\r\n\t
",isbn:"978-1-80356-441-8",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-440-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-442-5",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",bookSignature:"Assistant Prof. Erik Froyen",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",keywords:"Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Seizures, Epilepsy, Low-Fat Diet, High-Fat Diet, Cardiovascular Disease, Saturated Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Fat Food Sources, Omega-3 Fatty Acids",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 1st 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 3rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 2nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 20th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"November 19th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"17 days",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"An assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, with multiple publications and presentations on the mechanisms by which fatty acids impact the risk factors for cardiovascular disease.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",middleName:null,surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/415310/images/system/415310.jpg",biography:"Erik Froyen is an assistant professor in the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. He has a PhD in Nutritional Biology from the University of California, Davis. His PhD dissertation research involved investigating the effects of soy isoflavones on liver detoxification enzyme activities in rodent and cell culture models. His research interests include the mechanisms by which fatty acids impact the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. He has multiple publications and presentations on this topic. He also teaches courses in Basic Nutrition, Introduction to Nutrition Research, Nutrient Metabolism, and Nutritional Genomics.",institutionString:"California State Polytechnic University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"California State Polytechnic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"6",title:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",slug:"biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6694",title:"New Trends in Ion Exchange Studies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3de8c8b090fd8faa7c11ec5b387c486a",slug:"new-trends-in-ion-exchange-studies",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6694.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"34221",title:"A Mamdani Type Fuzzy Logic Controller",doi:"10.5772/36321",slug:"a-mamdani-type-fuzzy-logic-controller",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/34221.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/34221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/34221",totalDownloads:12519,totalViews:305,totalCrossrefCites:40,totalDimensionsCites:66,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:23,impactScorePercentile:99,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"May 20th 2011",dateReviewed:"November 11th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"March 28th 2012",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/34221",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/34221",book:{id:"2273",slug:"fuzzy-logic-controls-concepts-theories-and-applications"},signatures:"Ion Iancu",authors:[{id:"107854",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Ion Iancu",slug:"ion-iancu",email:"i_iancu@yahoo.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"2273",type:"book",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Controls, Concepts, Theories and Applications",fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic - Controls, Concepts, Theories and Applications",slug:"fuzzy-logic-controls-concepts-theories-and-applications",publishedDate:"March 28th 2012",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2273.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0396-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4314-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:123,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"722"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"34206",type:"chapter",title:"Humanoid Robot: Design and Fuzzy Logic Control Technique for Its Intelligent Behaviors",slug:"humanoid-robot-design-and-fuzzy-logig-control-technique-for-its-intelligent-behaviors",totalDownloads:4267,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elmer P. Dadios, Jazper Jan C. Biliran, Ron-Ron G. Garcia, D. Johnson, and Adranne Rachel B. Valencia",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios"}]},{id:"34207",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Fuzzy Logic in Mobile Robot Navigation",slug:"application-of-fuzzy-logic-in-mobile-robot-navigation",totalDownloads:5456,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Tang Sai Hong, Danial Nakhaeinia and Babak Karasfi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107973",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Danial",middleName:null,surname:"Nakhaeinia",fullName:"Danial Nakhaeinia",slug:"danial-nakhaeinia"},{id:"138107",title:"Dr.",name:"Sai Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Sai Hong Tang",slug:"sai-hong-tang"},{id:"138108",title:"PhD.",name:"Babak",middleName:null,surname:"Karasfi",fullName:"Babak Karasfi",slug:"babak-karasfi"}]},{id:"34208",type:"chapter",title:"Modular Fuzzy Logic Controller for Motion Control of Two-Wheeled Wheelchair",slug:"modular-fuzzy-logic-control-for-two-wheeled-wheelchair-motion-control",totalDownloads:3292,totalCrossrefCites:6,signatures:"Salmiah Ahmad, N. H. Siddique and M. O. Tokhi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110412",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazmul",middleName:null,surname:"Siddique",fullName:"Nazmul Siddique",slug:"nazmul-siddique"},{id:"113396",title:"Dr.",name:"Salmiah",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",fullName:"Salmiah Ahmad",slug:"salmiah-ahmad"},{id:"114563",title:"Dr.",name:"M. O.",middleName:null,surname:"Tokhi",fullName:"M. O. Tokhi",slug:"m.-o.-tokhi"}]},{id:"34209",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Control System Design and Analysis for Completely Restrained Cable-Driven Manipulators",slug:"fuzzy-control-system-design-and-analysis-for-completely-restrained-cable-driven-manipulators",totalDownloads:3354,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bin Zi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105847",title:"Dr.",name:"Bin",middleName:null,surname:"Zi",fullName:"Bin Zi",slug:"bin-zi"}]},{id:"34210",type:"chapter",title:"Control and Estimation of Asynchronous Machines Using Fuzzy Logic",slug:"control-and-estimation-of-ac-induction-machines-using-fuzzy-logic-",totalDownloads:3108,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"José Antonio Cortajarena, Julián De Marcos, Fco. Javier Vicandi, Pedro Alvarez and Patxi Alkorta",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"105913",title:"MSc",name:"José Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Cortajarena",fullName:"José Antonio Cortajarena",slug:"jose-antonio-cortajarena"}]},{id:"34211",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Fuzzy Logic in Control of Electrical Machines",slug:"-application-of-fuzzy-logic-in-control-of-electrical-machines",totalDownloads:6772,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui and Ahmed Tahour",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"26712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Tahour",fullName:"Ahmed Tahour",slug:"ahmed-tahour"},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui"}]},{id:"34212",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Logic Control for Multiresolutive Adaptive PN Acquisition Scheme in Time-Varying Multipath Ionospheric Channel",slug:"fuzzy-logic-control-for-multiresolutive-adaptive-pn-acquisition-scheme-in-time-varying-multipath-ion",totalDownloads:2312,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Rosa Maria Alsina-Pages, Claudia Mateo Segura, Joan Claudi Socoró Carrié and Pau Bergada",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"106907",title:"MSc.",name:"Pau",middleName:null,surname:"Bergada",fullName:"Pau Bergada",slug:"pau-bergada"},{id:"107304",title:"Ms.",name:"Rosa Ma",middleName:null,surname:"Alsina-Pages",fullName:"Rosa Ma Alsina-Pages",slug:"rosa-ma-alsina-pages"},{id:"111084",title:"Dr.",name:"Joan Claudi",middleName:null,surname:"Socoro Carrie",fullName:"Joan Claudi Socoro Carrie",slug:"joan-claudi-socoro-carrie"},{id:"120092",title:"MSc.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Mateo Segura",fullName:"Claudia Mateo Segura",slug:"claudia-mateo-segura"}]},{id:"34213",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Control in Power Electronics Converters for Smart Power Systems",slug:"fuzzy-control-in-power-electronics-converters-for-smart-power-systems",totalDownloads:5370,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Harold R. Chamorro and Gustavo A. Ramos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107819",title:"Dr.",name:"Harold",middleName:null,surname:"Chamorro",fullName:"Harold Chamorro",slug:"harold-chamorro"},{id:"111678",title:"Dr.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",fullName:"Gustavo Ramos",slug:"gustavo-ramos"}]},{id:"34214",type:"chapter",title:"Synthesis and VHDL Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller for Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) Goals in Digital Processors",slug:"synthesis-and-vhdl-implementation-of-fuzzy-logic-controller-for-dynamic-voltage-and-frequency-scalin",totalDownloads:4020,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Hamid Reza Pourshaghaghi, Juan Diego Echeverri Escobar and José Pineda de Gyvez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107386",title:"MSc.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Pourshaghaghi",fullName:"Hamid Reza Pourshaghaghi",slug:"hamid-reza-pourshaghaghi"}]},{id:"34215",type:"chapter",title:"Precision Position Control of Servo Systems Using Adaptive Back-Stepping and Recurrent Fuzzy Neural Networks",slug:"precision-position-control-of-servo-systems-using-adaptive-back-stepping-and-recurrent-fuzzy-neural-",totalDownloads:2999,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jong Shik Kim, Han Me Kim and Seong Ik Han",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18862",title:"Prof.",name:"Jong Shik",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Jong Shik Kim",slug:"jong-shik-kim"},{id:"25771",title:"Dr.",name:"Han Me",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",fullName:"Han Me Kim",slug:"han-me-kim"},{id:"106275",title:"Prof.",name:"Seong Ik",middleName:null,surname:"Han",fullName:"Seong Ik Han",slug:"seong-ik-han"}]},{id:"34216",type:"chapter",title:"Operation of Compressor and Electronic Expansion Valve via Different Controllers",slug:"operation-of-compressor-and-electronic-expansion-valve-via-different-controllers-",totalDownloads:6485,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Orhan Ekren, Savas Sahin and Yalcin Isler",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42011",title:"Dr.",name:"Orhan",middleName:null,surname:"Ekren",fullName:"Orhan Ekren",slug:"orhan-ekren"},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler"},{id:"110890",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Savas",middleName:null,surname:"Sahin",fullName:"Savas Sahin",slug:"savas-sahin"}]},{id:"34217",type:"chapter",title:"Intelligent Neuro-Fuzzy Application in Semi-Active Suspension System",slug:"intelligent-neuro-fuzzy-application-in-semi-active-suspension-systems",totalDownloads:3804,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Seiyed Hamid Zareh, Atabak Sarrafan, Meisam Abbasi and Amir Ali Akbar Khayyat",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104701",title:"Mr.",name:"Seiyed",middleName:null,surname:"Hamid Zareh",fullName:"Seiyed Hamid Zareh",slug:"seiyed-hamid-zareh"},{id:"126476",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Ali Akbar",middleName:null,surname:"Khayyat",fullName:"Amir Ali Akbar Khayyat",slug:"amir-ali-akbar-khayyat"},{id:"127046",title:"Mr.",name:"Atabak",middleName:null,surname:"Sarrafan",fullName:"Atabak Sarrafan",slug:"atabak-sarrafan"},{id:"127049",title:"Mr.",name:"Meisam",middleName:null,surname:"Abbasi",fullName:"Meisam Abbasi",slug:"meisam-abbasi"}]},{id:"34218",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Control Applied to Aluminum Smelting",slug:"fuzzy-control-applied-to-aluminium-smelting-process",totalDownloads:4451,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Vanilson G. Pereira, Roberto C.L. De Oliveira and Fábio M. Soares",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104491",title:"MSc.",name:"Fabio",middleName:null,surname:"Soares",fullName:"Fabio Soares",slug:"fabio-soares"},{id:"104698",title:"Mr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Oliveira",fullName:"Roberto Oliveira",slug:"roberto-oliveira"},{id:"114623",title:"MSc.",name:"Vanilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Vanilson Pereira",slug:"vanilson-pereira"}]},{id:"34219",type:"chapter",title:"Rough Controller Synthesis",slug:"rough-controllers",totalDownloads:2073,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Carlos Pinheiro, Ulisses Camatta and Angelo Rezek",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"114149",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",middleName:null,surname:"Rezek",fullName:"Angelo Rezek",slug:"angelo-rezek"},{id:"114168",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulisses",middleName:"Pessin",surname:"Camatta",fullName:"Ulisses Camatta",slug:"ulisses-camatta"},{id:"114169",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"A. M. Pinheiro",fullName:"Carlos A. M. Pinheiro",slug:"carlos-a.-m.-pinheiro"}]},{id:"34220",type:"chapter",title:"Switching Control System Based on Largest of Maximum (LOM) Defuzzification - Theory and Application",slug:"switching-control-system-based-on-largest-of-maximum-lom-defuzzification-theory-and-application",totalDownloads:3772,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Logah Perumal and Farrukh Hafiz Nagi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"104726",title:"Mr.",name:"Logah",middleName:null,surname:"Perumal",fullName:"Logah Perumal",slug:"logah-perumal"},{id:"104733",title:"Dr.",name:"Farrukh",middleName:null,surname:"Hafiz Nagi",fullName:"Farrukh Hafiz Nagi",slug:"farrukh-hafiz-nagi"}]},{id:"34221",type:"chapter",title:"A Mamdani Type Fuzzy Logic Controller",slug:"a-mamdani-type-fuzzy-logic-controller",totalDownloads:12519,totalCrossrefCites:40,signatures:"Ion Iancu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"107854",title:"Prof.",name:"Ion",middleName:null,surname:"Iancu",fullName:"Ion Iancu",slug:"ion-iancu"}]},{id:"34222",type:"chapter",title:"Tuning Fuzzy-Logic Controllers",slug:"tuning-fuzzy-logic-controllers",totalDownloads:4945,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Trung-Kien Dao and Chih-Keng Chen",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"110539",title:"Prof.",name:"Chih-Keng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Chih-Keng Chen",slug:"chih-keng-chen"},{id:"114337",title:"Dr.",name:"Trung-Kien",middleName:null,surname:"Dao",fullName:"Trung-Kien Dao",slug:"trung-kien-dao"}]},{id:"34223",type:"chapter",title:"Fuzzy Control: An Adaptive Approach Using Fuzzy Estimators and Feedback Linearization",slug:"fuzzy-control-an-adaptive-approach-using-fuzzy-estimators-and-feedback-linearization",totalDownloads:3459,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Luiz H. S. Torres and Leizer Schnitman",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"109023",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"H. S.",surname:"Torres",fullName:"Luiz Torres",slug:"luiz-torres"},{id:"109611",title:"Dr.",name:"Leizer",middleName:null,surname:"Schnitman",fullName:"Leizer Schnitman",slug:"leizer-schnitman"}]},{id:"34224",type:"chapter",title:"Survey on Design of Truss Structures by Using Fuzzy Optimization Methods",slug:"design-of-truss-structures-by-using-fuzzy-optimization-methods",totalDownloads:3906,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Aykut Kentli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"109235",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Aykut",middleName:null,surname:"Kentli",fullName:"Aykut Kentli",slug:"aykut-kentli"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1914",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Emerging Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8587a78f376ef175e1a26fb4f61f79e2",slug:"fuzzy-logic-emerging-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"32877",title:"A Clinical Application of Fuzzy Logic",slug:"a-clinical-application-of-fuzzy-logic",signatures:"Ahmad Esmaili Torshabi, Marco Riboldi, Andera Pella, Ali Negarestani, Mohamad Rahnema and Guido Baroni",authors:[{id:"105671",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Esmaili Torshabi",fullName:"Ahmad Esmaili Torshabi",slug:"ahmad-esmaili-torshabi"}]},{id:"32878",title:"A Fuzzy Logic Approach for Remote Healthcare Monitoring by Learning and Recognizing Human Activities of Daily Living",slug:"a-fuzzy-logic-approach-for-remote-healthcare-monitoring-by-learning-and-recognizing-human-activities",signatures:"Hamid Medjahed, Dan Istrate, Jérôme Boudy, Jean Louis Baldinger, Lamine Bougueroua, Mohamed Achraf Dhouib and Bernadette Dorizzi",authors:[{id:"2066",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:null,surname:"Istrate",fullName:"Dan Istrate",slug:"dan-istrate"},{id:"42720",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernadette",middleName:null,surname:"Dorizzi",fullName:"Bernadette Dorizzi",slug:"bernadette-dorizzi"},{id:"108276",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Medjahed",fullName:"Hamid Medjahed",slug:"hamid-medjahed"},{id:"113011",title:"Dr.",name:"Lamine",middleName:null,surname:"Bougueroua",fullName:"Lamine Bougueroua",slug:"lamine-bougueroua"},{id:"114121",title:"Dr.",name:"Jerome",middleName:null,surname:"Boudy",fullName:"Jerome Boudy",slug:"jerome-boudy"},{id:"114123",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Louis",middleName:null,surname:"Baldinger",fullName:"Jean-Louis Baldinger",slug:"jean-louis-baldinger"},{id:"114127",title:"Mr.",name:"Mohamed Achraf",middleName:null,surname:"Dhouib",fullName:"Mohamed Achraf Dhouib",slug:"mohamed-achraf-dhouib"}]},{id:"32879",title:"Application of Fuzzy Logic in Diet Therapy - Advantages of Application",slug:"application-of-fuzzy-logic-in-diet-therapy-advantages-of-application",signatures:"Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić, Ivana Rumora and Želimir Kurtanjek",authors:[{id:"88576",title:"Prof.",name:"Želimir",middleName:null,surname:"Kurtanjek",fullName:"Želimir Kurtanjek",slug:"zelimir-kurtanjek"},{id:"113691",title:"Prof.",name:"Jasenka",middleName:null,surname:"Gajdoš Kljusurić",fullName:"Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić",slug:"jasenka-gajdos-kljusuric"},{id:"114666",title:"MSc.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Rumora",fullName:"Ivana Rumora",slug:"ivana-rumora"}]},{id:"32880",title:"Fuzzy Logic and Neuro-Fuzzy Networks for Environmental Hazard Assessment",slug:"fuzzy-logic-and-neuro-fuzzy-networks-for-environmental-hazard-assessment",signatures:"Ignazio M. Mancini, Salvatore Masi, Donatella Caniani and Donata S. Lioi",authors:[{id:"107244",title:"Dr.",name:"Donatella",middleName:null,surname:"Caniani",fullName:"Donatella Caniani",slug:"donatella-caniani"},{id:"137714",title:"Prof.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Masi",fullName:"Salvatore Masi",slug:"salvatore-masi"},{id:"137716",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignazio M.",middleName:null,surname:"Mancini",fullName:"Ignazio M. Mancini",slug:"ignazio-m.-mancini"},{id:"137717",title:"Dr.",name:"Donata Serafina",middleName:null,surname:"Lioi",fullName:"Donata Serafina Lioi",slug:"donata-serafina-lioi"}]},{id:"32881",title:"Fuzzy Clustering Approach for Accident Black Spot Centers Determination",slug:"fuzzy-clustering-approach-for-accident-black-spots-center-determination",signatures:"Yetis Sazi Murat",authors:[{id:"104803",title:"Dr.",name:"Yetis",middleName:"Sazi",surname:"Murat",fullName:"Yetis Murat",slug:"yetis-murat"}]},{id:"32882",title:"Adaptive Security Policy Using User Behavior Analysis and Human Elements of Information Security",slug:"adaptive-security-policy-using-user-behavior-analysis-and-human-elements-of-information-security",signatures:"Ines Brosso and Alessandro La Neve",authors:[{id:"107014",title:"Dr.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Brosso",fullName:"Ines Brosso",slug:"ines-brosso"},{id:"164314",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",middleName:null,surname:"La Neve",fullName:"Alessandro La Neve",slug:"alessandro-la-neve"}]},{id:"32883",title:"Fuzzy-Logic Analysis of the FDR Data of a Transport Aircraft in Atmospheric Turbulence",slug:"fuzzy-logic-analysis-of-the-fdr-data-of-a-transport-aircraft-in-atmospheric-turbulence",signatures:"C. Edward Lan and Ray C. Chang",authors:[{id:"113251",title:"Prof.",name:"Ray",middleName:"C.",surname:"Chang",fullName:"Ray Chang",slug:"ray-chang"}]},{id:"32884",title:"Adaptive Fuzzy Wavelet NN Control Strategy for Full Car Suspension System",slug:"adaptive-fuzzy-wavelet-nn-control-strategy-for-full-car-suspension-system",signatures:"Laiq Khan, Rabiah Badar and Shahid Qamar",authors:[{id:"105371",title:"Dr.",name:"Laiq",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Laiq Khan",slug:"laiq-khan"},{id:"137226",title:"Ms.",name:"Rabiah",middleName:null,surname:"Badar",fullName:"Rabiah Badar",slug:"rabiah-badar"},{id:"137232",title:"Mr.",name:"Shahid",middleName:null,surname:"Qamar",fullName:"Shahid Qamar",slug:"shahid-qamar"}]},{id:"32885",title:"Condition Ranking and Rating of Bridges Using Fuzzy Logic",slug:"condition-ranking-and-rating-of-bridges",signatures:"Saptarshi Sasmal, K. Ramanjaneyulu and Nagesh R. Iyer",authors:[{id:"111021",title:"Dr.",name:"Saptarshi",middleName:null,surname:"Sasmal",fullName:"Saptarshi Sasmal",slug:"saptarshi-sasmal"},{id:"113610",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramanjaneyulu",middleName:null,surname:"Karusala",fullName:"Ramanjaneyulu Karusala",slug:"ramanjaneyulu-karusala"},{id:"113611",title:"Dr.",name:"Nagesh R.",middleName:null,surname:"Iyer",fullName:"Nagesh R. Iyer",slug:"nagesh-r.-iyer"}]},{id:"32886",title:"Fuzzy Logic for Multi-Hop Broadcast in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks",slug:"fuzzy-logic-for-multi-hop-broadcast-in-vehicular-ad-hoc-networks",signatures:"Celimuge Wu, Satoshi Ohzahata and Toshihiko Kato",authors:[{id:"109729",title:"Dr.",name:"Celimuge",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Celimuge Wu",slug:"celimuge-wu"}]},{id:"32887",title:"Fuzzy Logic Applied to Decision Making in Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"fuzzy-logic-applied-to-decision-making-in-wireless-sensor-networks",signatures:"Antonio M. Ortiz and Teresa Olivares",authors:[{id:"108312",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio M.",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz Torres",fullName:"Antonio M. Ortiz Torres",slug:"antonio-m.-ortiz-torres"},{id:"114567",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Olivares Montes",fullName:"Teresa Olivares Montes",slug:"teresa-olivares-montes"}]},{id:"32888",title:"Fuzzy Logic on a Polygenic Multi-Agent System for Steganalysis of Digital Images",slug:"fuzzy-logic-on-a-polygenic-multi-agent-system-for-steganalysis-of-digital-images",signatures:"Samuel Azevedo, Rummenigge Rudson and Luiz Gonçalves",authors:[{id:"107867",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz",middleName:"M G",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Luiz Gonçalves",slug:"luiz-goncalves"},{id:"107879",title:"MSc.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Azevedo",fullName:"Samuel Azevedo",slug:"samuel-azevedo"},{id:"138142",title:"Dr.",name:"Rummenigge",middleName:null,surname:"Dantas",fullName:"Rummenigge Dantas",slug:"rummenigge-dantas"}]},{id:"32889",title:"Fuzzy Logic in Financial Management",slug:"fuzzy-logic-in-financial-management",signatures:"Tomasz Korol",authors:[{id:"105028",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Korol",fullName:"Tomasz Korol",slug:"tomasz-korol"}]},{id:"32890",title:"Fuzzy Modeling of Geospatial Patterns",slug:"fuzzy-modeling-of-spatial-patterns-",signatures:"Alejandra A. López-Caloca and Carmen Reyes",authors:[{id:"19577",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",middleName:"A.",surname:"López-Caloca",fullName:"Alejandra López-Caloca",slug:"alejandra-lopez-caloca"},{id:"138143",title:"Prof.",name:"Carmen",middleName:null,surname:"Reyes",fullName:"Carmen Reyes",slug:"carmen-reyes"}]},{id:"32891",title:"Greenhouse Fuzzy and Neuro-Fuzzy Modeling Techniques",slug:"greenhouse-fuzzy-and-neuro-fuzzy-modeling-techniques",signatures:"Gorrostieta-Hurtado Efren, Pedraza-Ortega Jesus Carlos, Aceves-Fernández Marco Antonio, Ramos-Arreguín Juan Manuel, Tovar-Arriaga Saúl and Sotomayor-Olmedo Artemio",authors:[{id:"6112",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan-Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos-Arreguin",fullName:"Juan-Manuel Ramos-Arreguin",slug:"juan-manuel-ramos-arreguin"},{id:"20944",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Pedraza-Ortega",fullName:"Jesus Carlos Pedraza-Ortega",slug:"jesus-carlos-pedraza-ortega"},{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez"},{id:"34943",title:"Dr.",name:"Artemio",middleName:null,surname:"Sotomayor-Olmedo",fullName:"Artemio Sotomayor-Olmedo",slug:"artemio-sotomayor-olmedo"},{id:"34946",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Emilio",middleName:null,surname:"Vargas-Soto",fullName:"Jose Emilio Vargas-Soto",slug:"jose-emilio-vargas-soto"},{id:"38850",title:"Dr.",name:"Efren",middleName:null,surname:"Gorrostieta Hurtado",fullName:"Efren Gorrostieta Hurtado",slug:"efren-gorrostieta-hurtado"},{id:"113770",title:"Dr.",name:"Saul",middleName:null,surname:"Tovar-Arriaga",fullName:"Saul Tovar-Arriaga",slug:"saul-tovar-arriaga"}]},{id:"32892",title:"Generation Reliability Evaluation in Deregulated Power Systems Using Monte Carlo Simulation and Fuzzy Systems",slug:"generation-reliability-evaluation-in-deregulated-power-systems-using-monte-carlo-simulation-and-fuzz",signatures:"H. Haroonabadi",authors:[{id:"104551",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Haroonabadi",fullName:"Hossein Haroonabadi",slug:"hossein-haroonabadi"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2273",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Controls, Concepts, Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08592e2ab59a5ef109adc99aa41b2ba2",slug:"fuzzy-logic-controls-concepts-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6240",title:"Adaptive Robust Control Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"19601f78e28ac1956912e5eeb6b834ac",slug:"adaptive-robust-control-systems",bookSignature:"Le Anh Tuan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6240.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180551",title:"Prof.",name:"Anh Tuan",surname:"Le",slug:"anh-tuan-le",fullName:"Anh Tuan Le"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9887",title:"Control Based on PID Framework",subtitle:"The Mutual Promotion of Control and Identification for Complex Systems",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d2dae75adf13d3e082893264d82967fb",slug:"control-based-on-pid-framework-the-mutual-promotion-of-control-and-identification-for-complex-systems",bookSignature:"Wei Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9887.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"101176",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wang",slug:"wei-wang",fullName:"Wei Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10972",title:"Control Systems in Engineering and Optimization Techniques",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f92f65447d0f90b67465865d41a61cd1",slug:"control-systems-in-engineering-and-optimization-techniques",bookSignature:"P. Balasubramaniam, Sathiyaraj Thambiayya, Kuru Ratnavelu and JinRong Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"252215",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",surname:"Balasubramaniam",slug:"p.-balasubramaniam",fullName:"P. Balasubramaniam"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2273",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:"Controls, Concepts, Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08592e2ab59a5ef109adc99aa41b2ba2",slug:"fuzzy-logic-controls-concepts-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"71284",title:"Exploring Mental Health Treatment and Prevention among Homeless Older Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89731",slug:"exploring-mental-health-treatment-and-prevention-among-homeless-older-adults",body:'The United States, the population is aging, and increasingly more adults are aging into poverty. At the same time, housing is becoming more unaffordable and the costs of health care are rising, leaving older adults at risk of poverty and homelessness [1]. Healthcare access for older adults is an important public health issue to be addressed globally. In the United States, approximately 10,000 people turn age 65 daily, and as the population ages in general, the prevalence of homeless among older adults remain constant [2]. Based on recent demographic trends, the more than 44,000 older adult population accounted for in 2010 will more than double by the year 2050, to nearly 93,000 [3].
Much is written in the health promotion literature about the social determinants of health for older adults, generally and more specifically, as it relates to disease and health promotion [4]. Moreover, it is well documented that a range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors contribute to individual and population health [5, 6]. Specifically, people with better education, more stable employment, stable housing and living arrangements, and access to preventive health services tend to be healthier across the life course [7, 8]. Conversely, poor health care outcomes are often made worse by a lack of access and opportunities to engage in health social and physical environments [9, 10].
Worth noting is a surveys of patients’ experiences with health care services that revealed how well a country’s health system can be observed as meeting the needs of its population. Using data from a 2016 survey conducted in 11 countries—Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States—research found that adults living in the United States (U.S.) reported poor health and well-being and were the most likely to experience accessibility hardships. Furthermore, the U.S. lagged behind other countries in making health care affordable and ranked poorly on providing timely access to medical care. Deficits in patient engagement and chronic care management were reported, in all countries, and at least one in five adults experienced a care coordination issue or problem. In particular, often, such challenges had high levels of acuity for low-income adults. In the Netherlands, performance at the top of the 11-country range on most measures of access, engagement, and coordination was noteworthy as models of best practices [8].
From a psychological and legal perspective, researchers in the United States have argued that access to mental healthcare for diverse public health populations need improvement, if progress is to be made in the areas of addiction and recovery [11]. Sixty percent of people with mental illness do not get the mental healthcare that they need, and up to 90% of those with a substance abuse disorder do not receive services [12]. Some of the hindrances to those who need to receive mental healthcare include the negative stigma surrounding mental illness, cost of care, limited access in rural areas, and lack of transition between services, among other things. These obstacles have an even greater impact on those in the population without insurance, or lacking sufficient mental health coverage, and those who cannot afford to pay out of pocket for these services. Individuals within some minority groups often do not have the same health resources as the majority [13]. Adding these facts to the number of mentally ill people within the homeless population, it appears that those who need the services the most may be unable to obtain it.
The history of homelessness, from a policy standpoint indicates certain patterns of viewing the issue of homelessness, and paints a picture of why the public perception is focused on the individual person and not the structure of our society. Current policies intended to address homelessness can be improved with the incorporation of social work frameworks and perspectives on creating more equitable, social and distributive justice treatments and interventions [14], as well as, affordable healthcare, public and political opinions span the necessary action or inaction of dealing with the social problems at the patient, provider, and policy levels, especially mental health services. Unfortunately, many fail to recognize the need for healthcare for the aging population. According to the World Health Organization [6], 15% of adults aged 60 and over suffer from a mental disorder. There are several mental disorders that older adults may be diagnosed with; including dementia, depression, anxiety disorder, or substance use problems. According to the American Psychiatric Association [15], one in four older adults experience some type of mental disorder. This number is expected to rise over the next several years due to the overall increase among the aging population.
Certain characteristics indicate the hypocrisy within mainstream U.S. society’s view of the homeless, specifically the homeless that are veterans [16, 17]. In spite of the fact that the prevalence of homelessness is paramount and has many contributing factors, less humane approaches are taken to help them gain self-efficacy to be well, emotionally and spiritually. According to National Coalition for the Homeless [18], single individuals comprised 66.7% of all people experiencing homelessness (369,081 people), and about 33.3% are people in families (184,661 adults and children). Based on these data, approximately 7.2% are older adults and according to the National Coalition for the Homeless, some argue the number negatively impacted is too small to give an abundance of attention and resources. This marginalization of older adults should not be tolerated nor condoned. Especially, in the United States (US) which is often viewed as the “land of opportunity” or the “home of the free and the brave.” Yet there are many people living in this country that do not have the means for basic human necessities like food and shelter, and older adults are disproportionately impacted [14, 42]. The perception of life in the US, in the general public, is far different than the reality of increasingly more people who have little to no “opportunity” and some segments of the population feel they are neither “free nor brave” enough fight to against the inequities and discriminatory practices that oppress them on a daily basis. In struggling to deal with this overwhelming adversity, there is often no attention or time made for the self-care of homeless individuals with substance use disorders (SUD).
From a Social Work perspective, what is understood about the standard of practice is the importance of looking for resources and strategies for assisting marginalized, disenfranchised, poor and underserved individuals, families, groups, communities, and a host of others. The Social Work Code of Ethics [19] speaks to the value of social justice, as well as, social and political action. To advocate for health care reform and especially, for the most effective intervention approaches, so that people can have greater access to mental health and substance abuse intervention is in keeping with the Code for the profession of social work.
Older adults, consistent with the reports on younger and middle-aged adults are impacted by substance use and addiction in ways that are shaped by biological, psychological, and social factors [11]. The social learning theory (SLT) suggests that homelessness, as well as, addiction recovery models are rooted the very opinions and beliefs that are perpetuated and learn from years of social conditioning and exclusion of specific racial and ethnic minority cultural preferences, norms and attitudes toward healthcare. Treatments based on this theory can disrupt patterns of negative thought and patterns of maladaptive behavior.
Racial disparities in treating mental health disorders are widely discussed in the healthcare literature [16, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Yet, differences in use of recommended strategies to prevent homelessness as a mental health intervention, by race/ethnicity, have not been widely examined. Racial disparity in homelessness among older adults to growing national concern and questions about barriers to service provision, with little attention given to association between health literacy and mental health care; especially trauma-informed care. Once of few studies was conducted to examine the impact of diversity attributes on health care literacy, and this end, statistical data analysis on a nationally representative sample of 15,309 respondents was published [24]. The study revealed a significant difference between ethnic/racial minorities, as well as, between men and women. Most notable were the differences between social, economic, and educational factors that influenced outcomes. This research is especially relevant to the topic of older adults, race/ethnicity and effective prevention and intervention of homelessness. Furthermore, national advocacy reports and federal government sponsored initiatives consistently document the health disparities that racial and ethnic minority persons experience [23, 42]. More specifically, racial minority groups, in the U.S., experience disproportionately higher rates of homelessness, than racially White groups. In considering homelessness as a public health problem that requires attention to access and acceptability of healthcare, food, shelter and social support, the clear link for older adults is the strong correlation between mental health and homelessness [11].
A practical definition of substance use is one of the most commonly described and identified health risks among people experiencing homelessness [25]. Homelessness is defined as the absence of a permanent home. Individuals and families may live on the streets, in a shelter, a single room occupancy facility, abandoned building or vehicle, or in any other unstable or non-permanent living arrangement (Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act (42U.S.C., 254b)). For more than a decade, studies reporting on the experiences of homeless persons have examined the association between living arrangement and substance use disorder treatment program characteristics, because housing instability is known to impact mental health and SUD prevention and intervention efforts [17, 26]. Substance use among older adults, specifically who are homeless, is associated with decreased mobility of physical and mental health capacity [25] and early onset morbidity and mortality [27]. For these reasons, more attention on older adults as a special population of concerns for mental health prevention and intervention is warranted.
Behavioral modification interventions have been proven to be effective. These approaches are client-centered and provide support for abstinence from substance use. Moreover, such flexible models of care offer a range of modifiable frameworks for addressing attitudes and behaviors related to addiction and recovery [28]. In the field of social work practice, in particular, problem-solving frameworks are often recommended because of the evidence-based, culturally informed, manualized strategic tools that give mental health care provider the options to tailor the intervention to diverse populations and can be implemented in a range of different settings, including clinics, hospital, community-based environments and even in-home services with older adults, specifically [22, 29].
Arguably, mental health intervention should take more of a community-based prevention approach versus a medical model, institutional treatment, when tailored to, and for persons living in homeliness [11]. The debate about the degree to which homeless persons will be able to access services to address their problems of substance use disorders, as well as, home and food insecurity, rest squarely on macro-level factors, including policies, legislation, research for evidence-based recommendations and solutions. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes mental disorders a public health concern, worldwide and its use of the term “disorder,” implies the existence of observable behaviors or symptoms that interfere with normal functioning and that cause distress. Homelessness can exacerbate the symptoms of mental illness, causing an individual to become debilitated, depressed and anxious, all of which can be costly, socially and economically for individuals and families. Prevention of mental disorders and effective interventions, as well as, population-based policies that support and foster health accessibility among all person, are among the ongoing challenges that countries, worldwide must contend with [30]. In the U.S., culturally specific approaches to addressing mental health prevention and intervention among older adults is an important aspect of health care access.
A cultural competence framework is one that guides healthcare providers’ behaviors, attitudes, value and perspective on caring for individuals, families and communities. The culturally competent service provider takes into account an individual’s multiple identities, preferences, norms, beliefs, as well as, their social determinants of health. The way in which healthcare providers’ social and professional experiences impact their worldview, particularly as it relates to their delivery of care to diverse populations and it influences how and to what degree they are willing to ensure equity and parity in the mental healthcare services they provide. Furthermore, while homelessness is not considered to be a determinant of mental illness, interdisciplinary research and evidence-based theories suggest a strong correlation race culture, homelessness and access to healthcare [12, 13, 31]. Mental health providers have argued that it is extremely challenging to implement standard intervention strategies with this diverse population. The stigma associated with aging and mental health can make it rather difficult for providers to understand how to facilitate the same approaches with housing secure individuals, as one would implement with older adults living with homelessness. Changing the views and perspectives require a cultural competence lens through which to see and experience prevention and intervention this older adult populations. Based a comprehensive literature review, self-care and mindfulness are useful supporting cognitive behavioral modification interventions with person’s managing mental health and substance use disorders [14]. These strategies may well have lasting, positive impacts on health outcomes. Promising preventive strategies for addressing mental health care among older persons that are homeless require a range of varied interventions. Some additional recommended approaches include self-help groups, integration of spiritual/religious beliefs, reminiscence therapy that incorporates the focus of balanced review and reflection of one’s past life, and/or interdisciplinary clinical pharmacological treatments, as needed to maintain activities of daily living, physical exercise, and psychosocial health, while in recovery from substance use and homelessness [32]. The adaptation to cultural norms, attitudes and preference can increase accessibility and acceptability [13, 17, 22].
Cognitive behavioral literacy therapy using books, audiotapes, and video presentations also has been shown to alleviate mild depressive symptoms through promotion of self-help [33]. Such audio and video media for the elderly should take into consider educational level, readability, font size, and use of examples relevant different cultural groups. For example, appropriate content targeting older adults transitioning out of homelessness could involve retirement planning that includes development of positive expectations of a new life phase, a change of environment, developing new interests and stronger social support networks.
Preventive strategies aimed specifically at elders’ spiritual/religious beliefs have been shown to be more effective than treatment-as-usual which neglects such beliefs and related practices [34]. These strategies may include religious participation involving prayer, spiritual music consumption, emotional and psychological preparation for an afterlife, a review of one’s life journeys, and/or spiritual counseling. Research has shown [35] that involvement in spiritual/religious activities led to decreased depression among some other adults. In the U.S., the 12-Step model of addiction recovery has principles that guide the processes [36] and one of the core components is ‘belief in a higher power.’
Reminiscence or life review therapy has yielded mixed results [33]. This potentially preventive approach involves literally reviewing one’s life experiences as far back as one can remember and examining each life stage in terms of one’s choices and the consequences of those choices for self and others. Given that the consequences of such experiences could be either positive or negative, perhaps it is the attitude toward such consequences that is critical to the effectiveness of this approach for prevention. If one believes that life is an opportunity to learn, then the results of the life review may prove to be positive and instructive for further learning and avoiding the same mistakes, thereby allowing for self-correcting and a sense of perceived control.
Psychodynamic therapy has also been evaluated empirically continue to have popularity as an approach within a managed care environment that reimburses only empirically supported treatments for older adults [33]. With homeless older adults, such interventions have been facilitated in substance abuse recovery program and in other shelter-based program that address mental health conditions, including SUDs [11].
Pharmacotherapy may also be an effective prevention strategy with older adults and there are a number of recommendation for addressing risk and side effects of antidepressant medication when prescribed to older adults, and especially those that are in addiction recovery [37]. One precaution is that approximately 20% of older adults have serious health problems that can be aggravated by antidepressant medications, including increased risk of physical injuries and hypertension disorders [33]. Moreover, research suggests that anti-anxiety and other sedative medications worsen conditions of depression and perhaps anxiety, among older people with substance use disorders [38, 39, 40, 41, 42]. Noteworthy is caveat methodological flaws and limitations may contribute to these negative findings in the research. Variations in interventions techniques, provider characteristic and sociocultural diversity of the participants are not clearly explained and such omissions can result in ambiguous and confounding effects.
As a moral imperative, fundamental in the profession of social work, the core value and belief that every human being deserves a home, food, clothing and access to health care compel us to make this call to action. Older adults should not be excluded from the inalienable rights and dignities, worldwide [19] to have their basic needs met. As the risk of homelessness among older adults increases, this becomes a public health and human right concern for healthcare systems and providers. This call to action for expedient problem-solving to prevent older adults from living in poverty and becoming homeless. Solutions are within our local, regional, national and global reach, such as expanding and strengthening the existing safety net of health care and minimum income supports, such as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Child Support Enforcement, Medicare and Medicaid, as well as, including a livable wage for those whom continue to be employed. An increase in the supply and accessibility of affordable housing for the aging population and low-cost or no-cost community based mental health and substance disorder prevention and intervention services are a few of the recommended solutions [42].
The Edited Volume, also known as the IntechOpen Book, is an IntechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters.
",metaTitle:"Edited Volumes",metaDescription:"The Edited Volume, also known as the InTechOpen Book, is an InTechOpen pioneered publishing product. Edited Volumes make up the core of our business - and as pioneers and developers of this Open Access book publishing format, we have helped change the way scholars and scientists publish their scientific papers - as scientific chapters. ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/pages/edited-volumes",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\\n\\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nQUALITY CONTENT
\\n\\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\\n\\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\\n\\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\\n\\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\\n\\nACCESS
\\n\\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\\n\\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\\n\\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\\n\\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\\n\\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\\n\\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\\n\\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\\n\\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\\n\\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\\n\\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\\n\\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\\n\\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\\n\\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'WHY PUBLISH IN AN INTECHOPEN EDITED VOLUME?
\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
\n\nYOUR WORK, YOUR COPYRIGHT
\n\nThe utilization of CC licenses allow researchers to retain copyright to their work. Researchers are free to use, adapt and share all content they publish with us. You will never have to pay permission fees to reuse a part of an experiment that you worked so hard to complete and are free to build upon your own research and the research of others. The Edited Volume helps bring together research from all over the world and compiles that research into one book - accessible for all. The research presented in chapter one can inspire the author of chapter three to take his or her research to the next level. It is about sharing ideas, insights and knowledge.
\n\nCan collaboration be inspired by a publishing format? At IntechOpen, the answer is yes. The way the research is published, the way it is accessed, it’s all part of our mission to help academics make a greater impact by giving readers free access to all published work.
\n\nOur Open Access book collection includes:
\n\n3,332 OPEN ACCESS BOOKS
\n\n107,564 INTERNATIONAL AUTHORS AND ACADEMIC EDITORS
\n\n113+ MILLION DOWNLOADS
\n\nPUBLISHING PROCESS STEPS
\n\nSee a complete overview of all publishing process steps and descriptions here.
\n\nCURRENT PROJECTS
\n\nTo view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nNot sure if this is the right publishing option for you? Feel free to contact us at book.department@intechopen.com.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{mdrv:"www.intechopen.com"},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"54525",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdul Latif",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"abdul-latif-ahmad",fullName:"Abdul Latif Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"20567",title:"Prof.",name:"Ado",middleName:null,surname:"Jorio",slug:"ado-jorio",fullName:"Ado Jorio",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"47940",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Mantovani",slug:"alberto-mantovani",fullName:"Alberto Mantovani",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61051",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"100762",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"St David's Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"107416",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrea",middleName:null,surname:"Natale",slug:"andrea-natale",fullName:"Andrea Natale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Texas Cardiac Arrhythmia",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6597},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5902},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2400},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12537},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17560}],offset:12,limit:12,total:132762},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"25"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12085",title:"Techniques in Animal Breeding",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"64404e5103ac7b2d953efa6de19775f1",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12085.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e2e8c3574dc8508689de774c3965b25d",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:46},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:107},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:32},{group:"topic",caption:"Technology",value:24,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:2},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[],latestBooks:[]},subject:{topic:{id:"831",title:"Transportation Engineering",slug:"vehicle-engineering-transportation-engineering",parent:{id:"124",title:"Vehicle Engineering",slug:"vehicle-engineering"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:87,numberOfWosCitations:46,numberOfCrossrefCitations:50,numberOfDimensionsCitations:96,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"831",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"8840",title:"Intelligent and Efficient Transport Systems",subtitle:"Design, Modelling, Control and Simulation",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"74ab35ec9e85ba37428df986d3a280ff",slug:"intelligent-and-efficient-transport-systems-design-modelling-control-and-simulation",bookSignature:"Truong Quang Dinh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8840.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181747",title:"Dr.",name:"Truong Quang",middleName:null,surname:"Dinh",slug:"truong-quang-dinh",fullName:"Truong Quang Dinh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7408",title:"Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a950b01c0e05eda01c6d2364c7af3aa",slug:"transportation-systems-analysis-and-assessment",bookSignature:"Stefano De Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Boban Djordjevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7408.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5423",title:"Urban Transport Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"222b5d90a7014dbff7e33f3dcde6bc1d",slug:"urban-transport-systems",bookSignature:"Hamid Yaghoubi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5423.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"103965",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamid",middleName:null,surname:"Yaghoubi",slug:"hamid-yaghoubi",fullName:"Hamid Yaghoubi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"845",title:"Intelligent Transportation Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6fe626b6726413e8c6fc9652c0fb870",slug:"intelligent-transportation-systems",bookSignature:"Ahmed Abdel-Rahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/845.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77687",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel-Rahim",slug:"ahmed-abdel-rahim",fullName:"Ahmed Abdel-Rahim"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"53725",doi:"10.5772/66918",title:"The Rise of Ride Sharing in Urban Transport: Threat or Opportunity?",slug:"the-rise-of-ride-sharing-in-urban-transport-threat-or-opportunity-",totalDownloads:3217,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Recently, the ride-sharing services have become very popular in urban transport. In particular, the rise of dynamic ride sharing startups have challenged to the traditional taxicab services. Although those dynamic developments within urban transport systems have made ride share services substitute for cab services, it has been controversial in the political sphere. Some researchers and policy makers argue that ride-share will lead to the death of public transportation, if government does not intervene in this area. However, market developments suggest the opposite. While competition between those urban transport modes has led to the dramatic decline in taxi fares, consumer welfare and economic efficiency have improved. Examining the rise of ride sharing and its effect on the traditional taxicab market, this chapter concludes that ride share services introduces a unique opportunity for the users of urban transport, but not threat. However, a mixed regulatory structure including deregulation and regulation policies is needed to improve market welfare in both markets. While economic regulations such as fare controls and entry restrictions are not necessary for both ride shares and taxicabs, social regulations are still crucial to improve the satisfaction of users of rideshare and taxicab services in terms of the quality of service.",book:{id:"5423",slug:"urban-transport-systems",title:"Urban Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Urban Transport Systems"},signatures:"Tamer Çetin",authors:[{id:"188649",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamer",middleName:null,surname:"Cetin",slug:"tamer-cetin",fullName:"Tamer Cetin"}]},{id:"32777",doi:"10.5772/27546",title:'Applying Vehicular Networks for Reduced Vehicle Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions"',slug:"applying-vehicular-networks-for-reduced-vehicle-fuel-consumption-and-co2-emissions-",totalDownloads:2537,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"845",slug:"intelligent-transportation-systems",title:"Intelligent Transportation Systems",fullTitle:"Intelligent Transportation Systems"},signatures:"Maazen Alsabaan, Kshirasagar Naik, Tarek Khalifa and Amiya Nayak",authors:[{id:"70561",title:"Mr.",name:"Maazen",middleName:null,surname:"Alsabaan",slug:"maazen-alsabaan",fullName:"Maazen Alsabaan"},{id:"76166",title:"Prof.",name:"Kshirasagar",middleName:null,surname:"Naik",slug:"kshirasagar-naik",fullName:"Kshirasagar Naik"},{id:"76167",title:"MSc",name:"Tarek",middleName:null,surname:"Khalifa",slug:"tarek-khalifa",fullName:"Tarek Khalifa"},{id:"76168",title:"Prof.",name:"Amiya",middleName:null,surname:"Nayak",slug:"amiya-nayak",fullName:"Amiya Nayak"}]},{id:"53623",doi:"10.5772/66569",title:"Traffic Congestion Pricing: Methodologies and Equity Implications",slug:"traffic-congestion-pricing-methodologies-and-equity-implications",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Road traffic congestion is recognized as a growing and important urban ill. It occurs in different contexts, takes on many faces and is caused by a variety of processes. It affects both work trips and non-work trips, both passengers and goods flow. It affects the quality of life and the competitiveness of a region. It is an additional cost that arises in the forms of delay, environmental degradation, diminished productivity, standard of living and wasted energy. Congestion pricing can result in winners and losers among different socio-economic groups. However, different studies differ in their conclusions about who wins and who loses because of different assumptions made. This paper reviews the concepts of congestion pricing as a mitigation policy to reduce road congestion and reviews the concept of equity. This paper aims to provide theoretical research that enhances our understanding of congestion pricing policy and the equity implications of this policy.",book:{id:"5423",slug:"urban-transport-systems",title:"Urban Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Urban Transport Systems"},signatures:"Ammar AbuLibdeh",authors:[{id:"188094",title:"Dr.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"AbuLibdeh",slug:"ammar-abulibdeh",fullName:"Ammar AbuLibdeh"}]},{id:"67163",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86307",title:"A Critical Review on Population Synthesis for Activity- and Agent-Based Transportation Models",slug:"a-critical-review-on-population-synthesis-for-activity-and-agent-based-transportation-models",totalDownloads:942,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Traditional four-step transportation planning models fail to capture novel transportation modes such as car/ridesharing. Hence, agent-based models are replacing those traditional models for their scalability, robustness, and capability of simulating nontraditional transportation modes. A crucial step in developing agent-based models is the definition of agents, e.g., household and persons. While model developers wish to capture typical workday travel patterns of the entire study population of travelers, such detailed data are unavailable due to privacy concerns and technical and financial feasibility issues. Hence, modelers opt for population syntheses based on travel diary surveys, land use data, and census data. The most prominent techniques are iterative proportional fitting (IPF), iterative proportional updating (IPU), combinatorial optimization, Markov-based and fitness-based syntheses, and other emerging approaches. Yet, at present, there is no clear guideline on using any of the available techniques. To bridge this gap, this chapter presents a comprehensive synthesis of practice and documents available successful studies.",book:{id:"7408",slug:"transportation-systems-analysis-and-assessment",title:"Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment",fullTitle:"Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment"},signatures:"Ossama E. Ramadan and Virginia P. Sisiopiku",authors:[{id:"65403",title:"Prof.",name:"Virginia",middleName:null,surname:"Sisiopiku",slug:"virginia-sisiopiku",fullName:"Virginia Sisiopiku"},{id:"271105",title:"Dr.",name:"Ossama",middleName:"E.",surname:"Ramadan",slug:"ossama-ramadan",fullName:"Ossama Ramadan"}]},{id:"53411",doi:"10.5772/66571",title:"Airborne and Ground-Borne Noise and Vibration from Urban Rail Transit Systems",slug:"airborne-and-ground-borne-noise-and-vibration-from-urban-rail-transit-systems",totalDownloads:2257,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"The environmental effect of ground-borne vibration and noise generated by urban rail transit systems is a growing concern in urban areas. This chapter reviews, synthesizes and benchmarks new understandings related to railway vibration and associated airborne and ground-borne noise. The aim is to provide new thinking on how to predict noise and vibration levels from numerical modelling and from readily available conventional site investigation data. Recent results from some European metropoles (Brussels, Athens, etc.) are used to illustrate the dynamic effect of urban railway vehicles. It is also proved that train type and the contact conditions at the wheel/rail interface can be influential in the generation of vibration. The use of noise-mapping-based results offers an efficient and rapid way to evaluate mitigation measures in a large scale regarding the noise exposure generated to dense urban railway traffic. It is hoped that this information may provide assistance to future researchers attempting to simulate railway vehicle vibration and noise.",book:{id:"5423",slug:"urban-transport-systems",title:"Urban Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Urban Transport Systems"},signatures:"Konstantinos Vogiatzis and Georges Kouroussis",authors:[{id:"190290",title:"Prof.",name:"Konstantinos",middleName:null,surname:"Vogiatzis",slug:"konstantinos-vogiatzis",fullName:"Konstantinos Vogiatzis"},{id:"191818",title:"Prof.",name:"Georges",middleName:null,surname:"Kouroussis",slug:"georges-kouroussis",fullName:"Georges Kouroussis"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"53623",title:"Traffic Congestion Pricing: Methodologies and Equity Implications",slug:"traffic-congestion-pricing-methodologies-and-equity-implications",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Road traffic congestion is recognized as a growing and important urban ill. It occurs in different contexts, takes on many faces and is caused by a variety of processes. It affects both work trips and non-work trips, both passengers and goods flow. It affects the quality of life and the competitiveness of a region. It is an additional cost that arises in the forms of delay, environmental degradation, diminished productivity, standard of living and wasted energy. Congestion pricing can result in winners and losers among different socio-economic groups. However, different studies differ in their conclusions about who wins and who loses because of different assumptions made. This paper reviews the concepts of congestion pricing as a mitigation policy to reduce road congestion and reviews the concept of equity. This paper aims to provide theoretical research that enhances our understanding of congestion pricing policy and the equity implications of this policy.",book:{id:"5423",slug:"urban-transport-systems",title:"Urban Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Urban Transport Systems"},signatures:"Ammar AbuLibdeh",authors:[{id:"188094",title:"Dr.",name:"Ammar",middleName:null,surname:"AbuLibdeh",slug:"ammar-abulibdeh",fullName:"Ammar AbuLibdeh"}]},{id:"51738",title:"Design of Energy Management System of a PEMFC–Battery– Supercapacitor Hybrid Tramway",slug:"design-of-energy-management-system-of-a-pemfc-battery-supercapacitor-hybrid-tramway",totalDownloads:2169,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"In this chapter, a hybrid power system that consists of multiple proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems, batteries, and supercapacitors (SCs) is developed for a hybrid tramway. Three energy management strategies that included a fuzzy logic control (FLC), an equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS), and a state machine strategy based on droop control (SMS-DC) are utilized to coordinate multiple power sources, avoid the transients and rapid changes of power demand, and achieve high efficiency without degrading the mechanism performance for an energy management system of hybrid tramway. A hybrid system model of tramway is established with commercially available devices, and then the different energy management strategies are evaluated with a real driving cycle of tramway from Turkey. The results compared with these strategies demonstrate that the higher average efficiencies of the tramway, the lower tramway-equivalent hydrogen consumptions, and more efficient use of the batteries and SCs energy are achieved by the SMS-DC. Therefore, the appropriate energy management system for high-power hybrid tramway will improve the hydrogen consumptions of overall hybrid system and the efficiencies of each power source.",book:{id:"5423",slug:"urban-transport-systems",title:"Urban Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Urban Transport Systems"},signatures:"Qi Li and Weirong Chen",authors:[{id:"22185",title:"Prof.",name:"Weirong",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"weirong-chen",fullName:"Weirong Chen"},{id:"181845",title:"Prof.",name:"Qi",middleName:null,surname:"Li",slug:"qi-li",fullName:"Qi Li"}]},{id:"67903",title:"Third-Party Logistics",slug:"third-party-logistics",totalDownloads:772,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Third-party logistics was propelled first in US; later on, European nations put it on to successfully deal with an organization’s coordination exercises, re-appropriating the capacity and purchasing the administrations. 3PL suppliers without their very own advantages are called lead coordination suppliers that have preferred the standpoint that they have particular industry ability combined with low overhead expenses, yet they bring down arranging power. Lead coordination suppliers may likewise be less bureaucratic with shorter basic leadership cycles because of the littler size of the organization, and the most critical contrast between a second gathering coordination supplier and an outsider coordination supplier is the way that a 3PL supplier is constantly incorporated in the client’s framework. The 2PL is not coordinated as compared to the 3PL as it is just a redistributed coordination supplier with no framework mix. A 2PL regularly just gives institutionalized administrations, while 3PLs frequently give benefits that are redone and particular to the necessities of their client. Coordination is evaluated as a significant use for organizations. Thus, in the present aggressive condition, there is a squeezing need to control coordination expenses, and execution estimation has turned out to be an effective apparatus in accomplishing business targets.",book:{id:"7408",slug:"transportation-systems-analysis-and-assessment",title:"Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment",fullTitle:"Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment"},signatures:"Yangyan Shi, Rafay Waseem and Hafiz Muhammad Shahid",authors:[{id:"270918",title:"Dr.",name:"Yangyan",middleName:null,surname:"Shi But",slug:"yangyan-shi-but",fullName:"Yangyan Shi But"},{id:"287887",title:"Mr.",name:"Rafay",middleName:null,surname:"Waseem",slug:"rafay-waseem",fullName:"Rafay Waseem"},{id:"287892",title:"MSc.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-shahid",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Shahid"}]},{id:"70562",title:"Making the Most of the Energy We Have: Vehicle Efficiency",slug:"making-the-most-of-the-energy-we-have-vehicle-efficiency",totalDownloads:791,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"With global concerns over emissions from non-renewable sources and its dwindling global supplies. Optimization of our energy usage is highly important. Converting energy to various forms is usually an imperfect process with energy being wasted. Vehicle’s convert on-board stored energy to a kinetic form to drive a vehicle. Understanding the sources of energy losses allow us to (a) reduce emissions created by combustion engines, and (b) improve driving range of electrified powertrains. Within this chapter energy losses across the vehicle will be explored for both non-powertrain and powertrain components. Modes of losses and test methods for vehicle components will also be outlined to highlight their significance in vehicle efficiency.",book:{id:"8840",slug:"intelligent-and-efficient-transport-systems-design-modelling-control-and-simulation",title:"Intelligent and Efficient Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Intelligent and Efficient Transport Systems - Design, Modelling, Control and Simulation"},signatures:"Araan Mohanadass",authors:[{id:"279816",title:"Mr.",name:"Araan",middleName:null,surname:"Mohanadass",slug:"araan-mohanadass",fullName:"Araan Mohanadass"}]},{id:"51974",title:"Procedure for the Award of Contracts and Contracting in Public Passenger Transport",slug:"procedure-for-the-award-of-contracts-and-contracting-in-public-passenger-transport",totalDownloads:1522,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter describes a procurement process for providing transport serviceability by public passenger transport. The objective of the chapter is to present individual steps for procurement of public transport services. These steps consist of identification of objectives, definition of requirements for transport serviceability, risk allocation between contractual parties, drafting a public service contract and a process of selecting a service operator. Special attention is paid to the risks and their influence on contracting parties. The chapter also characterises procedure for the direct award of a public service contract, that is without competitive tendering. The author tries to define the impact of the direct award of contracts on the scope of services provided.",book:{id:"5423",slug:"urban-transport-systems",title:"Urban Transport Systems",fullTitle:"Urban Transport Systems"},signatures:"Miloš Poliak",authors:[{id:"188633",title:"Prof.",name:"Milos",middleName:null,surname:"Poliak",slug:"milos-poliak",fullName:"Milos Poliak"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"831",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],testimonialsList:[]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{},overviewPageOFChapters:[],overviewPagePublishedBooks:[],openForSubmissionBooks:{},onlineFirstChapters:{},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[],publishedBooks:{},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[],publicationYearFilters:[],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356823",title:"MSc.",name:"Seonghee",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"seonghee-min",fullName:"Seonghee Min",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu University",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"353307",title:"Prof.",name:"Yoosoo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"yoosoo-oh",fullName:"Yoosoo Oh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:"Yoosoo Oh received his Bachelor's degree in the Department of Electronics and Engineering from Kyungpook National University in 2002. He obtained his Master’s degree in the Department of Information and Communications from Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) in 2003. In 2010, he received his Ph.D. degree in the School of Information and Mechatronics from GIST. In the meantime, he was an executed team leader at Culture Technology Institute, GIST, 2010-2012. In 2011, he worked at Lancaster University, the UK as a visiting scholar. In September 2012, he joined Daegu University, where he is currently an associate professor in the School of ICT Conver, Daegu University. Also, he served as the Board of Directors of KSIIS since 2019, and HCI Korea since 2016. From 2017~2019, he worked as a center director of the Mixed Reality Convergence Research Center at Daegu University. From 2015-2017, He worked as a director in the Enterprise Supporting Office of LINC Project Group, Daegu University. His research interests include Activity Fusion & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Context-aware Middleware, Human-Computer Interaction, etc.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"262719",title:"Dr.",name:"Esma",middleName:null,surname:"Ergüner Özkoç",slug:"esma-erguner-ozkoc",fullName:"Esma Ergüner Özkoç",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Başkent University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"346530",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim",middleName:null,surname:"Kaya",slug:"ibrahim-kaya",fullName:"Ibrahim Kaya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"419199",title:"Dr.",name:"Qun",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"qun-yang",fullName:"Qun Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Auckland",country:{name:"New Zealand"}}},{id:"351158",title:"Prof.",name:"David W.",middleName:null,surname:"Anderson",slug:"david-w.-anderson",fullName:"David W. Anderson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Calgary",country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{id:"81566",title:"New and Emerging Technologies for Integrative Ambulatory Autonomic Assessment and Intervention as a Catalyst in the Synergy of Remote Geocoded Biosensing, Algorithmic Networked Cloud Computing, Deep Learning, and Regenerative/Biomic Medicine: Further Real",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104092",signatures:"Robert L. Drury",slug:"new-and-emerging-technologies-for-integrative-ambulatory-autonomic-assessment-and-intervention-as-a-",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"81286",title:"Potassium Derangements: A Pathophysiological Review, Diagnostic Approach, and Clinical Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103016",signatures:"Sairah Sharif and Jie Tang",slug:"potassium-derangements-a-pathophysiological-review-diagnostic-approach-and-clinical-management",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80895",title:"Heart Rate Variability as a Marker of Homeostatic Level",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102500",signatures:"Moacir Fernandes de Godoy and Michele Lima Gregório",slug:"heart-rate-variability-as-a-marker-of-homeostatic-level",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Moacir",surname:"Godoy"},{name:"Michele",surname:"Gregório"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80433",title:"Heart Autonomic Nervous System: Basic Science and Clinical Implications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101718",signatures:"Elvan Wiyarta and Nayla Karima",slug:"heart-autonomic-nervous-system-basic-science-and-clinical-implications",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80316",title:"Central Control of the Larynx in Mammals",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102009",signatures:"Manuel Víctor López-González, Marta González-García, Laura Carrillo-Franco, Amelia Díaz-Casares and Marc Stefan Dawid-Milner",slug:"central-control-of-the-larynx-in-mammals",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80402",title:"General Anesthesia and Autonomic Nervous System: Control and Management in Neurosurgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101829",signatures:"Irina Alexandrovna Savvina, Anna Olegovna Petrova and Yulia Mikhailovna Zabrodskaya",slug:"general-anesthesia-and-autonomic-nervous-system-control-and-management-in-neurosurgery",totalDownloads:58,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80035",title:"Healthy Lifestyle, Autonomic Nervous System Activity, and Sleep Status for Healthy Aging",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101837",signatures:"Miki Sato, Feni Betriana, Ryuichi Tanioka, Kyoko Osaka, Tetsuya Tanioka and Savina Schoenhofer",slug:"healthy-lifestyle-autonomic-nervous-system-activity-and-sleep-status-for-healthy-aging",totalDownloads:60,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80175",title:"Signaling Pathways Regulating Axogenesis and Dendritogenesis in Sympathetic Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102442",signatures:"Vidya Chandrasekaran",slug:"signaling-pathways-regulating-axogenesis-and-dendritogenesis-in-sympathetic-neurons",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Vidya",surname:"Chandrasekaran"}],book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"80176",title:"Impacts of Environmental Stressors on Autonomic Nervous System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101842",signatures:"Mayowa Adeniyi",slug:"impacts-of-environmental-stressors-on-autonomic-nervous-system",totalDownloads:66,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79655",title:"The Autonomic Nervous System, Sex Differences, and Chronobiology under General Anesthesia in In Vivo Experiments Involving Rats",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101075",signatures:"Pavol Svorc Jr and Pavol Svorc",slug:"the-autonomic-nervous-system-sex-differences-and-chronobiology-under-general-anesthesia-in-in-vivo-e",totalDownloads:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Autonomic Nervous System - Special Interest Topics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10835.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"79194",title:"Potassium in Solid Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101108",signatures:"Jessica Iorio, Lisa Lastraioli and Elena Lastraioli",slug:"potassium-in-solid-cancers",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78820",title:"Potassium Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100368",signatures:"Shakuntala S. Patil and Sachin M. Patil",slug:"potassium-homeostasis",totalDownloads:108,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}},{id:"78193",title:"Potassium and Cardiac Surgery",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99735",signatures:"Shawn Kant, Frank W. Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"potassium-and-cardiac-surgery",totalDownloads:175,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Potassium in Human Health",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10794.jpg",subseries:{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:"Federal University of ABC",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/105049",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"105049"},fullPath:"/profiles/105049",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()