bruno Solis-Cruz"}],corrections:null},{id:"60805",title:"Chitosan: A Good Candidate for Sustained Release Ocular Drug Delivery Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76039",slug:"chitosan-a-good-candidate-for-sustained-release-ocular-drug-delivery-systems",totalDownloads:1708,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the eye, one of the most important organs of humans. Current data on pathophysiology of the human eye are presented in direct correlation with a range of therapeutic products, with a well-known and widely used material, namely chitosan. Applications of chitosan biopolymer are described in the development of innovative, modern, therapeutic devices and solutions. Thus, chitosan is a good excipient either for classic drop-type ocular systems, as well as for complex drug systems such as nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanomicelles and nanosuspensions), liposomes, microemulsions, microspheres, in situ hydrogels and inserts or implants. A number of disadvantages for ocular administration of the drugs are thus overcome.",signatures:"Lăcrămioara Popa, Mihaela Violeta Ghica, Cristina Elena Dinu-Pîrvu\nand Teodora Irimia",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60805",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60805",authors:[{id:"56579",title:"Prof.",name:"Mihaela Violeta",surname:"Ghica",slug:"mihaela-violeta-ghica",fullName:"Mihaela Violeta Ghica"},{id:"193810",title:"Prof.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Dinu-Pirvu",slug:"cristina-dinu-pirvu",fullName:"Cristina Dinu-Pirvu"},{id:"228211",title:"Prof.",name:"Lacramioara",surname:"Popa",slug:"lacramioara-popa",fullName:"Lacramioara Popa"},{id:"228225",title:"Mr.",name:"Teodora",surname:"Irimia",slug:"teodora-irimia",fullName:"Teodora Irimia"}],corrections:null},{id:"60628",title:"Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Postharvest Fungi of Tropical and Subtropical Fruits",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.76095",slug:"antifungal-activity-of-chitosan-against-postharvest-fungi-of-tropical-and-subtropical-fruits",totalDownloads:1440,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present chapter, results about the efficacy of chitosan (Chi) on sporulation, mycelial growth, germination, as well as quality parameters on fruits are shown. The results demonstrate that chitosan can control various phytopathogen isolates from diverse fruits. The pathogens in the genera Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Rhizopus are involved in important postharvest disease losses throughout the world. In Nayarit, producers had reported high postharvest losses not only at field but also during the commercial chain with their products, besides the resistance of several pathogens to fungicides, which traditionally are applied for controlling diseases. In this sense, the aim of this research group is focused on the research of alternative and effective methods for controlling postharvest diseases. In vivo results are promising due to a good control in important tropical fruits like banana, avocado, mango, and jackfruit. An enhancement in the chitosan antimicrobial activity is reported with the combination with GRAS substances, as well as the use of nanotechnology. Chitosan can be an environment-friendly alternative to the use of chemical fungicides for controlling postharvest diseases in fruits.",signatures:"Porfirio Gutierrez-Martinez, Aide Ledezma-Morales, Luz del Carmen\nRomero-Islas, Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero, Jovita Romero-Islas, Carolina\nRodríguez-Pereida, Paloma Casas-Junco, Leonardo Coronado-\nPartida and Ramsés González-Estrada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60628",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60628",authors:[{id:"224889",title:"Dr.",name:"Porfirio",surname:"Gutierrez-Martinez",slug:"porfirio-gutierrez-martinez",fullName:"Porfirio Gutierrez-Martinez"},{id:"239966",title:"MSc.",name:"Anelsy",surname:"Ramos-Guerrero",slug:"anelsy-ramos-guerrero",fullName:"Anelsy Ramos-Guerrero"},{id:"239967",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramses",surname:"González-Estrada",slug:"ramses-gonzalez-estrada",fullName:"Ramses González-Estrada"},{id:"239968",title:"MSc.",name:"Aide",surname:"Ledezma-Morales",slug:"aide-ledezma-morales",fullName:"Aide Ledezma-Morales"},{id:"239969",title:"MSc.",name:"Luz Del Carmen",surname:"Romero-Islas",slug:"luz-del-carmen-romero-islas",fullName:"Luz Del Carmen Romero-Islas"},{id:"239971",title:"BSc.",name:"Carolina",surname:"Rodríguez-Pereida",slug:"carolina-rodriguez-pereida",fullName:"Carolina Rodríguez-Pereida"},{id:"239972",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovita",surname:"Romero-Islas,",slug:"jovita-romero-islas",fullName:"Jovita Romero-Islas,"},{id:"239974",title:"MSc.",name:"Paloma",surname:"Casas-Junco",slug:"paloma-casas-junco",fullName:"Paloma Casas-Junco"},{id:"239975",title:"MSc.",name:"Leonardo",surname:"Coronado-Partida",slug:"leonardo-coronado-partida",fullName:"Leonardo Coronado-Partida"}],corrections:null},{id:"61679",title:"Chitin/Chitosan’s Bio-Fertilizer: Usage in Vegetative Growth of Wheat and Potato Crops",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75208",slug:"chitin-chitosan-s-bio-fertilizer-usage-in-vegetative-growth-of-wheat-and-potato-crops",totalDownloads:1490,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter consists of valuing the chitosan to create bio-fertilizers as fertilizers without going through the composting process because of their richness in the nutrient base elements of plants: nitrogen and phosphorus. Physicochemical analyses of the chitosan focused on pH, dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as well as IR and XRD. The samples thus prepared were monitored for 15 days. PH, temperature and conductivity were monitored daily. According to the physicochemical analyses of waste (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) and the nutritional needs of our selected crop (soft wheat, Arrehane variety which are 90-90-50 U/ha), several doses are then determined for the purpose of the optimal formula after their application on the crop. An application of bio-fertilizer on the potato was also undertaken. Follow-ups were carried out during this study, such as the monitoring of the vegetative growth of wheat and the mineralization of the soil via its physicochemical analyses. The results show that our bio-fertilizer is rich in nitrogen with 4.98% and phosphorus with 1.42% and mineralizes quickly on the ground while leaving the soft wheat to absorb its nutrients effectively and improving its growth properties, then giving good yields.",signatures:"Boukhlifi Fatima, Mamouni Fatima Zahrae and R. Razouk",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/61679",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/61679",authors:[{id:"230141",title:"Prof.",name:"Boukhlifi",surname:"Fatima",slug:"boukhlifi-fatima",fullName:"Boukhlifi Fatima"},{id:"230458",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamouni",surname:"Fatima Zahrae",slug:"mamouni-fatima-zahrae",fullName:"Mamouni Fatima Zahrae"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7960",title:"Assorted Dimensional Reconfigurable Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bc49969c3a4e2fc8f65d4722cc4d95a5",slug:"assorted-dimensional-reconfigurable-materials",bookSignature:"Rajendra Sukhjadeorao Dongre and Dilip Rankrishna Peshwe",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7960.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188286",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajendra",surname:"Dongre",slug:"rajendra-dongre",fullName:"Rajendra Dongre"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1487",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Applications for Nanomedicine",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"696e143e9bcc2385c45795c2d73cdafc",slug:"biomaterials-applications-for-nanomedicine",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1487.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"395",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:"Physics and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"41507bb56706aec99bb59a645585d54e",slug:"biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Rosario 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Thermodynamics to Biological and Materials Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c7a1f8f3707f2cefd44a5d2d209485a1",slug:"application-of-thermodynamics-to-biological-and-materials-science",bookSignature:"Mizutani Tadashi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1293.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14519",title:"Prof.",name:"Mizutani",surname:"Tadashi",slug:"mizutani-tadashi",fullName:"Mizutani Tadashi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7727",title:"Biotechnology and Bioengineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1e6603fadccf154db3bc2b7a1e473121",slug:"biotechnology-and-bioengineering",bookSignature:"Eduardo Jacob -Lopes and Leila Queiroz Zepka",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7727.jpg",editedByType:"Edited 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Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-queer-disabled-existence-human-rights-of-people-with-disability",title:"Corrigendum to: Queer/Disabled Existence: Human Rights of People with Disability",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81457.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81457",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81457",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81457",chapter:{id:"75555",slug:"queer-disabled-existence-human-rights-of-people-with-disability",signatures:"Deepak Basumatary",dateSubmitted:"December 15th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 4th 2021",datePublished:"June 8th 2022",book:{id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"334255",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Basumatary",fullName:"Deepak Basumatary",slug:"deepak-basumatary",email:"dbjustlikethatonly@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75555",slug:"queer-disabled-existence-human-rights-of-people-with-disability",signatures:"Deepak Basumatary",dateSubmitted:"December 15th 2020",dateReviewed:"January 11th 2021",datePrePublished:"March 4th 2021",datePublished:"June 8th 2022",book:{id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"334255",title:"Dr.",name:"Deepak",middleName:null,surname:"Basumatary",fullName:"Deepak Basumatary",slug:"deepak-basumatary",email:"dbjustlikethatonly@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7944",leadTitle:null,title:"Gynecology",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. 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On the one hand, the frequency control of squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) with semiconductor frequency and voltage converters (FC) is widespread in industry and energy, has several universal control methods that provide applied in increasingly complex and accurate technological units [1, 2, 3, 4].
On the other hand, there are currently several fundamental unresolved theoretical problems that have been formed more than 100 years ago—when forming the theory of AC electrical machines.
The description of the processes of AC electric drives control processes is the vector equations and flowing from them—substitution schemes and vector diagrams (Figure 1) ([1], p. 18):
Substitution scheme, vector diagram of asynchronous motor and vector equations in traditional form [
These equations have a number of assumptions and simplifications acceptable to static modes, but completely erroneous for dynamic.
First, these equations suggest the sinusoidal nature of currents and stresses formed in asynchronous electric motors. The theory of control that operates vectors is simply not able to take into account any more components of these variables. At the same time, the presence of such components—the so-called “higher harmonics” in the currents of the motors and FC recognize all experts. However, in the engine equation, these components are not included, and only electrical interference is taken into account from all problems.
Secondly, the operating vectors instead of sinusoidal functions, interpreting currents in the stator and the rotor of the engines are valid only if the frequencies of their change are constant. Only in this case the differential equations “pass” in the vector and can be significantly simplified. It is important to note that even evaluating the error of such a replacement during frequency variations is analytically very difficult.
Thirdly, even with these assumptions of the equation remain extremely nonlinear and complex. In compiling the equations of elements of the vector control unit, additional simplifications are assumed, for example—the constancy of the rotor magnetic flux and the equality of the frequency of the stator voltage and the speed of rotation.
“The coordinate junction block (CJB) can be constructed on the basis of the equations of the control model controlled by voltage ([1], p. 2.22). They can be put
Thus, the generally accepted alternating current equations for vector control are largely simplified equations, which, in principle, incorrectly describe transient processes associated with changes in the frequency of stator voltage. Such changes lead to a change in the substitution schemes themselves, because their parameters:
The “qualitative processes” of the drive reaction on stepped load jumps can be obtained by combining the calculations of the substitution schemes with the calculations of the mechanical characteristics. If the frequency of the stator voltage does not change, then such descriptions are sufficiently accurate, since only the element
All equations for alternating current machines are designed in the 20s of the last centuries, when adjusting the frequency of the stator voltage was the problem of a distant future. In the past 30 years, this future has come, but simplified remains and make final control errors too significant, and theoretical provisions and even modeling are most often inconclusive. The most significant results of studies of asynchronous electric drives in this situation are experiments, and as close as possible to real industrial conditions.
At the same time, the experiments also require special justifications, since the processes in the asynchronous electric motor rotor are not available for measurement.
This state of affairs restrains the introduction of asynchronous electric drives in new areas for them—in aggregates requiring speed and accuracy. In addition, it is difficult to optimize electric drives in power engineering and transport where they are widely used. At the same time, their economy, acceptable price and high reliability remain a significant cause of research to improve their controllability.
Consider the main generally accepted methods for control of asynchronous electric drives.
Scalar control, which is customary to be simple and reliable—at a given speed, the scalar is selected—amplitude and frequency of change of voltage supplied to the engine stator. Mechanical characteristics are determined by the properties of the electric motor and the dependence
Structural scheme of asynchronous electric drive with scalar control.
In Figure 3a shows the diagrams of the active values of the stator current and speed during acceleration and when the load is signed, obtained during stand-based studies, described in detail several articles [5, 6, 7].
Process diagrams (a) and mechanical characteristics (b and c) of asynchronous drive with scalar control.
The transition trajectory is determined by processes in the motor. Qualitatively these processes are as follows: When exposed to the load torque, the speed of rotation decreases, currents in the rotor and the stator increase, the slip in the motor grows and increases the torque developed by the motor to the state to which the torque corresponds equally to the load. If the parameters of the motor and the substitution schemes are “correct,” the process occurs without oscillations and is fast enough, as in the examples of experiments in Figure 3a.
In Figure 3b, the mechanical characteristics of the motor and the trajectory of the transition from point
In Figure 3c—the mechanical characteristics of the transition to the mechanical characteristic, corrected IR-compensation during load. Changes in working points
To do this, in the models embedded in the control unit of the FC on the measured values of the stator current and stator voltage, the required parameters of the stator voltage vector are calculated, which may vary at any time. The initial engine equations—significantly nonlinear undergo many simplifications, the main of which are the constancy of the rotor flow, the equality of the frequency of the stator speed voltage and the absence of other harmonics [2].
In this case, the algorithm for the control of vector sensorless control picks up the vector of stator voltage, but not the transition path from one vector to another (Figure 4).
Structural scheme of asynchronous electric drive with vector sensorless control.
(Transition trajectories are given special attention in a separate method of vector control—“Direct Torque Control.” This method is used mainly by ABB. In the articles dedicated to the method, the algorithms are described mainly at the level of logical provisions. As part of this work, this method of control will be a dedicated comment. Special studies have not been conducted.)
The purpose of the vector control algorithms is to linearize the drive and bring its characteristics to the characteristics of the DC drive characteristics, but the assumptions and errors adopted at these conclusions, as well as the inconsistency of the reality model makes the control error. It should be noted that for linearization, the vector control uses serial corrective devices that do poorly perform these functions. Especially in variations in the characteristics of the linearizable object. “Interferes” into operation and correction and impulse nature of the power of the frequency converter, through which the “correction” of the nonlinearities of the asynchronous electric motor occurs. These features of vector control are noted by almost all researchers [1, 2, 3, 4]. In general, in the opening vector control of the change of stator voltage, the load jump is not too large and the processes of the load jump are not much different from the scalar control—Figures 3c and 5b.
Process diagrams (a) and mechanical characteristics (b) of asynchronous drive with vector control.
Experiments have shown that when overclocking the task signals with a small and unchanged load, assumptions (1) can be considered permissible and the engine equations quite correctly take into account changes in the frequency of the stator voltage and form the correct transition path from the vector state with one frequency to another, but in parrying mode adaptation loads does not occur, the differences in the speed of rotation and frequency of the stator voltage is a significant amount (absolute slip). And the transition trajectory to another state is not corrected. Most often, vector sensorless control poorly adjusts the voltage parameters on the stator and the engine is steaming the load in the same way as with a scalar control mode (Figure 5a). Mechanical characteristics are shown in Figure 5b. Vector control eliminates unstable “branches” of mechanical characteristics, at the same time, work areas differ little with a scalar. In Figure 5b shows the mechanical characteristics of the drives with the reaction to the load diagram and the transition trajectory.
By analogy with direct current drives, the additional linearization circuit should carry out the speed control circuit with the PID regulator.
Speed sensors are quite rarely installed on general industrial mechanisms as shown experiments on the stand of a special effect on their application in drives with vector control is not too significant.
When the rotation speed circuit, the control signals for the FC are formed in the PID controller, the inputs of which are sent to the speed of rotation speed and the feedback signal. At the same time, all the problems of dumbfounded vector control are only aggravated (Figure 6).
Structural scheme of asynchronous electric drive with vector sensorless control and speed loop.
One of the main assumptions of vector sensorless control is the equality of the frequency of the stator voltage and the speed of rotation in the output of the equation coordinate junction block (CJB) of the vector control ([1], p. 61):
When controlling the speed of rotation on the side of the task with the PID controller, this is quite acceptable, but when the loading torque is parried, the permissibility of speed equality and frequency is fundamentally incorrect.
At the time of the jump of load, a dynamic failure of the motor speed occurs, the output of the speed controller generates a signal to an increase in the frequency of the rotor voltage following the conditions (assumptions) in the drive, this leads to a mitigation of the mechanical characteristic (Figure 7c), an increase in the dynamic rate of speed and tighten the speedy recovery. This follows from the process diagrams and the transition paths on the graphs of mechanical characteristics (Figure 5).
Process charts (a and b) and mechanical characteristics (c) asynchronous drive with vector control and PID-regulator on speed loop.
“Double” linearization with very significant assumptions leads to the fact that the acceleration of the drive is similar to the acceleration of the DC drive, and the processes of parrying the torque load in such a drive have zero static error in speed. However, the efficiency of such a drive cannot be considered significant. The time of the transition process and the dynamic failure of the speed are such that it is impossible to use this option of parrying the load for almost any industrial mechanism.
Comparison of the process of parrying of torques shows that the initial and final states can be the same in the drive, but the transitions between them have an infinite set of trajectories, which are determined by the stator voltage, and the control method form the transition path and the final vector.
A significant role in the formation of algorithms is played by the mathematics of the description of processes in alternating current electric machines. In describing the operation of the SCIM [2], vector equations and dependencies with a large number of assumptions and simplifications are used.
Vector equations describing all asynchronous and synchronous motors, do not take into account the variable nature of the frequency of voltages and currents. It should be recognized if you assume that the frequency of the stator voltage is a complex function of time, the transition from Eqs. (2.19) to (2.21) ([1], p. 56) will be impossible and, the motor equations are complicated so much to analyze them and choose them effective correction will be impossible.
In the works [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11], a nonlinear transfer function was proposed linking the mechanical torque developed by the SCIM and the absolute slip—the difference between the frequency of the stator voltage and the speed of rotation of the engine. The formula of this function includes, as variables, the frequency of the stator voltage and the relative slip. The formula can be called a nonlinear transfer function or a dynamic Kloss formula. In the articles [5, 6, 7, 8], the conclusion of the proposed nonlinear transfer function is given in sufficient detail, the result is as follows:
where,
This gear ratio corresponds to the structural diagram of the SCIM, shown in Figure 8.
Block diagram of the ADCZ with a nonlinear transfer function of the link forming the torque.
The works [9, 10, 11, 12, 13] show how it is possible to linearize the specified transfer function, that is, to exclude or significantly weaken the dependence of the transfer function and the dynamics of the asynchronous drive on the frequency of the stator voltage and sliding by positive feedback on the developed torque. The block diagram will take the form (Figure 9):
Block diagram of SCIM with dynamic positive feedback (DPF).
The transfer function of the corrective link, which is necessary for positive feedback to maintain the stability of the drive, is as follows:
The equivalent transfer function of the drive with this connection will take the form:
From the point of view of mathematics, the transfer function with parameters depending on the functions of frequency and slip, this is the same inaccurate mathematical expression, as well as the vector equation, originally derived at unchanged frequencies of harmonic variables—the currents of the engine and EMF rotor and the stator used to analyze the dynamics of these same variables. However, there is one significant difference. If the vector equation is valid exclusively for the constant frequencies of signals associated with the equation, and in principle cannot describe the change in these frequencies, the transfer function retains its ability to describe the dynamics of processes in some area of changes in these functions and even has sufficient accuracy of this description.
So, when the drive is working out a torque disturbance at a constant rotational speed (and a constant frequency of the stator voltage) with a slight (for the transfer function) change in the relative slip
The transfer function forms and optimally the transition trajectory and significantly reduces the time of transient processes. Dynamic “dips” speeds are also reduced. Experiments exploring the reaction of the drive to jump of load at various methods of controlling the SCIM fully confirmed this (Figure 10b).
Structural diagram of the actuator with dynamic bond on time (a), transient processes (b), and mechanical characteristics (c).
The processes in Figure 10b show that DPF allows correcting the static error of the drive and significantly speeding up transients. At the same time, the nonlinear transfer function can describe transients and justify continuous devices for their correction, which is the positive feedback on the active component of the stator current. The stator voltage “selected” by this feedback (voltage amplitude and frequency) provides parrying of step loads with minimal transient processes (Figure 10b).
This made it possible to formulate a hypothesis that the identification of SCIM with FC a non-linear transfer function is more accurate than vector equations, which is confirmed by the choice of a more effective correction. In asynchronous electric drives using widely used frequency converters, it is quite problematic to introduce positive torque feedback. As experiments have shown [14, 15], it can be replaced by a connection according to the active component of the stator current, which is measured by almost all known frequency converters used in industry.
As mentioned above, the crucial importance in assessing the correctness and effectiveness should be given to experimental studies.
The stand where the research was carried out initially consisted of two identical asynchronous electric drives, each of which contains an asynchronous short-circuited electric motor and a frequency and voltage converter. The drives operate on one common shaft, the stand contains current sensors and a rotation speed sensor of the common shaft of the motors and a generator of periodic control signals. Quite a lot of different experiments were carried out, described in detail in the articles [16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
This study provides the results of experiments during steady-state after the jump of load. These modes of operation are selected, the most exactly corresponding to the vector equations of asynchronous electric drives and well-specific qualitative analysis using well-known methods, mechanical characteristics of the drive (Figure 11).
Stand scheme.
The technology of experiments is extremely simplified. A certain control mode is set in the working drive—vector sensorless or with speed feedback, scalar, or with positive feedback—DPF or DPF2 (DPF2 is a dynamic positive feedback, similar to DPF, but with an increased transmission coefficient (
Mechanical characteristics of the counter activation of the working drive of the stand with different parameters of the stator voltage (
The jump of load smoothly enough, the rate of load increase is commensurate with the processes of torque formation in the working drive.
The parameters of the modes—the stator currents and the rotation speed (or the sliding value) are determined by the vectors of the stator voltage, which the corresponding control algorithm will “choose.” The diagrams of the speed and current of the stator are similar to those shown in Figures 4–6.
As follows from the figures, it is quite difficult to evaluate the efficiency of torque generation in the drive-by one or another control method using these diagrams. Since all these algorithms control the frequency of the stator voltage to a greater or lesser extent, even by the speed signal, it is difficult to estimate the sliding in the motor during experiments.
A methodology was proposed for evaluating the effectiveness of the AED control method by sliding, necessary for the formation of torque in the motor.
Sliding can be determined most accurately in a real drive by the frequency of the rotary current. To work with this technique, the working motor in the stand was replaced with an electric motor with a phase rotor, in which rotor current sensors were installed. Figures 13 and 14 show diagrams of rotor currents in the working motor of the stand in a circuit with dynamic feedback, and in a circuit with vector control and a PID speed controller, respectively. The results were very telling. The frequency of the main harmonic of the rotor current in the drive with DPF (3.5 Hz) is significantly lower than in the drive with a PID speed controller (8.125 Hz).
Rotor currents and the spectrum of rotor current in drive with scalar control and DPF.
Rotor currents and the spectrum of rotor current in drive with vector control and speed loop.
In the analysis of the experiments, the main attention was paid to the frequency of rotor current, which is in the circuit with the DPF was significantly lower. But also turned out to be smaller and the amplitude values of the rotor current. To carry out a more detailed assessment of the effectiveness of choice of the stator voltage vector, new experiments were conducted.
The working drive, in which five control methods are implemented sequentially, is output at rotational speeds corresponding to the set frequencies of the stator voltage—20 and 30 Hz—Table 1.
SC | 20 | 91 | 18.6 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 1.48 | 20.1 | 4.5 |
VC | 20 | 83 | 18.1 | 0.4 | 1.75 | 1.88 | 19.85 | 4.3 |
SVC | 20 | 90 | 20 | 0.39 | 1.72 | 1.76 | 21.76 | 4.3 |
DPF | 20 | 92 | 18.6 | 0.42 | 1.42 | 1.3 | 20 | 4.5 |
DPF2 | 20 | 103 | 19.7 | 0.36 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 21 | 4.9 |
Parameters of the working drive at low load, the load drive is switched off.
SC | 20 | 91 | 6.1 | 0.7 | 13.8 | 12.8 | 19.9 | 4.5 |
VC | 20 | 84 | 0 | 0.8 | 20 | 15.8 | 20 | 4.2 |
SVC | 20 | 111 | 11.8 | 0.7 | 14.9 | 14.6 | 26.7 | 4.2 |
DPF | 20 | 103 | 10.6 | 0.7 | 12.2 | 11.3 | 22.8 | 4.6 |
DPF2 | 20 | 110 | 12.9 | 0.7 | 9.6 | 10 | 22.5 | 4.9 |
Parameters of the working drive at a load of 70% of
The load drive generates a braking torque corresponding to the “counter” mechanical characteristic with a given rotational speed of 10 and 15 Hz.
Signals of currents and frequencies are recorded in the rotor and stator of the working drive without load and when switched on with the load drive in steady-state modes. Data in Tables 1–5.
SC | 30 | 135 | 28.8 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 30.3 | 4.5 |
VC | 30 | 135 | 29 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.5 | 30.1 | 4.5 |
DPF | 30 | 134 | 29 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 31.6 | 4.4 |
Parameters of the working drive at low load, the load drive is switched off.
SC | 30 | 138 | 24.8 | 0.6 | 7.5 | 6.2 | 32.3 | 4.2 |
VC | 30 | 138 | 24.7 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 7 | 31.7 | 4.3 |
DPF | 30 | 152 | 28.3 | 0.6 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 35.1 | 4.3 |
Parameters of the working drive at a load of 50% of
SC | 30 | 139 | 21.6 | 0.7 | 10 | 9.2 | 31.6 | 4.4 |
VC | 30 | 139 | 21.8 | 0.7 | 9 | 9.2 | 30.8 | 4.45 |
DPF | 30 | 165 | 29 | 0.7 | 9 | 9.6 | 38 | 4.3 |
Parameters of the working drive at a load of 70% of
30 | 137 | 28.4 | 0.432 | 1.695 | 1.8 | 30.1 | 4.6 |
30 | 150 | 28.6 | 0.472 | 1.351 | 1.88 | 29.95 | 5 |
30 | 180 | 29.3 | 0.576 | 0.9 | 1.76 | 30.2 | 6 |
30 | 200 | 29.6 | 0.680 | 0.75 | 1.72 | 30.35 | 6.8 |
30 |
Parameters of the working drive at light load with only scalar control, the load drive is off.
30 | 137 | 24 | 0.480 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 29.8 | 4.6 |
30 | 150 | 25.2 | 0.496 | 5 | 5.44 | 30.6 | 5 |
30 | 180 | 26.7 | 0.600 | 3.3 | 5.12 | 30 | 6 |
30 | 200 | 27.4 | 0.680 | 2.63 | 4.48 | 30 | 6.8 |
Parameters of the working drive with only scalar control, at a load of 50% of Mn (setting the speed of the load drive is equivalent to setting “10 Hz”).
The values of the voltage
The actual values of the frequency of the stator voltage
It is a rotary current, being active, creates a torque. DPF communication, managing simultaneously and frequency, and voltage—
Communication DPF2 increases the
Additional experiments were carried out in the following order.
In the scalar control mode, a different amplitude of the stator voltage from 130 to 200 V was set for a certain rotation frequency. All process parameters in the stator and rotor were recorded at low load (Table 6). The parameters of the processes in the drives when the load drive is turned on, rotating in the opposite direction, are given in Table 7.
At the maximum value of
This confirms the assumption that it is the parameters of the stator voltage (
The control algorithms (SC, SVC, DPF, and DPF2) only “select” the values of
The DPF control algorithm relies on a continuous nonlinear transfer function—a more accurate interpretation of the AED, since it does not have the assumptions that are made in vector control (only the main harmonics in the currents and EMF of the motor,
This correction method is certainly more promising both for static and quasi-static modes, and for operation under complex disturbances and in complex technological systems (special vehicles, wind turbines, drones, technological complexes, power engineering…).
As experiments have shown, the static modes of operation of the AED, given
The “selection” of the values of the amplitude and frequency of the stator voltage is carried out by the control algorithm—SC, SVC, and DPF. With an increase in the main flux in the motor, the stator current at low load increases, while the rotor current and slip at high load fall. That is, positive torque feedback provides low no-load stator currents and reduced rotor currents under load.
Traditional control algorithms (SC, SVC) do not choose
The use of continuous nonlinear transfer functions interpreting AED and corrections by local feedbacks on these functions form transition processes (including transition trajectories) in complex operating modes with variable load.
This determines their advantages and prospects for the use of continuous transfer functions and continuous local corrections and structures in AED complex technological complexes.
This is especially important because, in terms of price, reliability and overload capacity, AED has no alternatives.
Theoretical “understanding” of vector control problems shows that sequential correction, which is vector control (Figure 3) with simplifications of the original equations, passing through nonlinear blocks with delays (the pulsed power part of the FC) is very inefficient and experiments confirm this, although statics is closest to the original vector equations. We should expect even greater problems in operating modes with significant dynamics of loads and rotational speeds. The sequential correction that vector control “tries” to implement does not work, because it is based on many erroneous simplifications and is ineffective as a sequential correction of the nonlinear structure of torque generation in asynchronous motors.
Over 30 years of direct torque control (DTC) technology, a lot of work has been devoted. An example of the scheme is shown in Figure 15.
Block diagram of direct torque control (DTC) in an asynchronous electric drive.
Most often, there are no detailed descriptions, there is no technology, including the characteristics of the “observer” of flow coupling—its accuracy, dynamics, which fundamentally affect all processes. Another obvious, but ignored in the descriptions of technology, the problem is the presence of high harmonics in all. This “suggests” some kind of conditionality of the results.
The very appearance of this kind of vector control is probably a reaction to the poor-quality operation of the vector control at the entrance from the torque of the disturbance and represents the formation of a transition trajectory from one vector state to another, improved compared to the vector transition, in which this trajectory is not paid attention at all. The trajectory is carried out at the expense of “basic” vectors. The algorithm software is very complex and other companies (except ABB) do not use it. Confirms that discontinuous vector control does not give trajectories of transitions from one state to another.
On the speed of the formation of the torque, which is often mentioned in the description of technology [21, 22, 23, 24]. The transition time is 1–2 ms without specifying the drive power and specific charts are difficult to consider a convincing argument. In the article [21] the increasing time of 50 ms is also fast, but already real. In our experiments (Figure 10a) The process of recovery of speed is 80–100 ms. That for the torque commensurate with DTC. It is implemented in any FC and has prospects for improvement.
It should be noted that in the articles to directly control the torque [21, 22, 23, 24] there are no at least some mathematics of the description of the dynamics—differential equations, etc.
On local connections based on the representation of an asynchronous electric motor by a nonlinear transfer function.
The transfer function of the link forms the torque in an asynchronous electric motor—the initial and adjusted ones are determined by the transition conditions, that is, the initial and final conditions for changing the load and frequency of the stator voltage.
The continuity of the transfer function contributes to optimizing the formation of the transition trajectory from one state to another. With the original vector equations, this transition is not determined and an additional algorithm is required—not only the basic vectors, but also the trajectories of transitions to them.
Since in all experiments, that is, at different operating speeds and loads with a deep positive connection in the stator current (more precisely, in the developed torque of the sliding value), the amplitudes of the currents are smaller than with traditional control methods (scalar and vector), it can be reasonably argued that the amplification of the main magnetic flux in asynchronous motors reduces the angle of shift between the reduced vectors of the rotor and stator currents of the motor.
The static modes of operation of the AEP in the control methods under consideration are described fairly accurately by nonlinear transfer functions (NTF), but transitions between static states are described incorrectly in these algorithms and when loading the work of these algorithms—in closed vector circuits—is incorrect and leads to significantly inefficient modes.
The local connection formed by the NTF is a positive dynamic feedback, “selects” the parameters of the stator voltage (
Discontinuous vector AED equations, based on which correction algorithms are formed by traditional methods, do not allow to obtain optimal modes of parrying load surges with their help.
The advantages in the quality of operation of control systems using the proposed local connections are even more obvious with large variable external disturbances and when working in complex ACS.
There is a proposal to introduce into the drive a positive feedback by the amplitude of the rotor current, as an analogue of the feedback by torque.
The operation of AED in complex systems and under complex disturbing influences is not described in principle (with sufficient accuracy) by the method of vector equations, hence the endless modes of selection and calculation of engine and drive parameters, automatic identification, and, finally, DTC technology.
Feedback by the torque or by the value of the active current of the stator under load reduces the currents of the stator, rotor and slip, that is, makes the processes more active, which is extremely “useful” for drives with large and varying loads.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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A (criticized) conventional approach, based on stoichiometry of a reaction notation and the solubility product of a precipitate, is compared with the unconventional/correct approach based on charge and concentration balances and a detailed physicochemical knowledge on the system considered, and calculations realized according to generalized approach to electrolytic systems (GATES) principles. An indisputable advantage of the latter approach is proved in simulation of static or dynamic, two-phase nonredox or redox systems.",book:{id:"5891",slug:"descriptive-inorganic-chemistry-researches-of-metal-compounds",title:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds",fullTitle:"Descriptive Inorganic Chemistry Researches of Metal Compounds"},signatures:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk, Aneta Spórna-Kucab and\nTadeusz Michałowski",authors:[{id:"35273",title:"Prof.",name:"Tadeusz",middleName:null,surname:"Michalowski",slug:"tadeusz-michalowski",fullName:"Tadeusz Michalowski"},{id:"203867",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk",slug:"anna-maria-michalowska-kaczmarczyk",fullName:"Anna Maria Michałowska-Kaczmarczyk"},{id:"203868",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneta",middleName:null,surname:"Spórna-Kucab",slug:"aneta-sporna-kucab",fullName:"Aneta Spórna-Kucab"}]},{id:"56162",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry: Problems and Solutions",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",totalDownloads:5273,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Phosphoric acid (PA) is an important industrial chemical used as an intermediate in the fertilizer industry, for metal surface treatment in the metallurgical industry and as an additive in the food industry. The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia and America, including countries that operate phosphate rock (PR) mines and produce PA, phosphatic fertilizers and phosphate-based products.",book:{id:"5595",slug:"phosphoric-acid-industry-problems-and-solutions",title:"Phosphoric Acid Industry",fullTitle:"Phosphoric Acid Industry - Problems and Solutions"},signatures:"Benjamín Valdez Salas, Michael Schorr Wiener and Juan Ricardo\nSalinas Martinez",authors:[{id:"16436",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Schorr",slug:"michael-schorr",fullName:"Michael Schorr"}]},{id:"62941",title:"Inorganic Coordination Chemistry: Where We Stand in Cancer Treatment?",slug:"inorganic-coordination-chemistry-where-we-stand-in-cancer-treatment-",totalDownloads:2160,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Metals have unique characteristics such as variable coordination modes, redox activity, and reactivity being indispensable for several biochemical processes in cells. Due to their reactivity, their concentration is tightly regulated inside the cells, and abnormal concentrations are associated with many disorders, such as cancer. As such metal complexes turned out to be very attractive as potential anticancer agents. The discovery of cisplatin was a crucial moment, which prompted the interest in Pt(II) and other metal complexes as potential anticancer agents. This chapter highlights the state of the art on metal complexes in cancer therapy, highlighting their uptake mechanisms, biological targets, toxicity, and drug resistance. Finally, based on the importance of selective target of cancer cells, drug delivery systems will also be discussed.",book:{id:"7549",slug:"basic-concepts-viewed-from-frontier-in-inorganic-coordination-chemistry",title:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry",fullTitle:"Basic Concepts Viewed from Frontier in Inorganic Coordination Chemistry"},signatures:"Pedro Pedrosa, Andreia Carvalho, Pedro V. Baptista and Alexandra R. Fernandes",authors:[{id:"253664",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandra R",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"alexandra-r-fernandes",fullName:"Alexandra R Fernandes"}]},{id:"57464",title:"General Aspects of the Cobalt Chemistry",slug:"general-aspects-of-the-cobalt-chemistry",totalDownloads:2305,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"This chapter aims to collect and summarize the chemical properties of cobalt and some new cobalt compounds. It deals with the progress of cobalt chemistry. Cobalt has been substantial in both chemical reactions and within many compounds. Some of them are heterocyclic reactions, cobalt-based catalyst and cobalamin. Also, it discusses variety of applications of cobalt in a wide range of areas and toxicity of cobalt. The studies carried out in this area so far have enabled and will be continued to be responsible for producing unknown and difficult reactions. This survey of the recent literature illustrates the fact that many different approaches on cobalt and new cobalt compounds are being used in many different areas.",book:{id:"6133",slug:"cobalt",title:"Cobalt",fullTitle:"Cobalt"},signatures:"Yasemin Yildiz",authors:[{id:"208129",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasemin",middleName:null,surname:"Yıldız",slug:"yasemin-yildiz",fullName:"Yasemin Yıldız"}]},{id:"55301",title:"Recent Overview on the Abatement of Pesticide Residues in Water by Photocatalytic Treatment Using TiO2",slug:"recent-overview-on-the-abatement-of-pesticide-residues-in-water-by-photocatalytic-treatment-using-ti",totalDownloads:1994,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"The water bodies’ pollution with phytosanitary products can pose a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems and drinking water resources. The usual appearance of pesticides in surface water, waste water and groundwater has driven the search for proper methods to remove persistent pesticides. Although typical biological treatments of water offer some advantages such as low cost and operability, many investigations referring to the removal of pesticides have suggested that in many cases they have low effectiveness due to the limited biodegradability of many agrochemicals. In recent years, research for new techniques for water detoxification to avoid these disadvantages has led to processes that involve light, which are called advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Among the different semiconductor (SC) materials tested as potential photocatalysts, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most popular because of its photochemical stability, commercial availability, non-toxic nature and low cost, high photoactivity, ease of preparation in the laboratory, possibility of doping with metals and non-metals and coating on solid support. Thus, in the present review, we provide an overview of the recent research being developed to photodegrade pesticide residues in water using TiO2 as photocatalyst.",book:{id:"6407",slug:"application-of-titanium-dioxide",title:"Application of Titanium Dioxide",fullTitle:"Application of Titanium Dioxide"},signatures:"Nuria Vela, Gabriel Pérez-Lucas, José Fenoll and Simón Navarro",authors:[{id:"202983",title:"Dr.",name:"Simón",middleName:null,surname:"Navarro",slug:"simon-navarro",fullName:"Simón Navarro"},{id:"202988",title:"Dr.",name:"Nuria",middleName:null,surname:"Vela",slug:"nuria-vela",fullName:"Nuria Vela"},{id:"202989",title:"Dr.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Fenoll",slug:"jose-fenoll",fullName:"José Fenoll"},{id:"206059",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez-Lucas",slug:"gabriel-perez-lucas",fullName:"Gabriel Pérez-Lucas"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"83",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. 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For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. 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