Walmart’s domestic and the international revenues over time. Source is: Retrieved from: https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/WMT/walmart/revenue.
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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Walmart is one of the world’s largest global retailers, operating discounted, departmental, and warehouse stores across various jurisdictions. Walmart stores have been grown rapidly as they become very popular as a retail giant. In 2017, the total number of stores had 11,695 stores, of which 5,332 were located in the United States, and 6,363 were located overseas. The majority of Walmart stores outside the US are placed in Mexico as it has 2,411 Stores. Besides, the UK had 631, Canada 410, and Brazil 498 Walmart stores operated in 2017 [1]. Walmart has also increased its existence in China, where there were 439 stores in 2017. The Asian economy is proliferating, making China and India significant markets for Walmart (
As a retail corporation, Walmart collects information on its stores, sales, and purchases through a centralized accounting information system connected to all stores. The system contains the details of daily transactions from every store. Walmart’s Accounting System enables the company to make accurate projections of its stores’ financial sales and purchases. This factor aids the company’s decision-making process at the operational level [2]. The paper analyzes Walmart’s management accounting system by discussing its inventory control and accounting practices, including its budgeting, costing, and capital decision making as presented in the capital structure to establish the strengths and weaknesses of its accounting system.
Gilbertson and Lehman [3] noted that Walmart has, specifically, installed the vision-suite accounting management software, composed of different financial management functions that include the general ledger, financial reporting, and integration of external accounting systems. Vision suite software automatically generates accounting documents for use within the company’s accounting system. This helps the management access vital reports used in the decision-making process [4, 5]. Gilbertson and Lehman [3] observed that the main limitation to the vision suite software is its vulnerability to hacking and computer viruses. This means that gaps in control and security mechanisms could affect the company’s financial information confidentiality. Such risks affect the reliability of an accounting system and its ability to ensure operational efficiency.
This chapter is divided after the introduction as follows. Section 2 presents the literature review. Section 3 provides the research methodology and US case study. Section 4 explains the analysis and discussion of the chapter, and Section 5 introduces the SWOT analysis of Walmart’s business. The final section is the main conclusions and recommendations.
Contemporary accounting studies have shed light on how accounting is practiced in social activities and arrangements [6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]. Walmart’s retail business has no exception as ‘the social, or the environment passes through accounting. Conversely, accounting ramifies, extends and shapes the social’ [14, 15]. One of the management accounting practices that can influence social activities is operating cost or overhead cost. According to Alsharari [16], there is no problem if all cost items could be directly traced to each cost center, so accurately calculating the product cost and profitability would be very easy. However, overhead costs are becoming prominent, and these might arrive at more than half of total manufacturing costs.
On the contrary, Walmart has reduced its operating expenses or overhead costs through implementing an advanced accounting information system, including management accounting practices. Walmart uses online accounting systems and software programs to automate business and accounting functions, online grocery, payments and receipts, and virtual communication. Advance accounting information systems led to the high efficiency of Walmart assets. This helped Walmart to reduce the operating costs to satisfy the social arrangements. Walmart has lowered the highest overhead expenses in labor costs as they can only get the minimum wages consistent with local laws.
Management accounting practices are systems that enable firms to generate information for budgeting, reporting and controlling, measuring performance, and costing products and services that in turn assists in managerial decision making [8, 17, 18, 19]. Management accounting information systems are structured differently across organizations and employ different techniques for collecting, processing, storing, and reporting financial information, in tandem with the agency theory. The significance of accounting systems has grown with increases in consumer demands, market competition, and market unpredictability, where proven scientific methods and reliable data is a prerequisite for managerial decision-making [20]. The significant new approaches that are relevant to management accounting systems; include the Just in Time (JIT) for inventory management, overhead costs management, capital budgeting techniques, and Activity Based Costing (ABC) method [14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].
JIT is an inventory management technique where goods within the supply chain innovation are produced or delivered on a need or demand basis. JIT inventory management measures consist of stock-out rate, inventory turnover, and storage costs. According to Agrawal and Smith [26], inventory management reflects the average time inventory is sold out and refilled. The key objective of this technique is to ensure the constant supply of goods while minimizing inventories and storage costs [27]. On the other hand, the ABC system allows for the accurate costing of goods to enhance decision-making. In the ABC system, major products classified as category A items in the inventory are outputs sold in stores, supported by an effective accounting information system at the supply chain and inventory management [16, 28, 29]. Alternatively, the category B items symbolize other materials used to support operations, such as maintenance and office equipment. Finally, the last category of C items reflects the minimum monitored and registered inventory items, just like toiletries and other materials [26].
Walmart has reduced the operating and overhead costs and the costing system, but the burden was on the employees and suppliers. It has changed different accounting practices in response to external pressures, and several improvements have been emerged to improve its image in the market and among its customers. At the same time, it has also increased the hourly labor rate with a new work atmosphere. At the center of Walmart’s business model is cost leadership. Walmart’s brand has controlled the US retail market through reduced costs [30]. Accordingly, Walmart uses its strategy to achieve a competitive advantage based on low overhead costs and correspondingly low selling prices. Porter’s [31] model shows that the organization effectively uses a competitive system to compete against other organizations in the same industry. In the case of Walmart, the competitive advantage is maintained through various accounting strategies and practices. Although the entire system used in Walmart’s business depends on reducing overhead costs, this strategy enables Walmart to change its selling prices accordingly. In this regard, selling price reduction is a strength that helps Walmart compete against other organizations operating in the retail market.
Brea-Solis
Brea-Solis
Business strategy is defined as a contingent action plan through which a given objective is realized through the use of a set of activities that focus on uniqueness and valuable positioning [32]. Contrary to a business model, an activity system, a strategy dwells more on how the system is created. A strategy determines the business model used, the logic and manner in which a firm operates, and the way through which value is created. Walmart thrives on the strategies of differentiation, cost leadership, and technology to achieve a competitive advantage. The use of technology in demand forecasting and inventory management has been crucial in boosting the company’s competitiveness [36]. Brea-Solis
The emphasis of Walmart is currently on creating a unified accounting practice for its customers whether they are shopping online or physically at the stores. Walmart contributes highly to the global economy as it hires around 2.2 million employees, of which 1.5 million are inside the US. This discussion of Walmart’s E-business model and business strategy shows how it has helped them achieve a completive advantage and strong growth [30].
This study uses qualitative research and depends on the online and website methodological underpinnings. The case study, Walmart, adopted in this study has limited previous literature and database. This study has collected all essential data from the Walmart database, websites, Walmart annual reports, accounting data, and secondary data. A systematic literature analysis was conducted to collect data and develop an understanding of management accounting practices in Walmart. The analysis was made within the limits of a case study where the data collection and analysis were narrowed down to the example of Walmart’s accounting management, budgeting, inventory cost measurement system, and capital structure [40]. The SWOT analysis has been introduced in this study to consider as a basis for future research and decision-makers.
Walmart is the largest US-based retailer among the physical retail brands in the US. It was founded in 1962 initially at Rogers, Arkansas, US. Since 2021, Walmart has owned more than 11400 stores; and it has served more than 240 million customers each week at different retail stores and e-commerce websites under 54 banners in 26 international regions. Walmart employs more than two million people who are named as Walmart associates. Walmart is not just a brick-and-mortar company. Over the last decade, it has invested in e-commerce and made acquisitions to grow its e-commerce capabilities. By 2020, it will have earned about $36 billion from e-commerce1.
Walmart drives different businesses, retail, wholesale and other stories in the US, Canada, UK, Japan, Africa, Argentina, Brazil, Central America, Chile, China, India, and Mexico. It builds its business in three popular segments: Walmart US, Walmart International, and Sam’s Club. The prevalent of these segments is Walmart US, with operations in all 50 states in the U.S., Washington DC, and Puerto Rico. Walmart International has functions in 27 international regions outside the USA. Sam’s club is a group of warehouse store clubs with a membership.
Walmart’s organizational structure regulates the company’s business activities. These activities are largely in the retail industry, comprising operations in the e-commerce market and online accounting. The corporate structure determines how the business addresses corporate problems. It helps to facilitate the corporate strategy implementation in capturing a retail market share. Walmart’s organizational culture regulates the way of doing that the people respond to challenges in work. The flexibility of Walmart’s human resources comparatively depends on the mindset reinforced by the corporate culture. Cultural qualities aid the retail business adapt to changes and emerging changes in the international market based on IFRS [41]. The history of Walmart displays that the corporate structure and culture support to bring competitive advantages and success. Walmart’s structure interrelates with the corporate culture to sustain the major competitive advantage against other competitors, such as Amazon, Kroger, Apple, Google, and other technology corporations, with the same online digital content of the distribution operations2.
Walmart takes a leadership position in the retail industry. Such position and long-term success are connected with the valuable combination of the corporate structure and culture. The qualities and implications of Walmart culture are affected by how the corporate accounting system supports HR development and other parts of Walmart’s business operations, for instance, supply chain, accounting practices, marketing, and business strategy.
Walmart has a hierarchical functional corporate structure. This structure has two sides: hierarchy and function. The hierarchy side relates to the vertical lines of authority among the corporate structure. On the other side, the function feature involves groups of employees achieving positive functions. The key influence of Walmart’s structure is the ability of Walmart managers to inspire the whole corporation.
On the other hand, Walmart’s culture has four key elements. These elements direct Walmart’s staff behaviors, which govern managerial capacities to add value in delivering the services to customers. The cultural elements as influenced by Walmart’s structure can include: (1) service to customers; (2) respect for the individual; (3) strive for excellence; and (4) action with integrity.
An effective accounting system used by Walmart highlights a combination of accounting information and digital accounting that includes past performance, future information, actual risks, costs, and prices. Walmart also uses cost–benefit analysis, IRR, and NPV to evaluate the feasibility of any project or region. Walmart continually evaluates its investment appraisal methods to make better capital decisions through the combination of financial and strategic project elements. Capital investment decisions rely on economic features that include income growth, returns on investment, global expansion, and profitability [42].
Walmart recently used a new accounting system to develop accounting practices for traditional and online customers. It has changed the framework to value inventory using the retail inventory accounting structure. The new accounting system has focused on cloud computing options and online accounting for different areas, such as costing, budgeting, inventory management, and management accounting.
Walmart’s accounting system focuses on inventory and cost management, used to measure its liquidity and profitability. Walmart uses different costing methods in order to reduce inventory costs and providing accurate product costs. These costing methods are “Last In First Out” (LIFO) and “First In First Out” (FIFO). Walmart’s annual report [43] shows how the company uses LIFO to calculate the average weighting cost for US products. However, it uses FIFO on the other side at international operations inventories [44, 45]. Walmart uses retail accounting to evaluate sales at low cost or market value [46]. This is necessary to reinforce the operation’s effectiveness and competitive advantage. Walmart’s leadership uses the ABC system to realize the total cost view; therefore, the ability to reduce overhead costs by eliminating cost determinants.
According to Brigham and Daves [47], Walmart uses capital budgeting techniques, which comprise ‘discounted cash flow’ (DCF), NPV and IRR methodology to evaluate different global investments and opportunities [48, 49].
Walmart’s competitive advantage is located in different factors, but the leading driver is pricing strategy. This strategy draws customers from the lower-income and middle-income segments in huge numbers. Besides, Walmart’s supply chain strategy has also facilitated prices reduction. The corporation sources buy directly from the producers. Since Walmart buys in bulk, the producers sell their products at lower prices to Walmart, and in turn, Walmart sells its products at lower prices than other competitors. Walmart has continued a large fleet of trucks in the US market. Managing its logistics has enabled Walmart to control operating expenses and save cash. Since its establishment, Walmart adopted cost-saving accounting practices and continued to develop these practices. Consequently, its competitive advantage has continued to build up over time3.
Walmart’s general strategy is cost leadership. Porter’s model describes cost leadership as a general competitive strategy that focuses on attaining low costs. Walmart as a low-cost producer of retail products, compete with others in the retail market. Low prices are the major strategic objective used in Walmart’s pricing strategy and key selling target of the retail business. Walmart uses different approaches to continue low costs and, therefore, low prices. As Walmart continues to automate its technologies and minimize HR spending, they achieve low costs in operations4. Cost leadership comprises low product differentiation. With a focus on low prices as a selling point, Walmart’s services and products are standard and, therefore, poorly differentiated from retail services from other companies in the market.
Walmart was started in Delaware in 1969. It extended its international operations in 1991. E-commerce initiative was first introduced in 2000 and was extended internationally among 27 countries by 2020. The following table shows Walmart’s domestic and international Revenues over time (Table 1).
Year | US operations (Mil) | Non US operations (Mil) | Total (Mil) |
---|---|---|---|
2021 | $436,649 | $122,502 | $559,151 |
2020 | $402,532 | $121,432 | $523,964 |
2019 | $392,265 | $122,140 | $514,405 |
2018 | $380,580 | $119,763 | $500,343 |
2017 | $367,784 | $118,089 | $485,873 |
2016 | $357,559 | $124,571 | $482,130 |
2015 | $348,227 | $137,424 | $485,651 |
2014 | $338,681 | $137,613 | $476,294 |
2013 | $332,788 | $135,863 | $468,651 |
2012 | $319,800 | $126,709 | $446,509 |
2011 | $311,591 | $110,258 | $421,849 |
Walmart’s domestic and the international revenues over time. Source is: Retrieved from: https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/WMT/walmart/revenue.
Walmart generated $436.65 billion in net revenues from its US operations in fiscal 2021, compared to $402.5 billion in fiscal 2020. The company generated $122.5 billion from its overseas operations in fiscal 2021 compared to $121.4 billion in fiscal 2020. The company’s total net revenues for fiscal 2021 jumped to $559.15 billion from $524 billion in fiscal 2020. In fiscal 2020 (ended Jan 31, 2020), Walmart generated $402.5 billion from its US operations and $121.4 billion from non-US operations. The company’s total revenue climbed to $524 billion in fiscal 2020 from $514.4 billion in fiscal 2019.
The SWOT analysis shows that the corporate’s leading position in the international retail market is based on Walmart’s strengths and competitive advantages. These advantages are used in contradicting the influences of competing retailers and digital content distribution companies especially, Amazon, Kroger, Apple, and Google. According to Walmart, the SWOT analysis provides insights into the internal and external factors important in Walmart’s strategy development in the retail market. Whereas these factors fluctuate over time, its growth underpins its ability to exploit its retail effectiveness and strengths. Although it has weaknesses, its strengths are far more major considerations. Walmart can employ these strengths to capitalize on its opportunities in the retail industry as Walmart uses its strengths to counteract the threats to its retail business, particularly its e-commerce procedures5 (Table 2).
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Walmart’s SWOT analysis. Source: Adapted by the Author.
As clarified in the above table, the SWOT analysis of Walmart shows how Walmart can have higher long-term success potential over aggressive global expansion, particularly in retail markets in developing countries. Walmart’s internal factors (strengths and weaknesses) represent capabilities for this type of expansion. Nevertheless, Walmart’s external factors (opportunities and threats) need to create more value through the retail service value chain to overwhelm the hindering force of competitors and influential local and regional incumbents.
Conclusion This study concludes that there are different justifications that Walmart has proved good for the US market and international market. One of these is how it has been assisting people to buy at low prices and save money. Scale, technology, size and shopping accessibility have assisted Walmart in developing the competitive advantage of brand loyalty. However, accomplishing this advantage is not an easy job because Walmart needs to reduce overhead costs. Currently, it is working even aggressively to implement business growth and keeping low prices6. This study also concludes that Walmart’s international expansion has taken place rapidly, and the most critical factor is that Walmart is concerned with competition. The retail market of the US has reserved growing hyper-competitive. Numerous non-U.S. brands have also accessed the market, but some are equipped with a price advantage.
This study concludes that Walmart’s management accounting practices have helped them conduct relevent forecasts and predictions, allowing for evaluating the retail inventory industry. It also recognizes that Walmart’s costing methods and cost allocation helped reinforce its current position as a leader in the international retail market. The study found that management accounting practices at Walmart have been implemented to support their global operations, including the e-business model. The Walmart accounting system supports the vendor-management inventory model essential in minimizing costs and capacity to sell products at low prices. With the allocation of the costs, Walmart implements a cost leadership strategy by minimizing costs, thus supporting corporate profitability and financial stability.
The study recognizes that Walmart has also concentrated on using advanced technology for better results from its business. Inventory and cost management is a key driver of managing a great retail system. Walmart has used a more efficient supply chain system by handling a direct relationship with the producers. This leads to greater cost-effectiveness and better savings which can be transmitted to the customers through low product prices.
Based on SWOT analysis, Walmart should prioritize using its strengths to exploit opportunities in the international retail market. Walmart’s weaknesses and threats can be secondary priorities. Walmart can develop its HR management and product quality standards to increase corporate performance. At the same time, Walmart must continue extending its business to capitalize on economic opportunities in developing markets. Walmart’s strengths are based on its global corporate size and international supply chain, supporting aggressive international expansion in foreign markets. However, Walmart must implement strategic changes based on the weaknesses and threats introduced in the SWOT analysis to prepare the business for the longstanding developments of a globalized and gradually online retail market.
Knowledge guarantees sustainable competitive advantage for an organization according to Grant [1] and classified as one of the most valuable and tangible resources that is acquire or replicated according to Nonaka et al. [2]. However, using knowledge as a strong competitive advantage require a unique resource which is hard to duplicate. The description of this resource matches with tacit knowledge [2]. All these arguments imply that tacit knowledge is a significant subject for discussion in recent advances in knowledge management. There is substantial evidence on the importance of knowledge management (KM) in organizational performance. Experts from a variety of fields, including management, economics, and sociology have made meaningful contributions to this subject [1, 3, 4]. Earlier studies proposed that the relevance of knowledge management necessitated a paradigm shift, given the increasing level of competiveness. This revelation led to organizations constantly embracing knowledge concepts and associated strategic models for performance and growth, meanwhile corporate executives are often confronted with the concerns of tacit knowledge sharing [5]. That is because knowledge management is seen as a necessity for efficiency in all sectors of business, whether public or private. Mårtensson [6], asserts that massive forces are shaping the business and financial sectors, resulting in significant changes to human capital and resource strategies. In addition, uncertainties in the form of natural calamities, pandemics, rapid economic and technological development, as well as shifting consumer expectations are all catalysts for knowledge requirements. Nevertheless, organizations are recognizing technological advantages to achieve long-term competitiveness through utilizing the stock of tacit knowledge and limiting the barriers to knowledge sharing within the organization.
As a result of businesses’ efforts to adapt rapidly, respond quickly to changes in their industries aggressively, steep learning curves are emerging. However, to make the competition irrelevant, businesses are concentrating their efforts on retaining experienced people, developing and using the employee potentials [7]. Knowledge application is attributed to availability raw material, labor and capital in past, today that perception has changed as the information age progresses and knowledge management advances. It is worth noting that, in modern management knowledge has superseded natural resources as the principal economic resource and a significant competitive advantage tool, and has remained a key component of all management operations.
Recent studies have highlighted several barriers to knowledge utilization, including individuals who lack the necessary educational background, training, and knowledge platforms to operate effectively in a knowledge-based environment [8]. A solution to this problem requires management to recognize and value knowledge through the development of existing human capital.
As a result, experienced personnel will be more willing to contribute to the organization’s success, sinceemployees retain approximately 90% of an organization’s knowledge, according to knowledge management literature [9]. These efforts were followed by various arguments describing the difference between knowledge and information. The essential features of knowledge management are made up of the mix of experience, values, skills contextual information and expertise that provides the framework for analyzing and absorbing new experiences and finding relevant information [10]. An individual’s knowledge is their human personal asset whereas information is just a message being communicated that is deemed unusable except understood meaningfully and used. Recent advances in knowledge management are focusing on knowledge other than natural wisdom, which researchers attribute to tacit knowledge, which is closely related to Polanyi’s claim that humans may have two forms of knowledge that may be used in different ways.
This chapter is organized according to the following sections; (i) the introduction consist of general overview of knowledge management, purpose and justification for the study (ii) section two contains the main literature review covering the main body of discussion, on tacit knowledge, objective knowledge, barriers to knowledge sharing, a proposed conceptual framework and factors affecting knowledge sharing. (iii) the third section covers the discussion of the main points relative to emerging issues and future research agenda and finally section (iv) presents a summary of the study outcome and the way forward.
Several attempts to define tacit knowledge later acknowledged that it can be compared to objective knowledge, and that become one of the conversional definitions of tacit knowledge and established by many authorities in knowledge management literature [11]. In some explanations Smith [12], opined that it is the type of knowledge shared using symbolic gestures or signs between individuals and groups. The recipients of this knowledge can be as much in the known as the originator. It implies that objective knowledge may consist of two components. According to [13] the first category of objective knowledge is the ability to communicate; it is easily encoded, comprehended, written or documented and explained. The second classification is concerned with possessing objective knowledge. In the views of Lee et al. [14, 15] this type of knowledge is not peculiar to the individual possessing it or the organization. According to Inkpen and Dinur [16] this form of knowledge may be shared among a group of people. The diverse opinions of tacit knowledge and the few consensus has featured countless time in literature with the possibility of defining exactly what objective knowledge is. Irrespective of the consensus meanings of this term many scholars prefer to conceive their own terminologies that best describe objective knowledge. Hedlund [17] refers to it as articulated knowledge. Dampney et al. [18] defined it as articulable knowledge and according to Nonaka and von Krogh [19] the main attribute of objective knowledge is explicit, Fernandez and Sabherwal [20] consider it verbal while documented it as declarable in nature. These terminologies and definitions are the fundamental of knowledge management. However, these terms are often interpreted in contexts, but most importantly they tend to explain what tacit knowledge is not.
It is relevant at this point to emphasize on the contributions of great authors like [21], when discussing the concept of knowledge management. According to [21], as humans we can know more than we can reveal. Put in another way, an individual has the potential to know much more then they can narrate or describe to others. These phases of [21] meant to describe tacit knowledge, which he identifies as almost impossible to document, interpret and encode. On the other hand, the rules and directions associated with executing it may not be known to the one possessing it. For example an experienced architect may be unaware of the some of the unique attributes a competent engineer and the individual may find it difficult to explain in detail what his main capabilities are. That goes to explain the tacitness of the knowledge we can possess. A different approach to define tacit knowledge is that, it is a kind of individualized talent or attributes. Titi Amayah [22], suggests that tacit knowledge is only discovered when certain conditions are met, since it is deeply buried in the mind. According to Sobel [23], it has cognitive dimension programed in the mind. These cognitive dimensions consist of mental models which only manifest under peculiar circumstances. Other opinions agree that, because these are embedded attributes and can go unnoticed, they are often disregarded and overlooked. Fu et al. [24], opined that tacit knowledge may be neutral due to the degree of emboddedness. These conditions describe tacit knowledge in a way that the knower may find it inexpressible. Recent scholars describe tacit knowledge as fully applied, descriptive and experimental. When one attempts to differentiate between a resource in the form of input and the process of utilizing the resource which is capability, it is more appropriate to avoid the generic term “resource” which incorporates both terms, but instead refer to capability, in the context of tacit knowledge. This is similar to Cardy and Selvarajan [25], who opined that technical knowhow is preferably used interchangeably with tacit knowledge. This assertions implies that tacit knowledge is partly constituted of technical skill with informal components difficult to account for or quantify. Above all, Martinsons et al. [26] tacit knowledge is occasional or manifest in peculiar situations and it is typically and conventionally acquired on the job through long period of application or apprenticeship. Therefore, tacit knowledge is inherently tied to activities and people.
Resource- based viewpoint examines the relationship between a firm’s performance and the value and characteristics of internal resources. This relationship is examined for the sake of measuring a firm’s competitive advantage according to Hedlund [17]. This approach indicates that every entity can be regarded as a pool of resources which are valuable, inimitable, and rare and without substitutes and that the resources are the main source of competitive advantage for the organization. The resource based view rather emphasizes more on the attributes of tacit knowledge which can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage. The value of tacit knowledge makes it irreplaceable, imprecisely transferrable and imitable because it is ingrained in the knower or the entity. It is also implicit, taken for granted and almost impossible to replicate by competitors. In Sanchez and Mahoney [27] opinion tacit knowledge is somehow shared between specific relationships or members of a group; such as colleagues of the same rank and people in the same department, it difficult for other firms to imitate. Additionally, tacit knowledge cannot be conveyed accurately or completely in a whole, like a mathematical formula or a computer language from person to person. On the other hand, this level of tacitness may not be in the known to the organization because tacitness also breeds insecurity Dalkir [5], under certain conditions an organization may overlook or undermine some of the precise actions and processes that contribute to their competitive advantage. Willem and Buelens [28], defines tacit knowledge as what is commonly termed skilled. But in a more elaborated way, it is defined it as sub element of knowhow with the opinion that a recipe is similar tacit knowledge [29]. Alternatively, tacit knowledge is referred to as procedural knowledge, undocumented informal knowledge which is a critical success factor of an entity. At the back of this argument, the term “knowledge” is instantly associated with “Scientific” and “Objectivity” This also creates a lot of anxiety and complexity of understanding the concept of tacit knowledge and by implication, knowledge is linked to tacit and tacit indicate subjectivity. Knowledge-based view of an organization require diverse and unique resources that should be hard to imitate or transferred and should be sustained longer [30]. Preserving knowledge based resources and assets may guarantee long term sustainability even in a hostile industry. Nonetheless, knowledge is termed as a belief which contributes to an organizations effective capability to execute certain positive actions. In this regard, tacit knowledge is a significant strategic asset capable of inspiring the future of an entity [31]. In any context, knowledge classified into tacit and explicit, where tacit is gained through long term practical experience and actions. As tacit knowledge is specific and pragmatic it is only absorbed, used without awareness and that makes it impossible to explain to others. This way, tacit knowledge is only shared in an interactive conversation through common experience. Old and current literature refer to tacit knowledge as personal intuition, talent and practical intelligence [32]. Despite the argument that tacit knowledge is most valuable and expensive, explicit knowledge is required to complement tacit knowledge. For example when tacit knowledge is identified, it the duty of the knowledge manager to ensure that it is transferred to those who require it through formal means such as documented information systems or in the form of communicated processes [33]. There, within an organization there are two ways identified tacit knowledge can be utilized through explicit knowledge; through organizational policies and set of laid down principles or by means of systemic procedures which are practiced on daily basis. According to Farzin, Kahreh, Hesan, and Khalouei [34] explicit knowledge is an island surrounded by tacit knowledge in an organizational setting. Tacit knowledge is required for the generation of explicit knowledge, its execution and retention such as the selection of a suitable software application, database and sequencing of operations to execute, and also for the analysis of results.
Furthermore, Pucik [35] stated that explicit, formal, or procedural knowledge may be viewed as a tool for both structure of experience and communicative involvement. Organizational tacit knowledge can be described as those unique qualities and strategies certain individuals possess which have repeatedly reproduced a pattern of positive results due the experience.When tacit knowledge is described as articulated it serves a unique purpose such as new knowledge creation and the motivation to promote internal capacity such as individual skill to meet the demand of present and future requirements [29]. In the context of strategic management protecting organizational tacit knowledge is a strategic mechanism for overcoming rivals.This level of competence enables an organization deploy the best internal capability to attain its objectives. Competence is the most appropriate term when referring to knowledge in the context of business since it incorporates various classes of qualities including; individual skills, talent, experience, value judgment and internal social networks. This is because individual competence may not be exactly duplicated, rather it is acquired through practical experience and application and it is difficult to imitate when buried in complex managerial policies and frequent procedures. In some exceptional cases business rivals may engage in comparable experience to acquire equal tacit knowledge, in long term [36]. One more significance of tacit knowledge is that, it is useful in conflict situations and hostile rivalry, competitors are unable to develop appropriate substitutes to control price and cost of resources. Finally, in the views of [37] the most important organizational resource for sustainable and renewable competiveness in tacit knowledge.
Key empirical studies have highlighted the relevance knowledge sharing and highlighted some major barriers to knowledge sharing [38]. Knowledge sharing is an activity through which; information, skills, expertise and experience is exchanged among people in an organization and it is a valuable and tangible asset for creating sustainability, performance and competitive advantage. From what is currently known, knowledge sharing activities occur generally with the support of knowledge systems designed by the board and knowledge managers [13]. Technology is one of the tools that support knowledge sharing, though other factors exist, and have been examined such as organizational culture, trust, leadership and management philosophy, incentives and internal control systems according to Sanchez and Mahoney [27]. In this study, the researchers intend to explore possible knowledge sharing opportunities and associated barriers, particularly with the board level.
Experts suggest that identifying tacit knowledge and protecting it from depleting is a challenging task for organizations. Although, knowledge sharing is now a common practice, there are major challenge in the field of management, particularly where some employees including board of directors may resist sharing their tacit knowledge. In other words people decline to share their long standing experiences, expertise and important ideas with the rest of the organization. Lee et al. [14, 15], this lowers the general efficiency, productivity and performance. In the context of sustainability this study re-emphasize the reasons why public organizations must encourage knowledge sharing at the board level to promote sustainability procurement.
Unlike tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge is available to everyone, therefore when an organization is committed to knowledge sharing, adequate procedures must be designed to document every important operational step that will help others improve and prevent existing knowledge from depleting, and from the perspective of corporate governance, it require knowledge sharing to pursue sustainability in today’s public administration.
Knowledge sharing occurs when exclusive knowledge is properly described in the information provided, and the audience are aware that the knowledge is available and accessible without difficulties [39]. Moreover, knowledge sharing can be beneficial when the body of knowledge is precisely defined and differentiated in contexts and domain of sustainability. This study is of the view that knowledge sharing can support sustainability when there is easy access to appropriate and relevant materials. Within the organization, board of directors are key components of the knowledge sharing system and are responsible for creating new knowledge to lead the organization.
According to a sample of recent findings, tacit knowledge is difficult to identify but could be influenced by developing informal social networks Willem and Buelens [28], thus daily interactions in a defined work environment. Existing knowledge platforms encourage individuals to demonstrate problem solving capability. The exchange of views and opinions lead to organizational learning. Knowledge sharing provides solutions to the challenges confronting others and in the end lowers cost and enhances efficiency. Creating thinking is also promoted using structured and unstructured experiments. Embedded knowledge is shared through routine processes and scenario planning. Arora [40], emphasized on management training and deliberate integration of people and activities to foster knowledge sharing.
In this section, the study elaborate precisely on the barriers to knowledge from different perspectives as documented in literature. According to the founding fathers of the concept of knowledge management there has always been some key factors which have been highlighted and that include; (a) people or individual attributes, (b) organizational culture or ethics (c) emergence of technology and (d) internal organizational challenges [41], discovered that impediments to knowledge transfer begins at the individual level and then the cultural and philosophy as well as the corporate level. Loss of power, insecurity, disclosure and motivation are responsible for individual level challenges to knowledge sharing [42]. The assertion further narrate that people occupying positions and having a certain level of influence may not be willing to share their experience for the fear of losing their privileges. Also, someone possessing a certain unique talent may not pass on this knowledge to others for the purposes of job security and status in the organization. As rightly mentioned in Lindsey [43], knowledge is power and individuals may exercise fear to share their knowledge due to lose of supremacy. Additionally, individuals are motivated by their unique expertise which promote their value, couple with people feeling uncertain about their rank particularly for the fear of being replaced with young energetic and talented subordinate. In a similar comparison, it was opined that, people who lack continence and ability to estimate the impact of the knowledge may be consumed by inferiority complex. In such situations, they may either not share or avail themselves to learn. Wendling et al. [44], posit that lack or incentives may also compel certain individuals from airing their opinions irrespective of whether the platform is created for knowledge sharing or not. In a complex organizational environment inter personal conflicts, excessive bureaucracy and the consciousness of ranks within the organizational hierarchy contribute to lack of knowledge sharing. In a recent studies [45, 46], observed organizational culture contained in the leadership philosophy demonstrates managerial commitment to knowledge sharing. If the core values of an organization supports internal socials networks and encourage organizational learning, individuals would be motivated to offer constructive contributions which will break the barriers to knowledge sharing. Although [46] outline similar organizational level challenges including trust between superiors and subordinates. As people are rewarded and encouraged to transfer their experiences to others, non- availability of technology infrastructure, technology orientation or training and management overlooking the potential benefit of social media are some of the technological factors affecting knowledge sharing. In summary, although literature highlighted several factors, it appears the most dominant issues are associated with the individual, as the discussion is often centered on tacit knowledge being held by the individual. Figure 1 is a theoretical framework capturing the barriers and factors affecting knowledge sharing with the directions of hypotheses to support future empirical investigation.
Conceptual framework. Source: Authors own elaboration.
Castellani et al. [47], observed that organizations with higher knowledge capital are more likely to build a strong competitive advantage in any sector and enjoy long term sustainability against their rivals. In this regard, access and locating a particular knowledge resource by the individual is key to performance and other accomplishments. As the individual is an important stakeholder and the custodian of tacit knowledge in the organization they are a great addition to the knowledge resource [48]. Therefore, whether to protect, retain or share tacit knowledge, it concerns the individual and their personal unique attributes towards willingness to share. Some empirical studies concluded that, the individual brilliance, talent are vital that is why the concept of tacit knowledge is primary centered on people as revealed that knowledge sharing have a significant impact on individual performance and generally the organizational success [49]. The study further recommended the understanding of how tacit knowledge directly affect the economic and financial performance. Subsequently, Ode and Ayavoo [50] analyzed the impact of knowledge transfer on organizational innovation and the findings suggest that, knowledge sharing has a significant relationship with individual and organismal performance, invocation leading to individual creativity. A similar comparative analysis suggest that, although sharing explicit knowledge positively contributes to organizational innovation, tacit knowledge sharing promotes the additional quality effects to the individual and organizational achievements.
This generally means the method of leadership mechanism made up of the philosophy and style the organization can be identified with. The culture of the organization could be bureaucratic, extreme rigidity, regards for high ethical standards, less concrete supervision, openness and collectivity. Whichever cultural elements are implemented by the organization, the impact on tacit knowledge could be advantageous or detrimental. Other elements of culture that may be associated with knowledge sharing as identified by Khaksar et al. [51], include interpersonal relationships and social trust, effective internal communication and information system dedicated to support knowledge transfer among people could be beneficial in this regards. Reward systems and the structure of the organization are likely determinants of knowledge flow within between people. When individuals are extremely conscious of their titles such as regard for seniority and rank, it may bread the tendency of knowledge sharing obstacles. Milne [52], studied the negative impact of imposition of strange cultures on people and the adverse impact on willingness to share knowledge. McDermott and O’dell [53] confirmed that usually a culture of intolerance is a major obstacle while culture of involvement encourages knowledge initiatives. It is risky for an organization to have knowledge sharing embedded in the culture as it could hurdle creation of new knowledge initiatives.
In other words, positive organizational cultures may promote knowledge sharing example; diversity, social behavior, informal relationships and organizational learning aimed at promoting individual creativity. Culture is aspect of organizational structure that describes people by their shared core values. A very common definition of culture is credited to Collins and Porras [54] organizational culture defines the organizational behavior, philosophy and values observed by the people, including management, employees and the board in manner that influences the conduct of individuals to pursue the objectives of the enterprise” rather than the corporate values based on the structure and hierarchy, social factors (social networks, social relationships, hierarchical relationship, trusting relationships among individuals), which impacts more on the attitude of the people to work towards the strategic objectives of the organization in relations to expectations.
An essential requirement for any knowledge sharing initiative is designing a central database for storing and disseminating knowledge among people in an organization. Therefore technology function as the mode of communication, identification of the source of relevant knowledge and transporting this relevant knowledge to the intended persons timely. Some earlier arguments suggest that knowledge management has no connection with technology as it is entirely associated with people. However, many reasons suggest that in contemporary management science, technology facilitates effective knowledge transfer irrespective of the geographical location. According to, Willem and Buelens [28] technology has brought total reformation into corporate culture and that has influenced interactions between people such as the frequency of holding discussions and disseminating relevant information. According to Neches et al. [55], technology has enhanced knowledge accessibility, interaction and rapid responses. Technology has made available various dynamic options through which individuals and corporations can access knowledge and important information more rapidly. Irrespective of the volume of data or information required, with the use of technology mediums large amount of data and information can be shared in the matter of seconds. A major hurdle to the use of technology in KM is the lack of expertise and an organizational culture that does not support technology adoption [56]. Additionally, technology adoption could pose a major risk if management fails to initiate effective controls and protect access to important documents except authorized persons.
Internal conflicts, structural dimensions, managerial procedures, and assessment and incentive structures that prevent knowledge sharing frequently obstruct necessary positive initiatives [57]. The uniqueness of an entity is expressed in a variety of ways, depending on its underlying values and beliefs. The organizational or corporate principles are constantly referred to as its values, concepts, and systems, which either support or obstruct knowledge creation and internal collaboration within firms [58]. It is well established that organizational culture plays a significant role in the development of a learning organization. Additionally, positive relationships among employees and a strong company culture may be beneficial. Develop their desire to offer their expertise [59]. There are several variables that promote information exchange and give motivation to adopt new technologies. Methods of communication [60, 61]. The most critical, however, are training and incentive systems. Management provisions, donation guidelines, and a designated responsible person.
This chapter adds to the body of knowledge on knowledge management (KM) literature by identifying research gaps, articulating new arguments, and charting a new course for future research in relation to the work of Bureš [42], Ahammad et al. [62], Dalkir [5], Hafeez and Abdelmeguid [63], Lindsey [43], Mårtensson [6], Lartey et al. [8], McDermott and O’dell [53], Smith [12]. Additionally, identifying critical factors affecting knowledge transfer may assist a variety of stakeholders in academia, industry, and diverse practitioners involved in this field, thereby advancing the culture of knowledge dissemination.
The findings of this study captures the viewpoints of notable experts in the field, following a thorough review of literature on key research questions and identified the following primary areas of concern reported in past research that have generated significant debate:
Knowledge managers’ inability to catalog internal barriers to any sort of knowledge exchange between individuals is a significant barrier to the organization’s success.
The act of transforming implicit -to- explicit knowledge is referred to as “externalization,” which consists of capturing tacit knowledge by means of coding aided by initiating organizational learning, social interactions, technology infrastructure to facilitate rapid information dissemination, informal relationships between the people irrespective of ones rank and the designing knowledge program to support succession planning so as to protect the knowledge stock of the organization from depletion in the event that a key personnel retires or leave. These are the views of prominent researchers [1, 4, 34, 45, 53]. However, the main challenge facing knowledge mangers is the inability to capture and document known ideas and talents of their workers prior to their retirement. A critical argument is how tacit knowledge can be expressed openly in the same ways as explicit knowledge, taking into account the resource and competence levels of large and small enterprises, public and private entities with varying R&D programs.
In another observation Mooradian [64] associated the main disadvantage of tacit knowledge to the process of transformation which require a lot of skills and competence. In reality, if people do not exchange their tacit knowledge it may remain unknown though interpersonal communication exist it may reveal information to only one person at a time, while other group members may require time to gather tacit information. More so a significant downsides is that once tacit knowledge is lost, it may revert to tacit, and subsequently take a toll on the organization. Two research questions arise as a result of this discovery. (i) is tacit knowledge sufficient to create competitive advantage? (ii) does an organization’s intellectual capital generate tacit knowledge?
Furthermore, this study observes that as tacit knowledge is difficult to define in simple terms, the criteria and dimensions are often interpreted wrongly without taking into account distinct organizational context, industry, and sector fit elements. As cited in Nonaka and von Krogh [19] the inexpressible nature of tacit knowledge is a significant barrier to knowledge sharing despite several studies discussing tacit knowledge institutionalization through interdisciplinary approach using organizational learning, intellectual assets, social capital, human resource management and strategic management a significant research gaps still exist. This observation requires an in-depth investigation in this field of discourse to generate a more informed perspective.
The impact of information technology may be an underutilized emerging factor that could break down barriers to knowledge sharing; however, there is evidence in current literature of the use of technological solutions to facilitate the integration and exchange of new knowledge between persons; thus, the following question may be useful to investigate: how is tacit knowledge identified, stored, and codified with the aid of information technology? In conclusion, evaluating the aforementioned research problems may allow for a better understanding and broadening of the theoretical underpinnings of tacit knowledge in specific knowledge management disciplines, which is currently absent in existing literature.
This study built on prior studies and provided an overview of current research on the importance of tacit knowledge in organizations and possible barriers to knowledge sharing. By implication the chapter explored the application of knowledge management and how it is seen and executed in a variety of knowledge-based research studies that focused on tacit knowledge. The study discovered that there are numerous components to tacit knowledge inquiry, including human capital, intellectual capital, organizational learning, creativity, competitive advantage, organizational culture, social networks, and the role of technology in knowledge sharing. The study argues that these dimensions are critical for comprehending tacit knowledge. The study concludes that extensive scientific research into the foundation of tacit knowledge is necessary in order to facilitate continuous dissemination knowledge in any organizational environment. Regardless of the value of tacit knowledge, a strong combination with explicit knowledge is necessary. In summary knowledge sharing benefit organizational accomplishments because the classifications of knowledge are critical for organizational success when individuals freely exchange experiences. According to experts, discovering tacit knowledge and preventing its depletion is a difficult task for enterprises. Although knowledge sharing is now a widespread practice, there are significant challenges in the field of management, particularly since some employees, including board members, may be hesitant to share their tacit knowledge. In other words, individuals refuse to share their extensive knowledge, competence, and critical thoughts with the rest of the organization. This has a detrimental effect on overall efficiency, production, and performance. This study re-emphasizes the importance of recognizing the barriers to knowledge sharing and pursuing solutions to increase organizational learning. Unlike tacit knowledge, explicit knowledge is publicly available; therefore, when an organization is committed to knowledge sharing, sufficient protocols must be developed to document each critical operational step that will aid others in improving and preventing current knowledge from depletion.
This work has been supported by the Humanities and Social Sciences Project Funded by the Ministry of Education of China (Grant number: 21YJC630112) and National Natural Science Funding of China (Grant number: 72102090).
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Gulrez, Saphwan Al-Assaf and Glyn O Phillips",authors:[{id:"58120",title:"Prof.",name:"Saphwan",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Assaf",slug:"saphwan-al-assaf",fullName:"Saphwan Al-Assaf"}]},{id:"13254",doi:"10.5772/13474",title:"Insight Into Adsorption Thermodynamics",slug:"insight-into-adsorption-thermodynamics",totalDownloads:7142,totalCrossrefCites:88,totalDimensionsCites:259,abstract:null,book:{id:"25",slug:"thermodynamics",title:"Thermodynamics",fullTitle:"Thermodynamics"},signatures:"Papita Saha and Shamik Chowdhury",authors:[{id:"13943",title:"Dr.",name:"Papita",middleName:null,surname:"Saha",slug:"papita-saha",fullName:"Papita Saha"},{id:"24184",title:"Mr.",name:"Shamik",middleName:null,surname:"Chowdhury",slug:"shamik-chowdhury",fullName:"Shamik Chowdhury"}]},{id:"35261",doi:"10.5772/34233",title:"Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of ABS Parts Fabricated by Fused Deposition Modelling",slug:"anisotropic-mechanical-properties-of-abs-parts-fabricated-by-fused-deposition-modeling-",totalDownloads:7260,totalCrossrefCites:114,totalDimensionsCites:240,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Constance Ziemian, Mala Sharma and Sophia Ziemian",authors:[{id:"89554",title:"Dr.",name:"Mala",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"mala-sharma",fullName:"Mala Sharma"},{id:"98759",title:"Dr.",name:"Constance",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemian",slug:"constance-ziemian",fullName:"Constance Ziemian"},{id:"137165",title:"Ms.",name:"Sophia",middleName:null,surname:"Ziemian",slug:"sophia-ziemian",fullName:"Sophia Ziemian"}]},{id:"8446",doi:"10.5772/39538",title:"2 µm Laser Sources and Their Possible Applications",slug:"2-m-laser-sources-and-their-possible-applications",totalDownloads:12049,totalCrossrefCites:138,totalDimensionsCites:218,abstract:null,book:{id:"3161",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",fullTitle:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics"},signatures:"Karsten Scholle, Samir Lamrini, Philipp Koopmann and Peter Fuhrberg",authors:[{id:"4951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Scholle",slug:"karsten-scholle",fullName:"Karsten Scholle"},{id:"133366",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Lamrini",slug:"samir-lamrini",fullName:"Samir Lamrini"},{id:"133370",title:"Prof.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Koopmann",slug:"philipp-koopmann",fullName:"Philipp Koopmann"},{id:"133371",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrberg",slug:"peter-fuhrberg",fullName:"Peter Fuhrberg"}]},{id:"27163",doi:"10.5772/31200",title:"Synergisms between Compost and Biochar for Sustainable Soil Amelioration",slug:"synergism-between-biochar-and-compost-for-sustainable-soil-amelioration",totalDownloads:6042,totalCrossrefCites:68,totalDimensionsCites:170,abstract:null,book:{id:"873",slug:"management-of-organic-waste",title:"Management of Organic Waste",fullTitle:"Management of Organic Waste"},signatures:"Daniel Fischer and Bruno Glaser",authors:[{id:"84418",title:"Prof.",name:"Bruno",middleName:null,surname:"Glaser",slug:"bruno-glaser",fullName:"Bruno Glaser"},{id:"96141",title:"Mr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Fischer",slug:"daniel-fischer",fullName:"Daniel Fischer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35255",title:"Mechanical Transmissions Parameter Modelling",slug:"mechanical-transmissions-parameter-modelling",totalDownloads:7279,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1982",slug:"mechanical-engineering",title:"Mechanical Engineering",fullTitle:"Mechanical Engineering"},signatures:"Isad Saric, Nedzad Repcic and Adil Muminovic",authors:[{id:"101313",title:"Prof.",name:"Isad",middleName:null,surname:"Saric",slug:"isad-saric",fullName:"Isad Saric"}]},{id:"67558",title:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Principle and Applications",slug:"polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-principle-and-applications",totalDownloads:10511,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:15,abstract:"The characterization of the diversity of species living within ecosystems is of major scientific interest to understand the functioning of these ecosystems. It is also becoming a societal issue since it is necessary to implement the conservation or even the restoration of biodiversity. Historically, species have been described and characterized on the basis of morphological criteria, which are closely linked by environmental conditions or which find their limits especially in groups where they are difficult to access, as is the case for many species of microorganisms. The need to understand the molecular mechanisms in species has made the PCR an indispensable tool for understanding the functioning of these biological systems. A number of markers are now available to detect nuclear DNA polymorphisms. In genetic diversity studies, the most frequently used markers are microsatellites. The study of biological complexity is a new frontier that requires high-throughput molecular technology, high speed computer memory, new approaches to data analysis, and the integration of interdisciplinary skills.",book:{id:"7728",slug:"synthetic-biology-new-interdisciplinary-science",title:"Synthetic Biology",fullTitle:"Synthetic Biology - New Interdisciplinary Science"},signatures:"Karim Kadri",authors:[{id:"290766",title:"Dr.",name:"Kadri",middleName:null,surname:"Karim",slug:"kadri-karim",fullName:"Kadri Karim"}]},{id:"62059",title:"Types of HVAC Systems",slug:"types-of-hvac-systems",totalDownloads:12245,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air quality. HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems according to multiple zones, location, and distribution. Primary HVAC equipment includes heating equipment, ventilation equipment, and cooling or air-conditioning equipment. Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water systems. Two systems should be considered as central such as heating and cooling panels and water-source heat pumps. Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. 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Many critical affairs must be properly treated to obtain the improved operating characteristics. This chapter presents the basic and key technologies of switched-reluctance machine in motor and generator operations. The contents in this chapter include: (1) structures and governing equations of SRM; (2) some commonly used SRM converters; (3) estimation of key parameters and performance evaluation of SRM drive; (4) commutation scheme, current control scheme, and speed control scheme of SRM drive; (5) some commonly used front-end converters and their operation controls for SRM drive; (6) reversible and regenerative braking operation controls for SRM drive; (7) some tuning issues for SRM drive; (8) operation control and some tuning issues of switched-reluctance generators; and (9) experimental application exploration for SRM systems—(a) wind generator and microgrid and (b) EV SRM drive.",book:{id:"8899",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-switched-reluctance-machines",title:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines",fullTitle:"Modelling and Control of Switched Reluctance Machines"},signatures:"Chang-Ming Liaw, Min-Ze Lu, Ping-Hong Jhou and Kuan-Yu Chou",authors:[{id:"37616",title:"Prof.",name:"Chang-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Liaw",slug:"chang-ming-liaw",fullName:"Chang-Ming Liaw"},{id:"306461",title:"Mr.",name:"Min-Ze",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",slug:"min-ze-lu",fullName:"Min-Ze Lu"},{id:"306463",title:"Mr.",name:"Ping-Hong",middleName:null,surname:"Jhou",slug:"ping-hong-jhou",fullName:"Ping-Hong Jhou"},{id:"306464",title:"Mr.",name:"Kuan-Yu",middleName:null,surname:"Chou",slug:"kuan-yu-chou",fullName:"Kuan-Yu Chou"}]},{id:"70874",title:"Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Resources",slug:"social-economic-and-environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-resources",totalDownloads:4854,totalCrossrefCites:27,totalDimensionsCites:51,abstract:"Conventional energy source based on coal, gas, and oil are very much helpful for the improvement in the economy of a country, but on the other hand, some bad impacts of these resources in the environment have bound us to use these resources within some limit and turned our thinking toward the renewable energy resources. The social, environmental, and economical problems can be omitted by use of renewable energy sources, because these resources are considered as environment-friendly, having no or little emission of exhaust and poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, carbon monooxide, sulfur dioxide, etc. Renewable energy is going to be an important source for power generation in near future, because we can use these resources again and again to produce useful energy. Wind power generation is considered as having lowest water consumption, lowest relative greenhouse gas emission, and most favorable social impacts. It is considered as one of the most sustainable renewable energy sources, followed by hydropower, photovoltaic, and then geothermal. As these resources are considered as clean energy resources, they can be helpful for the mitigation of greenhouse effect and global warming effect. Local employment, better health, job opportunities, job creation, consumer choice, improvement of life standard, social bonds creation, income development, demographic impacts, social bonds creation, and community development can be achieved by the proper usage of renewable energy system. Along with the outstanding advantages of these resources, some shortcomings also exist such as the variation of output due to seasonal change, which is the common thing for wind and hydroelectric power plant; hence, special design and consideration are required, which are fulfilled by the hardware and software due to the improvement in computer technology.",book:{id:"7636",slug:"wind-solar-hybrid-renewable-energy-system",title:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System",fullTitle:"Wind Solar Hybrid Renewable Energy System"},signatures:"Mahesh Kumar",authors:[{id:"309842",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamlesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"kamlesh-kumar",fullName:"Kamlesh Kumar"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"11",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82413",title:"Utilization of Biopolymers in Water Based Drilling Muds",slug:"utilization-of-biopolymers-in-water-based-drilling-muds",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105516",abstract:"With the increase in energy demand, deeper wells drilling is one of the solutions to fulfill the energy demand, which demands specialized drilling mud formulation. These muds are composed of thermally stable materials that can sustain in high-temperature conditions. Biopolymers are widely used out of various mud additives for improving the rheology and filtration characteristics of mud. Owing to the high temperature and poor thermal stability of such additives, these additives lose their primary functions, resulting in the nonproductive time and irreversible problems. The book chapter highlights the uses of water-based mud, its limitations, and the degradation of biopolymers. Various additives’ significance and susceptibility in harsh borehole conditions have been discussed. The existing additives used for the rheological and filtration characteristics improvements and their shortcomings are presented. 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On the contrary, the power lost due to current leakage during which the circuit is dormant is referred to as static power. By carefully and properly designing the circuit, current leakage can be suppressed to its minimum. Hence, dynamic power consumption is usually significantly higher than its static counterpart. Some of the techniques that could be adopted to save dynamic power consumption include reducing the supply voltage, clock frequency, clock power, and dynamic effective capacitance. By probing into the activity factors of the design modules, the techniques can be applied to those with high power consumption.",book:{id:"11948",title:"Field-Effect Transistor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11948.jpg"},signatures:"Len Luet Ng, Kim Ho Yeap, Magdalene Wan Ching Goh and Veerendra Dakulagi"},{id:"82396",title:"Fluid Inventory Models under Markovian Environment",slug:"fluid-inventory-models-under-markovian-environment",totalDownloads:3,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104183",abstract:"Today’s products are subject to fast changes due to market conditions, short life cycles, and technological advances. Thus, an important problem in inventory planning is how to effectively manage the inventory control in a dynamic and stochastic environment. The traditional Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and Economic Production Quantity (EPQ) both are widely and successfully used models of inventory management. However, both models assume constant and fixed parameters over time. Unfortunately, most of these assumptions are unrealistic. In this study, we generalize the EOQ and EPQ models and study production-inventory fluid models operating in a stochastic environment. The inventory level increases or decreases according to a fluid-flow rate modulated by an n-state continuous time Markov chain (CTMC). Our main objective is to minimize the expected discounted total cost which includes ordering, purchasing, production, set up, holding, and shortage costs. Applying regenerative theory, optional sampling theorem (OST) to the multi-dimensional martingale and fluid flow techniques, we develop methods to obtain explicit formulas for these cost functionals. As such, we provide managers with a useful framework and an efficient and easy-to-implement tool to coop with different demand–supply patterns.",book:{id:"11169",title:"Logistics Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11169.jpg"},signatures:"Yonit Barron"},{id:"82326",title:"Probabilistic Risk Assessments for Static Equipment Integrity",slug:"probabilistic-risk-assessments-for-static-equipment-integrity",totalDownloads:1,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105550",abstract:"The mechanical integrity of batch-produced machinery is successfully safeguarded using online condition monitoring and reliability theory principles. However, the integrity of nonreplaceable static equipment (pressure vessels, cranes, bridges, and other critical infrastructure) is still widely assured and managed using basic equations (e.g., safety factors and design loads), with no or little regard to the probabilistic nature of their operational damage. The gap between the deterministic “remnant life” assumptions and the probabilistic reality restrains the implementation of new asset integrity technologies (advanced condition monitoring and asset management) because these novel tools are not supported by a numeric cost/benefit analysis in many practical cases. The latter is impossible to implement confidently, while the probability of failure (PoF) versus time remains unquantified. The solution to this problem is holistic and logical: individual equipment integrity analysis now needs to be upgraded to the probabilistic terms at all the stages of life. Even well-known asset integrity technologies can help achieve this goal, providing that they are considered and utilized from the standpoint of harmonizing and aligning their outputs with risk owner’s actual decision-making. This chapter shows real-life case studies to briefly illustrate how the existing integrity engineering tools can be advanced via further PoF considerations, in order to provide the outputs needed for a cost/benefit-based confident and compliant risk control.",book:{id:"11528",title:"Maintenance Management - Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11528.jpg"},signatures:"Yury Sokolov"},{id:"1083885",title:"Design and Planning Robust and Competitive Supply Chains",slug:null,totalDownloads:2,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5992/intechopen.1000208",abstract:'
In recent years, supply chains in the manufacturing industry have become more and more complicated, and many cases of supply chain disruptions due to natural disasters have been confirmed. It is necessary for manufacturers to build a system that can help them alleviate losses and shorten recovery periods due to supply chain disruptions. Supplier diversification, as well as supplier evaluation and selection, are discussed as risk aversion measures in many papers. However, even if the procurement source has been evaluated enough, there are problems, such as opportunity loss during recovery periods and soaring procurement costs during normal periods. In this chapter, to help Japanese manufacturers to alleviate opportunity loss under component procurement disruption situations and keep cost competitiveness in normal periods, decision-making models of supply chain structure assessment, supplier selection, procurement allocation, and trading contracts are designed and verified.
',book:{id:"11082",title:"Operations Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11082.jpg"},signatures:"Kotomichi Matsuno, Jiahua Weng, Noriyuki Hosokawa and Takahiro Ohno"},{id:"1085055",title:"Performance Measurement Using Deterministic and Stochastic Multiplicative Directional Distance Functions",slug:null,totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5992/intechopen.1000179",abstract:'Performance measurement is essential for fostering continuous improvement of the production and operation management in a firm or organization. We consider a deterministic scenario based on a flexible structure of production technology and establish a multiplicative relationship between the generalized multiplicative directional distance function (GMDDF) and geometric distance function (GDF). We also introduce a stochastic multiplicative directional distance function (SMDDF). Based on a stochastic scenario, the SMDDF can be estimated by the method of convex nonparametric least squares. As an illustrative application, we investigate the productive performance of Japanese life insurance companies using a panel dataset spanning 2016 to 2020.
',book:{id:"11082",title:"Operations Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11082.jpg"},signatures:"Yu Zhao"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:245},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. 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His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. 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In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. 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In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. 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She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. 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Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. 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She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. 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He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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To tackle global challenges of development and environment, the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 adopted the 17 Sustainable Development Goals. SDGs emphasize that environmental sustainability should be strongly linked to socio-economic development, which should be decoupled from escalating resource use and environmental degradation for the purpose of reducing environmental stress, enhancing human welfare, and improving regional equity. Moreover, sustainable development seeks a balance between human development and decrease in ecological/environmental marginal benefits. Under the increasing stress of climate change, many environmental problems have emerged causing severe impacts at both global and local scales, driving ecosystem service reduction and biodiversity loss. Humanity’s relationship with resource exploitation and environment protection is a major global concern, as new threats to human and environmental security emerge in the Anthropocene. Currently, the world is facing significant challenges in environmental sustainability to protect global environments and to restore degraded ecosystems, while maintaining human development with regional equality. Thus, environmental sustainability with healthy natural ecosystems is critical to maintaining human prosperity in our warming planet.
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After that, he was a postdoc research fellow at the University of British Columbia in Canada to do research on large-scale stream experimental manipulation and watershed ecological survey in temperate rainforests of BC. He was a faculty member at the University of Hong Kong to run ecological research projects on aquatic insects, fishes, and newts in Tropical Asian streams. He also conducted research in streams, rivers, and caves in Texas, USA, to study the ecology of macroinvertebrates, big-claw river shrimp, fish, turtles, and bats. Current research interests include trophic flows across ecosystems; watershed impacts of land-use change on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning; ecological civilization and water resource management; urban ecology and urban/rural sustainable development.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Soochow University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",issn:null},editorialBoard:null},onlineFirstChapters:{},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/103503",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"103503"},fullPath:"/profiles/103503",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()