Experimental anti-HEV vaccines.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"3627",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Mechatronic Systems Applications",title:"Mechatronic Systems",subtitle:"Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Mechatronics, the synergistic blend of mechanics, electronics, and computer science, has evolved over the past twenty five years, leading to a novel stage of engineering design. By integrating the best design practices with the most advanced technologies, mechatronics aims at realizing high-quality products, guaranteeing at the same time a substantial reduction of time and costs of manufacturing.\r\n\r\nMechatronic systems are manifold and range from machine components, motion generators, and power producing machines to more complex devices, such as robotic systems and transportation vehicles. With its twenty chapters, which collect contributions from many researchers worldwide, this book provides an excellent survey of recent work in the field of mechatronics with applications in various fields, like robotics, medical and assistive technology, human-machine interaction, unmanned vehicles, manufacturing, and education. We would like to thank all the authors who have invested a great deal of time to write such interesting chapters, which we are sure will be valuable to the readers.\r\n\r\nChapters 1 to 6 deal with applications of mechatronics for the development of robotic systems. Medical and assistive technologies and human-machine interaction systems are the topic of chapters 7 to 13.Chapters 14 and 15 concern mechatronic systems for autonomous vehicles. Chapters 16-19 deal with mechatronics in manufacturing contexts. Chapter 20 concludes the book, describing a method for the installation of mechatronics education in schools.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-040-7",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5892-9",doi:"10.5772/206",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"mechatronic-systems-applications",numberOfPages:364,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:null,bookSignature:"Annalisa Milella Donato Di Paola and Grazia Cicirelli",publishedDate:"March 1st 2010",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3627.jpg",numberOfDownloads:78064,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:29,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:46,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:99,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:null,dateEndSecondStepPublish:null,dateEndThirdStepPublish:null,dateEndFourthStepPublish:null,dateEndFifthStepPublish:null,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"1065",title:"Dr.",name:"Annalisa",middleName:null,surname:"Milella",slug:"annalisa-milella",fullName:"Annalisa Milella",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1065/images/system/1065.jpg",biography:"I received the Laurea (summa cum laude) and Research Doctorate degrees from the Politecnico of Bari, Italy, in 2002 and 2006, respectively, both in Mechanical Engineering. In 2005, I was a visiting PhD student at the EPFL Autonomous Systems Laboratory. Currently, I am a researcher at the Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation (ISSIA), National Research Council (CNR) of Bari, Italy.\nMy main research interests include:\n- computer vision applied to robotics and intelligent systems\n- self-localization methods for mobile robots\n- robotic non-destructive inspection\n- robotic surveillance systems",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"17156",title:"Dr.",name:"Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Cicirelli",slug:"grazia-cicirelli",fullName:"Grazia Cicirelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/17156/images/system/17156.jpg",biography:"Grazia Cicirelli received the Laurea degree (summa cum laude) in Computer Science from the University of Bari (Italy) in 1994. Until 2001 she held grants from the Italian National Research Council (CNR) for research activities in Robotics and Image Processing. From 2001 she is a Technologist Researcher at the Institute of Intelligent Systems for Automation (ISSIA) of CNR in Bari. Her principal interests include pattern recognition, artificial intelligence, image processing for robotic applications and intelligent systems for video-surveillance. She has worked on and directed numerous research projects in different research areas such as Quality Control, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Autonomous Mobile Robotics. She is author of numerous research papers published in International Conference Proceedings, National and International Journals. 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Emerging and/or re-emerging zoonotic viral infections affect significantly the human health in many geographic areas of the world, highlighting their potential to spread from animal reservoirs and their ability to evolve their virulence properties. While the transmission of viruses from wild animal species to human is intermittent or rare, vaccines against zoonotic viral infections should be focused in wildlife reservoirs in order to prevent human disease.
\nIn this chapter, we will focus on the vaccination in wildlife reservoirs, such as bats, rodents, boars, and carnivores, which play an important role in transmission of three emerging zoonotic viruses, rabies virus (RABV), hantavirus, and hepatitis E virus (HEV), to domestic species and humans.
\nWe discuss the main challenges for efficacy improvement of vaccines, considering the diversity of viral
In rodents, hantavirus infection has an acute phase (peak viremia) during first 2–3 weeks, with virus replication in target tissues and finally a persistent infection [1]. In humans, hantavirus infection can produce two presentations of the disease, depending on the type of virus with which it is infected: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) that occurs in Europe and Asia (Old World) mainly and the syndrome cardiopulmonary by hantavirus (HCPS) reported in the Americas (New World) [6]. It is important to note that HFRS can be caused by different viruses, the most common being Puumala and Dobrava in Europe and Hantaan and Seoul in Asia, while for the HCPS, the most common and lethal are
Currently, vaccine for humans approved by the FDA or any other institution for use in the USA or Europe is not available. An inactivated virus vaccine produced in mouse brain or in cell culture infected with Hantaan virus (HFRS vaccine) is applied in China and Korea. However, this vaccine may not be as effective against the other viruses that produce HFRS in Europe (Puumala and Dobrava) and not for those who produce HCPS (Sin Nombre and Andes) [7].
\nConsidering the variety of hantaviruses and hosts, as well as the fact that there is no authorized or commercialized vaccine for human use that protects against all types of hantavirus, the development of a vaccine that can be applied to the natural reservoir (in this case rodents) is an option that should be considered.
\nWhen talking about vaccinating wildlife, the best option is the use of baits, which contain antigenic vaccine material, with stability under different environmental conditions. Since the capture and direct application of a vaccine would be unfeasible and the dispersion by a liquid or air (aerosol) constitutes a not selective administration, which might reach undesirable species and risk the risk of adverse effect, dispersion of the vaccine in species that had not been in contact naturally (in the case of attenuated vaccines) may not reach the desired species.
\nThe viral target to which the vaccines are directed could be the Gn and Gc glycoproteins, which interact with the cellular receptor (integrins) for the entry of the virus into the cell [8]. We must consider the variability among the hantaviruses that can infect humans, since, as mentioned above, the vaccine applied in China and Korea runs the risk that, if it is not well designed, different vaccines against the hantavirus should be applied according to the region. Another point to consider in the design of this vaccine is the host variability that hantaviruses have as a group [6].
\nMendoza et al. [9] described several characteristics desirable in the vaccine baits, such as having palatable baits for different species and stability of the vaccine in different environmental conditions among others. Development vaccine for animal use is faster in the process approval for commercial use. In this regard, the cost-benefit ratio is better, since the cost of production and distribution of a vaccine for veterinary use is lower, among other things [9].
\nThe idea of One Health program, recently developed and adopted (due to the concern for all environmental changes that generate various human activities) [10], is the hypothesis that vaccination of natural reservoirs of host animals could stop the transmission of diseases to humans. Thus, vaccines targeted to wildlife reservoirs would affect the environment less and improve the health of the wild species in order to improve our health.
\nRabies is a zoonotic disease characterized by acute and lethal encephalitis, and it is caused by rabies virus (RABV), a
The majority of cases of rabies in humans are transmitted by dogs. It has been estimated that infection causes 60,000 cases per year, mainly in Asian, African, and American countries, [13].
\nThere have been considerable efforts in vaccination campaigns in domestic fauna in the Americas, in order to control rabies virus transmission [13, 14]. However, wild mammals such as bats and carnivores play an important role in transmission to humans, particularly bats constitute the principal rabies reservoir in the Americas [15, 16, 17].
\nIn Europe, during the 1960s, the only method used to contain wild rabies transmitted by red foxes was capturing and poisoning. However, it was an expensive and inefficient method in the long term [18]. One of the most cost-effective mechanisms to prevent the transmission of infection diseases is immunization. Since then, several approaches had been made for vaccination in the field with low effectiveness [18].
\nNevertheless, the oral infection of mice coupled with the development of attenuated rabies strains gave the guideline for oral rabies vaccination (ORV) in wildlife [18, 19, 20].
\nSince the end of the 1970s, the ORV by means of baits was implemented in Europe using live attenuated rabies virus from 11 different strains, of which SAD Bern and SAD B19 were the most used [21]. This vaccination strategy resulted in the reduction of rabies by 80% and the eradication of the rabies disease in foxes in Western and Central Europe. In this regard, calendar of vaccination campaigns, the adequate distribution and density of baits, as well as the duration and follow-up of the ORV campaigns, were considered [21, 22, 23].
\nIn the United States of America and Canada, the success story with ORV was replicated with the use of recombinant vaccines, employing the vaccinia virus (VRG) and a human adenovirus (ONRAB) that expresses the RABV glycoprotein [24]. In this case, the ORV programs were targeted at raccoons, gray foxes, and coyotes [25]. However, chiropters and carnivores are the main host of Lyssaviruses, and major spillover events have been detected from bats to carnivores [25].
\nAs the European case, in Latin-American countries, the rabies control has been based in reservoir population reduction which means bat population reduction using anticoagulants [26]. Some approximations have been made for the development of ORV for bats taking advantage of the habit of constant grooming and close contact with other members of the population [27]; the recombinant vaccine is mixed with petrolatum paste or glycerin jelly and applied topically on the back of a bat vector [28, 29, 30]. These works are carried out in controlled environments with promising results, obtaining survival rates between 80 to 70% in
Hepatitis E is a liver disease caused by infection with a virus known as hepatitis E virus (HEV), globally considered as an emerging public health problem [31]. While hepatitis E is considered as self-limited liver disease in humans, it can evolve as a chronic liver disease, whose complications are responsible for 44,000 deaths in 2015 [31, 32]. HEV infection can be acquired by fecal-oral route or contaminated water and other routes less frequent, such as zoonotic via ingestion of undercooked meat or meat products derived from infected animals, transfusion of infected blood products, and vertical transmission to fetus during pregnancy or occupational exposition [33, 34].
\nSince the first identification of HEV in 1983 [35], it was thought that the virus was only limited to animal species. However, in the recent years, an increasing number of HEV infections in humans have been reported [36, 37, 38, 39]. Thus, and based on several anti-HEV antibody serosurveillance studies [37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46], it is important to highlight that the worldwide HEV prevalence seems to be higher than reported, as outbreaks or sporadic in pregnant women and immunocompromised patients [46, 47, 48, 49].
\nThis virus has a single, positive-stranded RNA genome of 7.2 kb in length. The genome contains three open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3). ORF2 encodes for viral capsid, which have immunogenic properties [50]. Hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus classified within the
Worldwide distribution of HEV and their reservoirs in the wildlife.
Vaccines represent the most effective prophylactic approach against several viral infections. Current WHO position considers vaccination against HEV [13], in order to prevent disease in high-risk groups such as pregnant women and immunocompromised individual. In this regard, anti-HEV recombinant vaccine, based on the capsid protein, was developed, showing efficacy of 88.5% [57]. In addition, a vaccine, anti-HEV 239 Hecolin (Xiamen Innovax Biotech), based in two epitopes from capsid (368–606 aa of ORF2), of genotype HEV-1, was only approved in China, with an efficacy of 86.8% [58, 59]. DNA anti-HEV vaccines have been developed (Table 1). In this regard, DNA vaccines have some advantages over use of attenuated viruses, besides to their stability at room temperature, making more affordable at veterinary field and the wildlife [60]. Thus, the delivery system for vaccination and genetic diversity of HEV must be considered in order to develop effective vaccines, especially in intermediate hosts such swine or wildlife reservoirs.
\nExample | \nImmune response | \nHost | \nReference | \n
---|---|---|---|
DNA vaccine ORF2 gene (1–660 amino acids, aa) | \nAnti-HEV IgG | \nMouse | \n[61] | \n
DNA vaccine based on HEV genes ORF2 (112–660) and ORF2(112–608), using papillomavirus pseudoviruses | \nIgG antibodies | \nMouse | \n[62] | \n
DNA vaccine based on complete ORF2 gene (1983 bp) in pVax plasmid | \nIgG-neutralizing antibodies | \nRhesus monkey | \n[63] | \n
Capsid protein/ORF2 HEV genotype 4 | \nAnti-HEV IgG | \nRhesus monkey | \n[64] | \n
Experimental anti-HEV vaccines.
Finally, like the control strategies of wildlife rabies [65], the use of vaccine-laden bait delivery to intermediate hosts represents attractive alternatives useful to reduce the spread of HEV RABV circulation. While this approach is promising, it remains to be investigated.
\nZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), belonging to the family
Because arboviruses are often maintained in complex cycles involving vertebrates and blood-feeding vectors, not only humans are at high risk of ZIKV infection but also another species such as monkeys, domestic sheep, goats, horses, cows, ducks, rodents, bats, orangutans, and carabaos [69]. ZIKV infection has likely been present in bats since time. In this regard, anti-ZIKV antibodies with cross-reactivity to flaviviruses (yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, among others) were detected in bats from Uganda and Angola [70, 71]. Although it is unclear how ZIKV could circulate in bat populations, it is noteworthy that bats represent a competent reservoirs in wildlife, with potential for amplifying flaviviruses and, contributing thus in the sylvatic transmission of ZIKV [72]. In contrast, Bittar et al. [73] did not find serological and molecular evidence of past or latent arbovirus infections in captured bats from many areas of Brazil. Nevertheless, future studies are required to evaluate the role of bats as arbovirus reservoirs and to determine if these animal species are an important part of enzootic cycle of arboviruses [72].
\nCurrently, there are no approved vaccines available to protect against infection. Unlikely to other antiviral vaccines, Zika vaccination must be approached mainly for the prevention of vertical transmission of the virus to the unborn fetus [74].
\nFinally, as long as a prophylactic vaccine is developed, it is important to consider that ZIKV is spreading rapidly into regions around the world where other flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV), are endemic. In this regard, Zika virus is closely related to other flaviviruses, and cross-reactive antibody has the potential to exacerbate secondary flavivirus infections through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), leading to more severe forms of flavivirus disease [75].
\nEbola is a viral illness caused by
With respect to SARS-CoV, the development of a vaccine that is applied to wild vectors is a little more complex. Bats have been proposed as potential reservoirs, and there may be an intermediate host, such as civets [79]. However, there are still epidemiological studies that help us understand the dynamics of animals,
Hantavirus, RABV, HEV, ZIKV, Ebola virus, and SARS-CoV are currently considered as emerging infectious pathogens to humans, whose reservoirs are in wildlife animals. While the transmission of these viruses from wildlife reservoirs to human is rare, it is important to develop control strategies in order to reduce the substantial impacts on human health and agricultural production. In several cases, such as rabies disease the vaccines targeted to wildlife reservoirs, represent a control measure friendly with the environment, in virtue of they help to the conservation of healthy habitats with available niches and wild prey for bats, avoiding the migration of these species to another areas.
\nEmerging and/or re-emerging zoonotic viral infections affect significantly the human health in many geographic areas of the world, highlighting their potential to spread from animal reservoirs and their ability to evolve their virulence properties. While the transmission of viruses from wild animal species to human is intermittent or rare, vaccines against zoonotic viral infections should be focused in wildlife reservoirs in order to prevent human disease.
\nIn this chapter, we will focus on the vaccination in wildlife reservoirs, such as bats, rodents, boars, and carnivores, which play an important role in transmission of three emerging zoonotic viruses, rabies virus (RABV), hantavirus, and hepatitis E virus (HEV), to domestic species and humans.
\nWe discuss the main challenges for efficacy improvement of vaccines, considering the diversity of viral
In rodents, hantavirus infection has an acute phase (peak viremia) during first 2–3 weeks, with virus replication in target tissues and finally a persistent infection [1]. In humans, hantavirus infection can produce two presentations of the disease, depending on the type of virus with which it is infected: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) that occurs in Europe and Asia (Old World) mainly and the syndrome cardiopulmonary by hantavirus (HCPS) reported in the Americas (New World) [6]. It is important to note that HFRS can be caused by different viruses, the most common being Puumala and Dobrava in Europe and Hantaan and Seoul in Asia, while for the HCPS, the most common and lethal are
Currently, vaccine for humans approved by the FDA or any other institution for use in the USA or Europe is not available. An inactivated virus vaccine produced in mouse brain or in cell culture infected with Hantaan virus (HFRS vaccine) is applied in China and Korea. However, this vaccine may not be as effective against the other viruses that produce HFRS in Europe (Puumala and Dobrava) and not for those who produce HCPS (Sin Nombre and Andes) [7].
\nConsidering the variety of hantaviruses and hosts, as well as the fact that there is no authorized or commercialized vaccine for human use that protects against all types of hantavirus, the development of a vaccine that can be applied to the natural reservoir (in this case rodents) is an option that should be considered.
\nWhen talking about vaccinating wildlife, the best option is the use of baits, which contain antigenic vaccine material, with stability under different environmental conditions. Since the capture and direct application of a vaccine would be unfeasible and the dispersion by a liquid or air (aerosol) constitutes a not selective administration, which might reach undesirable species and risk the risk of adverse effect, dispersion of the vaccine in species that had not been in contact naturally (in the case of attenuated vaccines) may not reach the desired species.
\nThe viral target to which the vaccines are directed could be the Gn and Gc glycoproteins, which interact with the cellular receptor (integrins) for the entry of the virus into the cell [8]. We must consider the variability among the hantaviruses that can infect humans, since, as mentioned above, the vaccine applied in China and Korea runs the risk that, if it is not well designed, different vaccines against the hantavirus should be applied according to the region. Another point to consider in the design of this vaccine is the host variability that hantaviruses have as a group [6].
\nMendoza et al. [9] described several characteristics desirable in the vaccine baits, such as having palatable baits for different species and stability of the vaccine in different environmental conditions among others. Development vaccine for animal use is faster in the process approval for commercial use. In this regard, the cost-benefit ratio is better, since the cost of production and distribution of a vaccine for veterinary use is lower, among other things [9].
\nThe idea of One Health program, recently developed and adopted (due to the concern for all environmental changes that generate various human activities) [10], is the hypothesis that vaccination of natural reservoirs of host animals could stop the transmission of diseases to humans. Thus, vaccines targeted to wildlife reservoirs would affect the environment less and improve the health of the wild species in order to improve our health.
\nRabies is a zoonotic disease characterized by acute and lethal encephalitis, and it is caused by rabies virus (RABV), a
The majority of cases of rabies in humans are transmitted by dogs. It has been estimated that infection causes 60,000 cases per year, mainly in Asian, African, and American countries, [13].
\nThere have been considerable efforts in vaccination campaigns in domestic fauna in the Americas, in order to control rabies virus transmission [13, 14]. However, wild mammals such as bats and carnivores play an important role in transmission to humans, particularly bats constitute the principal rabies reservoir in the Americas [15, 16, 17].
\nIn Europe, during the 1960s, the only method used to contain wild rabies transmitted by red foxes was capturing and poisoning. However, it was an expensive and inefficient method in the long term [18]. One of the most cost-effective mechanisms to prevent the transmission of infection diseases is immunization. Since then, several approaches had been made for vaccination in the field with low effectiveness [18].
\nNevertheless, the oral infection of mice coupled with the development of attenuated rabies strains gave the guideline for oral rabies vaccination (ORV) in wildlife [18, 19, 20].
\nSince the end of the 1970s, the ORV by means of baits was implemented in Europe using live attenuated rabies virus from 11 different strains, of which SAD Bern and SAD B19 were the most used [21]. This vaccination strategy resulted in the reduction of rabies by 80% and the eradication of the rabies disease in foxes in Western and Central Europe. In this regard, calendar of vaccination campaigns, the adequate distribution and density of baits, as well as the duration and follow-up of the ORV campaigns, were considered [21, 22, 23].
\nIn the United States of America and Canada, the success story with ORV was replicated with the use of recombinant vaccines, employing the vaccinia virus (VRG) and a human adenovirus (ONRAB) that expresses the RABV glycoprotein [24]. In this case, the ORV programs were targeted at raccoons, gray foxes, and coyotes [25]. However, chiropters and carnivores are the main host of Lyssaviruses, and major spillover events have been detected from bats to carnivores [25].
\nAs the European case, in Latin-American countries, the rabies control has been based in reservoir population reduction which means bat population reduction using anticoagulants [26]. Some approximations have been made for the development of ORV for bats taking advantage of the habit of constant grooming and close contact with other members of the population [27]; the recombinant vaccine is mixed with petrolatum paste or glycerin jelly and applied topically on the back of a bat vector [28, 29, 30]. These works are carried out in controlled environments with promising results, obtaining survival rates between 80 to 70% in
Hepatitis E is a liver disease caused by infection with a virus known as hepatitis E virus (HEV), globally considered as an emerging public health problem [31]. While hepatitis E is considered as self-limited liver disease in humans, it can evolve as a chronic liver disease, whose complications are responsible for 44,000 deaths in 2015 [31, 32]. HEV infection can be acquired by fecal-oral route or contaminated water and other routes less frequent, such as zoonotic via ingestion of undercooked meat or meat products derived from infected animals, transfusion of infected blood products, and vertical transmission to fetus during pregnancy or occupational exposition [33, 34].
\nSince the first identification of HEV in 1983 [35], it was thought that the virus was only limited to animal species. However, in the recent years, an increasing number of HEV infections in humans have been reported [36, 37, 38, 39]. Thus, and based on several anti-HEV antibody serosurveillance studies [37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46], it is important to highlight that the worldwide HEV prevalence seems to be higher than reported, as outbreaks or sporadic in pregnant women and immunocompromised patients [46, 47, 48, 49].
\nThis virus has a single, positive-stranded RNA genome of 7.2 kb in length. The genome contains three open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3). ORF2 encodes for viral capsid, which have immunogenic properties [50]. Hepatitis E virus is an RNA virus classified within the
Worldwide distribution of HEV and their reservoirs in the wildlife.
Vaccines represent the most effective prophylactic approach against several viral infections. Current WHO position considers vaccination against HEV [13], in order to prevent disease in high-risk groups such as pregnant women and immunocompromised individual. In this regard, anti-HEV recombinant vaccine, based on the capsid protein, was developed, showing efficacy of 88.5% [57]. In addition, a vaccine, anti-HEV 239 Hecolin (Xiamen Innovax Biotech), based in two epitopes from capsid (368–606 aa of ORF2), of genotype HEV-1, was only approved in China, with an efficacy of 86.8% [58, 59]. DNA anti-HEV vaccines have been developed (Table 1). In this regard, DNA vaccines have some advantages over use of attenuated viruses, besides to their stability at room temperature, making more affordable at veterinary field and the wildlife [60]. Thus, the delivery system for vaccination and genetic diversity of HEV must be considered in order to develop effective vaccines, especially in intermediate hosts such swine or wildlife reservoirs.
\nExample | \nImmune response | \nHost | \nReference | \n
---|---|---|---|
DNA vaccine ORF2 gene (1–660 amino acids, aa) | \nAnti-HEV IgG | \nMouse | \n[61] | \n
DNA vaccine based on HEV genes ORF2 (112–660) and ORF2(112–608), using papillomavirus pseudoviruses | \nIgG antibodies | \nMouse | \n[62] | \n
DNA vaccine based on complete ORF2 gene (1983 bp) in pVax plasmid | \nIgG-neutralizing antibodies | \nRhesus monkey | \n[63] | \n
Capsid protein/ORF2 HEV genotype 4 | \nAnti-HEV IgG | \nRhesus monkey | \n[64] | \n
Experimental anti-HEV vaccines.
Finally, like the control strategies of wildlife rabies [65], the use of vaccine-laden bait delivery to intermediate hosts represents attractive alternatives useful to reduce the spread of HEV RABV circulation. While this approach is promising, it remains to be investigated.
\nZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), belonging to the family
Because arboviruses are often maintained in complex cycles involving vertebrates and blood-feeding vectors, not only humans are at high risk of ZIKV infection but also another species such as monkeys, domestic sheep, goats, horses, cows, ducks, rodents, bats, orangutans, and carabaos [69]. ZIKV infection has likely been present in bats since time. In this regard, anti-ZIKV antibodies with cross-reactivity to flaviviruses (yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, among others) were detected in bats from Uganda and Angola [70, 71]. Although it is unclear how ZIKV could circulate in bat populations, it is noteworthy that bats represent a competent reservoirs in wildlife, with potential for amplifying flaviviruses and, contributing thus in the sylvatic transmission of ZIKV [72]. In contrast, Bittar et al. [73] did not find serological and molecular evidence of past or latent arbovirus infections in captured bats from many areas of Brazil. Nevertheless, future studies are required to evaluate the role of bats as arbovirus reservoirs and to determine if these animal species are an important part of enzootic cycle of arboviruses [72].
\nCurrently, there are no approved vaccines available to protect against infection. Unlikely to other antiviral vaccines, Zika vaccination must be approached mainly for the prevention of vertical transmission of the virus to the unborn fetus [74].
\nFinally, as long as a prophylactic vaccine is developed, it is important to consider that ZIKV is spreading rapidly into regions around the world where other flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV), are endemic. In this regard, Zika virus is closely related to other flaviviruses, and cross-reactive antibody has the potential to exacerbate secondary flavivirus infections through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), leading to more severe forms of flavivirus disease [75].
\nEbola is a viral illness caused by
With respect to SARS-CoV, the development of a vaccine that is applied to wild vectors is a little more complex. Bats have been proposed as potential reservoirs, and there may be an intermediate host, such as civets [79]. However, there are still epidemiological studies that help us understand the dynamics of animals,
Hantavirus, RABV, HEV, ZIKV, Ebola virus, and SARS-CoV are currently considered as emerging infectious pathogens to humans, whose reservoirs are in wildlife animals. While the transmission of these viruses from wildlife reservoirs to human is rare, it is important to develop control strategies in order to reduce the substantial impacts on human health and agricultural production. In several cases, such as rabies disease the vaccines targeted to wildlife reservoirs, represent a control measure friendly with the environment, in virtue of they help to the conservation of healthy habitats with available niches and wild prey for bats, avoiding the migration of these species to another areas.
\nIntro
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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O'Malley",authors:null},{id:"573",doi:"10.5772/5176",title:"Lower-Limb Wearable Exoskeleton",slug:"lower-limb_wearable_exoskeleton",totalDownloads:5117,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"5250",slug:"rehabilitation_robotics",title:"Rehabilitation Robotics",fullTitle:"Rehabilitation Robotics"},signatures:"J.L. Pons, J.C. Moreno, F.J. Brunetti and E. Rocon",authors:null},{id:"574",doi:"10.5772/5177",title:"Exoskeleton-Based Exercisers for the Disabilities of the Upper Arm and Hand",slug:"exoskeleton-based_exercisers_for_the_disabilities_of_the_upper_arm_and_hand",totalDownloads:6089,totalCrossrefCites:12,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:null,book:{id:"5250",slug:"rehabilitation_robotics",title:"Rehabilitation Robotics",fullTitle:"Rehabilitation Robotics"},signatures:"Ioannis Sarakoglou, Sophia Kousidou, Nikolaos G. Tsagarakis and Darwin G. Caldwell",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"578",title:"An Embedded Control Platform of a Continuous Passive Motion Machine for Injured Fingers",slug:"an_embedded_control_platform_of_a_continuous_passive_motion_machine_for_injured_fingers",totalDownloads:3653,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"5250",slug:"rehabilitation_robotics",title:"Rehabilitation Robotics",fullTitle:"Rehabilitation Robotics"},signatures:"Zhang Fuxiang",authors:null},{id:"70419",title:"Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction: Robot-Assisted Pyeloplasty",slug:"ureteropelvic-junction-obstruction-robot-assisted-pyeloplasty",totalDownloads:844,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The standard treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is represented by the Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty, even if different approaches, both surgical and endoscopic, have been described. Robot-assisted pyeloplasty (RP) is a feasible and safe approach. The indications for the robotic approach remain the same as those for the laparoscopic or open pyeloplasty. Every patient with symptomatic UPJO, or with decreasing renal function in the presence of UPJO, should undergo RP. The transperitoneal, retroperitoneal, and transmesocolic approaches are described focusing on advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Robot-assisted pyeloplasty has excellent success rates for relief of obstruction and very low peri- and post-operative morbidity. The robotic surgical technique maintains the advantages of laparoscopic surgery providing a more precise manipulation and visualization, and a faster learning curve. Comparative studies are reported to confront the different techniques. Secondary minimally invasive pyeloplasty is obviously a more challenging procedure due to the fibrosis and the adhesions formed after the previous surgery. Newer techniques and indications such as the employment of buccal mucosal graft, the single port approach, and indocyanine green injection are described. Tips and tricks to keep in mind during this kind of procedure are listed in order to report our experience in this setting.",book:{id:"7375",slug:"medical-robotics-new-achievements",title:"Medical Robotics",fullTitle:"Medical Robotics - New Achievements"},signatures:"Pietro Diana, Paolo Casale, Alberto Rosario Saita, Giovanni Lughezzani and Nicolomaria Buffi",authors:[{id:"307565",title:"Prof.",name:"Nicolo'Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Buffi",slug:"nicolo'maria-buffi",fullName:"Nicolo'Maria Buffi"},{id:"309172",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Diana",slug:"pietro-diana",fullName:"Pietro Diana"},{id:"309173",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Casale",slug:"paolo-casale",fullName:"Paolo Casale"},{id:"309174",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Saita",slug:"alberto-saita",fullName:"Alberto Saita"}]},{id:"552",title:"Work Assistive Mobile Robot for the Disabled in a Real Work Environment",slug:"work_assistive_mobile_robot_for_the_disabled_in_a_real_work_environment",totalDownloads:3414,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"5250",slug:"rehabilitation_robotics",title:"Rehabilitation Robotics",fullTitle:"Rehabilitation Robotics"},signatures:"Hyun Seok Hong, Jung Won Kang and Myung Jin Chung",authors:null},{id:"66614",title:"CFD Analysis of Flow Characteristics in a Jet Laryngoscope and the Different Application Forms of Superimposed Jet Ventilation",slug:"cfd-analysis-of-flow-characteristics-in-a-jet-laryngoscope-and-the-different-application-forms-of-su",totalDownloads:837,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The superimposed high-frequency jet ventilation is a jet ventilation technique that allows the surgeon to operate in a system open to the outside endoscopic surgery in the area of the vocal cord level. Although the clinical application is uncomplicated, the possible mechanisms of the gas flow in the jet laryngoscope are largely unknown. In the performed calculations for this work, the CFD software package Fluent is used with the preprocessor GAMBIT. After creating the geometry and networking of the jet laryngoscope in the preprocessor GAMBIT, the boundary conditions and input parameters in the solver are defined. This is followed by iterative calculation using Fluent and the tabulation of results. Ventilation is provided by an electronic respirator specially developed for the endoscope. There is a bidirectional gas flow in the jet laryngoscope. The free jet characteristics of the jet beam can be confirmed. Entrainment depends on pressure and on the gas velocity. The arrangement of the nozzles enables jet ventilation in stenosis. CFD analysis enables the representation of a continuous progress of the pressure as well as the representation of the continuous profile of the velocity in the investigated endoscope. Additionally the practical application for intensive care ventilation is shown.",book:{id:"7375",slug:"medical-robotics-new-achievements",title:"Medical Robotics",fullTitle:"Medical Robotics - New Achievements"},signatures:"Alexander Aloy, Simon Hell, Andreas Nowak and Matthaeus Grasl",authors:[{id:"283149",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Aloy",slug:"alexander-aloy",fullName:"Alexander Aloy"},{id:"290610",title:"Mr.",name:"Simon",middleName:null,surname:"Hell",slug:"simon-hell",fullName:"Simon Hell"},{id:"290611",title:"Dr.",name:"Andreas",middleName:null,surname:"Nowak",slug:"andreas-nowak",fullName:"Andreas Nowak"},{id:"290612",title:"Prof.",name:"Matthaeus",middleName:null,surname:"Grasl",slug:"matthaeus-grasl",fullName:"Matthaeus Grasl"}]},{id:"69924",title:"An Active Exoskeleton Called P.I.G.R.O. Designed for Unloaded Robotic Neurorehabilitation Training",slug:"an-active-exoskeleton-called-p-i-g-r-o-designed-for-unloaded-robotic-neurorehabilitation-training",totalDownloads:810,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The development of innovative robotic devices allows the design of exoskeletons for robotic neurorehabilitation training. This paper presents the active exoskeleton called pneumatic interactive gait rehabilitation orthosis (P.I.G.R.O.), developed by the authors. The main innovative characteristic of this prototype is its design for fully unloaded robotic neurorehabilitation training, specific for brain-injured patients. It has six degrees of freedom (DOF) in the sagittal plane, an active ankle joint (removable if it is required); a wide range of anthropometric regulations, both for men and for women; a useful human machine interface (HMI); and an innovative harness system for the patient for the unloaded training. It is realized using light and strong materials, and it is electropneumatically controlled. In particular the authors also studied and defined some innovative input control curves useful for the unloaded training. In this paper, the main characteristics and innovations of P.I.G.R.O. are presented.",book:{id:"7375",slug:"medical-robotics-new-achievements",title:"Medical Robotics",fullTitle:"Medical Robotics - New Achievements"},signatures:"Guido Belforte, Terenziano Raparelli, Gabriella Eula, Silvia Sirolli, Silvia Appendino, Giuliano Carlo Geminiani, Elisabetta Geda, Marina Zettin, Roberta Virgilio and Katiuscia Sacco",authors:[{id:"14069",title:"PhD.",name:"Gabriella",middleName:null,surname:"Eula",slug:"gabriella-eula",fullName:"Gabriella Eula"},{id:"14077",title:"Prof.",name:"Terenziano",middleName:null,surname:"Raparelli",slug:"terenziano-raparelli",fullName:"Terenziano Raparelli"},{id:"61056",title:"Mr.",name:"Katiuscia",middleName:null,surname:"Sacco",slug:"katiuscia-sacco",fullName:"Katiuscia Sacco"},{id:"313089",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",middleName:null,surname:"Belforte",slug:"guido-belforte",fullName:"Guido Belforte"},{id:"313094",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Sirolli",slug:"silvia-sirolli",fullName:"Silvia Sirolli"},{id:"313095",title:"Dr.",name:"Silvia",middleName:null,surname:"Appendino",slug:"silvia-appendino",fullName:"Silvia Appendino"},{id:"313096",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuliano Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Geminiani",slug:"giuliano-carlo-geminiani",fullName:"Giuliano Carlo Geminiani"},{id:"313097",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisabetta",middleName:null,surname:"Geda",slug:"elisabetta-geda",fullName:"Elisabetta Geda"},{id:"313098",title:"Dr.",name:"Marina",middleName:null,surname:"Zettin",slug:"marina-zettin",fullName:"Marina Zettin"},{id:"313101",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberta",middleName:null,surname:"Virgilio",slug:"roberta-virgilio",fullName:"Roberta Virgilio"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1125",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. 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He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. 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He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. 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Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:245,paginationItems:[{id:"196707",title:"Prof.",name:"Mustafa Numan",middleName:null,surname:"Bucak",slug:"mustafa-numan-bucak",fullName:"Mustafa Numan Bucak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196707/images/system/196707.png",biography:"Mustafa Numan Bucak received a bachelor’s degree from the Veterinary Faculty, Ankara University, Turkey, where he also obtained a Ph.D. in Sperm Cryobiology. He is an academic staff member of the Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Selçuk University, Turkey. He manages several studies on sperms and embryos and is an editorial board member for several international journals. His studies include sperm cryobiology, in vitro fertilization, and embryo production in animals.",institutionString:"Selçuk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine",institution:null},{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",biography:"Yusuf Bozkurt has a BSc, MSc, and Ph.D. from Ankara University, Turkey. He is currently a Professor of Biotechnology of Reproduction in the field of Aquaculture, İskenderun Technical University, Turkey. His research interests include reproductive biology and biotechnology with an emphasis on cryo-conservation. He is on the editorial board of several international peer-reviewed journals and has published many papers. Additionally, he has participated in many international and national congresses, seminars, and workshops with oral and poster presentations. He is an active member of many local and international organizations.",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",biography:"Dr. Sergey Tkachev is a senior research scientist at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Russia, and at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia. He received his Ph.D. in Molecular Biology with his thesis “Genetic variability of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in natural foci of Novosibirsk city and its suburbs.” His primary field is molecular virology with research emphasis on vector-borne viruses, especially tick-borne encephalitis virus, Kemerovo virus and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus, rabies virus, molecular genetics, biology, and epidemiology of virus pathogens.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",biography:"Amlan K. Patra, FRSB, obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India, in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences. He has more than twenty years of research and teaching experience. He held previous positions at the American Institute for Goat Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA, and Free University of Berlin, Germany. His research focuses on animal nutrition, particularly ruminants and poultry nutrition, gastrointestinal electrophysiology, meta-analysis and modeling in nutrition, and livestock–environment interaction. He has authored around 175 articles in journals, book chapters, and proceedings. Dr. Patra serves on the editorial boards of several reputed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",biography:"László Babinszky is Professor Emeritus, Department of Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Debrecen, Hungary. He has also worked in the Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Netherlands; the Institute for Livestock Feeding and Nutrition (IVVO), Lelystad, Netherlands; the Agricultural University of Vienna (BOKU); the Institute for Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Austria; and the Oscar Kellner Research Institute for Animal Nutrition, Rostock, Germany. In 1992, Dr. Babinszky obtained a Ph.D. in Animal Nutrition from the University of Wageningen. His main research areas are swine and poultry nutrition. He has authored more than 300 publications (papers, book chapters) and edited four books and fourteen international conference proceedings.",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"201830",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",middleName:"Sanchez",surname:"Davila",slug:"fernando-davila",fullName:"Fernando Davila",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201830/images/5017_n.jpg",biography:"I am a professor at UANL since 1988. My research lines are the development of reproductive techniques in small ruminants. We also conducted research on sexual and social behavior in males.\nI am Mexican and study my professional career as an engineer in agriculture and animal science at UANL. Then take a masters degree in science in Germany (Animal breeding). Take a doctorate in animal science at the UANL.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"309250",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Quaresma",slug:"miguel-quaresma",fullName:"Miguel Quaresma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309250/images/9059_n.jpg",biography:"Miguel Nuno Pinheiro Quaresma was born on May 26, 1974 in Dili, Timor Island. He is married with two children: a boy and a girl, and he is a resident in Vila Real, Portugal. He graduated in Veterinary Medicine in August 1998 and obtained his Ph.D. degree in Veterinary Sciences -Clinical Area in February 2015, both from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. He is currently enrolled in the Alternative Residency of the European College of Animal Reproduction. He works as a Senior Clinician at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UTAD (HVUTAD) with a role in clinical activity in the area of livestock and equine species as well as to support teaching and research in related areas. He teaches as an Invited Professor in Reproduction Medicine I and II of the Master\\'s in Veterinary Medicine degree at UTAD. Currently, he holds the position of Chairman of the Portuguese Buiatrics Association. He is a member of the Consultive Group on Production Animals of the OMV. He has 19 publications in indexed international journals (ISIS), as well as over 60 publications and oral presentations in both Portuguese and international journals and congresses.",institutionString:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",institution:{name:"University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"283019",title:"Dr.",name:"Oudessa",middleName:null,surname:"Kerro Dego",slug:"oudessa-kerro-dego",fullName:"Oudessa Kerro Dego",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/283019/images/system/283019.png",biography:"Dr. Kerro Dego is a veterinary microbiologist with training in veterinary medicine, microbiology, and anatomic pathology. Dr. Kerro Dego is an assistant professor of dairy health in the department of animal science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. He received his D.V.M. (1997), M.S. (2002), and Ph.D. (2008) degrees in Veterinary Medicine, Animal Pathology and Veterinary Microbiology from College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands and Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada respectively. He did his Postdoctoral training in microbial pathogenesis (2009 - 2015) in the Department of Animal Science, the University of Tennessee, Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, Tennessee. Dr. Kerro Dego’s research focuses on the prevention and control of infectious diseases of farm animals, particularly mastitis, improving dairy food safety, and mitigation of antimicrobial resistance. Dr. Kerro Dego has extensive experience in studying the pathogenesis of bacterial infections, identification of virulence factors, and vaccine development and efficacy testing against major bacterial mastitis pathogens. Dr. Kerro Dego conducted numerous controlled experimental and field vaccine efficacy studies, vaccination, and evaluation of immunological responses in several species of animals, including rodents (mice) and large animals (bovine and ovine).",institutionString:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",institution:{name:"University of Tennessee at Knoxville",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",biography:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi received University degree from the Faculty of Agrarian Science in Argentina, in 1983. Also he received Masters Degree and PhD from Córdoba University, Spain. He is currently a Professor at the Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, at the Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery. He teaches diverse courses in the field of Animal Reproduction and he is the Director of the Veterinary Farm. He also participates in academic postgraduate activities at the Veterinary Faculty of Murcia University, Spain. His research areas include animal physiology, physiology and biotechnology of reproduction either in males or females, the study of gametes under in vitro conditions and the use of ultrasound as a complement to physiological studies and development of applied biotechnologies. Routinely, he supervises students preparing their doctoral, master thesis or final degree projects.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"309529",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",middleName:null,surname:"Rizvanov",slug:"albert-rizvanov",fullName:"Albert Rizvanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/309529/images/9189_n.jpg",biography:'Albert A. Rizvanov is a Professor and Director of the Center for Precision and Regenerative Medicine at the Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University (KFU), Russia. He is the Head of the Center of Excellence “Regenerative Medicine” and Vice-Director of Strategic Academic Unit \\"Translational 7P Medicine\\". Albert completed his Ph.D. at the University of Nevada, Reno, USA and Dr.Sci. at KFU. He is a corresponding member of the Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Russian Federation. Albert is an author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles and 22 patents. He has supervised 11 Ph.D. and 2 Dr.Sci. dissertations. Albert is the Head of the Dissertation Committee on Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Genetics at KFU.\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9427-5739\nWebsite https://kpfu.ru/Albert.Rizvanov?p_lang=2',institutionString:"Kazan Federal University",institution:{name:"Kazan Federal University",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"210551",title:"Dr.",name:"Arbab",middleName:null,surname:"Sikandar",slug:"arbab-sikandar",fullName:"Arbab Sikandar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210551/images/system/210551.jpg",biography:"Dr. Arbab Sikandar, PhD, M. Phil, DVM was born on April 05, 1981. He is currently working at the College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences as an Assistant Professor. He previously worked as a lecturer at the same University. \nHe is a Member/Secretory of Ethics committee (No. CVAS-9377 dated 18-04-18), Member of the QEC committee CVAS, Jhang (Regr/Gen/69/873, dated 26-10-2017), Member, Board of studies of Department of Basic Sciences (No. CVAS. 2851 Dated. 12-04-13, and No. CVAS, 9024 dated 20/11/17), Member of Academic Committee, CVAS, Jhang (No. CVAS/2004, Dated, 25-08-12), Member of the technical committee (No. CVAS/ 4085, dated 20,03, 2010 till 2016).\n\nDr. Arbab Sikandar contributed in five days hands-on-training on Histopathology at the Department of Pathology, UVAS from 12-16 June 2017. He received a Certificate of appreciation for contributions for Popularization of Science and Technology in the Society on 17-11-15. He was the resource person in the lecture series- ‘scientific writing’ at the Department of Anatomy and Histology, UVAS, Lahore on 29th October 2015. He won a full fellowship as a principal candidate for the year 2015 in the field of Agriculture, EICA, Egypt with ref. to the Notification No. 12(11) ACS/Egypt/2014 from 10 July 2015 to 25th September 2015.; he received a grant of Rs. 55000/- as research incentives from Director, Advanced Studies and Research, UVAS, Lahore upon publications of research papers in IF Journals (DR/215, dated 19-5-2014.. He obtained his PhD by winning a HEC Pakistan indigenous Scholarship, ‘Ph.D. fellowship for 5000 scholars – Phase II’ (2av1-147), 17-6/HEC/HRD/IS-II/12, November 15, 2012. \n\nDr. Sikandar is a member of numerous societies: Registered Veterinary Medical Practitioner (life member) and Registered Veterinary Medical Faculty of Pakistan Veterinary Medical Council. The Registration code of PVMC is RVMP/4298 and RVMF/ 0102.; Life member of the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Alumni Association with S# 664, dated: 6-4-12. ; Member 'Vets Care Organization Pakistan” with Reference No. VCO-605-149, dated 05-04-06. :Member 'Vet Crescent” (Society of Animal Health and Production), UVAS, Lahore.",institutionString:"University of Veterinary & Animal Science",institution:{name:"University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"311663",title:"Dr.",name:"Prasanna",middleName:null,surname:"Pal",slug:"prasanna-pal",fullName:"Prasanna Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311663/images/13261_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Dairy Research Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"283315",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"El-Gendy",slug:"samir-el-gendy",fullName:"Samir El-Gendy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRduYQAS/Profile_Picture_1606215849748",biography:"Samir El-Gendy is a Professor of anatomy and embryology at the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Samir obtained his PhD in veterinary science in 2007 from the faculty of veterinary medicine, Alexandria University and has been a professor since 2017. Samir is an author on 24 articles at Scopus and 12 articles within local journals and 2 books/book chapters. His research focuses on applied anatomy, imaging techniques and computed tomography. Samir worked as a member of different local projects on E-learning and he is a board member of the African Association of Veterinary Anatomists and of anatomy societies and as an associated author at local and international journals. Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6180-389X",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Alexandria University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"246149",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Kubale",slug:"valentina-kubale",fullName:"Valentina Kubale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246149/images/system/246149.jpg",biography:"Valentina Kubale is Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Since graduating from the Veterinary faculty she obtained her PhD in 2007, performed collaboration with the Department of Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. She continued as a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Copenhagen with a Lundbeck foundation fellowship. She is the editor of three books and author/coauthor of 23 articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, 16 book chapters, and 68 communications at scientific congresses. Since 2008 she has been the Editor Assistant for the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal. 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