Chemical and physicochemical properties of LDL and Lp(a)
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"403",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Planet Earth 2011 - Global Warming Challenges and Opportunities for Policy and Practice",title:"Planet Earth 2011",subtitle:"Global Warming Challenges and Opportunities for Policy and Practice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The failure of the UN climate change summit in Copenhagen in December 2009 to effectively reach a global agreement on emission reduction targets, led many within the developing world to view this as a reversal of the Kyoto Protocol and an attempt by the developed nations to shirk out of their responsibility for climate change. The issue of global warming has been at the top of the political agenda for a number of years and has become even more pressing with the rapid industrialization taking place in China and India. This book looks at the effects of climate change throughout different regions of the world and discusses to what extent cleantech and environmental initiatives such as the destruction of fluorinated greenhouse gases, biofuels, and the role of plant breeding and biotechnology. The book concludes with an insight into the socio-religious impact that global warming has, citing Christianity and Islam.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-733-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6063-2",doi:"10.5772/902",price:159,priceEur:175,priceUsd:205,slug:"planet-earth-2011-global-warming-challenges-and-opportunities-for-policy-and-practice",numberOfPages:658,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"52a6385d63c583025b22d5e45871d054",bookSignature:"Elias G. Carayannis",publishedDate:"October 3rd 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/403.jpg",numberOfDownloads:79226,numberOfWosCitations:63,numberOfCrossrefCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:6,numberOfDimensionsCitations:109,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:212,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 24th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 22nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 28th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 28th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 27th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"62806",title:"Prof.",name:"Elias",middleName:null,surname:"Carayannis",slug:"elias-carayannis",fullName:"Elias Carayannis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62806/images/1891_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Elias G. Carayannis is Full Professor of Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, as well as co-Founder and co-Director of the Global and Entrepreneurial Finance Research Institute (GEFRI) and Director of Research on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, European Union Research Center, (EURC), at the School of Business of the George Washington University in Washington, DC. Dr. Carayannis‘ teaching and research activities focus on the areas of strategic Government-University-Industry R&D partnerships, technology road-mapping, technology transfer and commercialization, international science and technology policy, technological entrepreneurship and regional economic development.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"George Washington University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"782",title:"Environmental Management",slug:"engineering-environmental-engineering-environmental-management"}],chapters:[{id:"21109",title:"Climate Change in the Mediterranean over the Last Five Hundred Years",doi:"10.5772/23189",slug:"climate-change-in-the-mediterranean-over-the-last-five-hundred-years",totalDownloads:2971,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dario Camuffo, Chiara Bertolin, Antonio della Valle, Claudio Cocheo, Nazzareno Diodato, Silvia Enzi, Mirca Sghedoni, Mariano Barriendos, Roberto Rodriguez, Fernando Dominguez-Castro, Emmanuel Garnier, Maria Joao Alcoforado and Maria Fatima Nunes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21109",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21109",authors:[{id:"50982",title:"Prof.",name:"Dario",surname:"Camuffo",slug:"dario-camuffo",fullName:"Dario Camuffo"},{id:"51016",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",surname:"Bertolin",slug:"chiara-bertolin",fullName:"Chiara Bertolin"},{id:"51017",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudio",surname:"Cocheo",slug:"claudio-cocheo",fullName:"Claudio Cocheo"},{id:"51018",title:"Dr.",name:"Nazzareno",surname:"Diodato",slug:"nazzareno-diodato",fullName:"Nazzareno Diodato"},{id:"61392",title:"Prof.",name:"Mariano",surname:"Barriendos",slug:"mariano-barriendos",fullName:"Mariano Barriendos"},{id:"61393",title:"Mrs",name:"Silvia",surname:"Enzi",slug:"silvia-enzi",fullName:"Silvia Enzi"},{id:"61394",title:"Mrs",name:"Mirca",surname:"Sghedoni",slug:"mirca-sghedoni",fullName:"Mirca Sghedoni"},{id:"61395",title:"Dr.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Garnier",slug:"emmanuel-garnier",fullName:"Emmanuel Garnier"},{id:"61397",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",surname:"Alcoforado",slug:"maria-alcoforado",fullName:"Maria Alcoforado"},{id:"101434",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"della Valle",slug:"antonio-della-valle",fullName:"Antonio della Valle"},{id:"101435",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"roberto-rodriguez",fullName:"Roberto Rodriguez"},{id:"101436",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Fatima",surname:"Nunes",slug:"maria-fatima-nunes",fullName:"Maria Fatima Nunes"},{id:"101438",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Dominguez-Castro",slug:"fernando-dominguez-castro",fullName:"Fernando Dominguez-Castro"}],corrections:null},{id:"21110",title:"Recent Global Warming Induced Climate Changes",doi:"10.5772/24503",slug:"recent-global-warming-induced-climate-changes",totalDownloads:1776,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"P. C. Werner, F.-W. Gerstengarbe, H. Österle and M. Wodinski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21110",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21110",authors:[{id:"57819",title:"Prof.",name:"Friedrich-Wilhelm",surname:"Gerstengarbe",slug:"friedrich-wilhelm-gerstengarbe",fullName:"Friedrich-Wilhelm Gerstengarbe"},{id:"57838",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter C.",surname:"Werner",slug:"peter-c.-werner",fullName:"Peter C. Werner"},{id:"57839",title:"Dr.",name:"Hermann",surname:"Oesterle",slug:"hermann-oesterle",fullName:"Hermann Oesterle"},{id:"98928",title:"Mr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Wodinski",slug:"martin-wodinski",fullName:"Martin Wodinski"}],corrections:null},{id:"21111",title:"Environmental Stability for Convective Precipitation Under Global Warming",doi:"10.5772/23256",slug:"environmental-stability-for-convective-precipitation-under-global-warming",totalDownloads:2232,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tetsuya Takemi, Syohei Nomura and Yuichiro Oku",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21111",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21111",authors:[{id:"51304",title:"Dr.",name:"Tetsuya",surname:"Takemi",slug:"tetsuya-takemi",fullName:"Tetsuya Takemi"},{id:"61747",title:"Mr.",name:"Syohei",surname:"Nomura",slug:"syohei-nomura",fullName:"Syohei Nomura"},{id:"62012",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuichiro",surname:"Oku",slug:"yuichiro-oku",fullName:"Yuichiro Oku"}],corrections:null},{id:"21112",title:"Effects of Global Warming on Climate Conditions in the Japanese Alps Region",doi:"10.5772/23253",slug:"effects-of-global-warming-on-climate-conditions-in-the-japanese-alps-region",totalDownloads:2498,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Keisuke Suzuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21112",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21112",authors:[{id:"51290",title:"Prof.",name:"Keisuke",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"keisuke-suzuki",fullName:"Keisuke Suzuki"}],corrections:null},{id:"21113",title:"Melting of Major Glaciers in Himalayas: Role of Desert Dust and Anthropogenic Aerosols",doi:"10.5772/23235",slug:"melting-of-major-glaciers-in-himalayas-role-of-desert-dust-and-anthropogenic-aerosols",totalDownloads:2794,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Anup K. Prasad, Hesham M. Elaskary, Ghassem R. Asrar, Menas Kafatos and Ashok Jaswal",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21113",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21113",authors:[{id:"26147",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",surname:"El-Askary",slug:"hesham-el-askary",fullName:"Hesham El-Askary"},{id:"27211",title:"Prof.",name:"Menas",surname:"Kafatos",slug:"menas-kafatos",fullName:"Menas Kafatos"},{id:"51218",title:"Dr.",name:"Anup",surname:"Prasad",slug:"anup-prasad",fullName:"Anup Prasad"},{id:"62355",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghassem",surname:"Asrar",slug:"ghassem-asrar",fullName:"Ghassem Asrar"},{id:"110689",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashok",surname:"Jaswal",slug:"ashok-jaswal",fullName:"Ashok Jaswal"}],corrections:null},{id:"21114",title:"Accounting the Carbon Storage in Disturbed and Non-Disturbed Tropical Andean Ecosystems",doi:"10.5772/23515",slug:"accounting-the-carbon-storage-in-disturbed-and-non-disturbed-tropical-andean-ecosystems",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Enrique Peña, Orlando Zúñiga and Julián Peña",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21114",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21114",authors:[{id:"52313",title:"Dr.",name:"Enrique",surname:"Pena",slug:"enrique-pena",fullName:"Enrique Pena"},{id:"62130",title:"Dr.",name:"Orlando",surname:"Zuniga Escobar",slug:"orlando-zuniga-escobar",fullName:"Orlando Zuniga Escobar"},{id:"62131",title:"MSc.",name:"Julian Andres",surname:"Peña Ospina",slug:"julian-andres-pena-ospina",fullName:"Julian Andres Peña Ospina"}],corrections:null},{id:"21115",title:"Modeling the Monsoons in a Changing Climate",doi:"10.5772/24041",slug:"modeling-the-monsoons-in-a-changing-climate",totalDownloads:2281,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"H. Annamalai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21115",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21115",authors:[{id:"55153",title:"Dr.",name:"H",surname:"Annamalai",slug:"h-annamalai",fullName:"H Annamalai"}],corrections:null},{id:"21116",title:"Climatic Effect of the Greenhouse Gases Clusterization",doi:"10.5772/24829",slug:"climatic-effect-of-the-greenhouse-gases-clusterization",totalDownloads:2519,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alexander Y. Galashev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21116",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21116",authors:[{id:"59835",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Galashev",slug:"alexander-galashev",fullName:"Alexander Galashev"}],corrections:null},{id:"21117",title:"California Coastal - Cooling a Reverse Reaction from Global Warming General Circulation and Mesoscale Effects",doi:"10.5772/24158",slug:"california-coastal-cooling-a-reverse-reaction-from-global-warming-general-circulation-and-mesoscale-",totalDownloads:2091,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Bereket Lebassi-Habtezion, Jorge González and Robert Bornstein",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21117",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21117",authors:[{id:"55823",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Gonzalez",slug:"jorge-gonzalez",fullName:"Jorge Gonzalez"},{id:"120061",title:"Dr.",name:"Bereket",surname:"Lebassi",slug:"bereket-lebassi",fullName:"Bereket Lebassi"},{id:"120062",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",surname:"Bornstein",slug:"robert-bornstein",fullName:"Robert Bornstein"}],corrections:null},{id:"21118",title:"Causes and Consequences of the Late 1960s Great Salinity Anomaly",doi:"10.5772/24820",slug:"causes-and-consequences-of-the-late-1960s-great-salinity-anomaly",totalDownloads:1650,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Mihai Dima and Gerrit Lohmann",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21118",authors:[{id:"59759",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerrit",surname:"Lohmann",slug:"gerrit-lohmann",fullName:"Gerrit Lohmann"},{id:"61733",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Dima",slug:"mihai-dima",fullName:"Mihai Dima"}],corrections:null},{id:"21119",title:"Tropical Dry Forests in the Global Picture: The Challenge of Remote Sensing-Based Change Detection in Tropical Dry Environments",doi:"10.5772/24283",slug:"tropical-dry-forests-in-the-global-picture-the-challenge-of-remote-sensing-based-change-detection-in",totalDownloads:4632,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Betsabé de la Barreda-Bautista, Alejandra A. López-Caloca, Stephane Couturier and José Luis Silván-Cárdenas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21119",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21119",authors:[{id:"19577",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandra",surname:"López-Caloca",slug:"alejandra-lopez-caloca",fullName:"Alejandra López-Caloca"},{id:"24288",title:"Dr.",name:"José Luis",surname:"Silván-Cárdenas",slug:"jose-luis-silvan-cardenas",fullName:"José Luis Silván-Cárdenas"},{id:"56473",title:"MSc",name:"Betsabé",surname:"De La Barreda-Bautista",slug:"betsabe-de-la-barreda-bautista",fullName:"Betsabé De La Barreda-Bautista"},{id:"62044",title:"Dr.",name:"Stephane",surname:"Couturier",slug:"stephane-couturier",fullName:"Stephane Couturier"}],corrections:null},{id:"21120",title:"Cirrus Clouds and Climate Engineering: New Findings on Ice Nucleation and Theoretical Basis",doi:"10.5772/24664",slug:"cirrus-clouds-and-climate-engineering-new-findings-on-ice-nucleation-and-theoretical-basis",totalDownloads:2029,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:14,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"David L. Mitchell, Subhashree Mishra and R. Paul Lawson",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21120",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21120",authors:[{id:"58786",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Mitchell",slug:"david-mitchell",fullName:"David Mitchell"},{id:"136044",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhashree",surname:"Mishra",slug:"subhashree-mishra",fullName:"Subhashree Mishra"},{id:"136045",title:"Dr.",name:"R.",surname:"Paul Lawson",slug:"r.-paul-lawson",fullName:"R. Paul Lawson"}],corrections:null},{id:"21121",title:"Destruction of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases by Using Nonthermal Plasma Process",doi:"10.5772/23405",slug:"destruction-of-fluorinated-greenhouse-gases-by-using-nonthermal-plasma-process",totalDownloads:3334,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Young Sun Mok",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21121",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21121",authors:[{id:"51935",title:"Dr.",name:"Young Sun",surname:"Mok",slug:"young-sun-mok",fullName:"Young Sun Mok"}],corrections:null},{id:"21122",title:"The Choice of Biofuels to Mitigate Greenhouse Gas Emissions",doi:"10.5772/25140",slug:"the-choice-of-biofuels-to-mitigate-greenhouse-gas-emissions",totalDownloads:2282,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rogério Cezar de Cerqueira Leite, Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal and Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21122",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21122",authors:[{id:"62141",title:"Dr.",name:"Rogerio Cezar",surname:"Cerqueira Leite",slug:"rogerio-cezar-cerqueira-leite",fullName:"Rogerio Cezar Cerqueira Leite"},{id:"121399",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel Regis",surname:"Lima Verde Leal",slug:"manoel-regis-lima-verde-leal",fullName:"Manoel Regis Lima Verde Leal"},{id:"121400",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis Augusto",surname:"Barbosa Cortez",slug:"luis-augusto-barbosa-cortez",fullName:"Luis Augusto Barbosa Cortez"}],corrections:null},{id:"21123",title:"Contribution of the Atmospheric Chlorine Reactions to the Degradation of Greenhouse Gases: CFCs Substitutes",doi:"10.5772/24224",slug:"contribution-of-the-atmospheric-chlorine-reactions-to-the-degradation-of-greenhouse-gases-cfcs-subst",totalDownloads:2634,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Iván Bravo, Yolanda Díaz-de-Mera, Alfonso Aranda, Elena Moreno and Ernesto Martínez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21123",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21123",authors:[{id:"56201",title:"Dr.",name:"Yolanda",surname:"Diaz-De-Mera",slug:"yolanda-diaz-de-mera",fullName:"Yolanda Diaz-De-Mera"},{id:"61775",title:"Dr.",name:"Iván",surname:"Bravo",slug:"ivan-bravo",fullName:"Iván Bravo"},{id:"61776",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfonso",surname:"Aranda",slug:"alfonso-aranda",fullName:"Alfonso Aranda"},{id:"61777",title:"Ms.",name:"Elena",surname:"Moreno",slug:"elena-moreno",fullName:"Elena Moreno"},{id:"61778",title:"Dr.",name:"Ernesto",surname:"Martinez",slug:"ernesto-martinez",fullName:"Ernesto Martinez"}],corrections:null},{id:"21124",title:"The Importance of Advective Fluxes to Gas Transport Across the Earth-Atmosphere Interface: The Role of Thermal Convection",doi:"10.5772/25108",slug:"the-importance-of-advective-fluxes-to-gas-transport-across-the-earth-atmosphere-interface-the-role-o",totalDownloads:3242,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Uri Nachshon, Noam Weisbrod, Maria I. Dragila and Yonatan Ganot",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21124",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21124",authors:[{id:"61904",title:"MSc",name:"Uri",surname:"Nachshon",slug:"uri-nachshon",fullName:"Uri Nachshon"},{id:"61916",title:"Dr.",name:"Noam",surname:"Weisbrod",slug:"noam-weisbrod",fullName:"Noam Weisbrod"},{id:"61917",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",surname:"Dragila",slug:"maria-dragila",fullName:"Maria Dragila"},{id:"117953",title:"MSc.",name:"Yonatan",surname:"Ganot",slug:"yonatan-ganot",fullName:"Yonatan Ganot"}],corrections:null},{id:"21125",title:"Reforming CO2 into Fuel Using a TiO2 Photocatalyst Membrane Reactor",doi:"10.5772/23615",slug:"reforming-co2-into-fuel-using-a-tio2-photocatalyst-membrane-reactor",totalDownloads:2770,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Akira Nishimura and Eric Hu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21125",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21125",authors:[{id:"52804",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Akira",surname:"Nishimura",slug:"akira-nishimura",fullName:"Akira Nishimura"},{id:"74021",title:"Dr.",name:"Eric",surname:"Hu",slug:"eric-hu",fullName:"Eric Hu"}],corrections:null},{id:"21126",title:"Power Generation Using Nonconventional Renewable Geothermal & Alternative Clean Energy Technologies",doi:"10.5772/25132",slug:"power-generation-using-nonconventional-renewable-geothermal-alternative-clean-energy-technologies",totalDownloads:9864,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Basel I. Ismail",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21126",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21126",authors:[{id:"62122",title:"Dr.",name:"Basel I.",surname:"Ismail",slug:"basel-i.-ismail",fullName:"Basel I. Ismail"}],corrections:null},{id:"21127",title:"Four Steps to the Hydrogen Car",doi:"10.5772/25214",slug:"four-steps-to-the-hydrogen-car",totalDownloads:2652,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Paul McGuiness and Urša Pirnat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21127",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21127",authors:[{id:"62533",title:"Dr.",name:"Paul",surname:"McGuiness",slug:"paul-mcguiness",fullName:"Paul McGuiness"},{id:"62706",title:"Dr.",name:"Urša",surname:"Pirnat",slug:"ursa-pirnat",fullName:"Urša Pirnat"}],corrections:null},{id:"21128",title:"Using Micro Cogeneration Technologies to Enhance the Sustainable Built Environment",doi:"10.5772/25245",slug:"using-micro-cogeneration-technologies-to-enhance-the-sustainable-built-environment",totalDownloads:2918,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Esam Elsarrag and Yousef Alhorr",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21128",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21128",authors:[{id:"62641",title:"Dr.",name:"Esam",surname:"Elsarrag",slug:"esam-elsarrag",fullName:"Esam Elsarrag"},{id:"77496",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousef",surname:"Al Horr",slug:"yousef-al-horr",fullName:"Yousef Al Horr"}],corrections:null},{id:"21129",title:"Nuclear Methodology for Non-Destructive Multi-Elemental Analysis of Large Volumes of Soil",doi:"10.5772/23230",slug:"nuclear-methodology-for-non-destructive-multi-elemental-analysis-of-large-volumes-of-soil",totalDownloads:2127,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Lucian Wielopolski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21129",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21129",authors:[{id:"51207",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",surname:"Wielopolski",slug:"lucian-wielopolski",fullName:"Lucian Wielopolski"}],corrections:null},{id:"21130",title:"The Role of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology in Meeting the Challenge of Global Warming",doi:"10.5772/23153",slug:"the-role-of-plant-breeding-and-biotechnology-in-meeting-the-challenge-of-global-warming",totalDownloads:2633,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Nigel G. Halford",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21130",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21130",authors:[{id:"50829",title:"Prof.",name:"Nigel",surname:"Halford",slug:"nigel-halford",fullName:"Nigel Halford"}],corrections:null},{id:"21131",title:"Modeling Renewable Energy Consumption for a Greener Global Economy",doi:"10.5772/25060",slug:"modeling-renewable-energy-consumption-for-a-greener-global-economy",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Perry Sadorsky",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21131",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21131",authors:[{id:"61520",title:"Prof.",name:"Perry",surname:"Sadorsky",slug:"perry-sadorsky",fullName:"Perry Sadorsky"}],corrections:null},{id:"21132",title:"Influence of Global Warming on the RC Structures and Durability Monitoring in Civil Engineering",doi:"10.5772/25249",slug:"influence-of-global-warming-on-the-rc-structures-and-durability-monitoring-in-civil-engineering",totalDownloads:2972,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Guofu Qiao, Tiejun Liu, Guodong Sun, Yi Hong, Baoguo Han, Huigang Xiao, Zhichun Zhang and Jinping Ou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21132",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21132",authors:[{id:"62676",title:"Dr.",name:"Guofu",surname:"Qiao",slug:"guofu-qiao",fullName:"Guofu Qiao"}],corrections:null},{id:"21133",title:"Tuvalu Visualization Project - Net Art on Digital Globe: Telling the Realities of Remote Places",doi:"10.5772/24254",slug:"tuvalu-visualization-project-net-art-on-digital-globe-telling-the-realities-of-remote-places",totalDownloads:2519,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Makiko Suzuki Harada, Hidenori Watanave and Shuuichi Endou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21133",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21133",authors:[{id:"56322",title:"MSc",name:"Makiko",surname:"Harada",slug:"makiko-harada",fullName:"Makiko Harada"},{id:"56323",title:"Prof.",name:"Hidenori",surname:"Watanave",slug:"hidenori-watanave",fullName:"Hidenori Watanave"},{id:"56324",title:"Mr.",name:"Shuuichi",surname:"Endo",slug:"shuuichi-endo",fullName:"Shuuichi Endo"}],corrections:null},{id:"21134",title:"The Role of Methane Emissions on Ancient and Present Climatic Changes",doi:"10.5772/25136",slug:"the-role-of-methane-emissions-on-ancient-and-present-climatic-changes",totalDownloads:1779,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Guido Barone, Elena Chianese and Angelo Riccio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21134",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21134",authors:[{id:"62136",title:"Prof.",name:"Guido",surname:"Barone",slug:"guido-barone",fullName:"Guido Barone"},{id:"136049",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",surname:"Chianese",slug:"elena-chianese",fullName:"Elena Chianese"},{id:"136050",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Riccio",slug:"angelo-riccio",fullName:"Angelo Riccio"}],corrections:null},{id:"21135",title:"Enteric Methane Emission from Pigs",doi:"10.5772/24377",slug:"enteric-methane-emission-from-pigs",totalDownloads:2170,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Henry Jørgensen, Peter K. Theil and Knud Erik Bach Knudsen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21135",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21135",authors:[{id:"57001",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",surname:"Jorgensen",slug:"henry-jorgensen",fullName:"Henry Jorgensen"},{id:"114967",title:"Dr.",name:"Peter K.",surname:"Theil",slug:"peter-k.-theil",fullName:"Peter K. Theil"},{id:"114968",title:"Dr.",name:"Knud Erik",surname:"Bach Knudsen",slug:"knud-erik-bach-knudsen",fullName:"Knud Erik Bach Knudsen"}],corrections:null},{id:"21136",title:"Human Security and Global Warming: Challenges Before Christianity and Islam in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/23208",slug:"human-security-and-global-warming-challenges-before-christianity-and-islam-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:2761,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dokun Oyeshola",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21136",authors:[{id:"51089",title:"Dr.",name:"Dokun",surname:"Oyeshola",slug:"dokun-oyeshola",fullName:"Dokun Oyeshola"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"213",title:"Environmental Management in Practice",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3a1aedd300eee04cacc8743f6fb60d0",slug:"environmental-management-in-practice",bookSignature:"Elzbieta Broniewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/213.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30436",title:"Dr.",name:"Elzbieta",surname:"Broniewicz",slug:"elzbieta-broniewicz",fullName:"Elzbieta Broniewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"610",title:"Environmental Monitoring",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d969c446da0e9fd096144fc7260725e4",slug:"environmental-monitoring",bookSignature:"Ema O. Ekundayo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/610.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72005",title:"Dr",name:"Ema",surname:"Ekundayo",slug:"ema-ekundayo",fullName:"Ema Ekundayo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10405",title:"River Basin Management",subtitle:"Sustainability Issues and Planning Strategies",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e5ddd0f2eda107ce19c4c06a55a8351",slug:"river-basin-management-sustainability-issues-and-planning-strategies",bookSignature:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10405.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67904",title:"Prof.",name:"José Simão",surname:"Antunes Do Carmo",slug:"jose-simao-antunes-do-carmo",fullName:"José Simão Antunes Do Carmo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",title:"Corrigendum to Review of Liquid-Filled Optical Fibre-Based Temperature Sensing",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65367.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65367",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65367",chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]},book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11867",leadTitle:null,title:"Echocardiography",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tAlthough the diagnosis and overall survival of patients with various cardiac diseases have improved in the last years, there still remains a significant proportion of patients with unfavorable prognoses. The evaluation of these patients necessitates effective imaging techniques in both diagnosis and long-term follow-up. Even though Cardiac Magnetic Resonance imaging is currently the imaging modality of choice for tissue characterization, advanced echocardiography represents a modern alternative. Speckle tracking echocardiography can be used to assess myocardial deformation at both segmental and global levels. Since distinct myocardial pathologies affect deformation differently, information about the underlying tissue can be offered by strain imaging. Echocardiography advances also show promising results in the improvement of diagnostic accuracy, management, and follow-up and a major advantage of echocardiography over other imaging modalities is the ability to use it in real-time, in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, allowing for the performance of imaging immediately before, during, and after interventional procedures. Furthermore, the prevalence of adult congenital heart disease continues to grow due to advances in surgical and diagnostic techniques. Echocardiography has proven to be a useful tool in the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients, both after percutaneous and surgical procedures, and its utility has expanded significantly due to the development of better technology. In addition, stress echocardiography could be useful in the evaluation of several cardiac diseases and should be preferred over other imaging modalities due to the lower cost, wider availability, and radiation-free nature.
\r\n\tThis book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art novel imaging techniques by focusing on the most important evidence-based developments in this area.
Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], first described in 1963 is an inherited cholesterol-rich particle found in a density range of 1.055-1.120 g/ml. The suggestion that Lp(a) might be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases was first made by Dahlen et al. [1] who found out that individuals with angina pectoris exhibit an “extra pre-β-band” in lipid electrophoresis. In whites the concentration of Lp(a) in plasma varies from undetectable up to 200 mg/dl in different individuals but seems to be rather constant in the same person [2]. Chemical and physicochemical properties of Lp(a) in comparison with LDL are summarized in table 1.
Plasma Lp(a) concentrations above 30 mg/dl, as measured in about 20 percent of white people, are associated with an approx. two-fold relative risk of coronary atherosclerosis [3] rising to the range of five-fold when LDL and Lp(a) are both elevated [4]. Interestingly, blacks with high levels of Lp(a) do not experience greatly increased atherosclerotic progression and mortality. In those cases it is assumed that the atherogenicity of Lp(a) must be decreased or counterbalanced by other factors [5].
Till now the site and mechanism of Lp(a) synthesis are quite unclear. Measurements of serum Lp(a) levels of patients suffering from liver disease or from cholestasis who showed significantly lower concentrations than healthy controls gave indications that Lp(a) might be synthesized by the liver [6]. On the other hand there are studies which suggest that apo-a is associated with the postprandial d < 1.006 lipoproteins induced by fat feeding [7] but it is not yet clear however whether apo-a determined in this fraction is really of intestinal origin or whether it originates from free apo-a in serum which might bind to freshly secreted chylomicrons [8]. Because of the chemical similarities between Lp(a) and LDL it is possible that Lp(a) is formed during the metabolic catabolism of chylomicrons, VLDL or LDL. As Lp(a) levels stay nearly constant within one individual and as lipid-rich diet as well as fasting have no influence on Lp(a) concentrations it is assumed that Lp(a) exhibits a metabolic behaviour completely different from other apo-B containing lipoproteins. Turnover studies in vivo performed with labelled VLDL confirmed these assumptions. Nearly all the activity of labelled VLDL could be detected in LDL whereas only trace amounts could be found in Lp(a) [9] confirming the hypothesis that unlike LDL, Lp(a) probably has no triglyceride-rich lipoproteins as precursors but seems to be secreted directly by the liver [10]. On the other hand the site of catabolism of Lp(a) in humans is unknown so far although the kidney is favourized to be implicated [11].
Despite extensive work on Lp(a) its possible physiological function remains unclear till now.
LDL | Lp(a) | |
Hydr. Density [g/ml] | 1.034 | 1.085 |
Mol. Wt. [x 106] | 2.4 | 5.5 |
Diameter [Å] | 210 | 250 |
E. Mobility | β | pre-β1 |
Chem. Composition [%] | ||
Free cholesterol | 11 | 10 |
Cholesterolester | 40 | 30 |
Triglycerides | 4 | 4 |
Phospholipids | 21 | 20 |
Protein | 22 | 28 |
Carbohydrates | 2 | 8 |
Chemical and physicochemical properties of LDL and Lp(a)
The major protein component of this LDL-like particle is apolipoprotein B (apo-B-100) which carries an additional protein called apolipoprotein-a [apo-a] linked to apo-B-100 via disulphide bridges (Fig.1) the lipid moiety however being almost indistinguishable from that of LDL [12]. Human apo-a itself consists of multiple so-called kringle repeats, sequences consisting of 80-90 amino acids arranged in a tripleloop tertiary structure and tandemly arrayed resembling kringles IV and V of plasminogen and a protease domain [13]. Copy number variants in the LPA gene on chromosome 6 coding for apo-a are responsible for a variation of plasma Lp(a) levels of up to 1000-fold among individuals. The most influential is the kringle IV-2 size polymorphism [14] while kringle IV types 1 and 3-10 as well as kringle V occur only once in Lp(a) [15]. The number of kringle IV type 2 structure repeats results in a large number of different sized isoforms of apo-a and correlates inversely with the plasma concentration of Lp(a) [16]. Although the exact mechanism responsible for this inverse correlation has not been elucidated so far an isoform dependent retention and degradation in the endoplasmatic reticulum has been implicated [17].
Contradictory results have been reported about the clearance of Lp(a) and till now it remains unclear whether Lp(a) binds to the B/E receptor via apo-B like LDL or whether it is catabolised independently of the LDL-receptor mediated pathway. Whereas in one study using fibroblasts from normal subjects and from subjects with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia the conclusion was reached that Lp(a) enters fibroblasts independently of the LDL-receptor [18] others concluded that Lp(a) is also bound to the LDL-receptor, internalized and degraded but with a degradation capacity of only 25% of that of LDL [19]. Binding studies of native and reduced Lp(a) with different monoclonal antibodies against apolipoprotein B revealed that there was no antibody that failed to react with native Lp(a) but some of the antibodies recognized apoB of Lp(a) to a lesser degree than that of LDL. This favoured the idea that certain regions on apo-B of Lp(a) could be different from those on LDL and led to the assumption that certain domains close to the binding domain of Lp(a) to the B/E-receptor could be covered by apo-a or that apo-a causes conformational changes in the binding region of apo-B thereby constricting the binding of Lp(a) to the LDL-receptor [20] being in agreement with the fact that normal unreduced Lp(a) seemed to be taken up by fibroblasts through B/E-receptor-mediated endocytosis but showed poorer specificity for the receptor than LDL [21].
Schematic model of Lp(a) in comparison to LDL
In the beginning of “Lp(a)-research” this lipoprotein was believed to represent a genetically polymorphic form of LDL [22]. According to this assumption apo-a should distribute uniformly between all apo-B-containing lipoproteins. Investigation of this problem in more detail revealed that Lp(a) forms a particular lipoprotein class found primarily in the HDL-2 density region [23] but can also be detected in LDL class (d = 1.019-1.063 g/ml) [24] and even in chylomicrons induced by fat feeding [25]. The fact however that a portion of the Lp(a)-specific antigen can be found in the d > 1.21 g/ml lipoprotein free bottom fraction after ultracentrifugation of plasma [26] led to further investigation of this phenomenon. Apo-a is virtually absent in the VLDL fraction (d < 1.006 g/ml) of freshly drawn fasting human sera while 95% of total Lp(a) can be obtained in the d > 1.006 g/ml bottom fraction. Approximately 5% of the total serum Lp(a) are found in the d > 1.125 g/ml bottom fraction after ultracentrifugation as well as with polyanionic precipitation agents irrespective of the Lp(a) concentration in serum [8]. Due to the lack of Sudan Black staining this bottom Lp(a) is considered as a lipid free “apo-a protein” raising the question whether or not free apo-a can reassociate with LDL to form “native Lp(a)”.
One of the physiological roles of platelets involves binding to subendothelial tissue after vascular injury [27]. The adherence of platelets to the exposed connective tissue, preferably collagen, leads to aggregation followed by the release of ADP, 5-hydroxytryptamine and Ca2+ from their dense granules, causing passing platelets to adhere to the primary clot [28].
There is little doubt that lipoproteins interfere with platelets in vivo being reflected by the fact that platelets from hyperlipoproteinemic patients are hyperreactive [29]. This is confirmed by the fact that incubation of platelets with physiological concentrations of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins such as LDL or VLDL results in enhanced platelet aggregability [30] while antiatherogenic lipoproteins such as HDL exert the opposite effect [31]. Concerning Lp(a) it is generally accepted that elevated plasma concentrations of this lipoprotein are connected with premature atherosclerosis [32] but much uncertainty remains about the influence of Lp(a) on platelet activation, a phenomenon that is believed to be involved not only in long-term processes of plaque formation but also in acute events such as stroke and myocardial infarction [33]. Moreover a two-fold increase in the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and ischaemic stroke could be demonstrated especially in subjects with small apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes [34] and prospective findings in the Bruneck study have revealed a significant association specifically between small apolipoprotein(a) phenotypes and advanced atherosclerotic disease involving a component of plaque thrombosis [35]. Indeed, Lp(a) is a “sticky” lipoprotein that self-aggregates, attaches to all sorts of surfaces [36], and precipitates not only in vitro but possibly in vivo. Moreover, Lp(a) binds to proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans [37] and it has high affinity for fibronectin [38], tetranectin [39], collagen [40], and other connective-tissue structures [41]. Therefore the influence of Lp(a) on platelet aggregation induced with various triggers was investigated measuring serotonin release and thromboxane A2 formation during collagen-triggered aggregation as well as adhesion of platelets to collagen in flowing blood under the influence of Lp(a). As Lp(a) represents an LDL-like particle an elevated platelet reactivity was expected under the influence of this lipoprotein similar to that described for LDL [42].
Unlike LDL, Lp(a) revealed no proaggregatory effects on platelets, contrary collagen-induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by up to 54% and the aggregation rate was attenuated by 47% compared with platelets incubated with Tyrode’s solution (Fig. 2), being accompanied by a significant reduction of serotonin release and TXA2 formation. Furthermore Lp(a) significantly reduced platelet adhesion to collagen by about 20% and the size of platelet aggregates up to 63% especially at high shear rates (Fig. 3) suggesting that Lp(a) exerts antiaggregatory effects at least under well-defined in vitro conditions [43]. If these observations are relevant for the in vivo situation, a variety of potential platelet-collagen binding sites such as GPIa/IIa or GPIV could be covered by Lp(a) the more that binding of Lp(a) to platelets could be demonstrated [44]. As there is conflicting evidence on the role of Lp(a) in thrombosis in vivo and in vitro work has been done to elucidate the mechanisms whereby Lp(a) is influencing platelet aggregation and a variety of mechanisms is suggested how Lp(a) interferes with platelet aggregation and hence fibrin bound clot formation. Lp(a) binds to resting, non-stimulated platelets on the IIb subunit of the fibrinogen (IIb/IIIa) receptor via binding sites distinct from the arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl (RGD) epitope of apo-a [45]. By this way the RGD binding site of Lp(a) could be exposed via conformational change induced by platelet agonist stimulation leading to binding of the RGD epitope of apo-a to the RGD binding site on the IIb protein of the fibrinogen (IIb/IIIa) receptor of the platelet [46] thereby reducing fibrinogen binding to the platelet [47]. Low concentrations of Lp(a) (1-25 mg/100 ml washed platelets) increase intracellular levels of c-AMP of in vitro resting platelets leading to an antiaggregatory condition [48] while at higher in vitro levels of Lp(a) (50-100 mg/100 ml washed platelets) resting platelet intracellular c-AMP levels return to normal [49] which cannot explain the reported progressive Lp(a)-mediated decrease in collagen-induced aggregation [43, 50]. Further investigations strongly support an apo-a mediated, Lp(a) induced reduction of collagen and ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation via diminished production of thromboxane A2 [43, 51]. Concerning the in vivo situation only one study has been published to date looking at adult human type 2 diabetics all of whom where obese (BMI >30). In this in vivo study of human type 2 diabetics there is a positive correlation between fasting serum concentrations of Lp(a) and bleeding time, a strong correlate of in vivo platelet aggregation [52] favouring the inhibitory effect of Lp(a) on platelet aggregation. On the other hand there are studies reporting an apparent proaggregatory action of Lp(a) possibly mediated by the apo-a subunit. While no effect of recombinant apo-a [r-apo-a] derivatives on primary ADP-induced platelet aggregation was observed weak platelet responses stimulated by the thrombin receptor-activating peptide SFLLRN were significantly enhanced by the r-apo-a derivatives accompanied by a significant enhancement of [14C]serotonin release of the dense granules [53]. Further investigations showed that r-apo-a isoforms and Lp(a) do not cause platelet aggregation by themselves but preincubation of platelets with r-apo-a derivatives promotes an aggregation response to otherwise subaggregant doses of thrombin receptor activation peptide (TRAP) and arachidonic acid while inversely platelet stimulation with arachidonic acid enhanced platelet binding of apo-a [54]. In both studies it turned out that the size of r-apo-a determined by the number of KIV type 2 modules seems not to play a crucial role in its proaggregant effect.
Summarizing, in vitro studies indicate that Lp(a) induced decreases, increases or no change at all in platelet aggregation [43, 45, 50, 51, 53, 54]. In all cases the mechanisms involved are quite unclear and only speculative. A recent work strongly supports the evidence to suggest that Lp(a) binds to platelets via its arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl (RGD) epitope of the apo(a) but not via apo(a)’s lysine binding region in both strong and weak agonist-stimulated platelets and inhibits the binding of fibrinogen thus reducing aggregation [55]. On the other side there are in vivo studies published quite recently suggesting that Lp(a) concentrations greater than 30 mg/dl are a frequent and independent risk factor for venous thrombosis [56] and that high levels of Lp(a) could be a more frequently thrombophilic risk factor in young women [57]. To date disagreement exists about increased arterial thrombosis due to elevated blood levels of Lp(a). The fact that this procedure is a result of collagen-exposed platelets in case of plaque rupture followed by clot formation argues against the proaggregatory nature of Lp(a) and maybe procedures others than platelet activation account for the atherogenic nature of Lp(a).
Aggregation curves showing the influence of lipoproteins on collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Gel filtered platelets (200 µl; 2x108/ml) were incubated for 30 min at 37°C with a) LDL 5 mg/ml, b) Tyrodes’s buffer or c) Lp(a) 0.5 mg/ml. Aggregation was triggered with 10 µl collagen (final concentration 4 µg/ml).
Aggregate formation of fibrillar collagen at a shear rate of 1600/s for a control (top) and under addition of 1 mg/ml Lp(a) (bottom). Aggregates are shown in black.
The mechanism by which Lp(a) accelerates atherosclerosis could not yet been clarified. One possible explanation leads via the connection of Lp(a) to the fibrinolytic system as in 1987 it was found out that Lp(a) and plasminogen are immunochemically related [58] leading to speculations whether Lp(a) might interfere with fibrinolysis. Through partial amino acid sequencing it could be shown for the first time that apo-a has a striking homology of about 70% to plasminogen, the precursor of the proteolytic enzyme plasmin which dissolves fibrin clots [58]. This could be confirmed in our own studies demonstrating that polyclonal antisera from rabbit, sheep and horse as well as three monoclonal antibodies from mouse raised against apo-a reacted with plasminogen on immunoblots and similar to plasminogen, Lp(a) bound selectively but with somewhat lower affinity to lysine-Sepharose [59]. Plasminogen, a protein of 791 amino acids and a molecular weight of about 92 000 D is a plasma serine protease zymogen that consists of five cysteine-rich sequences of 80-114 amino acids each, called kringles, followed by a trypsin like protease domain [60]. The highly glycosylated apo-a exists in various polymorphic forms with molecular weights higher, lower or equal to apoprotein B (Mr ≈ 550 000 D) [61] which are covalently linked to apoprotein B via disulfide bridges [62]. It contains a hydrophobic signal sequence for secretion followed by up to >50 copies of kringle IV of plasminogen predicting the risk for coronary heart disease in the way that apo-a alleles with a low kringle IV copy number (<22) and high Lp(a) plasma concentration are significantly more frequent in the CHD group (p<0.001) [63]. Additionally one kringle V as well as protease domains of plasminogen are found in apo-a [58]. Later on cDNA sequencing revealed that human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen but despite the fact that apo-a contains a protease domain it does not act fibrinolytically like plasminogen because the arginine at the cleavage site for tissue plasminogen activator in plasminogen is changed to serine in apo-a [64].
Nevertheless Lp(a) might interfere with the fibrinolytic system in different ways due to its similarity to plasminogen as it may inhibit the binding of plasminogen to its receptor on endothelial cells thereby preventing generation of plasmin and increasing the thrombotic risk [65, 66]. Furthermore it could be demonstrated that Lp(a) accumulates in atherosclerotic lesions maybe via adherence to fibrinogen or fibrin incorporated in atherosclerotic plaques thereby inhibiting fibrinolysis [66]. Another mechanism by which Lp(a) is thought to attenuate fibrinolysis involves direct competition with plasminogen for fibrinogen or fibrin binding sites thus reducing the efficiency of plasminogen activation [67]. Fibrinolysis is initiated by binding of plasminogen to lysine residues on fibrin thereby initiating activation of plasmin and amplifying fibrinolytic processes [68]. Like plasminogen Lp(a) also binds to lysine residues [69] but without catalytical activity leading to interference with or inhibition of fibrinolysis resulting in hypofibrinolysis and accumulation of cholesterol included in the LDL-like component of Lp(a) [66]. The fact that low molecular weight isoforms of apo-a are associated with greater inhibition of fibrinolysis [70, 71] confirms the hypothesis that subjects with small apo-a phenotypes have a two-fold risk of CHD and stroke compared with those with larger isoforms of apo-a [34]. In contrast Knapp et al. [72] observed that the rate of plasmin formation was inversely related to Lp(a) but inhibition of plasmin generation increased with the size of apo-a using a standardized in vitro fibrinolysis model. From the fact that the inhibitory effect of free apo-a was much stronger than that of the complete Lp(a) particle they conclude that the apo-a component is responsible for the observed reduction of plasmin formation maybe due to the availability of additional lysine binding sites in the unbound apo-a which was formerly reported by Scanu et al. [73]. On the other hand there are also data showing that the plasma concentration of Lp(a) is inversely related to plasmin formation but that this relationship is not influenced by the size of apo-a isoforms [74]. Above all there are other reports explaining the inhibitory effect of Lp(a) on fibrinolysis not only by competition of Lp(a) with plasminogen for the binding sites on fibrin, endothelial cells and monocytes but also by reduction of tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase-induced fibrinolytic activity [75, 76, 77].
A novel contribution to the understanding of Lp(a)/apo-a-mediated inhibition of plasminogen activation comes from results showing the ability of the apo(a) component of Lp(a) to inhibit the key positive feedback step of plasmin-mediated conversion of Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen an essential step for fibrin clot lysis [78]. Interestingly, with the exception of the smallest naturally-occurring isoform of apo(a), isoform size was found not to contribute to the inhibitory capacity of apo(a).
In summary, the proposed mechanisms modulating the antifibrinolytic effects of elevated Lp(a) levels in vitro are manifold and emphasize the prothrombotic effects of this lipoprotein particle. The in vivo situation however seems to be much more complex the more that there is a strong positive correlation reported between bleeding time and fasting serum concentrations of Lp(a) [ 52].
High levels of Lp(a) are strongly associated with atherosclerosis as revealed by numerous studies [4, 79, 80, 81, 82]. As plasma Lp(a) concentrations above 30 mg/dl, as measured in about 20 percent of white people, are associated with an approx. two-fold relative risk of coronary atherosclerosis [3] rising to the range of five-fold when LDL and Lp(a) are both elevated [4] reduction of plasma Lp(a) concentration is recommended. Dietary interventions do not seem to be effective in lowering Lp(a) plasma levels [9, 83] or even lead to an increase of Lp(a) in plasma, alone [84] or at least when combined with exercise 85]. The same phenomenon could be observed in case of exercise where cross-sectional data suggest that a lifestyle of moderate to intense exercise training does not exert a significant impact on the Lp(a) level [86, 87]. Therefore pharmacological reduction of plasma levels of Lp(a) would be desirable.
Innumerable investigations however indicate that the plasma concentration of Lp(a) is resistant to drug therapy in most cases. As Lp(a) resembles LDL especially with regard to the lipid content (Tab.1) medications reducing LDL-cholesterol should be suitable for lowering Lp(a) as well. Bile acid resins such as cholestyramine which actually cause a significant reduction of LDL-cholesterol as well as of apo-B have no effect on Lp(a) levels [88, 89]. Therapies with bezafibrate or clofibrate [90, 91] showed that there is no role for fibrates in the treatment of elevated Lp(a) concentrations and estrogens also do not seem to significantly affect Lp(a) [92, 93].
Stanozolol, an anabolic steroid used in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis, showed a significant reduction of Lp(a) by about 65% after six weeks therapy but five weeks after the drug was discontinued Lp(a) was near pretreatment levels [94]. Although drastic reductions of Lp(a) up to 40-50% are reported in another study [95] these compounds seem to be unsuitable for the routine treatment due to their harmful side effects [96].
Statins, also known as HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors are another group of lipid lowering drugs which could be interesting with regard to Lp(a). These drugs have proven to be extremely effective in lowering plasma LDL and apo-B levels presumably through inhibition of intracellular cholesterol synthesis concomitant with an increase of the LDL receptors in the liver [97]. Although Lp(a) and LDL are very similar especially concerning the content of cholesterol, inhibitors of HMG-CoA-reductase, the regulating enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis, show no influence [98, 99], only modest reduction of about 10% [100, 101] or even an increase of serum Lp(a) levels [102]. Altogether the limited magnitude of decrease of Lp(a) by HMG-CoA-reductase inhibitors confirms the assumption that the LDL-receptor does not seem to play a major role in Lp(a) clearance from plasma [103].
Nicotinic acid, also known as niacin has been shown to lower not only plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides thereby increasing HDL-cholesterol [104] but also Lp(a) in a dose-dependent manner up to 40% [105]. A more pronounced effect could be observed in a combination therapy with niacin and neomycin showing a reduction of LDL-cholesterol by 48% and of Lp(a) by 45% respectively [106]. In a recently published study niacin was applied in combination with omega-3-fatty acids and the Mediterranean diet. The average reduction of Lp(a) after 12 weeks combination therapy was reported to be about 23%. Additionally a significant association with increasing baseline levels of Lp(a) was observed [107].
Diets rich in fish oils containing considerable amounts of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are recommended to have beneficial effects on plasma lipids thereby lowering the risk of vascular complications [108, 109]. In a study investigating the influence of dietary fish oils on plasma Lp(a) levels a decrease of triglycerides could be observed after six weeks dietary supplementation while total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol as well as Lp(a) remained unchanged [110]. Furthermore collagen- and thrombin-stimulated platelet aggregation and TXB2-formation in platelets decreased by approx. 45% irrespective of the plasma concentration of Lp(a) [111]. This is in agreement with many other studies showing that fish oils only seem to be able to reduce Lp(a) in combination with other therapies [107] or moderate exercise [112] but not when used alone [113, 114, 115].
Summarizing it can be shown that increased Lp(a) levels are minimally if at all influenced by drug treatment or drugs reducing Lp(a) to a greater extent like nicotinic acid are not widely used due to undesirable side effects. From previous turnover studies it could be demonstrated that plasma Lp(a) levels correlate with its rate of biosynthesis rather than with the fractional catabolic rate [116, 117] and therefore attempts to reduce Lp(a) should focus on an interference with apo-a biosynthesis. This is supported by the fact that adenovirus-mediated apo-a-antisense RNA expression efficiently inhibits apo-a synthesis in vitro in stably transfected liver cells but also in vivo in transduced mice expressing recombinant human apo-a [118]. In a recently published study it was found that patients suffering from biliary obstructions have very low plasma Lp(a) levels that rise substantially after surgical intervention. Consistent with this, common bile duct ligation in mice transgenic for human apo-a lowered plasma concentrations and hepatic expression of apo-a. Treatment of transgenic mice with cholic acid led to farnesoid X receptor (FXR) activation followed by markedly reduced plasma concentrations and hepatic expression of human apo-a [119]. From that it is concluded that transcription of the apo-a gene is under strong control of the farnesoid X receptor which may have important implications in the development of Lp(a)-lowering medications.
High levels of Lp(a) are strongly associated with atherosclerosis. About 10-15% of the white population exhibit plasma Lp(a) concentrations above the atherogenic cut-off value of approx. 30 mg/dl. Therefore the European Atherosclerosis Society recommended screening for Lp(a) in a consensus report, in which the desirable cut-off was set at less than 50 mg/dl [82]. On the other hand it is very well known that Lp(a) is an inherited atherogenic plasma component determined to more than 90% by genetic factors a fact that aggravates the influence on plasma levels of this lipoprotein. So far there are only speculations about the mechanism by which Lp(a) accelerates atherosclerosis and the exact mechanism could not yet be clarified. Its prothrombotic effects may be ascribed to impaired fibrinolysis by inhibition of plasminogen activation rather than to amplification of platelet aggregation which is shown to be reduced by Lp(a) in most cases. At present dietary interventions or drug therapies seem to be only minimal if at all successful concerning reduction of plasma Lp(a). Up to now it was assumed that the atherogenicity of high Lp(a) levels in blacks must be decreased by other factors [5]. However data published recently show that associations between Lp(a) levels and cardiovascular disease are at least as strong in blacks compared with whites [120] and emphasize the recommendation that factors such as total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, smoking, diabetes mellitus or overweight that can still increase the atherosclerotic risk of Lp(a) should be kept under observation.
The human brain requires a high and continuous input of energy, which is obtained mainly from glucose, due to its high metabolic rate. Some interesting facts about the brain are that it accounts for only 2% of body weight, but it also requires 15% of cardiac output, 20% of total body oxygen and 25% of serum glucose, which means that the human brain uses up between 5 and 10 g of glucose per hour or 140 g per day on average [1]. Under normal conditions, serum glucose is around 80–90 mg/dl and may increase up to 200 mg/dl after meals. On the other hand, serum glucose may decrease up to 54 mg/dl during prolonged fasting. The concept of hypoglycemia refers to a clinical situation in which patients have a serum glucose value below 50 mg/dl matching with neuroglycopenic symptoms or serum glucose values below 40 mg/dl without any symptoms [1]. The high energy requirements of the human brain employ such complex metabolic strategies to manage energy sources. Glucose enters the central nervous system through the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB), a process that requires a transport protein located in the cell membrane [2, 3]. There are two systems of glucose and other monosaccharide transporter proteins: sodium-glucose transporters, also known as SGLTs (sodium-dependent glucose transport), and glucose transporters, also known as GLUTs (glucose transporters). There are several types of GLUT transporters in the human body, but in the central nervous system, there are only two types: GLUT1, which is found in the BBB, and GLUT3, which is found in neurons. Glucose enters cells via GLUT transporters in a process composed of four steps; (1) first, glucose binds to the transporter protein on the outer face of the cell membrane; (2) the transporter protein changes its conformation and glucose enters into the cell membrane; (3) glucose is released into the cytoplasm by the transporter; (4) the transporter returns to its original conformation and its glucose binding site is exteriorized again (Figure 1) [4, 5].
Glucose transport from blood vessels to neuronal cells. GLUT (glucose transporters). Modified from Iatreia: 2002;15(3).
The human brain requires a lot of energy to carry out all its functions, this energy comes from different pathways in which glucose and oxygen work together to develop adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The bonds of the ATP molecule are then broken to obtain stored energy, and most of this energy is used for information processing. For example, in the human brain, there are about 10 billion neuronal cells communicated by more than 50 trillion synapses through neurotransmitters that are synthesized in the cerebral cortex in a process that requires about 3.8 × 1012 molecules of ATP [5, 6].
Neuronal and glial cells have distinct functions and are metabolically different from each other [6]. In fact, the gray matter of the human brain uses 10 times more glucose than any other organ in the body. With the known stoichiometry of glucose oxidation (C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O) and its coupled reactions, it is possible to obtain an estimated flux at different points in the metabolic chain. This allows us to know how glucose enters into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, leading to the release of energy that is then split into small components such as ATP, increasing its molar flux to 31 molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose [7].
Oxidation of glucose molecules through the tricarboxylic acid cycle develops small amounts of lactate, which plays an important role as a precursor to the process of gluconeogenesis in the nervous system. Lactate becomes an energetic compound for the nervous system, which is demonstrated in neuronal and glial uptake, improving ATP synthesis in neurons. Such articles suggest that glucose is stored by the astrocytes and then released as glucose or lactate, to be used by neurons, when energetic requirements increase [8].
Glucose is absorbed by GLUT1 protein transporters and can be stored as glycogen (the most important storage of glycogen is located on astrocytes) or go into glycolysis (Figure 2) [9].
Pathway of glucose from food to ATP in the neuron. The blue color is the area outside the blood-brain barrier, the green color represents only processes in the astrocyte, the yellow color processes in the neuron, and the orange color represents the intramitochondrial pathways.
Glucose represents the main source of energy and its metabolic regulation is so important for normal nerve cell functions, including ATP synthesis, regulation of oxidative stress, synthesis of neurotransmitters and neuromodulatory molecules and many processes such as memory, learning and sensitivity and motor functions [10, 11]. The overall performance of neurons, astrocytes and endothelial cells is very important during the transit of energy supplements in the nervous system necessary to cover cellular functions [12]. As mentioned above, neuronal cells require a high amount of energy which is obtained from glucose; also glucose can be obtained directly by neurons or indirectly from astrocytes that converted lactate into glucose previously [13, 14]. In normal conditions, neurons obtain energy from glucose, but during the synaptic activity, they mainly consume lactate as a product of glucose metabolism. In both cases, the overall net brain consumption would be sustained by glucose. Under conditions of glutamatergic synaptic activity, glutamate stimulates GLUT-1-mediated glucose incorporation and glycolysis in astrocytes, followed by the release of lactate into the extracellular space and its capture in neurons, the neuron uptake of glucose is made via the GLUT-3 transporter [9, 15, 16, 17].
Astrocytes also need the energy to carry out their functions, these cells play such an important role in brain metabolism by providing lactate as a metabolic substrate when neuronal energy requirements increase. In astrocyte cells, the GLUT-1 transport protein is the main glucose uptake protein. Once glucose enters the astrocyte, it is converted to glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to undergo glycolysis or be converted to glycogen. Glucogenic enzymes involved in glycogen metabolism, such as glycogen synthase, store backup glycogen. Glycogen phosphorylase and the debranching enzyme metabolize glycogen into G6P to undergo glycolysis when the astrocyte, or near neurons, require energy sources (Figure 3) [18, 19].
Glucose metabolism and energy synthesis in astrocytes and neurons. LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), MCT (medium-chain triglycerides), LAC (lactate), ATP (adenosine triphosphate), NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized), NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced), H+ (hydrogen), Pyr (pyruvate). Modified from N Engl J Med 2015; 373:187–189.
It has been described that hypoglycemia actively causes neuronal death. When glucose concentration decreases below 1 mM (18 mg/dl), causes energy deficit, the release of excitatory amino acids (aspartate and glutamate) induces the expression of excitatory receptors located in neuronal dendrites that produce calcium fluxes, inducing neuronal necrosis. Hypoglycemia constitutes a metabolic brain injury [20, 21].
During hypoglycemia or periods of intense brain activity, glycogen can be used to generate lactate, which is translocated to nearby neuronal cells. Thus, glycogen within astrocytes functions as a backup system in case of hypoglycemia, ensuring neuronal functions and survival during glucose deprivation [22, 23]. In cases of brain ischemia, astrocytes have shown a high resistance, a situation that is explained by its glycogen store. Astrocytes also keep glucose synthesis for longer time periods compared with neuronal cells. Besides, astrocytes lead glycogen to turn into lactate which is moved within neurons when these cells have increased energy requirements or during lack of glucose. However, the amount of mitochondria within astrocyte cells is smaller than the amount of mitochondria within neuronal cells. A single molecule of lactate can generate 10 mM ATP, which is equivalent to 17 molecules of ATP [7, 23]. Several papers suggest that glucose molecules are stored mainly in astrocyte cells and can be released as glucose or lactate to contribute to neuronal metabolism when energy needs increase [8, 22, 23]. Other studies, recently published, suggest that other substrates such as pyruvate, glycogen, ketone bodies, glutamate, glutamine and aspartate can be metabolized by neuronal cells in case of glucose deprivation, supporting neuronal functions and delaying ATP depletion during hypoglycemia [24]. Astrocytes can release purines made of adenine, specifically adenosine (which plays an important role as a neuroprotective molecule) and guanosine which can lead to cell repair after a brain injury (Figure 3) [25].
In situations of low glycogen levels, glycogen can modulate some neurotransmitters and also serum glucose levels. These facts are explained by the fact that, during periods of hypoglycemia, glycogen is converted into lactate and reaches nearby neurons and axons where it is used as an energy source, leading to protection against hypoglycemia-induced brain injury and ensuring that neuronal functions supplying energy demands [26].
As mentioned above, intracellular calcium accumulation promotes lipolysis, increasing the amount of free fatty acids due to phospholipids metabolism, including arachidonic acid, activated by cyclooxygenase enzyme and promoting oxygen reactive species releasing, platelet aggregation and neutrophil chemotaxis, leading to inflammation and direct/indirect cell damage. Calcium accumulation can also activate regulatory mechanisms to keep adequate levels of this ion, such as calsequestrin and chelation promoted by the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria [27]. When these mechanisms fail, an ionic overcharge takes place in the mitochondria and the cell membrane polarity is dropped. When the membrane potential is dispelled, the ATP synthase works upside down, metabolizing ATP. Also, it is impossible to generate ATP by Krebs cycle or oxidative phosphorylation. Serum calcium levels decrease during isoelectric periods and return to normal levels after glucose administration. This fact correlates to an increase in intracellular calcium levels and neuronal injury. Besides, proapoptotic factors are released as cytochrome C, caspase 3 and apoptosis-inducing factors. A persistent state of oxidative stress is induced by a failure in the I and IV complex of the electron transport chain and release of reactive oxygen species (Figure 4) [28].
Example of severe hypoglycemia in the brain.
Oxygen ions, free radicals and peroxides are very small molecules, which appear as a result of oxygen metabolism, and play an important role in the oxidation-reduction process, activating genes, exchanging ions when their values need to be regulated. The regulating mechanisms to avoid over synthesis of these small molecules include important enzymes groups such as catalase and superoxide dismutase. There are also antioxidant molecules, for example, ascorbic acid, uric acid and glutathione. Oxidative stress can be defined as a metabolic status with overproduction of oxygen reactive species and exceeding the antioxidant molecules’ capacity to offset this process. Some important molecules that can be affected by this situation are cell membrane lipids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins. An increase in catalase and superoxides dismutase enzymes indicate, indirectly, the presence of peroxides and superoxide, respectively. That is because these enzymes are considered important indirect markers of oxidative stress [29].
The glutathione tripeptide functions as a chemical synthesis buffer during oxidation-reduction reactions carried out by the mitochondria. This chemical buffer is made of glycine, glutamate and cysteine. Another chemical buffer that appears in cases of oxidative stress is glutathione in its oxidized form, which is formed by two glutathione molecules linked by a disulfide bond. There is also an increase in nitric oxide synthase, subsequently, nitric oxide becomes reactive when it is combined with superoxides, forming peroxynitrite, a highly reactive molecule with a short half-life, which in addition to oxidizing nearby molecules, can be transformed into nitrotyrosine when reacting with tyrosine residues, increasing immunoreactivity. The neuronal cells located on the Ammon’s horn 1 region (CA1), in the hippocampus, promote an increase in zinc levels during long times of hypoglycemia. The glucose reintroduction to the system promotes zinc vesicles and nitric oxide synthesis that trigger neuronal damage. Zinc activates the NADPH enzyme oxidase (NOX) and poly-ADP ribose (PARP-1) after being translocated to postsynaptic neurons, leading to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depletion of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and lead to neuronal death. The production of ROS by NOS and NOX induces DNA damage and consequent activation of PARP-1, which consumes the NAD+ which is required for glucose oxidation through the glycolytic pathway, as well as activating programmed cell death pathways such as calpain [30]. During hypoglycemia, PARP-1 activation is an important factor involved in neuronal death (it leads to increased nitrotyrosine and products of this polymerase). On the other hand, PARP-1 inhibitors can rescue neurons that would otherwise die after severe hypoglycemia (Figures 4 and 5) [31, 32].
Cell death in neuroglycopenia. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), PARP (poly-ADPribose), NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate), Mg2 (magnesium), Ca2+ (calcium), Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium), nNOS (neuronal nitric oxide synthase), NO+ (derived from oxygen species), ROS (reactive oxygen species), Cit C (cytochrome C), AIF (apoptosis inducing factor).
Apoptosis is a type of cell death that depends on energy and various cellular functions in which the membrane retains its integrity. For its activation, specific proteins are required to avoid inflammatory responses, which are divided into intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic activation pathway consists of caspases and calpain. Caspases are classified as initiators, such as caspase 9 and executors, including caspase 3. The intrinsic pathway starts with the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondrial inner membrane, which increases its concentration in the cytosol and binds APAF1 (apoptotic protease-activating factor 1) protein, dATP and procaspase 9 zymogen [29, 32]. Once bound, this complex becomes an active initiator form of the pathway, caspase 9, which consequently causes the activation of the executioner pathway, procaspases 3 and 7, responsible for promoting apoptosis.
It has been postulated recently that an inflammatory response also participates in hypoglycemic cell damage, this is known due to a study that demonstrates microglial reactivity in the rat of hippocampus 1–7 days after 30 minutes of hypoglycemic isoelectric, with activation of calpain, xanthine oxidase and phospholipase A2.
Tkacs and cols., demonstrated that three hypoglycemic episodes related to 30–35 mg/dl glucose blood levels increased the number of positive cells to TUNEL (apoptosis marker in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus). Subsequently, other authors reported positive degenerative cells to the neuronal death marker Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) after only 1 week of a single hypoglycemia event, particularly in the cerebral cortex, although some were also observed in the hippocampus and striatum [33].
In 1880, blood glucose levels were measured for the first time, which made it possible to understand the different clinical neurological manifestations and their association with low blood glucose levels [34]. It was in 1938, when the surgeon Allen Whipple proposed a triad characterized by hypoglycemia symptoms, decreased venous glucose concentration and the disappearance of these symptoms after the correction of glycemia. Although this description was proposed as criteria to perform or not the insulinomas resection, this triad became widely generalized among the medical community in the face of hypoglycemia events due to any cause. Reversibility of the clinical syndrome is frequent when treatment is initiated, although there are also less fortunate scenarios in which sustained damage to the nervous system is produced, which will depend on the degree of hypoglycemia when treatment is not timely. This situation is directly related to functional prognosis and mortality [34, 35].
The physician must be able to identify the clinical signs of hypoglycemia since the first organ to suffer the consequences is the brain, and we must avoid unfavorable outcomes, such as neuronal damage and death (neuroglycopenia). When the arterial glucose supply is interrupted and the protective mechanisms are overcome, the previously described alterations occur at the level of ionic gradients, neurotransmitter release and reuptake, and oxidative stress, culminating in mitochondrial and cellular dysfunction [36].
There are usually very effective endogenous mechanisms to prevent neuroglycopenia. The first line of defense against falling blood glucose levels is to decrease endogenous insulin production, increasing hepatic glucose production and decreasing its utilization by other peripheral tissues such as muscle and fat tissue [37]. If glucose levels remain low, there will be glucagon secretion, followed by an increase in adrenaline. These counterregulatory mechanisms will be as intense as hypoglycemia severity, resulting in mobilization of glycogen stores, gluconeogenesis and decreased glucose utilization at the peripheral level [38].
A very particular characteristic of the brain is the high consumption of glucose and oxygen, with a high tolerance to periods of transient deficit of these substrates, however, when glucose decreases below 20 mg/dl, there is a cessation of brain electrical activity (hypoglycemic coma). Blood glucose concentrations may decrease to 30% of the normal value, but this supply must be constant, as neuronal glycogen stores are limited and depleted in less than 2 minutes. From this point on, the extent of neuronal damage is directly related to the time the isoelectric period is maintained. Neuronal death occurs after a period of approximately 15 minutes of inactivity. Repeated episodes of hypoglycemia cause irreversible damage, causing the irreversible cognitive deficit, which correlates to various brain structures, the most sensitive to the damage being the cortex, hippocampus and striatum [39].
Excitotoxicity refers to the ability of some amino acids (glutamate) to cause neurodegeneration secondary to prolonged stimulation of postsynaptic receptors. This type of toxicity was first described in cerebral vascular disease; later evidence was found in severe hypoglycemia. The mechanism of damage is as follows: extracellular concentrations of glutamate are regulated by reuptake into the synaptic space by specific transporters located in astrocytes and neurons. This reuptake is mediated by sodium, regulated by the electrochemical gradient of ATP-dependent Na/K+ pumps. These ionotropic receptors are classified according to their specific agonist: the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, permeable to calcium and sodium. The non-NMDA receptors (kainate receptor and a-amino-3-hydroxy-methyloxazole-4propionic acid (AMPA) are sensitive to sodium [40].
Under resting conditions, the NMDA receptor ion channel is blocked by magnesium, which is released during depolarization mediated by non-NMDA aspartate receptor-dependent ion channels, allowing calcium to enter the intracellular space. Both glutamate and aspartate have been shown to be associated with neuronal damage in hypoglycemia, being released in large amounts during the isoelectric trace [41]. In this situation glutamate is used as a metabolic substrate, favoring the release of aspartate by altering the electrochemical gradient of Na+/K+, promoting the accumulation of intracellular calcium and with it, the release of vesicles by exocytosis with excitatory neurotransmitters. Even with the accumulation of excitatory neurotransmitters, the inhibition of their transporters can limit neurological damage; however, when there is an absence of energetic substrates, neuronal death is induced. As mentioned, neuronal death and cognitive impairment caused by hypoglycemia suggest that they are involved in excitotoxicity and DNA damage.
To avoid neuronal death during a period of hypoglycemia, the brain sets in motion two main regulatory mechanisms: increased cerebral blood flow and the use of alternative substrate pools to glucose [39, 41]. During hypoglycemia, oxygen consumption remains constant, giving rise to the theory that these alternative pools are able to compensate for the lack of glucose, allowing adequate cellular function during relatively short periods of hypoglycemia. The brain can use other substrates for energy, such as lactate, pyruvate and ketone bodies, although the primary substrate in the first instance appears to be glycogen, which seems to be depleted in more than 5 minutes after the onset of the isoelectric period [42].
The nervous system is very susceptible to changes when serum glycemia value is low, which leads to protective mechanisms; on the other hand, when there is hyperglycemia it has a better regulation. The endocrine counterregulatory response mechanisms that are activated when glucose drops below 70 mg/dl, at the level of the pancreatic b-cells the first response is initiated, which consists in the cessation of insulin release and when the glucose level reaches 66 mg/dl, growth hormone and cortisol are released, which stimulate lipolysis in adipose tissue, ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. Below 54 mg/dl, glucagon (a hormone produced in pancreatic cells, which stimulates hepatic glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) and epinephrine are secreted. Epinephrine secreted by the adrenal glands increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, stimulates lipolysis and decreases insulin secretion while elevating glucagon release (Table 1) [38, 39, 42].
Organ involved | Response | Effects | |
---|---|---|---|
Pancreatic a cells | Decreased insulin synthesis | Blood glucose mobilization is reduced. | |
Hypophysis | Increased GH y ACTH | Lipolysis and ketogenesis | Glyconeogenesis |
Pancreatic β cells | Increased glucagon | Glycogenolysis | |
Adrenal glands | Increased epinephrine and cortisol |
Brain protection mechanisms in neuroglycopenia.
The first modulatory process in hypoglycemia is decreased insulin synthesis. This is followed by an increase in other involved hormones such as GH, ACTH, glucagon, and epinephrine, resulting in the activation of metabolic regulatory pathways such as lipolysis, ketogenesis, and gluconeogenesis.
Recurrent hypoglycemia can cause the loss of these counterregulatory mechanisms and create a vicious cycle increases the risk of severe hypoglycemia with each event. Recurrent hypoglycemia reduces the glucose levels necessary to trigger the autonomic counterregulatory response during a subsequent hypoglycemic period, leading to patients being unable to recognize sympathoadrenal symptoms, leading to the onset of neuroglycopenic symptoms (hypoglycemia unawareness). The unawareness of hypoglycemia and the failure of the autonomic response lead to the so-called hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure, which increases the risk of severe hypoglycemia by 25 times or more, with high chances of coma, irreversible brain damage and death. Clinical data suggest that about 25% of diabetic patients suffer hypoglycemia without realizing it [37, 39, 42]. Hypoglycemia occurs in 25–30% of diabetic patients, with type 1 diabetics being more affected, followed by type 2 diabetics, although in them it usually happens in advanced stages of the disease. The incidence of hypoglycemia episodes depends on the age and duration of the disease. The mortality rate is between 4 and 10% and is attributable to severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetic patients with the long-standing disease (7–30 years), this is because the continuous administration of insulin or insulin-releasing drugs leads to glucose uptake in fat, muscle and liver, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, as well as lipolysis and glucagon secretion from pancreatic cells. As a consequence, the first response to hypoglycemia (inhibition of insulin secretion) is lost, glucagon secretion is suppressed, and epinephrine is secreted at lower glucose levels [37, 38, 42].
According to histological studies, hypoglycemic coma induces neuronal damage in the cortex, particularly in the insular cortex, hippocampus, caudate nucleus and putamen; lesions have also been identified in the thalamus, globus pallidus and a significant volume decrease in the white matter and gray matter in all cerebral lobes with occipital and parietal predominance. There is a close correlation between the duration of the isoelectric period and the spread of neuronal damage. The most vulnerable brain regions include superficial layers 2 and 3 of the cerebral cortex, CA1, the subiculum and crest of the dentate gyrus, as well as neuronal damage in the dorsolateral region of the striatum [43].
Signs and symptoms for hypoglycemia depend on glucose levels (mild, moderate or severe), frequency and duration of episodes. Symptomatology can be divided into two big groups: The first group included sympathoadrenal or neurogenic symptoms due to the activation of the autonomic nervous system and the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine, triggered in moderate hypoglycemia. The symptoms can be hunger, sweating, tingling, tremors, palpitations and anxiety (the initial symptoms that allow the patient to notice the hypoglycemic state). If glucose levels continue dropping to moderate or severe, the patient would develop the second group of symptoms (neuroglycopenic symptoms) which include blurry vision, confusion, dizziness, irritability, bradylalia, lipothymia, drowsiness, bradypsychia, seizures and coma. However, they do not always present the same way, actually, it is one of the first diseases that mimic brain stroke symptoms, among other acute neurologic diseases (hypoglycemic encephalopathy) [34, 35, 44]. Hypoglycemia recurrence induces the body to adapt, and the clinical signs can be minimal or absent until the glucose levels decrease deeply, taking the patient to an impaired consciousness state (Table 2) [29, 44].
Sympathoadrenal symptoms | Neuroglycopenic symptoms | Other symptoms of severe neuroglycopenia |
---|---|---|
Hunger | Blurred vision | Cognitive changes |
Sweating | Confusion | Difficult memory |
Paresthesias | Dizziness | Troubles with language |
Tremor | Irritability | |
Palpitations | Bradylalia | Bradykinesia |
Anxiety | Lipothymia | |
Drowsiness | ||
Bradypsychia | ||
Seizures | ||
Coma |
Clinical manifestations of neuroglycopenia.
Mild hypoglycemia has subtle symptoms which are inconspicuous with cognitive changes. Multiple studies have done experiments on both humans and animals, finding an association between hypoglycemia and cognitive impairment, affecting complex abilities more than simple ones, regulated by the hippocampus [45, 46]. After a severe hypoglycemia episode, the cognitive deterioration in different cerebral domains appears in healthy individuals with glucose blood levels between 2.6 and 3.3 mmol/l [47]. Severe hypoglycemia causes a decrease in the performance of cognitive tasks, such as verbal fluency, reaction time, arithmetic abilities and verbal and visual memory [48]. The cognitive function drop is seen after the activation of the counterregulatory response and the presence of neuroglycopenic symptoms in diabetic patients, however, this response changes in non-diabetic patients in whom the cognitive function is immediately impaired, even before the counterregulatory neuroendocrine response starts and senses the neuroglycopenic symptoms (Table 2) [47, 48].
In 1990, Ryan et al., evaluated the cognitive effects after a hypoglycemic event in children, using the hypoglycemic clamp technique, with a control group with normal glucose levels. Hypoglycemic values were 3.1–3.6 mmol/l and the euglycemic values were from 5.5 mmol/l onwards, noticing a significant decrease in the trail-making test (mental flexibility), attention and decision making in the mild hypoglycemic group. Also, once the glycemic values were restored (>5.5 mmol/l), there was no recovery observed in the attention or reaction time tests, which suggests a long-term neurological effect [49].
Other studies have documented attention, intelligence and memory disturbances in children with a history of severe hypoglycemia [48, 49]. Childhood hypoglycemia represents an essential factor that affects specific cognitive capabilities such as memory, learning, intelligence and attention, being the most vulnerable cognitive domains to hypoglycemia in children [50, 51]. However, no studies have been made comparing the history of hypoglycemia with long-term control groups, therefore, the sequels that may develop are unknown with certainty.
Also, there have been reported mood disorders associated with repeated events of severe hypoglycemia, especially in depressive disorder until 24 hours after the event. Acute hypoglycemia changes the state of mind causing the patient to feel exhausted and reducing the hedonic tone. The consequence of long-term and repetitive periods of moderate hypoglycemia to neuronal damage and cognitive function is not well understood, however, prolonged hypoglycemia with the absence of isoelectricity can also induce neuron death restricted mainly to the cerebral cortex. Glucose blood concentrations of 30–35 mg/dl for 75 minutes can cause significant neuron damage in the medial prefrontal cortex, piriform cortex and orbital cortex [52].
Objective damage from repeated hypoglycemia events is difficult to document because routine imaging studies are not usually performed in this type of patient, as it is an event that is treated in the emergency room and it usually subsides in a few minutes. However, some studies have evaluated diabetic patients with recurrent hypoglycemia events trying to correlate cognitive alterations and imaging findings in MRI [53]. It has been reported cortical atrophy in type 1 diabetic patients with severe recurrent hypoglycemia events while in patients who do not have recurrent events these findings were not present, nevertheless, these findings were not related to the cognitive alterations. There are also case reports in which the MRI shows a reduction in the white matter of the hippocampus, thalamus and globus pallidus, correlating this with memory loss and anterograde amnesia, however, these findings are not common, which make them statistically insignificant.
The physiology of glucose in the human brain has already been discussed thoroughly, its’ way through the blood-brain barrier and molecular, cellular, tissue and systemic conditions, on the other hand, it is important to mention some clinical scenarios where these events take place even though there are not evident and can explain part of the symptoms and prognostic in each entity. This section will briefly describe neuropathologic things that cause glucose levels alterations at the central nervous system and important treatment aspects (Figure 6).
Hypoglycemia negatively affects diseases of the central nervous system.
The relationship between changes in glucose values and cardiovascular events, such as stroke and acute myocardial infarction, has been well established. Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are factors that vary patient prognosis [54]. Glucose dysregulation is a common situation in neurocritical patients. Since 1849, the association between hyperglycemia and prognosis has been described in patients with cerebral infarction, a situation that has been repeated in more recent studies [55, 56], which also include patients with acute brain injury secondary to other situations such as meningitis and cranioencephalic trauma [57].
From several years, it has been thought that intensive glucose control by continuous infusion, even to near-normal levels, might be beneficial to the patient; however, the NICE-SUGAR study group conducted a randomized clinical trial comparing intensive glucose control (from 81 to 108 mg/dl) with a group in which glucose levels were more permissive (up to 180 mg/dl), with subcutaneous bolus insulin administration. Glucose below 140 mg/dl was associated with increased hypoglycemia events and increased cardiovascular mortality, whereas glucose levels above 180 mg/dl were associated with the worse neurological recovery and increased likelihood of sequelae [58, 59]. Multiple studies have reached the same conclusion, including the SHINE study, in which intensive control compared with the standard modality did not make a significant difference in functional outcome (Rankin scale at 90 days) [60].
Very loose glucose control was associated with worse neurological recovery, although it does not significantly influence mortality in the neurocritical patient, some sequelae may impact functionality [61].
Several clinical trials have shown that cerebral stroke patients with acute elevation of glycemia at the onset of the event suffer worse functional outcomes, longer hospital stay and higher mortality with a higher rate of bleeding after the ischemic event [62]. The definition of hyperglycemia is debated, the reference cohort for different authors usually varies according to the results obtained in clinical trials, where the objective is the correlation between glucose levels and increased mortality, findings are diverse, finding favorable results with levels of 110–155 mg/dl [63, 64]. It has been shown that patients with ischemic stroke who are treated with tissue plasminogen activator benefit from glucose levels below 140 mg/dl in the first hours of treatment, which correlates with the benefit of the fibrinolytic drug, since patients with adequate initial glycemic control had higher reperfusion rates, smaller infarcts, and better functional prognosis than patients with higher glucose levels, this is independent of chronic glycemic dyscontrol [65, 66]. Although evidence indicates that intensive glucose control does not impact mortality, hypoglycemia could have an impact on the development of neurological damage and long-term sequelae, perpetuating the damage already established by previous injuries in the neurocritical patient [67].
During traumatic brain injury there is a net decrease in glucose in microdialysis, but an increase in glutamate and lactate/pyruvate in microdialysis, with an adverse effect on the long-term recovery of neurological function [68]. Care should be taken in the management of these patients, as it is known that during traumatic injury there is hyperglycemia, using insulin to control it and decrease brain damage due to hyperglycemia, however, adequate monitoring should be performed, as lowering glucose levels with insulin may induce and aggravate secondary brain injury [69].
A hypothesis suggests that post-traumatic reductions in extracellular glucose levels are not due to ischemia, but are associated with poor neurological outcomes. Neurosurgical data from the microdialysis catheter in uninjured brain tissue with a perfusion rate of 2 uL/min suggest that glucose values of 0.5–1 mmol/L and lactate of 0.6–1.1 mmol/L are considered normal. In patients with epilepsy versus non-epileptic tissue perfused at 2.5 uL/min, mean glucose values of 0.82 ± 0.27 mmol/L and mean lactate levels of 1.3 ± 0.49 mmol/L were observed [70]. In minimally injured brain trauma patients perfused at a rate of 2 uL/min and under conditions of normal intracranial pressure and normal tissue oxygenation, reports of mean glucose values have ranged from 0.5 to 1.1 mmol/L, demonstrating that glucose variations are not significant during direct trauma [71]. The extracellular glucose level is generally reduced after severe traumatic brain injury and is associated with poor neurological recovery, but is not associated with ischemia [72].
Due to these findings, blood glucose control in patients with traumatic brain injury has recently been the subject of much research [68, 72]. A retrospective study included a total of 228 patients with severe trauma who were treated with insulin. In the first week (acute stage), a blood glucose target of 90–144 mg/dL (5–8 mmol/L) was associated with a reduced mortality rate and a decrease in intracranial pressure (ICP) compared with a blood glucose target of 63–117 mg/dL (3.5–6.5 mmol/L). However, in the second week, the groups appeared to have the reverse results: compared to the target group of 5–8 mmol/L, the 3.5–6.5 mmol/L group demonstrated a lower incidence of ICP and a reduction in infectious complications. Therefore, slightly higher blood glucose (5–8 mmol/L) appears to provide benefits during the first week, whereas lower blood glucose (3.5–6.5 mmol/L) may be more favorable during the later stages of recovery [69, 72]. Another study showed that blood glucose < 6–11 mmol/L could reduce mortality in patients with mild trauma, whereas, in severe cases, the ideal blood glucose target was 7.77–10.0 mmol/L.
Both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are harmful [70, 73]. Therefore, methods to improve intensive insulin therapy without inducing secondary complications should be investigated, and attention should also be focused on the prevention of hypoglycemia in patients with head injury [73]. It can be concluded that, in the first few days following traumatic brain injury, patients benefit most from less strict glucose control, and that, past this acute period, blood glucose targets should be modified.
An objective way to demonstrate neuroglycopenia without symptoms is by measuring glucose in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There are multiple etiologies that lower glucose centrally and are recognized not by the symptomatology of neuroglycopenia but by the characteristic symptoms of each disease and the presence of hypoglycorrhachia (there are multiple definitions, however, the most accepted is CSF glucose/serum glucose ratio ≤ 0.5, and < 40 mg/dl is considered severe) [74, 75]. The etiologies are diverse in both children and adults (Table 3) [74, 75, 76]. Treatment is disease-specific and hypoglycorrhachia is not specifically treated.
Infectious diseases | Non-infectious diseases |
---|---|
Meningitis caused by typical bacteria, atypical bacteria, viruses, parasites, mycobacteria or fungal etiology. | Carcinomatous meningitis. |
GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome. | |
Amebic meningoencephalitis. | Leukemia or lymphoma involving CNS. |
Cytomegalovirus. | Subarachnoid hemorrhage. |
Other causes of hypoglycorrhachia | |
Malignant atrophic papulosis. | Neurosarcoidosis. |
Meningitis of rheumatoid etiology. | |
Cholesterol-induced leptomeningitis. | Behcet’s disease. |
Rheumatoid meningitis | Dermoid cyst. |
Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. | Systemic lupus erythematous with CNS involvement. |
Diseases with hypoglycorrhachia without neuroglycopenia.
Neuro-COVID has been described for its clinical manifestations and findings in acute neurological disease, and the data that have caused the most impact when talking about encephalitis secondary to COVID-19 is hypoglycorrhachia and changes in the electroencephalogram [77]. Based on the above, our team conducted an investigation during the current SARS-CoV2 pandemic in 30 patients with a diagnosis and positive polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV2, without any obvious neurological manifestations, and performed a clinical history, complete physical and neurological examination, lumbar puncture and electroencephalogram, obtaining the following results: We found a high prevalence of minor neurological manifestations, such as headache, anosmia, dysgeusia and hypoaesthesia predominating in the early stages [78]. Other frequent abnormal findings were in the CSF with hypoglycorrhachia >70% and less frequently in the electroencephalogram of the scalp with focal and generalized dysfunction in <20%.
Glucose is the main fuel for the appropriate functioning of the central nervous system. It has been described the main mechanism of entry and use of glucose at the molecular and cellular levels. We emphasize that neurons and astrocytes interact to form common metabolic cooperation generating a neuroprotective effect to avoid hypoglycemic coma or a major brain injury that leads to cellular death. We cannot forget that when a patient has already had neuroglycopenia secondary to hypoglycemia, he/she already has a change in his/her metabolism and recurrence becomes more frequent with each episode, which is why some insulin-dependent diabetics die. The management of glucose in critically ill patients or at the brain level is different and the ideal treatment and glucose values at central and serum levels are not clear. Central nervous system diseases that cause hypoglycorrhachia are treated by etiology and not by low central glucose. Finally, at the time of writing this chapter we faced with the fact that the amount of published information is old and repetitive, it is important to continue research on the damage, prevention and prognosis of glucose levels at the central level in different scenarios.
Architect Dulce Maria Gallardo Rocha and Engineer Luis Miguel Vaquera Ortiz for making and editing the images and tables used in this chapter.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
a-amino-3-hydroxy-methyloxazole-4propionic acid
apoptosis inducing factor
adenosine triphosphate
apoptotic protease-activating factor 1
blood brain barrier
calcium
cytochrome C
deciliters
deoxyribonucleic acid
Fluoro-Jade B
hydrogen
glucose transporter
glucose-6-phosphate
potassium
(lactate)
lactate dehydrogenase
medium-chain triglycerides
milligrams
milligrams per liter
magnesium
millimoles
millimoles per liter
sodium
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidized
N-methyl-D-aspartate
neuronal nitric oxide synthase
derived from oxygen species
reactive oxygen species
sodium dependent glucose transport
poly-ADPribose
pyruvate
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11818",title:"Uveitis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f8c178e6f45ba7b500281005b5d5b67a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11818.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11837",title:"Ecology and Geography of the Mediterranean",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bbb25987a982d61da4f47fb13614ba3c",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11837.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:79},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:22}],offset:12,limit:12,total:230},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"155",title:"Ceramics",slug:"ceramics",parent:{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"},numberOfBooks:23,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:622,numberOfWosCitations:1429,numberOfCrossrefCitations:680,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1651,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"155",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10941",title:"Ferrites",subtitle:"Synthesis and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a323bfa4565d7c676bc3733b4983b0",slug:"ferrites-synthesis-and-applications",bookSignature:"Maaz Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9894",title:"Advanced Ceramic Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9adbe58d10d5ca2b61e9ff2b6b138f40",slug:"advanced-ceramic-materials",bookSignature:"Mohsen Mhadhbi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9894.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8612",title:"Geopolymers and Other Geosynthetics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"adfd9b7e361d6bb82c88220c7b28765a",slug:"geopolymers-and-other-geosynthetics",bookSignature:"Mazen Alshaaer and Han-Yong Jeon",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8612.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"315119",title:"Dr.",name:"Mazen",middleName:null,surname:"Alshaaer",slug:"mazen-alshaaer",fullName:"Mazen Alshaaer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7449",title:"Ceramic Materials",subtitle:"Synthesis, Characterization, Applications and Recycling",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ec6a7353676eab0c75ad96e44512952f",slug:"ceramic-materials-synthesis-characterization-applications-and-recycling",bookSignature:"Dolores Eliche Quesada, Luis Perez Villarejo and Pedro Sánchez Soto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7449.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"225122",title:"Prof.",name:"Dolores",middleName:null,surname:"Eliche Quesada",slug:"dolores-eliche-quesada",fullName:"Dolores Eliche Quesada"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7519",title:"Sol-Gel Method",subtitle:"Design and Synthesis of New Materials with Interesting Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cf094d22ebcb3083749e5f96e47f7769",slug:"sol-gel-method-design-and-synthesis-of-new-materials-with-interesting-physical-chemical-and-biological-properties",bookSignature:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7519.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"186652",title:"Dr.",name:"Guadalupe",middleName:null,surname:"Valverde Aguilar",slug:"guadalupe-valverde-aguilar",fullName:"Guadalupe Valverde Aguilar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7333",title:"Sintering Technology",subtitle:"Method and Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d0b37ebc58f468e22dd7c63f94d0761e",slug:"sintering-technology-method-and-application",bookSignature:"Malin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7333.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165407",title:"Dr.",name:"Malin",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",slug:"malin-liu",fullName:"Malin Liu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6084",title:"Recent Advances in Porous Ceramics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c6749abbf887821d1030727f7eee1d6f",slug:"recent-advances-in-porous-ceramics",bookSignature:"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6084.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"182041",title:null,name:"Uday",middleName:"M.",surname:"Basheer",slug:"uday-basheer",fullName:"Uday Basheer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5827",title:"New Technologies in Protective Coatings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b569584985468cd3d20b12d8098a3a9c",slug:"new-technologies-in-protective-coatings",bookSignature:"Carlos Giudice and Guadalupe Canosa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"100127",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Giudice",slug:"carlos-giudice",fullName:"Carlos Giudice"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5215",title:"Piezoelectric Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a062db03e5e21b64942d5d4dfd9b7bd2",slug:"piezoelectric-materials",bookSignature:"Toshio Ogawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5215.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"33684",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Ogawa",slug:"toshio-ogawa",fullName:"Toshio Ogawa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4788",title:"Advanced Ceramic Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"537975e8ade968caf3e16ea092b9c973",slug:"advanced-ceramic-processing",bookSignature:"Adel Mohamed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4788.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148964",title:"Dr.",name:"A.M.A",middleName:null,surname:"Mohamed",slug:"a.m.a-mohamed",fullName:"A.M.A Mohamed"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4485",title:"Sintering Techniques of Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3b86bfd3fbf78fd259db41fedf4123f",slug:"sintering-techniques-of-materials",bookSignature:"Arunachalam Lakshmanan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4485.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"94482",title:"Dr.",name:"Arunachalam",middleName:null,surname:"Lakshmanan",slug:"arunachalam-lakshmanan",fullName:"Arunachalam Lakshmanan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3272",title:"Piezoelectric Materials and Devices",subtitle:"Practice and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a41c5bb092cc30980df760d6bec44c20",slug:"piezoelectric-materials-and-devices-practice-and-applications",bookSignature:"Farzad Ebrahimi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3272.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"20062",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzad",middleName:null,surname:"Ebrahimi",slug:"farzad-ebrahimi",fullName:"Farzad Ebrahimi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:23,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"42566",doi:"10.5772/53706",title:"Challenges and Opportunities for Spark Plasma Sintering: A Key Technology for a New Generation of Materials",slug:"challenges-and-opportunities-for-spark-plasma-sintering-a-key-technology-for-a-new-generation-of-mat",totalDownloads:9164,totalCrossrefCites:99,totalDimensionsCites:211,abstract:null,book:{id:"3478",slug:"sintering-applications",title:"Sintering Applications",fullTitle:"Sintering Applications"},signatures:"M. Suárez, A. Fernández, J.L. Menéndez, R. Torrecillas, H. U. Kessel, J. Hennicke, R. Kirchner and T. Kessel",authors:[{id:"102383",title:"Dr.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Suárez",slug:"marta-suarez",fullName:"Marta Suárez"},{id:"103822",title:"Dr.",name:"J.L",middleName:null,surname:"Menendez",slug:"j.l-menendez",fullName:"J.L Menendez"},{id:"103833",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramón",middleName:null,surname:"Torrecillas",slug:"ramon-torrecillas",fullName:"Ramón Torrecillas"},{id:"162633",title:"Dr.",name:"Adolfo",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández",slug:"adolfo-fernandez",fullName:"Adolfo Fernández"}]},{id:"17600",doi:"10.5772/20472",title:"Molten Salt Synthesis of Ceramic Powders",slug:"molten-salt-synthesis-of-ceramic-powders",totalDownloads:8347,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:82,abstract:null,book:{id:"474",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-synthesis-and-characterization-processing-and-specific-applications",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Synthesis and Characterization, Processing and Specific Applications"},signatures:"Toshio Kimura",authors:[{id:"39121",title:"Prof.",name:"Toshio",middleName:null,surname:"Kimura",slug:"toshio-kimura",fullName:"Toshio Kimura"}]},{id:"47735",doi:"10.5772/59275",title:"An Overview of Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Property of Additively Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V — Comparison among Selective Laser Melting, Electron Beam Melting, Laser Metal Deposition and Selective Laser Sintering, and with Conventional Powder",slug:"an-overview-of-densification-microstructure-and-mechanical-property-of-additively-manufactured-ti-6a",totalDownloads:5983,totalCrossrefCites:28,totalDimensionsCites:58,abstract:null,book:{id:"4485",slug:"sintering-techniques-of-materials",title:"Sintering Techniques of Materials",fullTitle:"Sintering Techniques of Materials"},signatures:"Ming Yan and Peng Yu",authors:[{id:"170985",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Yan",slug:"ming-yan",fullName:"Ming Yan"}]},{id:"18282",doi:"10.5772/21630",title:"Application of Zirconia in Dentistry: Biological, Mechanical and Optical Considerations",slug:"application-of-zirconia-in-dentistry-biological-mechanical-and-optical-considerations",totalDownloads:15995,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:45,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Cláudia Ângela Maziero Volpato, Luis Gustavo D ́Altoé Garbelotto, Márcio Celso Fredel and Federica Bondioli",authors:[{id:"12370",title:"Prof.",name:"Claudia",middleName:null,surname:"Volpato",slug:"claudia-volpato",fullName:"Claudia Volpato"},{id:"44042",title:"MSc.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Garbelotto",slug:"luis-garbelotto",fullName:"Luis Garbelotto"},{id:"44043",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcio",middleName:null,surname:"Fredel",slug:"marcio-fredel",fullName:"Marcio Fredel"},{id:"44044",title:"Prof.",name:"Federica",middleName:null,surname:"Bondioli",slug:"federica-bondioli",fullName:"Federica Bondioli"}]},{id:"33645",doi:"10.5772/38070",title:"Powder Injection Molding of Metal and Ceramic Parts",slug:"powder-injection-molding-of-metal-and-ceramic-parts-",totalDownloads:11959,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:43,abstract:null,book:{id:"1869",slug:"some-critical-issues-for-injection-molding",title:"Some Critical Issues for Injection Molding",fullTitle:"Some Critical Issues for Injection Molding"},signatures:"Joamín González-Gutiérrez, Gustavo Beulke Stringari and Igor Emri",authors:[{id:"115427",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",middleName:null,surname:"Emri",slug:"igor-emri",fullName:"Igor Emri"},{id:"116384",title:"MSc.",name:"Joamin",middleName:null,surname:"Gonzalez-Gutierrez",slug:"joamin-gonzalez-gutierrez",fullName:"Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez"},{id:"116385",title:"MSc.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Stringari",slug:"gustavo-stringari",fullName:"Gustavo Stringari"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18275",title:"Modeling and Identification of Parameters the Piezoelectric Transducers in Ultrasonic Systems",slug:"modeling-and-identification-of-parameters-the-piezoelectric-transducers-in-ultrasonic-systems",totalDownloads:10197,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"201",slug:"advances-in-ceramics-electric-and-magnetic-ceramics-bioceramics-ceramics-and-environment",title:"Advances in Ceramics",fullTitle:"Advances in Ceramics - Electric and Magnetic Ceramics, Bioceramics, Ceramics and Environment"},signatures:"Pawel Fabijanski and Ryszard Lagoda",authors:[{id:"13086",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Fabijański",slug:"pawel-fabijanski",fullName:"Pawel Fabijański"}]},{id:"54867",title:"Fire Retardant Coatings",slug:"fire-retardant-coatings",totalDownloads:4016,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Fire retardant coatings are often required to protect a wide range of products of both flammable and nonflammable against fire. It is an oldest, most efficient, and easiest method to apply any surface without modifying the intrinsic properties of materials. Moreover, the initial phase of fire always occurs on the surface by ignition, and hence, it is important to concentrate on the surface protection of a material. Being an organic nature of conventional surface coating will burn easily and generate smoke and toxic fumes, which may not be suitable for application where fire protection or fire prevention is required. Reaction-to-fire and/or resistance-to-fire are to be considered for assessing both flammable and non-flammable material by using fire retardant and fire resistant or fire protective coatings. The degree of fire retardation mainly depends on the coating thickness, substrates, and efficiency of formulations. This chapter explains briefly the fire retardation of wood by using fire retardant coatings.",book:{id:"5827",slug:"new-technologies-in-protective-coatings",title:"New Technologies in Protective Coatings",fullTitle:"New Technologies in Protective Coatings"},signatures:"Thirumal Mariappan",authors:[{id:"198114",title:"Dr.",name:"Thirumal",middleName:null,surname:"Mariappan",slug:"thirumal-mariappan",fullName:"Thirumal Mariappan"}]},{id:"75967",title:"Recent Advances in Ceramic Materials for Dentistry",slug:"recent-advances-in-ceramic-materials-for-dentistry",totalDownloads:811,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Dental ceramics constitute a heterogeneous group of materials with desirable optical and mechanical proprieties combined with chemical stability. They are inorganic non-metallic materials used in several applications. These materials are biocompatible to tissue, highly esthetic, with satisfying resistance to tensile and shear stress. Over the past years, several developments in new ceramic materials in dental restoration were achieved, including processing techniques and high mechanical properties. Thus, concepts on the structure and strengthening mechanisms of dental ceramic materials are also discussed. The dental practitioner requires best knowledge concerning indications, limitations, and correct use of started materials. The purpose of this book chapter is to overview advances in new ceramic materials and processes, which are used in dentistry. The properties of these materials are also discussed.",book:{id:"9894",slug:"advanced-ceramic-materials",title:"Advanced Ceramic Materials",fullTitle:"Advanced Ceramic Materials"},signatures:"Mohsen Mhadhbi, Faïçal Khlissa and Chaker Bouzidi",authors:[{id:"228366",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohsen",middleName:null,surname:"Mhadhbi",slug:"mohsen-mhadhbi",fullName:"Mohsen Mhadhbi"},{id:"324375",title:"Dr.",name:"Faïçal",middleName:null,surname:"Khlissa",slug:"faical-khlissa",fullName:"Faïçal Khlissa"},{id:"324535",title:"Dr.",name:"Chaker",middleName:null,surname:"Bouzidi",slug:"chaker-bouzidi",fullName:"Chaker Bouzidi"}]},{id:"66615",title:"Survey of Bauxite Resources, Alumina Industry and the Prospects of the Production of Geopolymer Composites from the Resulting by-product",slug:"survey-of-bauxite-resources-alumina-industry-and-the-prospects-of-the-production-of-geopolymer-compo",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Guinea is endowed with huge mineral resources. Several geological surveys have identified bauxite, iron, gold, diamond, and several metal ores. Because of the diversity and the magnitude of its resources, the country is referred to as a geological scandal. Nowadays the aluminum industry is still at the quarrying stage of bauxite, the main raw material that is converted into alumina and further to aluminum. Approximately 35–40% of the processed bauxite ore goes into the waste as alkaline red mud RM slurry which consists of 15–40% solids. RM and other industrial wastes material such as fly ash FA, rice husk ash RHA, that poses environmental hazards can be mixed to make them apt for usage in engineering applications. Geopolymers GP represent a new class of materials consisting of Al2O3▬SiO2-based material suitable for several engineering application. The present chapter presents the bauxitic potential of Guinea, the subsequent developing alumina industry. It reviews the application of RM for the production of geopolymer materials in the perspective of the valorization of the huge bauxite potential of Guinea.",book:{id:"8612",slug:"geopolymers-and-other-geosynthetics",title:"Geopolymers and Other Geosynthetics",fullTitle:"Geopolymers and Other Geosynthetics"},signatures:"Sékou Traoré, A. Diarra, O. Kourouma and D.L. Traoré",authors:[{id:"266484",title:"Prof.",name:"Sekou",middleName:null,surname:"Traore",slug:"sekou-traore",fullName:"Sekou Traore"},{id:"272379",title:"Dr.",name:"Doussou L.",middleName:null,surname:"Traoré",slug:"doussou-l.-traore",fullName:"Doussou L. Traoré"}]},{id:"59550",title:"Introductory Chapter: A Brief Introduction to Porous Ceramic",slug:"introductory-chapter-a-brief-introduction-to-porous-ceramic",totalDownloads:1865,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"6084",slug:"recent-advances-in-porous-ceramics",title:"Recent Advances in Porous Ceramics",fullTitle:"Recent Advances in Porous Ceramics"},signatures:"Uday M. Basheer Al-Naib",authors:[{id:"182041",title:null,name:"Uday",middleName:"M.",surname:"Basheer",slug:"uday-basheer",fullName:"Uday Basheer"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"155",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12086",title:"Cattle Diseases - Molecular and Biochemical Approach",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12086.jpg",hash:"afdbf57e32d996556a94528c06623cf3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 5th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11579",title:"Animal Welfare - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11579.jpg",hash:"12e4f41264cbe99028655e5463fa941a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"51520",title:"Dr.",name:"Shao-Wen",surname:"Hung",slug:"shao-wen-hung",fullName:"Shao-Wen Hung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82552",title:"Perspective Chapter: SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years Post-Onset of the Pandemic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105913",signatures:"Adekunle Sanyaolu, Aleksandra Marinkovic, Stephanie Prakash, Chuku Okorie, Abdul Jan, Priyank Desai, Abu Fahad Abbasi, Jasmine Mangat, Zaheeda Hosein, Kareem Hamdy, Nafees Haider, Nasar Khan, Rochelle Annan, Olanrewaju Badaru, Ricardo Izurieta and Stella Smith",slug:"perspective-chapter-sars-cov-2-variants-two-years-post-onset-of-the-pandemic",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University Plovdiv",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"243698",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"312999",title:"Dr.",name:"Bernard O.",middleName:null,surname:"Asimeng",slug:"bernard-o.-asimeng",fullName:"Bernard O. Asimeng",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188"},editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/103114",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"103114"},fullPath:"/profiles/103114",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()