\r\n\tRNA therapies evolved as profitable and widely applicable individualized treatment solutions. Moreover, RNA-based therapeutic vaccines (e.g., against SARS-CoV-2 infection) have been proven to be safe and effective, and several of them are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). \r\n\tThis book aims to present distinct classes of RNA therapeutics, ranging from single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and subclasses of RNA interferences (miRNAs and other RNAi), to in vitro transcribed mRNAs and RNA vaccines. Also, it will present some of the challenges in RNA drug engineering, delivery, and specificity. Additionally, the improvement of pharmacological effectiveness will be discussed. Monumental breakthroughs in molecular biology, computational chemistry, bioinformatics, and individualized genomics, which undoubtedly propelled RNA therapeutics through the commercialization stage, will also be examined in this book. \r\n\tRNA therapeutics have had a significant impact on medicine, the economy, and overall public health; they are becoming prescription drugs, and this holds great promise for modernizing healthcare.
",isbn:"978-1-80355-658-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-657-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-659-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"fbffd7b2f97a65ffb0901de38a65bed0",bookSignature:"Prof. Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11813.jpg",keywords:"RNAi, miRNA, RNA Interference, ASO Aptamers, Decoys, Genetic Diseases, Cardiovascular and Neurological Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Cancer, Clinical Trials, Moderna, Pfizer",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 22nd 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 28th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 27th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 15th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 14th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a day",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Accomplished biomedical specialist with a post-PhD from the University of Minnesota, USA. Dr. St. Louis is a COVID-19 Associate, sponsored by the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, USA. She leads the molecular surveillance program of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. She secured more than $5M USD in grant funding from USA government agencies (NIH, NIAID, NINDS).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"211159",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Vlasova-St. Louis",slug:"irina-vlasova-st.-louis",fullName:"Irina Vlasova-St. Louis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/211159/images/system/211159.png",biography:"Dr. Vlasova-St. Louis earned her MD and Ph.D. degrees from Ural State Medical Academy, Russia. She completed her postdoctoral training at the University of Minnesota, USA, and fellowship sponsored by the Lymphoma Research Foundation. She served as an Assistant Professor at the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota. \r\nDr. Vlasova-St. Louis has expertise in several biological disciplines including infectious diseases, immunology, and bioinformatics. By integrating state-of-the-art techniques such as next-generation sequencing, she made numerous biomedical discoveries studying normal and pathological conditions at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. \r\nCurrently, Dr. St. Louis is a COVID-19 Associate, sponsored by the Association of Public Health Laboratories and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. She leads the molecular surveillance program of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants. Additionally, she is conducting research at Johns Hopkins University within the Advanced Academic Program: Individualized Genomics and Health.",institutionString:"University of Minnesota",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Johns Hopkins University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"19",title:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"225753",firstName:"Marina",lastName:"Dusevic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225753/images/7224_n.png",email:"marina.d@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"5874",title:"Algorithms for Joint Evaluation of Multiple Speech Patterns for Automatic Speech Recognition",doi:"10.5772/6375",slug:"algorithms_for_joint_evaluation_of_multiple_speech_patterns_for_automatic_speech_recognition",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/5874.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/5874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/5874",totalDownloads:2295,totalViews:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:24,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"November 1st 2008",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/5874",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/5874",book:{id:"3785",slug:"speech_recognition"},signatures:"Nishanth Ulhas Nair and T.V. Sreenivas",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3785",type:"book",title:"Speech Recognition",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Speech Recognition",slug:"speech_recognition",publishedDate:"November 1st 2008",bookSignature:"France Mihelic and Janez Zibert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3785.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-29-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5753-3",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:105,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"130411",title:"Prof.",name:"France",middleName:null,surname:"Mihelič",slug:"france-mihelic",fullName:"France Mihelič"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"10438",title:"Dr.",name:"Janez",middleName:null,surname:"Zibert",slug:"janez-zibert",fullName:"Janez Zibert"},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"517"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"5873",type:"chapter",title:"A Family of Stereo-Based Stochastic Mapping Algorithms for Noisy Speech Recognition",slug:"a_family_of_stereo-based_stochastic_mapping_algorithms_for_noisy_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2690,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mohamed Afify, Xiaodong Cui and Yuqing Gao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5865",type:"chapter",title:"Histogram Equalization for Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"histogram_equalization_for_robust_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:4064,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Luz García, Jose Carlos Segura, Ángel de la Torre, Carmen Benítez and Antonio J. Rubio",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5870",type:"chapter",title:"Employment of Spectral Voicing Information for Speech and Speaker Recognition in Noisy Conditions",slug:"employment_of_spectral_voicing_information_for_speech_and_speaker_recognition_in_noisy_conditions",totalDownloads:2321,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Peter Jančovič and Münevver Köküer",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5881",type:"chapter",title:"Time-Frequency Masking: Linking Blind Source Separation and Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"time-frequency_masking__linking_blind_source_separation_and_robust_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:3509,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Marco Kühne, Roberto Togneri and Sven Nordholm",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5871",type:"chapter",title:"Dereverberation and Denoising Techniques for ASR Applications",slug:"dereverberation_and_denoising_techniques_for_asr_applications",totalDownloads:3225,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Fernando Santana Pacheco and Rui Seara",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5877",type:"chapter",title:"Feature Transformation Based on Generalization of Linear Discriminant Analysis",slug:"feature_transformation_based_on_generalization_of_linear_discriminant_analysis",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Makoto Sakai, Norihide Kitaoka and Seiichi Nakagawa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5874",type:"chapter",title:"Algorithms for Joint Evaluation of Multiple Speech Patterns for Automatic Speech Recognition",slug:"algorithms_for_joint_evaluation_of_multiple_speech_patterns_for_automatic_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2295,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nishanth Ulhas Nair and T.V. Sreenivas",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5878",type:"chapter",title:"Overcoming HMM Time and Parameter Independence Assumptions for ASR",slug:"overcoming_hmm_time_and_parameter_independence_assumptions_for_asr",totalDownloads:2529,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Marta Casar and José A. R. Fonollosa",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5875",type:"chapter",title:"Practical Issues of Building Robust HMM Models Using HTK and SPHINX Systems",slug:"practical_issues_of_building_robust_hmm_models_using_htk_and_sphinx_systems",totalDownloads:5473,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Juraj Kacur and Gregor Rozinaj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5879",type:"chapter",title:"Statistical Language Modeling for Automatic Speech Recognition of Agglutinative Languages",slug:"statistical_language_modeling_for_automatic_speech_recognition_of_agglutinative_languages",totalDownloads:2546,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ebru Arısoy, Mikko Kurimo, Murat Saraçlar, Teemu Hirsimäki, Janne Pylkkönen, Tanel Alumäe and Haşim Sak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5880",type:"chapter",title:"Discovery of Words: towards a Computational Model of Language Acquisition",slug:"discovery_of_words__towards_a_computational_model_of_language_acquisition",totalDownloads:2484,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Louis ten Bosch, Hugo Van hamme and Lou Boves",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5876",type:"chapter",title:"Automatic Speech Recognition via N-Best Rescoring using Logistic Regression",slug:"automatic_speech_recognition_via_n-best_rescoring_using_logistic_regression",totalDownloads:3207,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Øystein Birkenes, Tomoko Matsui, Kunio Tanabe and Tor André Myrvoll",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5859",type:"chapter",title:"Knowledge Resources in Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding for Romanian Language",slug:"knowledge_resources_in_automatic_speech_recognition_and_understanding_for_romanian_language",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Inge Gavat, Diana Mihaela Militaru and Corneliu Octavian Dumitru",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5864",type:"chapter",title:"Construction of a Noise-Robust Body-Conducted Speech Recognition System",slug:"construction_of_a_noise-robust_body-conducted_speech_recognition_system",totalDownloads:2261,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Shunsuke Ishimitsu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5863",type:"chapter",title:"Adaptive Decision Fusion for Audio-Visual Speech Recognition",slug:"adaptive_decision_fusion_for_audio-visual_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2927,totalCrossrefCites:8,signatures:"Jong-Seok Lee and Cheol Hoon Park",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5872",type:"chapter",title:"Multi-Stream Asynchrony Modeling for Audio Visual Speech Recognition",slug:"multi-stream_asynchrony_modeling_for_audio_visual_speech_recognition",totalDownloads:2964,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Guoyun Lv, Yangyu Fan, Dongmei Jiang and Rongchun Zhao",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5887",type:"chapter",title:"Normalization and Transformation Techniques for Robust Speaker Recognition",slug:"normalization_and_transformation_techniques_for_robust_speaker_recognition",totalDownloads:3303,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Dalei Wu, Baojie Li and Hui Jiang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5886",type:"chapter",title:"Speaker Vector-Based Speaker Recognition with Phonetic Modeling",slug:"speaker_vector-based_speaker_recognition_with_phonetic_modeling",totalDownloads:2061,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Tetsuo Kosaka, Tatsuya Akatsu, Masaharu Kato and Masaki Kohda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5885",type:"chapter",title:"Novel Approaches to Speaker Clustering for Speaker Diarization in Audio Broadcast News Data",slug:"novel_approaches_to_speaker_clustering_for_speaker_diarization_in__audio_broadcast_news_data",totalDownloads:2499,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Janez Žibert and France Mihelič",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5884",type:"chapter",title:"Gender Classification in Emotional Speech",slug:"gender_classification_in_emotional_speech",totalDownloads:2668,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mohammad Hossein Sedaaghi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5883",type:"chapter",title:"Recognition of Paralinguistic Information using Prosodic Features Related to Intonation and Voice Quality",slug:"recognition_of_paralinguistic_information_using_prosodic_features_related_to_intonation_and_voice_qu",totalDownloads:3468,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos T. Ishi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5882",type:"chapter",title:"Psychological Motivated Multi-Stage Emotion Classification Exploiting Voice Quality Features",slug:"psychological_motivated_multi-stage_emotion_classification_exploiting_voice_quality_features",totalDownloads:2581,totalCrossrefCites:21,signatures:"Marko Lugger and Bin Yang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5869",type:"chapter",title:"A Weighted Discrete KNN Method for Mandarin Speech and Emotion Recognition",slug:"a_weighted_discrete_knn_method_for_mandarin_speech_and_emotion_recognition",totalDownloads:2774,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Tsang-Long Pao, Wen-Yuan Liao and Yu-Te Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5868",type:"chapter",title:"Motion-Tracking and Speech Recognition for Hands-Free Mouse-Pointer Manipulation",slug:"motion-tracking_and_speech_recognition_for_hands-free_mouse-pointer_manipulation",totalDownloads:4023,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Frank Loewenich and Frederic Maire",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5867",type:"chapter",title:"Arabic Dialectical Speech Recognition in Mobile Communication Services",slug:"arabic_dialectical_speech_recognition_in_mobile_communication_services",totalDownloads:2928,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Qiru Zhou and Imed Zitouni",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5866",type:"chapter",title:"Ultimate Trends in Integrated Systems to Enhance Automatic Speech Recognition Performance",slug:"ultimate_trends_in_integrated_systems_to_enhance_automatic_speech_recognition_performance",totalDownloads:3786,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"C. Durán",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5862",type:"chapter",title:"Speech Recognition for Smart Homes",slug:"speech_recognition_for_smart_homes",totalDownloads:8722,totalCrossrefCites:7,signatures:"Ian McLoughlin and Hamid Reza Sharifzadeh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5861",type:"chapter",title:"Silicon Technologies for Speaker Independent Speech Processing and Recognition Systems in Noisy Environments",slug:"silicon_technologies_for_speaker_independent_speech_processing_and_recognition_systems_in_noisy_envi",totalDownloads:3506,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Karthikeyan Natarajan, Mala John and Arun Selvaraj",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5860",type:"chapter",title:"Voice Activated Appliances for Severely Disabled Persons",slug:"voice_activated_appliances_for_severely_disabled_persons",totalDownloads:9759,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Soo-young Suk and Hiroaki Kojima",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"5858",type:"chapter",title:"System Request Utterance Detection Based on Acoustic and Linguistic Features",slug:"system_request_utterance_detection_based_on_acoustic_and_linguistic_features",totalDownloads:2251,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"T. Takiguchi, A. Sako, T. Yamagata and Y. Ariki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3371",title:"Robust Speech",subtitle:"Recognition and Understanding",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c17b3741f5680ccf517a470e210548d8",slug:"robust_speech_recognition_and_understanding",bookSignature:"Michael Grimm and Kristian Kroschel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130565",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Grimm",slug:"michael-grimm",fullName:"Michael Grimm"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"104",title:"Voice Activity Detection. Fundamentals and Speech Recognition System Robustness",slug:"voice_activity_detection__fundamentals_and_speech_recognition_system_robustness",signatures:"J. Ramirez, J. M. Gorriz and J. C. Segura",authors:[null]},{id:"105",title:"Novel Approaches to Speech Detection in the Processing of Continuous Audio Streams",slug:"novel_approaches_to_speech_detection_in_the_processing_of_continuous_audio_streams",signatures:"Janez Zibert, Bostjan Vesnicer and France Mihelic",authors:[null]},{id:"106",title:"New Advances in Voice Activity Detection using HOS and Optimization Strategies",slug:"new_advances_in_voice_activity_detection_using_hos_and_optimization_strategies",signatures:"J.M. Gorriz, J. Ramirez and C.G. Puntonet",authors:[null]},{id:"107",title:"Voice and Noise Detection with AdaBoost",slug:"voice_and_noise_detection_with_adaboost",signatures:"T. Takiguchi, N. Miyake, H. Matsuda and Y. Ariki",authors:[null]},{id:"108",title:"Evolutionary Speech Recognition",slug:"evolutionary_speech_recognition",signatures:"Anne Spalanzani",authors:[null]},{id:"109",title:"Using Genetic Algorithm to Improve the Performance of Speech Recognition Based on Artificial Neural Network",slug:"using_genetic_algorithm_to_improve_the_performance_of_speech_recognition_based_on_artificial_neural_",signatures:"Shing-Tai Pan and Chih-Chin Lai",authors:[null]},{id:"110",title:"A General Approximation-Optimization Approach to Large Margin Estimation of HMMs",slug:"a_general_approximation-optimization_approach_to_large_margin_estimation_of_hmms",signatures:"Hui Jiang and Xinwei Li",authors:[null]},{id:"111",title:"Double Layer Architectures for Automatic Speech Recognition Using HMM",slug:"double_layer_architectures_for_automatic_speech_recognition_using_hmm",signatures:"Marta Casar and Jose A. R. Fonollosa",authors:[null]},{id:"112",title:"Audio Visual Speech Recognition and Segmentation Based on DBN Models",slug:"audio_visual_speech_recognition_and_segmentation_based_on_dbn_models",signatures:"Dongmei Jiang, Guoyun Lv, Ilse Ravyse, Xiaoyue Jiang, Yanning Zhang, Hichem Sahli and Rongchun Zhao",authors:[null]},{id:"113",title:"Discrete-Mixture HMMs-based Approach for Noisy Speech Recognition",slug:"discrete-mixture_hmms-based_approach_for_noisy_speech_recognition",signatures:"Tetsuo Kosaka, Masaharu Katoh and Masaki Kohda",authors:[null]},{id:"114",title:"Speech Recognition in Unknown Noisy Conditions",slug:"speech_recognition_in_unknown_noisy_conditions",signatures:"Ji Ming and Baochun Hou",authors:[null]},{id:"115",title:"Uncertainty in Signal Estimation and Stochastic Weighted Viterbi Algorithm: A Unified Framework to Address Robustness in Speech Recognition and Speaker Verification",slug:"uncertainty_in_signal_estimation_and_stochastic_weighted_viterbi_algorithm__a_unified_framework_to_a",signatures:"N. Becerra Yoma, C. Molina, C. Garreton and F. Huenupan",authors:[null]},{id:"116",title:"The Research of Noise-Robust Speech Recognition Based on Frequency Warping Wavelet",slug:"the_research_of_noise-robust_speech_recognition_based_on_frequency_warping_wavelet",signatures:"Xueying Zhang and Wenjun Meng",authors:[null]},{id:"117",title:"Autocorrelation-based Methods for Noise-Robust Speech Recognition",slug:"autocorrelation-based_methods_for_noise-robust_speech_recognition",signatures:"Gholamreza Farahani, Mohammad Ahadi and Mohammad Mehdi Homayounpour",authors:[null]},{id:"118",title:"Bimodal Emotion Recognition using Speech and Physiological Changes",slug:"bimodal_emotion_recognition_using_speech_and_physiological_changes",signatures:"Jonghwa Kim",authors:[null]},{id:"119",title:"Emotion Estimation in Speech Using a 3D Emotion Space Concept",slug:"emotion_estimation_in_speech_using_a_3d_emotion_space_concept",signatures:"Michael Grimm and Kristian Kroschel",authors:[null]},{id:"120",title:"Linearly Interpolated Hierarchical N-gram Language Models for Speech Recognition Engines",slug:"linearly_interpolated_hierarchical_n-gram_language_models_for_speech_recognition_engines",signatures:"Imed Zitouni and Qiru Zhou",authors:[null]},{id:"121",title:"A Factored Language Model for Prosody Dependent Speech Recognition",slug:"a_factored_language_model_for_prosody_dependent_speech_recognition",signatures:"Ken Chen, Mark A. Hasegawa-Johnson and Jennifer S. Cole",authors:[null]},{id:"122",title:"Early Decision Making in Continuous Speech",slug:"early_decision_making_in_continuous_speech",signatures:"Odette Scharenborg, Louis ten Bosch and Lou Boves",authors:[null]},{id:"123",title:'Analysis and Implementation of an Automated Delimiter of "Quranic" Verses in Audio Files using Speech Recognition Techniques',slug:"analysis_and_implementation_of_an_automated_delimiter_of__quranic__verses_in_audio_files_using_speec",signatures:"Tabbal Hassan, Al-Falou Wassim and Monla Bassem",authors:[null]},{id:"124",title:"An Improved GA Based Modified Dynamic Neural Network for Cantonese-Digit Speech Recognition",slug:"an_improved_ga_based_modified_dynamic_neural_network_for_cantonese-digit_speech_recognition",signatures:"S.H. Ling, F.H.F. Leung, K.F. Leung, H.K. Lam and H.H.C. Iu",authors:[null]},{id:"125",title:"Talking Robot and the Autonomous Acquisition of Vocalization and Singing Skill",slug:"talking_robot_and_the_autonomous_acquisition_of_vocalization_and_singing_skill",signatures:"Hideyuki Sawada",authors:[null]},{id:"126",title:"Conversation System of an Everyday Robot Robovie-IV",slug:"conversation_system_of_an_everyday_robot_robovie-iv",signatures:"Noriaki Mitsunaga, Zenta Miyashita, Takahiro Miyashita, Hiroshi Ishiguro and Norihiro Hagita",authors:[{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro"}]},{id:"127",title:"Sound Localization of Elevation using Pinnae for Auditory Robots",slug:"sound_localization_of_elevation_using_pinnae_for_auditory_robots",signatures:"Tomoko Shimoda, Toru Nakashima, Makoto Kumon, Ryuichi Kohzawa, Ikuro Mizumoto and Zenta Iwai",authors:[null]},{id:"128",title:"Speech Recognition Under Noise Conditions: Compensation Methods",slug:"speech_recognition_under_noise_conditions__compensation_methods",signatures:"Angel de la Torre, Jose C. Segura, Carmen Benitez, Javier Ramirez Luz Garcia and Antonio J. Rubio",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2285",title:"Genetic Algorithms in Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"267c64f23128101a6b281b6326705fc9",slug:"genetic-algorithms-in-applications",bookSignature:"Rustem Popa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2285.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"112519",title:"Dr.",name:"Rustem",surname:"Popa",slug:"rustem-popa",fullName:"Rustem Popa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2733",title:"Genetic Programming",subtitle:"New Approaches and Successful Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c0354ba67a0e83ff8e90a1a66fca66e7",slug:"genetic-programming-new-approaches-and-successful-applications",bookSignature:"Sebastian Ventura",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2733.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3371",title:"Robust Speech",subtitle:"Recognition and Understanding",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c17b3741f5680ccf517a470e210548d8",slug:"robust_speech_recognition_and_understanding",bookSignature:"Michael Grimm and Kristian Kroschel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130565",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",surname:"Grimm",slug:"michael-grimm",fullName:"Michael Grimm"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3785",title:"Speech Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"953643e67b7a53a7039b6e8771c1383d",slug:"speech_recognition",bookSignature:"France Mihelic and Janez Zibert",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3785.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"130411",title:"Prof.",name:"France",surname:"Mihelič",slug:"france-mihelic",fullName:"France Mihelič"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3790",title:"Application of Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ae9115b686e58a3f79ff6f9a19c67341",slug:"application-of-machine-learning",bookSignature:"Yagang Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3790.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"2987",title:"Dr.",name:"Yagang",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yagang-zhang",fullName:"Yagang Zhang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82102",title:"Vortex Analysis and Fluid Transport in Time-Dependent Flows",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105196",slug:"vortex-analysis-and-fluid-transport-in-time-dependent-flows",body:'
1. Introduction
In most of the fluid flows of interest in nature and technology (i.e., geophysical flows, blood flow in the human circulation as well as flows in turbomachinery and around vehicles) the presence of turbulence in normally observed; therefore, their reproducibility and repeatability have always represented a crucial issue. In this regard, it is widely recognized that laboratory experiments represent a valid tool for the simulation and investigation of complex fluid flows under controlled conditions. With the improvement of measuring techniques, the possibility of acquiring huge high-resolution data sets in space and time is continually increasing. It is then fundamental to consider procedures suitable for a proper analysis of these data aimed at the definition and the characterization of the main flow pattern and of their evolution. In this contribution, we consider two examples of different contests of importance in applied fluid mechanics: 1) β-plane turbulence in the framework of large-scale almost 2D atmospheric and oceanic flows and 2) effect of artificial valves on the flow in the left ventricle in the framework of an in vitro model of human blood circulation. In both cases, the complexity of the flow arises from the embedded non-linear phenomena i.e., interaction of structures at different scales, the interplay between vortices waves and turbulence, anisotropy in the energy transfers, and in transport phenomena. Due to chaotic advection, the Lagrangian motion of passive particles can be very complex even in regular, i.e., non-turbulent, flow fields [1] as in the situations here discussed in which we considered almost 2D and time-periodic velocity fields. The chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the case studies and the considered experimental apparatus. Theory, its application to the experiments, and the different post-processing methodology are described in Section 3, Section 4 contains some results. We discuss and give our conclusions in Section 5.
2. Material and methods
We provide below the description of the experimental models designed to reproduce: 1) turbulent flows affected by a β-effect, 2) the flow downstream a natural/artificial valve in the left ventricle as well as an overview of the technique used to measure the velocity fields.
2.1 Rotating turbulent flows with a β-effect
In rotating turbulent flows, the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter, the so-called β-effect, may redirect the upward energy flux towards the zonal modes thus inducing the anisotropization of the inverse energy cascade, typically observed in large-scale geophysical flows. Due to the combined effects of planetary rotation, topographical constraints, and fluid stratification, these circulations can be assumed quasi-two-dimensional to the first degree of approximation. Actually, the anisotropic inverse energy cascade represents one of the leading causes for the formation and maintenance of jet-like structures along the zonal direction, the so-called zonation [2, 3, 4, 5] observed in the atmospheres of the Giant Planets and in the terrestrial oceans. These environments are characterized by the existence of a banded structure, i.e., eastward and westward zonal flows, as well as by the coexistence of turbulence and waves on all scales [6].
In this contest, in addition to the characteristic scales of 2D turbulence [7] associated with the small-scale forcing kf and the large-scale friction kfr, two more wavenumbers have to be considered: the Rhines wavenumber kRh and the transitional wavenumber kβ. The Rhines wavenumber is defined as the scale at which the velocity root-mean-square URMS is equal to the phase speed of Rossby waves kRh = (β/2URMS)1/2 [2] and can be related to the meridional size of the jet. If the flow is continuously forced at small scales and at a constant rate ε, the balance between the eddy characteristic time and the Rossby wave period exists in correspondence of kβ = (β3/ε)1/5, i.e., the so-called anisotropic transitional wavenumber which characterizes the threshold of the inverse cascade anisotropization [8]. The ratio between the transitional wavenumber and the Rhines wavenumber provides the non-dimensional number, Rβ = kβ/kRh, known as the zonostrophy index. This represents a key parameter in turbulent flows subjected to a β-effect, since it discerns different flow regimes of the so-called β-plane turbulence. Indeed Rβ < 1.5 pertains to flows with strong large-scale friction (friction dominated regime), in the range 1.5 < Rβ < 2.5 a flow shows a transitional behavior, and for Rβ > 2.5 a flow develops within the regime of zonostrophic turbulence [8].
To deeply investigate these features, we carried out several experimental campaigns in a rotating tank facility available at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Sapienza University of Rome. As reported in previous papers [9, 10], the experimental setup consists of a square tank 1 m in diameter placed on a rotating table whose imposed rotation is counter-clockwise in order to emulate flows in the Northern hemisphere of a planet. To simulate the dynamics associated with the latitudinal variation of the Coriolis parameter in the Polar Regions, we consider the effects induced by the parabolic shape assumed by the free surface of a rotating fluid. In fact, it is represented by a quadratic variation in r, being r the radial distance from the pole and assuming the pole as the reference point (polar β-plane or γ plane approximation) [10, 11]. In this model, the center of the tank (i.e., the point of maximum depression of the fluid surface) represents the pole, while the periphery of the domain corresponds to lower latitudes.
In particular, a local Cartesian frame of reference at the midlatitude of the tank (rm = R/2; where R is the radius of the tank) was considered to evaluate the strength of the β term in each experiment [9]. We run a huge set of experiments by changing the main parameters of the flow, i.e. the rotation rate of the system, the fluid thickness, the amount of energy introduced into the system as well as the forcing characteristics [12, 13, 14, 15]. Here, we focus on the analysis of the flow induced by a localized forcing, i.e. the formation of a single eastward/westward jet. To this aim, we consider an electromagnetic forcing obtained with the Lorentz force arising from the interaction of a horizontal electric field and a vertical magnetic field.
We perform a set of runs in which the magnets are located along an arc of latitude in the range 180° < φ < 360° at a distance r = 17 cm from the pole; the considered angular velocity and fluid depth at rest are Ω = 3rads−1 and H0 = 4 cm, respectively. To force the flow, we considered the same orientation of polarity chosen such as to introduce an eastward/westward momentum and facilitate the formation of an eastward/westward zonal jet; in fact, the stationary position of the magnets locked the jet’s location. In each of these runs, we vary the intensity of the current in the range 2A ≤ I ≤ 6A; the forcing was continuously applied for all the duration of the experiments.
2.2 Flow in the left ventricle in the human blood circulation
The overall functionality of the heart pump is strongly related to the intraventricular flow features. Complexity in the ventricular flow is mainly due to fluid-wall interactions and turbulence onset in correspondence of the boundaries, three-dimensionality, and asymmetry in the pattern development. Here, the focus is on the investigation of the flow in the left ventricle (LV) during a cardiac cycle: it consists of an intense jet forming downstream of the mitral valve and in the development of the related coherent structures i.e., a vortex ring, which grows up during the systole, impinges on the ventricle walls and vanishes almost completely during the systole. A deeper analysis of the flow pattern evolution has shown on one hand that the observed flow structure appears to be favorable to ejection through the aortic valve during the systole [16] and on the other hand the mutual relationships between the formation and development of coherent structures in the LV and its functionality. Actually, one of the main reasons for the deviation from physiological conditions is represented by the replacement of the mitral valve with a prosthetic one, which obviously causes deep modifications in the hemodynamics and, consequently, in the associated flow pattern [17, 18, 19].
We reproduce in the laboratory the ventricular flow by means of a pulse duplicator widely described in previous papers [19, 20, 21], below we summarize its working principle. A flexible, transparent sack made of silicone rubber (wall thickness ∼ 0.7 mm) simulates the LV allowing at the same time for the optical access. The model ventricle is fixed on a circular plate, 56 mm in diameter, and connected to a constant-head tank by means of two Plexiglas conduits. Along the outlet (aortic) conduit a check valve was mounted, whereas different types of valves were placed on the inlet (mitral) orifice.
We consider three different scenarios: a) the inlet was designed in order to obtain a uniform velocity profile at the orifice mimicking physiological conditions, b) a monoleaflet (Bjork–Shiley monostrut) in mitral position 3) a bileaflet bicarbon prosthetic valve in mitral position; both valves were 31 mm in nominal diameter. The model of the LV was placed in a rectangular tank with Plexiglas (transparent) walls; its volume changed according to the motion of the piston, placed on the side of the tank. The piston was driven by a linear motor, controlled by means of a speed-feedback servo-control. The motion assigned to the linear motor was tuned to reproduce the volume change by clinical data acquired in vivo by echo-cardiography on a healthy subject [20].
2.3 Measuring technique
Two-dimensional velocity fields are measured by means of an image analysis technique called Feature Tracking, FT [22, 23]. The measurement chain can be summarized in the following steps: 1) identification of a proper measurement plane in the fluid domain; 2) seeding of the working fluid with a passive tracer; 3) illumination of the measurement plane previously identified; 4) image acquisition; 5) image pre-processing of the acquired images; 6) particle detection and temporal tracking to isolate particles and track them in consecutive frames; 7) data post-processing to obtain the relevant flow parameters. Obviously, flow images are acquired at a certain space–time resolution, depending on the characteristic time and length scales of the investigated phenomena, the details for each apparatus are provided in the corresponding subsection.
Pre-processing includes the sequence of operations carried out to improve the quality of acquired images for the subsequent core of the processing phase. Basically, the procedure implies the background removal as well as the removal of parts of the image which are not significant for the flow analysis as for instance regions close to the boundaries. In fact, the glares due to the interaction between the lighting system and the domain walls may affect the processing algorithm.
FT is a multi-frame algorithm based on the assumption of image light intensity conservation in space and time between two successive frames and in the neighborhood of the seeding particles; this assumption holds for small time intervals. The algorithm essentially considers measures of correlation windows between successive frames and evaluates displacements by considering the best correspondence (in terms of a defined matching measure) of selected interrogation windows between subsequent images. Sparse velocity vectors are then obtained by dividing the displacement by the time interval between two frames; FT then provides a Lagrangian description of the velocity field. These sparse data can be interpolated on a regular grid through a resampling procedure allowing for the reconstruction of the instantaneous and time-averaged Eulerian velocity fields as well. The advantage of having at the same time both the Lagrangian and the Eulerian description of the flow is evident; in addition, if compared to other tracking algorithms, FT is not constrained by low seeding density, so it provides accurate displacement vectors even when the number of tracer particles within each image is very large [22].
3. Data analysis
3.1 Traveling waves and eddies
As mentioned before, in these jet flows waves and eddies co-exist; to highlight the propagation of the traveling structures in the physical space, we consider both a measure based on Hovmöller diagrams and the theoretical phase speed of the Rossby wave.
As for the former, we map the time evolution of the stream function ψ as a function of φ at different radius, and in particular in correspondence of r = rMS, i.e., the radius where the radial shear is a maximum. The diagrams may show linear features with negative or positive slopes, indicating westward/eastward propagating structures; the propagating structures could be waves or eddies, or both. To calculate the propagation velocity Vp in correspondence of a radius r we estimate the slope Δφ/Δt of the contour lines in the azimuthal diagrams:
Vp=rΔφΔtE1
then the net speed of the propagating structures is evaluated by subtracting the mean zonal velocity from Vp:
Vpn=Vp−VzφE2
whereVzφ is the mean zonal velocity averaged over a range of φ corresponding to the forced sector and time interval of ∼300 s.
As for the theoretical speed, we have shown in [14] how to derive the dispersion relation of a linear Rossby wave in polar coordinates; here, we reported the final expression:
Vt=U−βR2α2E3
being R the radius of the device (in this case the radius of the circle inscribed in the square tank), U the average zonal velocity in correspondence of the chosen radius r, and α the coefficient of the Bessel Fourier decomposition, depending on the geometry of the system and on the width of the forced sector and the characteristic of the forcing.
In oceanography, one of the most popular methods used to detect coherent long-lived coherent structures, such as mesoscale eddies, is based on the estimation of the Okubo-Weiss parameter [24, 25]. This quantity describes the relative dominance of deformation with respect to rotation of the flow and it is defined as:
OW=sn−ss−ω2E4
wheresn=ux−vy and ss=vx+uy are the normal and shear components of strain, respectively, ω=vx−uy is vorticity. The subscripts ()x and ()y indicate partial differentiation of the horizontal velocities (u and v) in the x and y directions, respectively. In order to distinguish regions characterized by different topology within the flow domain, one has first to fix a positive threshold OW0 of the Okubo-Weiss parameter. Then, according to it, the domain can be divided into zones corresponding to vortex cores (OW < −OW0), organized structures surrounding vortex cores (OW > OW0), and the background field (|OW| ≤ OW0). A value typically assumed for the threshold is OW0 = 0.2σOW, where σOW is the standard deviation of OW parameter [26, 27].
3.2 Finite-time Lyapunov exponents and Lagrangian coherent structures
Finite-Time Lyapunov Exponents (FTLE) represents a powerful tool suitable to track coherent structures and to unveil their connections to energetic and mixing processes, in fact, it has been used extensively in different contexts, including biological and geophysical flows [28, 29]. Basically, the FTLE measure the maximum linearized growth rate of the distance among initially adjacent particles tracked over a finite integration time. In brief, the computation of FTLE follows from the definition of the flow mapΦxtt+T∗ over a finite time interval T*:
Φxtt+T∗:xt→xt+T∗E5
mapping a material point x(t) at time t to its position at t + T* along its trajectory. After linearization, the amount of stretching about a trajectory is defined in terms of the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor by the matrix:
Δ=dΦxtt+T∗dt2E6
Since the maximum stretching occurs when the initial separation is aligned with the maximum eigenvalue of Δ, the FTLE is defined as:
σxtT∗=1T∗lnλmaxE7
Where λmax is the maximum eigenvalue of Δ and λmax corresponds to the maximum stretching factor. In particular, if a positive time interval is considered, the FTLEs measure separation forward in time, thus identifying repelling structures. On the contrary, if negative time intervals are considered, FTLEs measure separation backward in time, thus highlighting attracting structures [28, 30].
In addition, Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) can be inferred from FTLE, [31]. LCS analysis represents a very powerful tool in cardiovascular fluid dynamics [32]; allowing for the identification of stagnant fluid areas, which are associated with an increased risk of thrombus as well as with blood cell damage. In addition, it helps to discern the regions directly affected by the vortices within the fluid domain and, possibly, their, modifications related to pathologies. FTLE investigation was successfully applied to the analysis of data sets obtained from both numerical simulations [27] and in vitro study [33] of a mechanical heart valve, as well as for the in vitro investigation of coherent structures educed from two-dimensional velocity fields in a LV model [21]. Recently, FTLE is also being used in the analysis of data sets collected in vivo [34, 35] and have been recognized as one of the main methods for the analysis of Lagrangian transport in blood flows [36, 37].
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Rotating flows affected by a β-effect
Before running each experiment, the fluid surface is seeded with styrene particles (mean size dm = 50 μm) acting as passive tracers and the fluid surface is lighted with two lateral lamps. The rotation rate of the table is then raised up to the chosen value and, once the solid body rotation is established, the forcing is switched on, and flow images are acquired at 20fps by a high-resolution video camera (1023x1240 pixels) co-rotating with the system, perpendicular to the tank and with the optical axis parallel to the rotation axis. FT allows to reconstruct particle trajectories i.e., to provide a description of the flow in a Lagrangian framework; once the instantaneous sparse velocity vectors have been detected, they are interpolated onto a regular grid. In this case, it was convenient to choose a polar coordinate (r, φ) system with the pole corresponding to the center of the tank: the azimuthal direction φ identifies points with the same fluid depth (the so-called zonal direction) and at constant radius r. Sparse data have then been rearranged on a polar grid with 120 radii and 60 circles using a standard cubic spline interpolation procedure. The non-dimensional parameters of importance in our model are: the aspect ratio i.e., the ratio between the horizontal and vertical dimension of the flow domain H0/L < <1 (shallow fluid); the Ekman number Ek = ν /ΩH02 is order O(10−4), ν is the kinematic viscosity; the Rossby number Ro = U/2ΩL order O(10−3), U is the velocity scale; the Reynolds number Re = Ulv/ν is order O(102), lv is the characteristic length scale of the eddies. We summarize here some of the main results obtained in the characterization of eastward/westward flows, hereafter indicated as EW and WW case.
4.1.1 Waves and eddies propagation
In Figures 1 and 2 we plot the instantaneous and time-averaged flow fields obtained in one run (I = 4A) of the experiments WW and EW; the plots are shown hereafter refer to experiments performed using the same forcing amount. Figure 1 clearly shows a meandering jet squeezed between westward propagating eddies in the instantaneous flow field; on the contrary, the averaged field reveals strong alternating zonal jets and no eddies. These experimental features resemble ocean observations that highlight numerous westward propagating eddies on short time scales [12]. At the difference, the eastward jet is not associated with eddy shedding and traveling structures and the instantaneous and averaged flow appear to be rather similar (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Instantaneous (left) and time mean (right) normalized stream function superimposed on the streamlines for a WW flow.
Figure 2.
Instantaneous (left) and time mean (right) normalized stream function superimposed on the streamlines for a EW flow.
To characterize the traveling structure observed in the WW case, we map the velocity stream function ψ as a function of time t and longitude φ in correspondence of the radius of maximum radial shear, rMS (Figure 3). In fact, in [14] we were able to demonstrate that the best match between the theoretical and experimental estimation of the speed of propagating structures is found in the correspondence of this radius. To emphasize this aspect, we plot in Figure 4, from left to right: the azimuthal (φ-t) Hovmöller diagram of ψ, the radial t-r Hovmöller diagram of ψ, the radial profiles of the mean radial shear dVZ¯φ/dr and the mean azimuthal velocity VZ¯φ. The profiles show a maximum of the mean zonal velocity in correspondence of the radius rC corresponding to the jet centerline while the maximum of the mean shear is at a radius rMS > rC. We recall that the definition of the jet boundaries and of its time evolution is crucial in the definition of the barriers to meridional transport [5, 13].
Figure 3.
Azimuthal Hovmöller diagram of the stream function ψ with the radius of the maximum radial shear chosen as the reference radius, WW flow.
Figure 4.
From left to right: Azimuthal Hovmöller diagram of the stream function ψ with the radius of the maximum radial shear chosen as the reference radius; radial Hovmöller diagram of ψ averaged azimuthally in the range forced sector; radial shear profiles of the azimuthal velocity Vz averaged azimuthally in the same sector and in time.
As discussed in Section 3.1, by measuring the slope of the lines of the same color, we were able to estimate experimentally the speed of the propagating structures relative to the zonal flow with Eq. (2); we then calculate the theoretical speed using Eq. (3) and compare the obtained values. The comparison shows that the relative error, i.e. the ratio between the measured and the expected speed, is minimum in correspondence of rMS (O(10−2)).
In order to compare our method to evaluate the eddies propagation speed with a method widely used in the applications we also applied an OW-based method to our experimental data sets. At first, we evaluated OW parameter through Eq. (4) at each time instant. Then, using a threshold of OW0 = 0.5σOW we identified the vortex cores and their surrounding area. We refined the detection by combining the OW parameter with the physical properties of the flow field (high vorticity areas, velocity vectors) and by applying geometrical constraints. An example is provided in Figure 5 in which we show a snapshot of the vorticity field ζ (left) and of the Okubo–Weiss parameter QOW (right) superimposed on the corresponding velocity field. In the vorticity map, regions of dark blue (dark red) identify strong anti-cyclonic (cyclonic) circulation. In the Qow field, dark blue identifies regions where vorticity is much stronger than strain (i.e., eddy cores), and dark red where strain is much greater than vorticity.
Figure 5.
Instantaneous fields of vorticity field ζ (left) and Okubo–Weiss parameter Qow (right); velocity field superimposed (blue arrows) for a WW flow.
Finally, once identified the coherent vortices, we detected the center of each structure and tracked them in the considered time interval. We found values of the propagating speed close to the ones found through the Hovmöller diagrams. We conclude that waves and propagating eddies coexist in the zonal pattern and confirm their duality nature [14]. The application of the same procedure of analysis overall the EW experiments is actually in progress [38].
4.1.2 Characteristic scales and flow regime
The estimation of flow characteristic length scales is crucial to identify the flow regime in rotating turbulent flows with a β-effect. To this aim, as discussed in Section 2.1, we calculate the Rhines number, kRH, the transitional wave number, kβ, and their ratio Rβ. The results for a set of WW and EW experiments are reported in Table 1.
Run
kRh(cm−1)
kβ (cm−1)
Rβ
WW1
1.41
2.20
1.55
WW2
1.09
1.75
1.60
WW3
0.94
1.16
1.70
EW1
1.19
1.90
1.59
EW2
0.85
1.45
1.70
EW3
0.74
1.29
1.75
Table 1.
Characteristic scales and zonostrophy index estimated from experimental data.
According to the classification provided in [8] we conclude that all our experiments reproduced flows in a transitional regime.
4.2 Flow patterns in the left ventricle downstream of prosthetic valves
To perform flow measurements in the LV, the vertical symmetry plane aligned with the mitral and aortic valve axes is illuminated by a 12 W, infrared laser. The working fluid inside the ventricle (distilled water) is seeded with neutrally buoyant particles (dm ∼ 30 μm). A high-speed digital camera (250 frames/s, 1280 × 1024 pixel resolution) is triggered by the motor to frame the time evolution of the phenomenon for N cardiac cycles. The acquired images are processed by means of a FT algorithm and velocity fields on a regular grid 51 × 51 are obtained for the considered time interval. Two-dimensional Eulerian velocity data were then phase averaged over N = 50 cycles. Here, we discuss two groups of experiments performed considering a period T = 6 s and stroke volumes SV1 = 64 ml, SV2 = 80 ml. We briefly recall that during the cardiac cycle the flow rate change according to the considered law [21]: the fluid enters the LV through the mitral valve during the diastole (0.00 T – 0.75 T) and is ejected out through the aortic valve during the systole (0.75 T – 1.00 T). Two peaks separated by the diastasis characterize the diastole phase: the first is called E-wave and corresponds to the dilation of the ventricle, and the second, called A-wave, is due to the contraction of the left atrium.
For the dynamic similarity, we consider the Reynolds number Re=UD/υand the Womersley number Wo=D2/Tυ; respectively equal to Re1 = 8322; Re2 = 10403; Wo = 22.8; in both cases within the physiological range. Here, D is the maximum diameter of the ventricle, U the peak velocity through the mitral orifice, ν the kinematic viscosity of the working fluid i.e., distilled water.
We use the public domain code NEWMAN [39] to compute the FTLEs from the planar velocity dataset above described, for the details see [40]. We remark that FTLE fields are computed from 2D measurements even if it is well known that the observed phenomenon is 3D; indeed, as the measurement plane is a plane of symmetry the assumption of two-dimensionality is quite acceptable.
Figure 6 shows backward FTLE at the end of the E-wave for the three simulated conditions. Backward FTLE ridges correspond to the front of the diastolic jet, sharply separating the fluid which just entered the ventricle from the receiving fluid.
Figure 6.
Velocity fields and backward FTLE at the end of E-wave (the small inset shows the current time in the cardiac cycle as a black dot): Left: Physiological configuration, center: Monoleaflet valve, and right: Bileaflet valve.
The analysis of the FTLE patterns throughout the cardiac cycle (not shown here) highlights how in the physiological configuration the observed coherent structures appear to be optimal for the systolic function. Indeed, the modifications in the transmitral flow due to the presence of a prosthetic valve deeply impact on the interaction between the coherent structures generated during the first phase of the diastole and the incoming jet during the second diastolic phase. We observed that while the flow generated by a bileaflet valve preserves most of the beneficial features of the top hat inflow, downstream of a monoleafleat one the strong jet forming at the end of the diastole prevents the permanence of large coherent structures within the LV (Figure 7).
Figure 7.
Same as above in correspondence of the systolic peak.
In order to complete the FTLE analysis, we reconstruct the trajectories of a number (O(104)) of synthetic fluid particles entering the ventricle through the mitral orifice during the LV filling by numerically integrating the experimental velocity fields; for each run, synthetic particles were released during each time step of the diastolic waves from the mitral orifice section and were subsequently tracked during the cardiac cycle. The aim was to further clarify the role of LCS by overlapping the particle positions on the FTLE maps, and to verify if and how LCS may act as pseudo-barriers for transport and mixing. An example is reported in Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Syntetic particles overlapped on FTLE maps at the end of the a wave.
We finally compute the shear stress experienced by the particles along their trajectories in order to emphasize the differences among the simulated conditions and to clarify the possible implications on the hemodynamics. Results corresponding to the end of the A wave are shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Synthetic particles entered through the mitral orifice during diastolic waves colored according to the shear stress cumulated until the end of the A-wave (the color bar values correspond to the non-dimensional maximum shear stress).
The plots show that, in case (a) the stress magnitudes induced by the smoother flow pattern are lower than values measured in case (b) and (c). In fact, while in physiological conditions particles characterized by the highest shear are washed out by the systolic wave, in presence of prosthetic valves they tend to be advected towards regions of the LV not affected by the systolic ejection (see Figure 3).
5. Conclusions
In this work, we review a set of methodologies suitable for the characterization of time-periodic complex flows; in particular, here, the focus is on rotating flows affected by a β-effect and blood flow in the left ventricle. The interest in deepening these contexts depends on their importance from both an applicative and a methodological point of view. Indeed, we consider almost 2D and time-periodic flows in which, due to chaotic advection, the Lagrangian motion of passive particles can be very complex even in regular, i.e., non-turbulent, Eulerian flow fields. We believe that the obtained results show, on one hand, that the designed experimental models prove suitable to reproduce the investigated phenomena, and on the other hand confirm that the proposed methodologies represent valid and powerful tools for identifying and characterizing the main flow patterns in their space–time evolution.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Sapienza University of Rome (Research program SAPIEXCELLENCE SPC: 2021-1136-1451-173491), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Marie Sklodowska–Curie Grant Agreement No. 797012) and the Italian Ministry of Research (project PRIN 2017 A889FP).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
\n',keywords:"pattern identification, laboratory experiments, image analysis, rotating turbulence, flow in the left ventricle",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82102.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82102.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82102",totalDownloads:10,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"April 13th 2022",dateReviewed:"May 5th 2022",datePrePublished:"June 14th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"June 3rd 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"In this contribution, we present a set of procedures developed to identify fluid flow structures and characterize their space-time evolution in time-dependent flows. In particular, we consider two different contests of importance in applied fluid mechanics: 1) large-scale almost 2D atmospheric and oceanic flows and 2) flow inside the left ventricle in the human blood circulation. For both cases, we designed an ad hoc experimental model to reproduce and deeply investigate the considered phenomena. We will focus on the post-processing of high-resolution velocity data sets obtained via laboratory experiments by measuring the flow field using a technique based on image analysis. We show how the proposed methodologies represent a valid tool suitable for extracting the main patterns and quantify fluid transport in complex flows from both Eulerian and Lagrangian perspectives.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82102",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82102",signatures:"Stefania Espa, Maria Grazia Badas and Simon Cabanes",book:{id:"10958",type:"book",title:"Vortex Dynamics - From Physical to Mathematical Aspects",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Vortex Dynamics - From Physical to Mathematical Aspects",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. İlkay Bakırtaş and Dr. Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10958.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-025-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-024-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-026-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Material and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Rotating turbulent flows with a β-effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Flow in the left ventricle in the human blood circulation",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Measuring technique",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Data analysis",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"3.1 Traveling waves and eddies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"3.2 Finite-time Lyapunov exponents and Lagrangian coherent structures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9",title:"4. Results and discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.1 Rotating flows affected by a β-effect",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_3",title:"4.1.1 Waves and eddies propagation",level:"3"},{id:"sec_10_3",title:"Table 1.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"4.2 Flow patterns in the left ventricle downstream of prosthetic valves",level:"2"},{id:"sec_14",title:"5. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"},{id:"sec_18",title:"Conflict of interest",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Crisanti A, Falcioni M, Paladin G, Vulpiani A. Lagrangian chaos:Transport, mixing and diffusion in fluids. La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento. 1991;14:1-80. DOI: 10.1007/BF02811193'},{id:"B2",body:'Rhines PB. Waves and turbulence on a beta-plane. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1975;69:417-443. 69(3), 417-443. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112075001504'},{id:"B3",body:'Cho JYK, Polvani LM. The emergence of jets and vortices in freely evolving, shallow-water turbulence on sphere. Physics of Fluids. 1996;8:1531-1552. DOI: 10.1063/1.868929'},{id:"B4",body:'Maximenko NA, Bang B, Sasaki H. Observational evidence of alternating zonal jets in the World Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters. 2005;32:L12607. DOI: 10.1029/2005GL022728'},{id:"B5",body:'Galperin B, Read PL (Eds.). Zonal Jets: Phenomenology, Genesis, and Physics. Cambridge University Press; 2019. p. 550. DOI: 10.1017/9781107358225'},{id:"B6",body:'Galperin B, Sukoriansky S, Dikovskaya N. Geophysical flows with anisotropic turbulence and dispersive waves: Flows with a β-effect. Ocean Dynamics. 2010;60:427-441. DOI: 10.1007/s10236-010-0278-2'},{id:"B7",body:'Kraichnan RH. Inertial ranges in two-dimensional turbulence. Physics of Fluids. 1967;10:1417. DOI: 10.1063/1.1762301'},{id:"B8",body:'Sukoriansky S, Dikovskaya N, Galperin B. On the arrest of the inverse energy cascade and the Rhines scale. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 2007;64:3312-3327. DOI: 10.1175/JAS4013.1'},{id:"B9",body:'Espa S, Di Nitto G, Cenedese A. The emergence of zonal jets in forced rotating shallow water turbulence: A laboratory study. Europhysics Letters. 2010;92:34006. DOI: 10.1209/0295-5075/92/34006'},{id:"B10",body:'Di Nitto G, Espa S, Cenedese A. Simulating zonation in geophysical flows by laboratory experiments. Physics of Fluids. 2013;25:086602. DOI: 10.1063/1.4817540'},{id:"B11",body:'Derzho OG, Afanasyev YD. Rotating dipolar gyres on a β-plane. Physics of Fluids. 2008;20:036603. DOI: 10.1063/1.2890083'},{id:"B12",body:'Galperin B, Hoemann J, Espa S, Di Nitto G. Anisotropic turbulence and Rossby waves in an easterly jet: An experimental study. Geophysical Research Letters. 2014;41:6237-6243. DOI: 10.1002/2014gl060767'},{id:"B13",body:'Galperin B, Hoemann J, Espa S, Di Nitto G, Lacorata G. Anisotropic macroturbulence and diffusion associated with a westward zonal jet: From laboratory to planetary atmospheres and oceans. Physical Review E. 2016;94:063102. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.063102'},{id:"B14",body:'Espa S, Cabanes S, King GP, Di Nitto G, Galperin B. Eddy-wave duality in a rotating flow. Physics of Fluids. 2020;32:076604. DOI: 10.1063/5.0006206'},{id:"B15",body:'Cabanes S, Espa S, Galperin B, Young RMB, Read PL. Revealing the intensity of turbulent energy transfer in planetary atmospheres. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2020;47:2316. DOI: 10.1029/2020GL088685'},{id:"B16",body:'Pedrizzetti G, Domenichini F. Nature optimizes the swirling flow in the human left ventricle. Physical Review Letters. 2005;95:108101. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.108101'},{id:"B17",body:'Yoganathan AP, He Z, Casey Jones S. Fluid mechanics of heart valves. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering. 2004;6:331-362. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.6.040803.140111'},{id:"B18",body:'Sotiropoulos F, Le TB, Gilmanov A. Fluid mechanics of heart valves and their replacements. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2016;48:259-283. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-122414-034314'},{id:"B19",body:'Querzoli G, Cenedese A, Fortini S. Effect of the prosthetic mitral valve on vortex dynamics and turbulence of the left ventricular flow. Physics of Fluids. 2010;22:041901. DOI: 10.1063/1.3371720'},{id:"B20",body:'Fortini S, Querzoli G, Espa S, Cenedese A. Three-dimensional structure of the flow inside the left ventricle of the human heart. Experiments in Fluids. 2013;54:1-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-013-1609-0'},{id:"B21",body:'Espa S, Badas MG, Fortini S, Querzoli G, Cenedese A. A Lagrangian investigation of the flow inside the left ventricle. European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids. 2012;35:9-19. DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechflu.2012.01.015'},{id:"B22",body:'Moroni M, Cenedese A. Comparison among feature tracking and more consolidated velocimetry image analysis techniques in a fully developed turbulent channel flow. Measurement Science and Technology. 2005;16:2307. DOI: 10.1088/0957-0233/16/11/025'},{id:"B23",body:'Funiciello F, Moroni M, Piromallo C, Faccenna C, Cenedese A, Bui HA. Mapping mantle flow during retreating subduction: Laboratory models analyzed by feature tracking. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2006;111:B03402-B03412. DOI: 10.1029/2005GL025390'},{id:"B24",body:'Okubo A. Horizontal dispersion of floatable particles in the vicinity of velocity singularities such as convergences. Deep Sea Research. 1970;17:445-454. DOI: 10.1016/0011-7471(70)90059-8'},{id:"B25",body:'Weiss J. The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in two-dimensional hydrodynamics. Physica D. 1991;48:273-294. DOI: 10.1016/0167-2789(91)90088-Q'},{id:"B26",body:'Elhmaïdi D, Provenzale A, Babiano A. Elementary topology of two dimensional turbulence from a Lagrangian viewpoint and single-particle dispersion. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 1993;257:533-558. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112093003192'},{id:"B27",body:'Pasquero C, Provenzale A, Babiano A. Parameterization of dispersion in two-dimensional turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 2001;439:279-303. DOI: 10.1017/S0022112001004499'},{id:"B28",body:'Shadden SC, Lekien F, Marsden JE. Definition and properties of Lagrangian coherent structures from finite-time Lyapunov exponents in two-dimensional aperiodic flows. Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 2005;212:271-304. DOI: 10.1016/j.physd.2005.10.007'},{id:"B29",body:'Beron-Vera FJ, Olascoaga M, Goni G. Oceanic mesoscale eddies as revealed by Lagrangian coherent structures. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008;35:12. DOI: 10.1029/2008GL033957'},{id:"B30",body:'Haller G. Distinguished material surfaces and coherent structures in three-dimensional fluid flows. Physica D. 2001;149:248-277. DOI: 10.1016/S0167-2789(00)00199-8'},{id:"B31",body:'Haller G. Lagrangian coherent structures. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 2015;47:137-162. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141322'},{id:"B32",body:'Shadden SC, Taylor CA. Characterization of coherent structures in the cardiovascular system. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2008;36(7):1152-1162. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-008-9502-3'},{id:"B33",body:'Miron P, Vétel J, Garon A. On the use of the finite-time Lyapunov exponent to reveal complex flow physics in the wake of a mechanical valve. Experiments in Fluids. 2014;55:1-15. DOI: 10.1007/s00348-014-1814-5'},{id:"B34",body:'Hendabadi S, Bermejo J, Benito Yotti R, Fernández-Avilés F, del Álamo JC, Shadden SC. Topology of blood transport in the human left ventricle by novel processing of Doppler echocardiography. Annals of Biomedical Engineering. 2013;41:2603-2616. DOI: 10.1007/s10439-013-0853-z'},{id:"B35",body:'Bermejo J, Benito Y, Alhama M, Yotti R, Martínez-Legazpi P, Del Villar CP, et al. Intraventricular vortex properties in nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 2014;306:H718-H729. DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00697.2013'},{id:"B36",body:'Badas MG, Domenichini F, Querzoli G. Quantification of the blood mixing in the left ventricle using finite time Lyapunov exponents. Meccanica. 2017;52(3):529-544. DOI: 10.1007/s11012-016-0364-8'},{id:"B37",body:'Di Labbio G, Vétel J, Kadem L. Material transport in the left ventricle with aortic valve regurgitation. Physical Review Fluids. 2021;6:059901. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.059901'},{id:"B38",body:'Espa S, Cabanes S. Eddies and waves in a rotating flow: An experimental study. In: Proceedings of the 39th IAHR World Congress 19–24 June 2022, Granada, Spain'},{id:"B39",body:'Du Toit PC, Marsden JE. Horseshoes in hurricanes. Journal of Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2010;7(2):351-384. DOI: 10.1007/s11784-010-0028-6.'},{id:"B40",body:'Badas MG, Espa S, Fortini S, Querzoli G. 3D finite time Lyapunov exponents in a left ventricle laboratory model. EPJ Web of Conferences. 2015;926:02004. DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/20159202004'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Stefania Espa",address:"stefania.espa@uniroma1.it",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"10958",type:"book",title:"Vortex Dynamics - From Physical to Mathematical Aspects",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Vortex Dynamics - From Physical to Mathematical Aspects",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Prof. İlkay Bakırtaş and Dr. Nalan Antar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10958.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-025-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-024-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-026-8",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"186388",title:"Prof.",name:"İlkay",middleName:null,surname:"Bakırtaş",slug:"ilkay-bakirtas",fullName:"İlkay Bakırtaş"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"105174",title:"Prof.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Raposo",email:"mraposo@ubi.pt",fullName:"Mário Raposo",slug:"mario-raposo",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"31835",title:"The Effect of an Entrepreneurial Training Programme on Entrepreneurial Traits and Intention of Secondary Students",slug:"the-effect-of-an-entrepreneurial-training-programme-on-entrepreneurial-traits-and-intention-of-secon",abstract:null,signatures:"Ricardo Gouveia Rodrigues, Anabela Dinis, Arminda do Paço, João Ferreira and Mário Raposo",authors:[{id:"103815",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Rodrigues",fullName:"Ricardo Rodrigues",slug:"ricardo-rodrigues",email:"rgrodrigues@ubi.pt"},{id:"105171",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",surname:"Dinis",fullName:"Anabela Dinis",slug:"anabela-dinis",email:"adinis@ubi.pt"},{id:"105172",title:"Prof.",name:"Arminda",surname:"Paço",fullName:"Arminda Paço",slug:"arminda-paco",email:"apaco@ubi.pt"},{id:"105173",title:"Prof.",name:"João",surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira",email:"jjmf@ubi.pt"},{id:"105174",title:"Prof.",name:"Mário",surname:"Raposo",fullName:"Mário Raposo",slug:"mario-raposo",email:"mraposo@ubi.pt"}],book:{id:"2261",title:"Entrepreneurship",slug:"entrepreneurship-born-made-and-educated",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"103815",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Rodrigues",slug:"ricardo-rodrigues",fullName:"Ricardo Rodrigues",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"104526",title:"Dr.",name:"Isabel",surname:"Neira",slug:"isabel-neira",fullName:"Isabel Neira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Santiago de Compostela",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"105171",title:"Prof.",name:"Anabela",surname:"Dinis",slug:"anabela-dinis",fullName:"Anabela Dinis",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"105172",title:"Prof.",name:"Arminda",surname:"Paço",slug:"arminda-paco",fullName:"Arminda Paço",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"105173",title:"Prof.",name:"João",surname:"Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Management Professor at University of Beira Interior, Portugal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"105695",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose C.",surname:"Sánchez-García",slug:"jose-c.-sanchez-garcia",fullName:"Jose C. Sánchez-García",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105695/images/system/105695.png",biography:"José Carlos Sánchez-García holds a Doctoral degree in Psychology received from the Autonomous University of Madrid. He achieved his Master degrees in Clinical Psychology and later Industrial Psychology, from the Complutense University of Madrid. He is now a Professor of Entrepreneurship at the University of Salamanca where he has also served as Dean of the Faculty of Psychology for eight years. Currently Dr. Sánchez-García is the Director of Doctorate Program in Psychology, also Director of the Entrepreneurship Chair, and Director of different international postgraduate programs (masters degrees) in entrepreneurial development and innovation. He is the President of AFIDE (Association for Training, Research and Development of Entrepreneurship) and was awarded the OPA Award for his research and promotion of entrepreneurship at the university, as well as the Juan Huarte de San Juan Award for his career as a psychologist and for his promotion of psychology. He also received an award from the Municipality of Osorno (Chile) for promoting entrepreneurship in this region. Dr. Sánchez-García is an author of numerous articles published in international high-impact journals, also an author of books and book chapters of a national and international character, a member of different editorial committees of international magazines as well as a member of different international associations in the field of psychology and entrepreneurship, a visiting professor at different European and Latin American universities.",institutionString:"University of Salamanca",institution:{name:"University of Salamanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"108878",title:"Mr.",name:"Ishfaq",surname:"Ahmed",slug:"ishfaq-ahmed",fullName:"Ishfaq Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Punjab",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"110876",title:"Prof.",name:"Alan E.",surname:"Singer",slug:"alan-e.-singer",fullName:"Alan E. Singer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Appalachian State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"111782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Melek",surname:"Kalkan",slug:"melek-kalkan",fullName:"Melek Kalkan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"113440",title:"Dr.",name:"Canani",surname:"Kaygusuz",slug:"canani-kaygusuz",fullName:"Canani Kaygusuz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"OA-publishing-fees",title:"Open Access Publishing Fees",intro:"
The Open Access model is applied to all of our publications and is designed to eliminate subscriptions and pay-per-view fees. This approach ensures free, immediate access to full text versions of your research.
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\\n\\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\\n\\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\\n\\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\\n\\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\\n\\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\\n\\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\\n
\\n\\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\\n\\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\\n\\n
Services included are:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\\n\\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\\n\\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\\n\\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\\n\\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\\n\\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\\n\\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\\n
\\n\\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\\n\\n
If your manuscript:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\\n\\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\\n
\\n\\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\\n\\n
Open Access Funding
\\n\\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\\n\\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\\n\\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\\n\\t
Long-term archiving
\\n\\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\\n\\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\\n\\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\\n
\\n\\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\\n\\t
+5,700 OA books published
\\n\\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\\n\\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\\n\\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\\n\\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\\n\\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\\n\\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
As a gold Open Access publisher, an Open Access Publishing Fee is payable on acceptance following peer review of the manuscript. In return, we provide high quality publishing services and exclusive benefits for all contributors. IntechOpen is the trusted publishing partner of over 140,000 international scientists and researchers.
\n\n
The Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) is payable only after your book chapter, monograph or journal article is accepted for publication.
\n\n
OAPF Publishing Options
\n\n
\n\t
1,400 GBP Chapter - Edited Volume
\n\t
850 GBP Chapter - Book Series Topic (Annual Volume)
\n\t
10,000 GBP Monograph - Long Form
\n\t
4,000 GBP Compacts Monograph - Short Form
\n\t
850 GBP Journal Article (Across Portfolio)
\n
\n\n
During the launching phase journals do not charge an APC, rather they will be funded by IntechOpen.
\n\n
*These prices do not include Value-Added Tax (VAT). Residents of European Union countries need to add VAT based on the specific rate in their country of residence. Institutions and companies registered as VAT taxable entities in their own EU member state will not pay VAT as long as provision of the VAT registration number is made during the application process. This is made possible by the EU reverse charge method.
\n\n
Services included are:
\n\n
\n\t
An online manuscript tracking system to facilitate your work
\n\t
Personal contact and support throughout the publishing process from your dedicated Author Service Manager
\n\t
Assurance that your manuscript meets the highest publishing standards
\n\t
English language copyediting and proofreading, including the correction of grammatical, spelling, and other common errors
\n\t
XML Typesetting and pagination - web (PDF, HTML) and print files preparation
\n\t
Discoverability - electronic citation and linking via DOI
\n\t
Permanent and unrestricted online access to your work
\n
\n\n
What isn't covered by the Open Access Publishing Fee?
\n\n
If your manuscript:
\n\n
\n\t
Exceeds the number of pages defined by the publishing guidelines, an additional fee per page may be required
\n\t
If a manuscript requires Heavy Editing or Language Polishing, this will incur additional fees.
\n
\n\n
Your Author Service Manager will inform you of any items not covered by the OAPF and provide exact information regarding those additional costs before proceeding.
\n\n
Open Access Funding
\n\n
To explore funding opportunities and learn more about how you can finance your IntechOpen publication, go to our Open Access Funding page. IntechOpen offers expert assistance to all of its Authors. We can support you in approaching funding bodies and institutions in relation to publishing fees by providing information about compliance with the Open Access policies of your funder or institution. We can also assist with communicating the benefits of Open Access in order to support and strengthen your funding request and provide personal guidance through your application process. You can contact us at funders@intechopen.com for further details or assistance.
\n\n
For Authors who are still unable to obtain funding from their institutions or research funding bodies for individual projects, IntechOpen does offer the possibility of applying for a Waiver to offset some or all processing feed. Details regarding our Waiver Policy can be found here.
\n\n
Added Value of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
Choosing to publish with IntechOpen ensures the following benefits:
\n\n
\n\t
Indexing and listing across major repositories, see details ...
\n\t
Long-term archiving
\n\t
Visibility on the world's strongest OA platform
\n\t
Live Performance Metrics to track readership and the impact of your chapter
\n\t
Dissemination and Promotion
\n
\n\n
Benefits of Publishing with IntechOpen
\n\n
\n\t
Proven world leader in Open Access book publishing with over 10 years experience
\n\t
+5,700 OA books published
\n\t
Most competitive prices in the market
\n\t
Fully compliant with OA funding requirements
\n\t
Optimized processes that assure your research is made available to the scientific community without delay
\n\t
Personal support during every step of the publication process
\n\t
+184,650 citations in Web of Science databases
\n\t
Currently strongest OA platform with over 175 million downloads
\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11254",title:"Optical Coherence Tomography",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a958c09ceaab1fc44c1dd0a817f48c92",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11254.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11843",title:"Abortion Access",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e07ed1706ed2bf6ad56aa7399d9edf1a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11843.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:675},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"231",title:"Quantum Physics",slug:"quantum-physics",parent:{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"},numberOfBooks:14,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:236,numberOfWosCitations:343,numberOfCrossrefCitations:161,numberOfDimensionsCitations:280,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"231",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10205",title:"Quantum Chromodynamic",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d9403b5c874f6e63b0686cd7c432e00",slug:"quantum-chromodynamic",bookSignature:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10205.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67836",title:"Prof.",name:"Zbigniew Piotr",middleName:null,surname:"Szadkowski",slug:"zbigniew-piotr-szadkowski",fullName:"Zbigniew Piotr Szadkowski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7788",title:"Progress in Relativity",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"258de121f66ce548dbf7a88bc569b58e",slug:"progress-in-relativity",bookSignature:"Calin Gheorghe Buzea, Maricel Agop and Leo Butler",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99400",title:"Dr.",name:"Calin Gheorghe",middleName:null,surname:"Buzea",slug:"calin-gheorghe-buzea",fullName:"Calin Gheorghe Buzea"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8907",title:"Advances in Quantum Communication and Information",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6b074960b5f71319aa57217e7b54216e",slug:"advances-in-quantum-communication-and-information",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes, Vasilios N. Stavrou, Oleg Morozov and Anton V. Bourdine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8907.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5213",title:"Research Advances in Quantum Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"15678b0555c714101f8d707a46b4ac60",slug:"research-advances-in-quantum-dynamics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5213.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4503",title:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49ea5b364e379eac3ca7747bc170c217",slug:"selected-topics-in-applications-of-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4503.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3527",title:"Ferromagnetic Resonance",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5018d38d6945912cc51b5733fff95ea7",slug:"ferromagnetic-resonance-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Orhan Yalcin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3527.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101308",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Yalçın",slug:"dr.-orhan-yalcin",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Yalçın"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3513",title:"Advances in Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bbea1c081216f267a4480707f4ead9cf",slug:"advances-in-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Paul Bracken",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3513.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"92883",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",middleName:null,surname:"Bracken",slug:"paul-bracken",fullName:"Paul Bracken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1861",title:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"17f3d0e20293bdad1d8f4c760e6826b3",slug:"wavelet-transforms-and-their-recent-applications-in-biology-and-geoscience",bookSignature:"Dumitru Baleanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105623",title:"Dr.",name:"Dumitru",middleName:null,surname:"Baleanu",slug:"dumitru-baleanu",fullName:"Dumitru Baleanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1613",title:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9c6e9ac171d39eecb718608fb626430",slug:"theoretical-concepts-of-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1613.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2138",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3487ee0a57a3bb9087dcf65c25e1b73d",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2138.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2139",title:"Some Applications of Quantum Mechanics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"78dac0afd6b5ae98402487ae1f1e836f",slug:"some-applications-of-quantum-mechanics",bookSignature:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2139.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101263",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pahlavani",slug:"mohammad-reza-pahlavani",fullName:"Mohammad Reza Pahlavani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1615",title:"Advances in Quantum Theory",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"292f0a763e50627eed224ef40ec75962",slug:"advances-in-quantum-theory",bookSignature:"Ion I. Cotaescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108083",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",middleName:"I.",surname:"Cotaescu",slug:"ion-cotaescu",fullName:"Ion Cotaescu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:14,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"30722",doi:"10.5772/37914",title:"Energy Distribution of EEG Signal Components by Wavelet Transform",slug:"energy-distribution-of-eeg-signal-components-by-wavelet-transform",totalDownloads:3444,totalCrossrefCites:18,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:null,book:{id:"1861",slug:"wavelet-transforms-and-their-recent-applications-in-biology-and-geoscience",title:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience",fullTitle:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience"},signatures:"Ibrahim Omerhodzic, Samir Avdakovic, Amir Nuhanovic, Kemal Dizdarevic and Kresimir Rotim",authors:[{id:"104339",title:"MSc.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Avdakovic",slug:"samir-avdakovic",fullName:"Samir Avdakovic"},{id:"112941",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",middleName:null,surname:"Nuhanovic",slug:"amir-nuhanovic",fullName:"Amir Nuhanovic"},{id:"114763",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Omerhodzic",slug:"ibrahim-omerhodzic",fullName:"Ibrahim Omerhodzic"},{id:"114765",title:"Prof.",name:"Kemal",middleName:null,surname:"Dizdarevic",slug:"kemal-dizdarevic",fullName:"Kemal Dizdarevic"},{id:"114766",title:"Prof.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Rotim",slug:"kresimir-rotim",fullName:"Kresimir Rotim"}]},{id:"29585",doi:"10.5772/33510",title:"Application of the Nikiforov-Uvarov Method in Quantum Mechanics",slug:"application-of-the-nikiforov-uvarov-method-in-quantum-mechanics",totalDownloads:7403,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:18,abstract:null,book:{id:"1613",slug:"theoretical-concepts-of-quantum-mechanics",title:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Theoretical Concepts of Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Cüneyt Berkdemir",authors:[{id:"95927",title:"Dr.",name:"Cuneyt",middleName:null,surname:"Berkdemir",slug:"cuneyt-berkdemir",fullName:"Cuneyt Berkdemir"}]},{id:"47567",doi:"10.5772/59040",title:"Physical Vacuum is a Special Superfluid Medium",slug:"physical-vacuum-is-a-special-superfluid-medium",totalDownloads:2328,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"4503",slug:"selected-topics-in-applications-of-quantum-mechanics",title:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Applications of Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"V.I. Sbitnev",authors:[{id:"93881",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeriy",middleName:null,surname:"Sbitnev",slug:"valeriy-sbitnev",fullName:"Valeriy Sbitnev"}]},{id:"29089",doi:"10.5772/32810",title:'Theory of “Weak Value" and Quantum Mechanical Measurements',slug:"theory-of-weak-value-and-quantum-mechanical-measurement",totalDownloads:2733,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Yutaka Shikano",authors:[{id:"92796",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Shikano",slug:"yutaka-shikano",fullName:"Yutaka Shikano"}]},{id:"30734",doi:"10.5772/36747",title:"1D Wavelet Transform and Geosciences",slug:"1d-wavelet-transform-and-geosciences-",totalDownloads:4156,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1861",slug:"wavelet-transforms-and-their-recent-applications-in-biology-and-geoscience",title:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience",fullTitle:"Wavelet Transforms and Their Recent Applications in Biology and Geoscience"},signatures:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul, Leila Aliouane, Mohamed Hamoudi, Amar Boudella and Said Eladj",authors:[{id:"103826",title:"Dr.",name:"Sid-Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Ouadfeul",slug:"sid-ali-ouadfeul",fullName:"Sid-Ali Ouadfeul"},{id:"109460",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Aliouane",slug:"leila-aliouane",fullName:"Leila Aliouane"},{id:"136464",title:"Prof.",name:"Amar",middleName:null,surname:"Boudella",slug:"amar-boudella",fullName:"Amar Boudella"},{id:"136465",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",middleName:null,surname:"Eladj",slug:"said-eladj",fullName:"Said Eladj"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"45527",title:"Ferromagnetic Resonance",slug:"ferromagnetic-resonance",totalDownloads:11540,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"3527",slug:"ferromagnetic-resonance-theory-and-applications",title:"Ferromagnetic Resonance",fullTitle:"Ferromagnetic Resonance - Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Orhan Yalçın",authors:[{id:"101308",title:"Prof.",name:"Dr. Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Yalçın",slug:"dr.-orhan-yalcin",fullName:"Dr. Orhan Yalçın"}]},{id:"29087",title:"Time as Quantum Observable, Canonical Conjugated to Energy",slug:"time-as-quantum-observable-canonical-conjugated-to-energy",totalDownloads:2844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Vladislav S. Olkhovsky, Erasmo Recami and Sergei P. Maydanyuk",authors:[{id:"92941",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergei",middleName:"Petrovich",surname:"Maydanyuk",slug:"sergei-maydanyuk",fullName:"Sergei Maydanyuk"},{id:"103668",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladislav",middleName:"Sergeyevich",surname:"Olkhovsky",slug:"vladislav-olkhovsky",fullName:"Vladislav Olkhovsky"}]},{id:"29086",title:"Measurement in Quantum Mechanics: Decoherence and the Pointer Basis",slug:"quantum-measurement-decoherence-and-the-pointer-basis",totalDownloads:3972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Anu Venugopalan",authors:[{id:"101861",title:"Dr.",name:"Anu",middleName:null,surname:"Venugopalan",slug:"anu-venugopalan",fullName:"Anu Venugopalan"}]},{id:"70295",title:"Periodic Solution of Nonlinear Conservative Systems",slug:"periodic-solution-of-nonlinear-conservative-systems",totalDownloads:875,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Conservative systems represent a large number of naturally occurring and artificially designed scientific and engineering systems. A key consideration in the theory and application of nonlinear conservative systems is the solution of the governing nonlinear ordinary differential equation. This chapter surveys the recent approximate analytical schemes for the periodic solution of nonlinear conservative systems and presents a recently proposed approximate analytical algorithm called continuous piecewise linearization method (CPLM). The advantage of the CPLM over other analytical schemes is that it combines simplicity and accuracy for strong nonlinear and large-amplitude oscillations irrespective of the complexity of the nonlinear restoring force. Hence, CPLM solutions for typical nonlinear Hamiltonian systems are presented and discussed. Also, the CPLM solution for an example of a non-Hamiltonian conservative oscillator was presented. The chapter is aimed at showcasing the potential and benefits of the CPLM as a reliable and easily implementable scheme for the periodic solution of conservative systems.",book:{id:"7788",slug:"progress-in-relativity",title:"Progress in Relativity",fullTitle:"Progress in Relativity"},signatures:"Akuro Big-Alabo and Chinwuba Victor Ossia",authors:null},{id:"29091",title:"A Statistical Derivation of Non-Relativistic Quantum Theory",slug:"a-statistical-derivation-of-non-relativistic-quantum-theory",totalDownloads:3075,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"2138",slug:"measurements-in-quantum-mechanics",title:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics",fullTitle:"Measurements in Quantum Mechanics"},signatures:"Ulf Klein",authors:[{id:"93912",title:"Dr.",name:"Ulf",middleName:null,surname:"Klein",slug:"ulf-klein",fullName:"Ulf Klein"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"231",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 17th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:11,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"19",title:"Animal Science",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/19.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"259298",title:"Dr.",name:"Edward",middleName:null,surname:"Narayan",slug:"edward-narayan",fullName:"Edward Narayan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Edward Narayan graduated with Ph.D. degree in Biology from the University of the South Pacific and pioneered non-invasive reproductive and stress endocrinology tools for amphibians - the novel development and validation of non-invasive enzyme immunoassays for the evaluation of reproductive hormonal cycle and stress hormone responses to environmental stressors. \nDr. Narayan leads the Stress Lab (Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology) at the University of Queensland. A dynamic career research platform which is based on the thematic areas of comparative vertebrate physiology, stress endocrinology, reproductive endocrinology, animal health and welfare, and conservation biology. \nEdward has supervised 40 research students and published over 60 peer reviewed research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/20.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"175967",title:"Dr.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",fullName:"Manuel Gonzalez Ronquillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",biography:"Dr. Manuel González Ronquillo obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2001. He is a research professor at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico. He is also a level-2 researcher. He received a Fulbright-Garcia Robles fellowship for a postdoctoral stay at the US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA in 2008–2009. He received grants from Alianza del Pacifico for a stay at the University of Magallanes, Chile, in 2014, and from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) to work in the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Animal Production and Health Division (AGA), Rome, Italy, in 2014–2015. He has collaborated with researchers from different countries and published ninety-eight journal articles. He teaches various degree courses in zootechnics, sheep production, and agricultural sciences and natural resources.\n\nDr. Ronquillo’s research focuses on the evaluation of sustainable animal diets (StAnD), using native resources of the region, decreasing carbon footprint, and applying meta-analysis and mathematical models for a better understanding of animal production.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/28.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"177225",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"rosa-maria-lino-neto-pereira",fullName:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9wkQAC/Profile_Picture_1624519982291",biography:"Rosa Maria Lino Neto Pereira (DVM, MsC, PhD and) is currently a researcher at the Genetic Resources and Biotechnology Unit of the National Institute of Agrarian and Veterinarian Research (INIAV, Portugal). She is the head of the Reproduction and Embryology Laboratories and was lecturer of Reproduction and Reproductive Biotechnologies at Veterinary Medicine Faculty. She has over 25 years of experience working in reproductive biology and biotechnology areas with a special emphasis on embryo and gamete cryopreservation, for research and animal genetic resources conservation, leading research projects with several peer-reviewed papers. Rosa Pereira is member of the ERFP-FAO Ex situ Working Group and of the Management Commission of the Portuguese Animal Germplasm Bank.",institutionString:"The National Institute for Agricultural and Veterinary Research. Portugal",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"82285",title:"Parvovirus Vectors: The Future of Gene Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105085",signatures:"Megha Gupta",slug:"parvovirus-vectors-the-future-of-gene-therapy",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:38,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",biography:"Naceur M’HAMDI is Associate Professor at the National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, University of Carthage. He is also Member of the Laboratory of genetic, animal and feed resource and member of Animal science Department of INAT. He graduated from Higher School of Agriculture of Mateur, University of Carthage, in 2002 and completed his masters in 2006. Dr. M’HAMDI completed his PhD thesis in Genetic welfare indicators of dairy cattle at Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott-Meriem, University of Sousse, in 2011. He worked as assistant Professor of Genetic, biostatistics and animal biotechnology at INAT since 2013.",institutionString:null,institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"11664",title:"Recent Advances in Sensing Technologies for Environmental Control and Monitoring",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11664.jpg",hash:"cf1ee76443e393bc7597723c3ee3e26f",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 4th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24687",title:"Dr.",name:"Toonika",surname:"Rinken",slug:"toonika-rinken",fullName:"Toonika Rinken"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 25th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:23,paginationItems:[{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"81751",title:"NanoBioSensors: From Electrochemical Sensors Improvement to Theranostic Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102552",signatures:"Anielle C.A. Silva, Eliete A. Alvin, Lais S. de Jesus, Caio C.L. de França, Marílya P.G. da Silva, Samaysa L. Lins, Diógenes Meneses, Marcela R. Lemes, Rhanoica O. Guerra, Marcos V. da Silva, Carlo J.F. de Oliveira, Virmondes Rodrigues Junior, Renata M. Etchebehere, Fabiane C. de Abreu, Bruno G. Lucca, Sanívia A.L. Pereira, Rodrigo C. Rosa and Noelio O. Dantas",slug:"nanobiosensors-from-electrochemical-sensors-improvement-to-theranostic-applications",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81766",title:"Evolution of Organoids in Oncology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104251",signatures:"Allen Thayakumar Basanthakumar, Janitha Chandrasekhar Darlybai and Jyothsna Ganesh",slug:"evolution-of-organoids-in-oncology",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"81678",title:"Developmental Studies on Practical Enzymatic Phosphate Ion Biosensors and Microbial BOD Biosensors, and New Insights into the Future Perspectives of These Biosensor Fields",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104377",signatures:"Hideaki Nakamura",slug:"developmental-studies-on-practical-enzymatic-phosphate-ion-biosensors-and-microbial-bod-biosensors-a",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hideaki",surname:"Nakamura"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81547",title:"Organoids and Commercialization",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104706",signatures:"Anubhab Mukherjee, Aprajita Sinha, Maheshree Maibam, Bharti Bisht and Manash K. Paul",slug:"organoids-and-commercialization",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Organoids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11430.jpg",subseries:null}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:17,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:228,paginationItems:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",biography:"Dr. Aneesa Moolla has extensive experience in the diverse fields of health care having previously worked in dental private practice, at the Red Cross Flying Doctors association, and in healthcare corporate settings. She is now a lecturer at the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa, and a principal researcher at the Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office (HE2RO), South Africa. Dr. Moolla holds a Ph.D. in Psychology with her research being focused on mental health and resilience. In her professional work capacity, her research has further expanded into the fields of early childhood development, mental health, the HIV and TB care cascades, as well as COVID. She is also a UNESCO-trained International Bioethics Facilitator.",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"342152",title:"Dr.",name:"Santo",middleName:null,surname:"Grace Umesh",slug:"santo-grace-umesh",fullName:"Santo Grace Umesh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/342152/images/16311_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"333647",title:"Dr.",name:"Shreya",middleName:null,surname:"Kishore",slug:"shreya-kishore",fullName:"Shreya Kishore",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333647/images/14701_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Shreya Kishore completed her Bachelor in Dental Surgery in Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, and her Master of Dental Surgery (Orthodontics) in Saveetha Dental College, Chennai. She is also Invisalign certified. She’s working as a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Orthodontics, SRM Dental College since November 2019. She is actively involved in teaching orthodontics to the undergraduates and the postgraduates. Her clinical research topics include new orthodontic brackets, fixed appliances and TADs. She’s published 4 articles in well renowned indexed journals and has a published patency of her own. Her private practice is currently limited to orthodontics and works as a consultant in various clinics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"323731",title:"Prof.",name:"Deepak M.",middleName:"Macchindra",surname:"Vikhe",slug:"deepak-m.-vikhe",fullName:"Deepak M. Vikhe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/323731/images/13613_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Deepak M.Vikhe .\n\n\t\n\tDr Deepak M.Vikhe , completed his Masters & PhD in Prosthodontics from Rural Dental College, Loni securing third rank in the Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University. He was awarded Dr.G.C.DAS Memorial Award for Research on Implants at 39th IPS conference Dubai (U A E).He has two patents under his name. He has received Dr.Saraswati medal award for best research for implant study in 2017.He has received Fully funded scholarship to Spain ,university of Santiago de Compostela. He has completed fellowship in Implantlogy from Noble Biocare. \nHe has attended various conferences and CDE programmes and has national publications to his credit. His field of interest is in Implant supported prosthesis. Presently he is working as a associate professor in the Dept of Prosthodontics, Rural Dental College, Loni and maintains a successful private practice specialising in Implantology at Rahata.\n\nEmail: drdeepak_mvikhe@yahoo.com..................",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204110",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed A.",middleName:null,surname:"Madfa",slug:"ahmed-a.-madfa",fullName:"Ahmed A. Madfa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204110/images/system/204110.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madfa is currently Associate Professor of Endodontics at Thamar University and a visiting lecturer at Sana'a University and University of Sciences and Technology. He has more than 6 years of experience in teaching. His research interests include root canal morphology, functionally graded concept, dental biomaterials, epidemiology and dental education, biomimetic restoration, finite element analysis and endodontic regeneration. Dr. Madfa has numerous international publications, full articles, two patents, a book and a book chapter. Furthermore, he won 14 international scientific awards. Furthermore, he is involved in many academic activities ranging from editorial board member, reviewer for many international journals and postgraduate students' supervisor. Besides, I deliver many courses and training workshops at various scientific events. Dr. Madfa also regularly attends international conferences and holds administrative positions (Deputy Dean of the Faculty for Students’ & Academic Affairs and Deputy Head of Research Unit).",institutionString:"Thamar University",institution:null},{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",biography:"Dr. Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif is working at the Faculty of dentistry, University for October university for modern sciences and arts (MSA). Her areas of expertise include: periodontology, dental laserology, oral implantology, periodontal plastic surgeries, oral mesotherapy, nutrition, dental pharmacology. She is an editor and reviewer in numerous international journals.",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null},{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null},{id:"178412",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Guhan",middleName:null,surname:"Dergin",slug:"guhan-dergin",fullName:"Guhan Dergin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178412/images/6954_n.jpg",biography:"Assoc. Prof. Dr. Gühan Dergin was born in 1973 in Izmit. He graduated from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1999. He completed his specialty of OMFS surgery in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry and obtained his PhD degree in 2006. In 2005, he was invited as a visiting doctor in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of the University of North Carolina, USA, where he went on a scholarship. Dr. Dergin still continues his academic career as an associate professor in Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry. He has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178414",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Emes",slug:"yusuf-emes",fullName:"Yusuf Emes",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178414/images/6953_n.jpg",biography:"Born in Istanbul in 1974, Dr. Emes graduated from Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry in 1997 and completed his PhD degree in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in 2005. He has papers published in international and national scientific journals, including research articles on implantology, oroantral fistulas, odontogenic cysts, and temporomandibular disorders. Dr. Emes is currently working as a full-time academic staff in Istanbul University faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"192229",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ana Luiza",middleName:null,surname:"De Carvalho Felippini",slug:"ana-luiza-de-carvalho-felippini",fullName:"Ana Luiza De Carvalho Felippini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192229/images/system/192229.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"University of São Paulo",institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"256851",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayşe",middleName:null,surname:"Gülşen",slug:"ayse-gulsen",fullName:"Ayşe Gülşen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256851/images/9696_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ayşe Gülşen graduated in 1990 from Faculty of Dentistry, University of Ankara and did a postgraduate program at University of Gazi. \nShe worked as an observer and research assistant in Craniofacial Surgery Departments in New York, Providence Hospital in Michigan and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. \nShe works as Craniofacial Orthodontist in Department of Aesthetic, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Gazi, Ankara Turkey since 2004.",institutionString:"Univeristy of Gazi",institution:null},{id:"255366",title:"Prof.",name:"Tosun",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"tosun-tosun",fullName:"Tosun Tosun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255366/images/7347_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul, Turkey in 1989;\nVisitor Assistant at the University of Padua, Italy and Branemark Osseointegration Center of Treviso, Italy between 1993-94;\nPhD thesis on oral implantology in University of Istanbul and was awarded the academic title “Dr.med.dent.”, 1997;\nHe was awarded the academic title “Doç.Dr.” (Associated Professor) in 2003;\nProficiency in Botulinum Toxin Applications, Reading-UK in 2009;\nMastership, RWTH Certificate in Laser Therapy in Dentistry, AALZ-Aachen University, Germany 2009-11;\nMaster of Science (MSc) in Laser Dentistry, University of Genoa, Italy 2013-14.\n\nDr.Tosun worked as Research Assistant in the Department of Oral Implantology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Istanbul between 1990-2002. \nHe worked part-time as Consultant surgeon in Harvard Medical International Hospitals and John Hopkins Medicine, Istanbul between years 2007-09.\u2028He was contract Professor in the Department of Surgical and Diagnostic Sciences (DI.S.C.), Medical School, University of Genova, Italy between years 2011-16. \nSince 2015 he is visiting Professor at Medical School, University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. \nCurrently he is Associated Prof.Dr. at the Dental School, Oral Surgery Dept., Istanbul Aydin University and since 2003 he works in his own private clinic in Istanbul, Turkey.\u2028\nDr.Tosun is reviewer in journal ‘Laser in Medical Sciences’, reviewer in journal ‘Folia Medica\\', a Fellow of the International Team for Implantology, Clinical Lecturer of DGZI German Association of Oral Implantology, Expert Lecturer of Laser&Health Academy, Country Representative of World Federation for Laser Dentistry, member of European Federation of Periodontology, member of Academy of Laser Dentistry. Dr.Tosun presents papers in international and national congresses and has scientific publications in international and national journals. He speaks english, spanish, italian and french.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"256417",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Sanaz",middleName:null,surname:"Sadry",slug:"sanaz-sadry",fullName:"Sanaz Sadry",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/256417/images/8106_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272237",title:"Dr.",name:"Pinar",middleName:"Kiymet",surname:"Karataban",slug:"pinar-karataban",fullName:"Pinar Karataban",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272237/images/8911_n.png",biography:"Assist.Prof.Dr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban, DDS PhD \n\nDr.Pınar Kıymet Karataban was born in Istanbul in 1975. After her graduation from Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1998 she started her PhD in Paediatric Dentistry focused on children with special needs; mainly children with Cerebral Palsy. She finished her pHD thesis entitled \\'Investigation of occlusion via cast analysis and evaluation of dental caries prevalance, periodontal status and muscle dysfunctions in children with cerebral palsy” in 2008. She got her Assist. Proffessor degree in Istanbul Aydın University Paediatric Dentistry Department in 2015-2018. ın 2019 she started her new career in Bahcesehir University, Istanbul as Head of Department of Pediatric Dentistry. In 2020 she was accepted to BAU International University, Batumi as Professor of Pediatric Dentistry. She’s a lecturer in the same university meanwhile working part-time in private practice in Ege Dental Studio (https://www.egedisklinigi.com/) a multidisciplinary dental clinic in Istanbul. Her main interests are paleodontology, ancient and contemporary dentistry, oral microbiology, cerebral palsy and special care dentistry. She has national and international publications, scientific reports and is a member of IAPO (International Association for Paleodontology), IADH (International Association of Disability and Oral Health) and EAPD (European Association of Pediatric Dentistry).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"202198",title:"Dr.",name:"Buket",middleName:null,surname:"Aybar",slug:"buket-aybar",fullName:"Buket Aybar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202198/images/6955_n.jpg",biography:"Buket Aybar, DDS, PhD, was born in 1971. She graduated from Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry, in 1992 and completed her PhD degree on Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery in Istanbul University in 1997.\nDr. Aybar is currently a full-time professor in Istanbul University, Faculty of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. She has teaching responsibilities in graduate and postgraduate programs. Her clinical practice includes mainly dentoalveolar surgery.\nHer topics of interest are biomaterials science and cell culture studies. She has many articles in international and national scientific journals and chapters in books; she also has participated in several scientific projects supported by Istanbul University Research fund.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"260116",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:null,surname:"Yaltirik",slug:"mehmet-yaltirik",fullName:"Mehmet Yaltirik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260116/images/7413_n.jpg",biography:"Birth Date 25.09.1965\r\nBirth Place Adana- Turkey\r\nSex Male\r\nMarrial Status Bachelor\r\nDriving License Acquired\r\nMother Tongue Turkish\r\n\r\nAddress:\r\nWork:University of Istanbul,Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine 34093 Capa,Istanbul- TURKIYE",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"172009",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatma Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Uzuner",slug:"fatma-deniz-uzuner",fullName:"Fatma Deniz Uzuner",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/172009/images/7122_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Deniz Uzuner was born in 1969 in Kocaeli-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1986, she attended the Hacettepe University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. \nIn 1993 she attended the Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics for her PhD education. After finishing the PhD education, she worked as orthodontist in Ankara Dental Hospital under the Turkish Government, Ministry of Health and in a special Orthodontic Clinic till 2011. Between 2011 and 2016, Dr. Deniz Uzuner worked as a specialist in the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University in Ankara/Turkey. In 2016, she was appointed associate professor. Dr. Deniz Uzuner has authored 23 Journal Papers, 3 Book Chapters and has had 39 oral/poster presentations. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"332914",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Saad",middleName:null,surname:"Shaikh",slug:"muhammad-saad-shaikh",fullName:"Muhammad Saad Shaikh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jinnah Sindh Medical University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"315775",title:"Dr.",name:"Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Luo",slug:"feng-luo",fullName:"Feng Luo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"423519",title:"Dr.",name:"Sizakele",middleName:null,surname:"Ngwenya",slug:"sizakele-ngwenya",fullName:"Sizakele Ngwenya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"419270",title:"Dr.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Chianchitlert",slug:"ann-chianchitlert",fullName:"Ann Chianchitlert",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419271",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane",middleName:null,surname:"Selvido",slug:"diane-selvido",fullName:"Diane Selvido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"419272",title:"Dr.",name:"Irin",middleName:null,surname:"Sirisoontorn",slug:"irin-sirisoontorn",fullName:"Irin Sirisoontorn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Walailak University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"355660",title:"Dr.",name:"Anitha",middleName:null,surname:"Mani",slug:"anitha-mani",fullName:"Anitha Mani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"355612",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",middleName:null,surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"janani-karthikeyan",fullName:"Janani Karthikeyan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334400",title:"Dr.",name:"Suvetha",middleName:null,surname:"Siva",slug:"suvetha-siva",fullName:"Suvetha Siva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"SRM Dental College",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334239",title:"Prof.",name:"Leung",middleName:null,surname:"Wai Keung",slug:"leung-wai-keung",fullName:"Leung Wai Keung",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hong Kong",country:{name:"China"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81321",title:"Velocity Planning via Model-Based Reinforcement Learning: Demonstrating Results on PILCO for One-Dimensional Linear Motion with Bounded Acceleration",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103690",signatures:"Hsuan-Cheng Liao, Han-Jung Chou and Jing-Sin Liu",slug:"velocity-planning-via-model-based-reinforcement-learning-demonstrating-results-on-pilco-for-one-dime",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Applied Intelligence - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11418.jpg",subseries:{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10654",title:"Brain-Computer Interface",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10654.jpg",slug:"brain-computer-interface",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Vahid Asadpour",hash:"a5308884068cc53ed31c6baba756857f",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Brain-Computer Interface",editors:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/105174",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"105174"},fullPath:"/profiles/105174",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()