Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\n
This achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\n
We are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\n
Thank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"686",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Erectile Dysfunction - Disease-Associated Mechanisms and Novel Insights into Therapy",title:"Erectile Dysfunction",subtitle:"Disease-Associated Mechanisms and Novel Insights into Therapy",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Erectile dysfunction is a widespread problem, affecting many men across all age groups and it is more than a serious quality of life problem for sexually active men. This book contains chapters written by widely acknowledged experts, each of which provides a unique synthesis of information on emergent aspects of ED. All chapters take into account not only the new perspectives on ED but also recent extensions of basic knowledge that presage directions for further research. The approach in this book has been to not only describe recent popular aspects of ED, such as basic mechanism updates, etiologic factors and pharmacotherapy, but also disease-associated ED and some future perspectives in this field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0199-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6865-2",doi:"10.5772/1195",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"erectile-dysfunction-disease-associated-mechanisms-and-novel-insights-into-therapy",numberOfPages:228,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c5caa41eb9d576f7765dfcb06a6df94c",bookSignature:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes",publishedDate:"February 29th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/686.jpg",numberOfDownloads:49687,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:12,numberOfDimensionsCitations:37,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:12,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:70,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 14th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 11th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 16th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 15th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",middleName:"Pedrosa",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71405/images/2161_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kenia Pedrosa Nunes is a vascular biologist who studies diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and especially erectile dysfunction (ED). She received her master’s degree in Molecular and Biochemistry Pharmacology and her Ph.D. in Physiology from the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. As a postdoctoral fellow at the Medical College of Georgia, Dr. Nunes specialized in vascular function and dysfunction and started to study how the immune system contributes to the development of hypertension and diabetes-associated ED. The role of the immune system in diabetes and cardiovascular disease is now being investigated by many scientists around the world. Dr. Nunes’s research has been supported by the American Heart Association (AHA) since 2009. She is a professor of Human Physiology and Anatomy at the Florida Institute of Technology, where she continues to work on rewarding projects involving diabetes and hypertension, using animal models to investigate different pathways leading to vascular diseases and new treatment targets. She has to her credit more than 20 peer-reviewed manuscripts, 6 book chapters, and an international patent regarding pharmaceutical compositions to improve vasculogenic erectile function.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Florida Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1161",title:"Andrology",slug:"andrology"}],chapters:[{id:"30215",title:"\ufeffMechanisms in Erectile Function and Dysfunction: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/39088",slug:"mechanisms-in-erectile-function-and-dysfunction-an-overview",totalDownloads:7492,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:19,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes and R. Clinton Webb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30215",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30215",authors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"},{id:"134106",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Clinton",surname:"Webb",slug:"r.-clinton-webb",fullName:"R. Clinton Webb"}],corrections:null},{id:"30216",title:"Erectile Dysfunction Etiological Factors",doi:"10.5772/30373",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-etiological-factors",totalDownloads:2904,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rafaela Rosalba de Mendonça, Fernando Korkes and João Paulo Zambon",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30216",authors:[{id:"29233",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Korkes",slug:"fernando-korkes",fullName:"Fernando Korkes"},{id:"82242",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Paulo",surname:"Zambon",slug:"joao-paulo-zambon",fullName:"Joao Paulo Zambon"},{id:"82328",title:"Mrs.",name:"Rafaela",surname:"Mendonça",slug:"rafaela-mendonca",fullName:"Rafaela Mendonça"}],corrections:null},{id:"30217",title:"Erectile Dysfunction and Quality of Life",doi:"10.5772/32423",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-and-quality-of-life",totalDownloads:4145,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Quek Kia Fatt",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30217",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30217",authors:[{id:"91458",title:"Dr.",name:"Kia Fatt",surname:"Quek",slug:"kia-fatt-quek",fullName:"Kia Fatt Quek"}],corrections:null},{id:"30218",title:"The Role Erectile Dysfunction Plays in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/39140",slug:"the-role-erectile-dysfunction-plays-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:2692,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sandra Crestani, Kenia Pedrosa Nunes, Maria Consuelo Andrade Marques, José Eduardo Da Silva Santos and R. Clinton Webb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30218",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30218",authors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"},{id:"134106",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Clinton",surname:"Webb",slug:"r.-clinton-webb",fullName:"R. Clinton Webb"},{id:"138293",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Crestani",slug:"sandra-crestani",fullName:"Sandra Crestani"},{id:"151639",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Consuelo",surname:"Andrade Marques",slug:"maria-consuelo-andrade-marques",fullName:"Maria Consuelo Andrade Marques"},{id:"151640",title:"Dr.",name:"José Eduardo",surname:"da Silva Santos",slug:"jose-eduardo-da-silva-santos",fullName:"José Eduardo da Silva Santos"}],corrections:null},{id:"30219",title:"Erectile Dysfunction: A Chronic Complication of the Diabetes Mellitus",doi:"10.5772/31005",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-a-chronic-complication-of-the-diabetes-mellitus",totalDownloads:4321,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Eulises Díaz-Díaz, Mario Cárdenas León, Nesty Olivares Arzuaga, Carlos M. Timossi, Rita Angélica Gómez Díaz, Carlos Aguilar Salinas and Fernando Larrea",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30219",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30219",authors:[{id:"85181",title:"Dr.",name:"Eulises",surname:"Díaz-Díaz",slug:"eulises-diaz-diaz",fullName:"Eulises Díaz-Díaz"},{id:"85572",title:"MSc.",name:"Mario",surname:"Cárdenas-León",slug:"mario-cardenas-leon",fullName:"Mario Cárdenas-León"},{id:"85574",title:"Dr.",name:"Nesty",surname:"Olivares-Arzuaga",slug:"nesty-olivares-arzuaga",fullName:"Nesty Olivares-Arzuaga"},{id:"91055",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",surname:"Aguilar-Salinas",slug:"carlos-aguilar-salinas",fullName:"Carlos Aguilar-Salinas"},{id:"91056",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Larrea",slug:"fernando-larrea",fullName:"Fernando Larrea"},{id:"125201",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos M.",surname:"Timossi",slug:"carlos-m.-timossi",fullName:"Carlos M. Timossi"},{id:"125203",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita Angélica",surname:"Gómez Díaz",slug:"rita-angelica-gomez-diaz",fullName:"Rita Angélica Gómez Díaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"30220",title:"Premature Ejaculation Re-Visited: Definition and Contemporary Management Approaches",doi:"10.5772/25670",slug:"premature-ejaculation-re-visited-definition-and-contemporary-management-approaches",totalDownloads:5579,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tariq F. Al-Shaiji",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30220",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30220",authors:[{id:"64097",title:"Dr.",name:"Tariq",surname:"Al-Shaiji",slug:"tariq-al-shaiji",fullName:"Tariq Al-Shaiji"}],corrections:null},{id:"30221",title:"Erectile Dysfunction in Paraplegic Males",doi:"10.5772/30880",slug:"erectile-dysfunction-in-paraplegic-males",totalDownloads:7277,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Charalampos Konstantinidis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30221",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30221",authors:[{id:"84607",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",surname:"Konstantinidis",slug:"charalampos-konstantinidis",fullName:"Charalampos Konstantinidis"}],corrections:null},{id:"30222",title:"Current Perspectives on Pharmacotherapy Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/39151",slug:"current-perspectives-on-pharmacotherapy-treatments-for-erectile-dysfunction",totalDownloads:3848,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jason E. Davis, Kenia Pedrosa Nunes, Inger Stallmann-Jorgensen and R. Clinton Webb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30222",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30222",authors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"},{id:"134106",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Clinton",surname:"Webb",slug:"r.-clinton-webb",fullName:"R. Clinton Webb"},{id:"138642",title:"MSc.",name:"Inger",surname:"Stallmann-Jorgensen",slug:"inger-stallmann-jorgensen",fullName:"Inger Stallmann-Jorgensen"},{id:"138644",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason E.",surname:"Davis",slug:"jason-e.-davis",fullName:"Jason E. Davis"}],corrections:null},{id:"30223",title:"Surgical Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/33854",slug:"surgical-treatment-of-erectile-dysfunction",totalDownloads:5106,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Faruk Kucukdurmaz and Ates Kadioglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30223",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30223",authors:[{id:"97397",title:"Prof.",name:"Ates",surname:"Kadioglu",slug:"ates-kadioglu",fullName:"Ates Kadioglu"},{id:"97423",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruk",surname:"Kucukdurmaz",slug:"faruk-kucukdurmaz",fullName:"Faruk Kucukdurmaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"30224",title:"Gene and Stem Cell Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction",doi:"10.5772/39052",slug:"gene-and-stem-cell-therapy-in-erectile-dysfunction",totalDownloads:3374,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Trevor Hardigan, R. Clinton Webb and Kenia Pedrosa Nunes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30224",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30224",authors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"},{id:"134106",title:"Dr.",name:"R. Clinton",surname:"Webb",slug:"r.-clinton-webb",fullName:"R. Clinton Webb"},{id:"134107",title:"Dr.",name:"Trevor",surname:"Hardigan",slug:"trevor-hardigan",fullName:"Trevor Hardigan"}],corrections:null},{id:"30225",title:"The Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Erectile Dysfunction Subjects Using Photoplethysmography",doi:"10.5772/30031",slug:"the-assessment-of-atherosclerosis-in-erectile-dysfunction-subjects-using-photoplethysmography",totalDownloads:2949,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yousef Kamel Qawqzeh, Mamun Ibne Reaz and Mohd Aluadin Mohd Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/30225",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/30225",authors:[{id:"30522",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Alauddin",surname:"Mohd Ali",slug:"mohd-alauddin-mohd-ali",fullName:"Mohd Alauddin Mohd Ali"},{id:"80493",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousef",surname:"Qawqzeh",slug:"yousef-qawqzeh",fullName:"Yousef Qawqzeh"},{id:"129681",title:"Dr.",name:"Mamun Bin Ibne",surname:"Reaz",slug:"mamun-bin-ibne-reaz",fullName:"Mamun Bin Ibne Reaz"},{id:"129683",title:"Prof.",name:"Oteh",surname:"Maskon",slug:"oteh-maskon",fullName:"Oteh Maskon"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"4608",title:"Major Topics in Type 1 Diabetes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dc2bfb3804ab3384b3182cae2ffbcf3f",slug:"major-topics-in-type-1-diabetes",bookSignature:"Kenia Pedrosa Nunes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4608.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"71405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kenia",surname:"Nunes",slug:"kenia-nunes",fullName:"Kenia Nunes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6079",title:"Spermatozoa",subtitle:"Facts and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d4488814a6ea68efcd3544209c9e4d2",slug:"spermatozoa-facts-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Rosaria Meccariello and Rosanna Chianese",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6079.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"143980",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosaria",surname:"Meccariello",slug:"rosaria-meccariello",fullName:"Rosaria Meccariello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"972",title:"Male Infertility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"92b68c49e083613bc65d3db92f6aca22",slug:"male-infertility",bookSignature:"Anu Bashamboo and Kenneth David McElreavey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/972.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"87226",title:"Dr.",name:"Anu",surname:"Bashamboo",slug:"anu-bashamboo",fullName:"Anu Bashamboo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10724",title:"Male Reproductive Anatomy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a3fdda3194735da4287e9ea193beb07e",slug:"male-reproductive-anatomy",bookSignature:"Wei Wu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10724.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7985",title:"Circumcision and the Community",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"023cc135aeeae6d2ea8cfc01ab3f4dc7",slug:"circumcision-and-the-community",bookSignature:"Ahmad Zaghal and Nishat Rahman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7985.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"240621",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmad",surname:"Zaghal",slug:"ahmad-zaghal",fullName:"Ahmad Zaghal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7931",title:"Male Reproductive Health",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5754baea5de6a634c66bae12a33d52d9",slug:"male-reproductive-health",bookSignature:"Wei Wu, Francesco Ziglioli and Umberto Maestroni",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"178661",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Wu",slug:"wei-wu",fullName:"Wei Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-graves-disease",title:"Corrigendum: Graves’ Disease",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79787.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79787",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79787",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79787",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79787",chapter:{id:"75553",slug:"graves-disease-clinical-significance-and-management",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 14th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296190",title:"Dr.",name:"Thenmozhi",middleName:null,surname:"Paluchamy",fullName:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",slug:"thenmozhi-paluchamy",email:"thenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"75553",slug:"graves-disease-clinical-significance-and-management",signatures:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",dateSubmitted:"December 3rd 2020",dateReviewed:"February 4th 2021",datePrePublished:"July 14th 2021",datePublished:"December 1st 2021",book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"296190",title:"Dr.",name:"Thenmozhi",middleName:null,surname:"Paluchamy",fullName:"Thenmozhi Paluchamy",slug:"thenmozhi-paluchamy",email:"thenmozhi.sethu@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"10312",title:"Graves' Disease",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Graves' Disease",slug:"graves-disease",publishedDate:"December 1st 2021",bookSignature:"Robert Gensure",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10312.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16515",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Gensure",slug:"robert-gensure",fullName:"Robert Gensure"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11549",leadTitle:null,title:"Data Integrity and Data Governance",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tData Integrity is one of the hottest topics now and will continue to be in the future. Regulatory authorities around the world have issued a number of guidance documents on data integrity and data governance since the start of 2015 as well as two industry guidance documents. However, all documents are vague and most do not contain detailed examples or advice to help regulated laboratories to implement policies, procedures, and processes to ensure integrity: they outline what needs to be done but there is often insufficient detail for effective implementation. From an analytical perspective, there has not been a detailed focus on data integrity in a regulated analytical laboratory. Hence, the rationale for writing this book. The aim of this book is to provide practical and detailed advice on how to implement data integrity and data governance. The people are involved with data integrity and data governance programs. IT professionals may also find useful information in the topics of networked systems.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-863-8",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-862-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-885-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"97a93f73a55957a70eb2a40de891b344",bookSignature:"Dr. B. Santhosh Kumar",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11549.jpg",keywords:"Integrity, Governance, Inspection, Analogy, Validation, Verification, Regulations, Policy, Procedures, Training, Standards, Methods",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 15th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 23rd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 22nd 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 10th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 9th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. B. Santhosh Kumar is currently a professor at Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad. He has more than 95 publications to his credit, including 54 journal articles and 41 conference papers. He received twelve awards from various professional bodies. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and was appointed as an ACM Distinguished Speaker.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"330426",title:"Dr.",name:"B. Santhosh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"b.-santhosh-kumar",fullName:"B. Santhosh Kumar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/330426/images/system/330426.jpg",biography:"Dr. B. Santhosh Kumar is currently a professor at Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Hyderabad. His research interests include data science, machine learning, blockchain technology, and data mining. He has more than 95 publications to his credit, including 54 journal articles and 41 conference papers. He has delivered fifteen guest lectures, webinars, and keynote speeches on various occasions. He received twelve awards from various professional bodies. He is a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and appointed as an ACM Distinguished Speaker. He is also a reviewer for reputed journals including IEEE Transactions, IEEE Access, ACM Transactions, and others.",institutionString:"Guru Nanak Institute of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Guru Nanak Institiutions",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"9",title:"Computer and Information Science",slug:"computer-and-information-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10208",title:"Data Integrity and Quality",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8ed9de4128cec41977b8759bedd7adc",slug:"data-integrity-and-quality",bookSignature:"Santhosh Kumar Balan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10208.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"330426",title:"Dr.",name:"B. Santhosh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"b.-santhosh-kumar",fullName:"B. Santhosh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38513",title:"Circular and Square Concrete Columns Externally Confined by CFRP Composite: Experimental Investigation and Effective Strength Models",doi:"10.5772/51589",slug:"circular-and-square-concrete-columns-externally-confined-by-cfrp-composite-experimental-investigatio",body:'\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
1. Introduction
\n\t\t\t
The use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) jackets as an external mean to strengthen existing RC columns has emerged in recent years with very promising results [1-13], among others. Several studies on the performance of FRP wrapped columns have been conducted, using both experimental and analytical approaches. Such strengthening technique has proved to be very effective in enhancing their ductility and axial load capacity. However, the majority of such studies have focused on the performance of columns of circular cross section. The data available for columns of square or rectangular cross sections have increased over recent years but are still limited. This field remains in its developmental stages and more testing and analysis are needed to explore its capabilities, limitations, and design applicability. This study deals with a series of tests on circular and square plain concrete (PC) and reinforced concrete (RC) columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. According to the obtained test results, FRP-confined specimens’ failure occurs before the FRP reached their ultimate strain capacities. So the failure occurs prematurely and the circumferential failure strain was lower than the ultimate strain obtained from standard tensile testing of the FRP composite. In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. This phenomenon considerably affects the accuracy of the existing models for FRP-confined concrete. On the basis of the effective lateral confining pressure of composite jacket and the effective circumferential FRP failure strain a new equations were proposed to predict the strength of FRP-confined concrete and corresponding strain for each of the cross section geometry used, circular and square. The predictions of the proposed equations are shown to agree well with test data. The specimen notations are as follows. The first letter refers to section shape: C for circular and S for square. The next two letters indicate the type of concrete: PC for plain concrete and RC for reinforced concrete, followed by the concrete mixture: I for normal strength (26 MPa), II for medium strength (50 MPa) and III for high strength (62 MPa). The last letters specifies the number of CFRP layers (0L, 1L and 3L), followed by the number of specimen.
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
2. Observed Behaviour of FRP Confined Concrete
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
2.1. FRP-Confined Concrete in Circular Columns
\n\t\t\t\t
The confinement action exerted by the FRP on the concrete core is of the passive type, that is, it arises as a result of the lateral expansion of concrete under axial load. As the axial stress increases, the corresponding lateral strain increases and the confining device develops a tensile hoop stress balanced by a uniform radial pressure which reacts against the concrete lateral expansion [14,15]. When an FRP confined cylinder is subject to axial compression, the concrete expands laterally and this expansion is restrained by the FRP. The confining action of the FRP composite for circular concrete columns is shown in Figure 1.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 1.
Confinement action of FRP jacket in circular sections
\n\t\t\t\t
For circular columns, the concrete is subject to uniform confinement, and the maximum confining pressure provided by FRP composite is related to the amount and strength of FRP and the diameter of the confined concrete core. The maximum value of the confinement pressure that the FRP can exert is attained when the circumferential strain in the FRP reaches its ultimate strain and the fibers rupture leading to brittle failure of the cylinder. This confining pressure is given by:
Where fl is the lateral confining pressure, Efrp is the elastic modulus of the FRP composite, εfu is the ultimate FRP tensile strain, ffrp is the ultimate tensile strength of the FRP composite, tfrp is the total thickness of the FRP, d is the diameter of the concrete cylinder, and ρfrp is the FRP volumetric ratio given by the following equation for fully wrapped circular cross section:
A square column with rounded corners is shown in Figure 2. To improve the effectiveness of FRP confinement, corner rounding is generally recommended. Due to the presence of internal steel reinforcement, the corner radius Rc is generally limited to small values. Existing studies on steel confined concrete [16-18] have led to the simple proposition that the concrete in a square section is confined by the transverse reinforcement through arching actions, and only the concrete contained by the four second-degree parabolas as shown in Figure 2a is fully confined while the confinement to the rest is negligible. These parabolas intersect the edges at 45°. While there are differences between steel and FRP in providing confinement, the observation that only part of the section is well confined is obviously also valid in the case of FRP confinement. Youssef et al. (2007) [19] showed that confining square concrete members with FRP materials tends to produce confining stress concentrated around the corners of such members, as shown in Figure 2b. The reduced effectiveness of an FRP jacket for a square section than for a circular section has been confirmed by experimental results [2,20]. Despite this reduced effectiveness, an FRP-confined square concrete column generally also fails by FRP rupture [9,20]. In Equation (1), d is replaced by the diagonal length of the square section. For a square section with rounded corners, d can be written as:
Confinement action of FRP composite in square sections
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
3. Different Behaviour Between Steel and FRP Composite
\n\t\t\t
It is well known that concrete expands laterally before failure. If the lateral expansion is prevented, a substantial concrete strength and deformation enhancements may be gained. Thus, the expected enhancement in the axial load capacity of the columns wrapped with FRP may be due to two factors; first: the confinement effect of the externally bonded transverse fibers, and second: the direct contribution of longitudinally aligned fibers. Different behaviour between steel and FRP composite was observed due to the stress-strain relationship of each material shown in Figure 3. Fiber-reinforced polymer is linear elastic up to final brittle rupture when subject to tension while steel has an elastic-plastic region [21]. This is a very important property in terms of structural use of FRP composite. A part from illustrating typical strength differences between these materials, these curves give a clear contrast between the brittle behaviour of FRP composite and the ductile behaviour of steel. Steel confinement is based on the same mechanics of FRP. However, a fundamental difference is due to the stress-strain behaviour of steel, which after the initial linearly elastic phase displays the yielding plateau. Therefore, after reaching the maximum value corresponding to the yielding stress, the confinement pressure remains constant (neglecting strain hardening).
\n\t\t\t
Figure 3.
Typical FRP and mild-steel stress-strain curves [21]
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
4. Experimental Program
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.1. Materials Properties
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tConcrete mixtures : Three concrete mixtures were used to achieve the desired range of unconfined concrete strength (26, 50 and 62 MPa), as shown in Table 1. Mixtures were prepared in the laboratory using a mechanical mixer and were used to cast the concrete specimens which were wrapped with CFRP sheets after drying.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tCFRP composites : The carbon-fiber fabric used in this study were the SikaWrap-230C/45 product, a unidirectional wrap. The resin system that was used to bond the carbon fabrics over the specimens in this work was the epoxy resin made of two-parts, resin and hardener. The mixing ratio of the two components by weight was 4:1. SikaWrap-230C/45 was field laminated using Sikadur-330 epoxy to form a carbon fiber reinforced polymer wrap (CFRP) used to strengthen the concrete specimens. The mechanical properties, including the modulus and the tensile strength of the CFRP composite, were obtained through tensile testing of flat coupons. The tensile tests were conducted essentially following the NF EN ISO 527-(1, 2 and 5) recommendations. The tensile specimen configuration is represented in Figure 3a. All of the tests coupons were allowed to cure in the laboratory environment for at least 7 days. Prior to the testing, aluminum plates were glued to the ends of the coupons to avoid premature failure of the coupon ends, which were clamped in the jaws of the testing machine. The tests were carried out under displacement control at a rate of 1mm/min. The longitudinal strains were measured using strain gages at mid-length of the test coupon. The load and strain readings were taken using a data logging system and were stored in a computer. Main mechanical properties obtained from the average values of the tested coupons are summarized below:
\n\t\t\t\t
- Thickness (per ply) : 1 mm
\n\t\t\t\t
- Modulus Efrp : 34 GPa
\n\t\t\t\t
- Tensile strength ffrp : 450 MPa
\n\t\t\t\t
- Ultimate strain εfu : 14 ‰
\n\t\t\t\t
Note that the tensile strength was defined based on the cross-sectional area of the coupons, while the elastic modulus was calculated from the stress-strain response.
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.2. Fabrication of Test Specimens
\n\t\t\t\t
The experimental program was carried out on: 1) cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 160 mm and a height of 320 mm; 2) short columns specimens with a square cross section of 140x140 mm and a height of 280 mm. For all RC specimens the diameter of longitudinal and transverse reinforcing steel bars were respectively 12 mm and 8 mm. The longitudinal steel ratio was constant for all specimens and equal to 2.25%.The yield strength of the longitudinal and transversal reinforcement was 500 MPa and 235 MPa; respectively. The specimen notations are as follows. The first letter refers to section shape: C for circular and S for square. The next two letters indicate the type of concrete: PC for plain concrete and RC for reinforced concrete, followed by the concrete mixture: I for normal strength (26 MPa), II for medium strength (50 MPa) and III for high strength (62 MPa). The last letters specifies the number of CFRP layers (0L, 1L and 3L), followed by the number of specimen. Specimens involved in the experimental work are indicated in Table 1.
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Specimendesignation
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Concrete mixture
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Nominal dimensions [mm]
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of CFRP layers
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Number of specimens
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Unconfined concrete strength [MPa]
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCI.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCI.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCI.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ø160 x 320
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCI.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCI.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCI.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
26
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCI.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCI.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCI.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
I
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
140x140x280
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCI.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCI.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCI.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
II
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ø160 x 320
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
50
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
II
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
140x140x280
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCIII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCIII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CPCIII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
III
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
Ø160 x 320
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCIII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCIII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CRCIII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
62
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCIII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCIII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SPCIII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
III
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
140x140x280
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCIII.0L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
0
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCIII.1L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
1
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
SRCIII.3L
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
3
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
2
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Table 1.
Details of test specimens
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.3. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wrapping
\n\t\t\t\t
After 28 days of curing, the FRP jackets were applied to the specimens by hand lay-up of CFRP Wrap with an epoxy resin. The resin system used in this work was made of two parts, namely, resin and hardener. The components were thoroughly mixed with a mechanical agitator for at least 3 min. The concrete cylinders were cleaned and completely dried before the resin was applied. The mixed Sikadur-330 epoxy resin was directly applied onto the substrate at a rate of 0,7 kg/m2. The fabric was carefully placed into the resin with gloved hands and smooth out any irregularities or air pockets using a plastic laminating roller. The roller was continuously used until the resin was reflected on the surface of the fabric, an indication of fully wetting. After the application of the first wrap of the CFRP, a second layer of resin at a rate of 0,5 kg/m2 was applied on the surface of the first layer to allow the impregnation of the second layer of the CFRP, The third layer is made in the same way. Finally, a layer of resin was applied on the surface of wrapped cylinders. This system is a passive type in that tensile stress in the FRP is gradually developed as the concrete dilates. This expansion is confined by the FRP jacket, which is loaded in tension in the hoop direction. Each layer was wrapped around the cylinder with an overlap of ¼ of the perimeter to avoid sliding or debonding of fibers during tests and to ensure the development of full composite strength (Figure 4). The wrapped cylinder specimens were left at room temperature for 1 week for the epoxy to harden adequately before testing.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 4.
Wrapped cylinder specimens
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
4.4. Test Procedures
\n\t\t\t\t
Specimens were loaded under a monotonic uni-axial compression load up to failure. The compressive load was applied at a rate corresponding to 0,24 MPa/s and was recorded with an automatic data acquisition system. Axial and lateral strains were measured using appreciable extensometer. The instrumentation included one radial linear variable differential transducers (LVDTs) placed in the form of a hoop at the mid-height of the specimens. Measurement devices also included three vertical LVDTs to measure the average axial strains. Prior to testing, all CFRP-wrapped cylinders, as well as the plain concrete cylinders, were capped with sulfur mortar at both ends.The test setup for the cylinders is as shown in Figure 5.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 5.
Test set-up
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
5. Test Results and Discussion
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.1. Overall Behavior
\n\t\t\t\t
Compression behavior of the CFRP wrapped specimens was mostly similar in each series in terms of stress-strain curves and failure modes of the columns. From the average experimental results reported in Table 2, it can be seen that the increase in strength and axial strain varied according to the unconfined concrete strength, the cross section shape and the amount of confinement provided by CFRP (expressed in number of layers).
\n\t\t\t\t
The test results described in Table 2 indicate that CFRP-confinemnt can significantly enhance the ultimate strengths and strains of both plain- and RC-columns. As observed for normal-strength RC specimens (26Mpa) with circular and square cross-sections, the average increase in strength were in the order of 69% and 22% over its unconfined concrete strength for columns with 1 layer, 141% and 46% for columns with 3 layers of CFRP jackets, respectively, while the respective values for medium-strength concrete (50 MPa) were 33% and 17% for 1 layer, 72% and 30% for 3 layers of CFRP jackets. Regarding high-strength concrete specimens (62 MPa) with circular and square cross-sections, f’cc, increased on average 20% and 17% for 1 layer, 50% and 24% for CFRP jackets of 3 layers, respectively.
\n\t\t\t\t
The axial strains corresponding to CFRP-confined columns (εcc), for the normal-strength RC specimens with circular and square cross-sections, were on average 4.06 and 1.41 times that of unconfined concrete (εco) for 1 layer, 6.09 and 1.95 times for 3 layers of CFRP jackets, respectively, while the respective values for medium-strength concrete were 2.76 and 1.32 times for 1 layer, 4.49 and 1.69 times for 3 layers. For high-strength concrete specimens with circular and square cross-sections, εcc, increased 1.39 and 1.03 times for 1 layer, 2.29 and 1.37 times for CFRP jackets of 3 layers, respectively.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 6 shows the increase in compressive strength versus the unconfined concrete strength fco for plain and RC columns confined with one and three layers of CFRP wrap. It is evident that as the unconfined concrete strength increases, the confinement effectiveness decreases. The FRP-wrapped cylinders with the least fco (26 MPa) show the maximum increases in confined strength f’cc. Figure 7 shows the effect of fco on the peak strain εcc of the confined concrete. Test results clearly showed that the confinement effectiveness reduces with an increase in the unconfined concrete strength for both circular and square columns and strength enhancement was more significant for circular columns than for square ones. This is due to the concentration of stresses at the corner of the square section and consequently to the lower confining pressure and smaller effective confined concrete core area.
\n\t\t\t\t
Compared to the FRP-confinement-effectiveness, the confinement provided by the minimum transverse reinforcing steel required by Eurocode 2 led to a limited enhancement in both compressive strength and axial strain with respect to plain concrete specimens. With the exception of SRCI.0L specimens, where its presence contributed to a significant increase in the prism load carrying capacity and ductility as shown in Figures 6 and 7.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 6.
Effect of unconfined strength of concrete on peak stresses
Mean-values of experimental results of CFRP-wrapped specimens
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.2. Stress-Strain Response
\n\t\t\t\t
Representative stress-strain curves for each series of tested CFRP-wrapped specimens are reported in Figure 8 for normal-strength concrete (26 MPa), Figure 9 for medium-strength concrete (50 MPa) and in Figure 10 for high-strength concrete (62 MPa). These figures give the axial stress versus the axial and lateral strains for circular and square specimens with zero, one and three layers of CFRP wrap. It can be clearly noticed that both the stress and strain at failure for the confined specimens were higher than those for unconfned ones. These figures shows also how the ductility of the concrete specimens was affected by the increase of the degree of confinement.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 7.
Effect of unconfined strength of concrete on peak strains
\n\t\t\t\t
The obtained stress-strain curves which characterize the CFRP confined concrete are mostly bilinear. The first zone is essentially a linear response governed by the stiffness of the unconfined concrete, which indicates that no confinement is activated in the CFRP wraps since the lateral strains in the concrete are very small. The strengthening effect of the CFRP layers begins only after the concrete has reached the peak strength of the unconfined concrete: transversal strains in the concrete activate the FRP jacket. In this region little increases of load produce large lateral expansions, and consequently a higher confining pressure. In the case of circular sections the section is fully confined, therefore the second slope is positive, showing the capacity of confining pressure to limit the effects of the deteriorated concrete core, which allows reaching higher stresses. With this type of stress-strain curves (the increasing type), both the compressive strength and the ultimate strain are reached at the same point and are significantly enhanced. Instead in the cases of square sections (sharp edges) with a small amount of FRP, the peak stress is similar to that of unconfined concrete, indicating the fact that the confining action is mostly limited at the corners, producing a confining pressure not sufficient to overcome the effect of concrete degradation. Otherwise with low levels of confinement (one CFRP layer), the second part of the bilinear curve shifts from strain hardening to a flat plateau, and eventually to a sudden strain softening with a drastically reduced ductility.
\n\t\t\t\t
From the trends shown in Figures 8, 9 and 10, it is clear that, unlike normal strength concrete, in medium- to high- strength concrete, confining the specimens with one CFRP layer does not significantly change the stress-strain behavior of confined concrete from that of unconfined concrete except for a limited increase in compressive strength. In that case the stress-strain curve terminates at a stress f’cu (stress in concrete at the ultimate strain) < f’co, the specimen is said to be insufficiently confined. Such case should not be allowed in design.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 8.
Experimental stress strain curves of normal-strength concrete specimens (26 MPa)
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 9.
Experimental stress strain curves of medium-strength concrete specimens (50 MPa)
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
5.3. Failure Modes
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\tFigure 11 illustrate the failure modes for circular and square columns wrapped with CFRP sheets. All the CFRP-wrapped cylinders failed by the rupture of the FRP jacket due to hoop tension. The CFRP-confined specimens failed in a sudden and explosive manner and were only preceded by some snapping sounds. Many hoop sections formed as the CFRP ruptured. These hoops were either concentrated in the central zone of the specimen or distributed over the entire height. The wider the hoop, the greater the section of concrete that remained attached to the inside faces of the delaminated CFRP. Regarding confined concrete prisms, failure initiated at or near a corner, because of the high stress concentration at these locations. Collapse occured almost without advance warning by sudden rupture of the composite wrap. For all confined specimens, delamination was not observed at the overlap location of the jacket, which confirmed the adequate stress transfer over the splice.
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 10.
Experimental stress strain curves of high-strength concrete specimens (62 MPa)
\n\t\t\t\t
Figure 11.
Typical failure modes for the tested specimens
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t
\n\t\t\t
6. Model of FRP-Confined Concrete
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
6.1. Circular Columns
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
6.1.1. Compressive Strength of FRP-Confined Concrete
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Various models for confinement of concrete with FRP have been developed. The majority of these models were performed on plain concrete specimens’ tests. A limited number of tests have been reported in the literature on the axial compressive strength and strain of reinforced-concrete specimens confined with FRP. Most of the existing strength models for FRP-confined concrete adopted the concept of Richart et al. (1929) [22], in which the strength at failure for concrete confined by hydrostatic fluid pressure takes the following form:
Where f’cc and f’co are the compressive strength of confined and the unconfined concrete respectively, fl is the lateral confining pressure and k1 is the confinement effectiveness coefficient. In applying their model to steel-confined concrete, Richart et al. (1929) [22] assumed that k1 is a constant equal to 4.1. However, several studies revealed that existing models for the axial compressive strength of steel-confined concrete are unconservative and cannot be used for FRP-confined concrete (see: [6,21,23-27]; among others). Many authors have raised towards the steel-based confinement models the objection that they do not account for the profound difference in uniaxial tensile stress-strain behavior between steel and FRP. According to these authors, while the assumption of constant confining pressure is still realistic in the case of steel confinement in the yield phase, it cannot be extended to FRP materials which do not exhibit any yielding and therefore apply on the concrete core a continuously increasing inward pressure. However, a number of strength models have been proposed specifically for FRP-confined concrete which employ Equation (4) with modified expressions for k1 (e.g. [6,7,23-25,27-36]). Most of these models used a constant value for k1 (between 2 and 3.5) indicating that the experimental data available in the literature show a linear relationship between the strength of confined concrete f’cc and the lateral confining pressure fl ([7,29,31-37]). Other researchers expressed k1 in nonlinear form in terms of fl/f’co or fl [6,23-25,27,28,30].
\n\t\t\t\t\t
FRP Circumferential Failure Strain
\n\t\t\t\t\t
According to the obtained test results, cylinder failure occurs before the FRP reached their ultimate strain capacities εfu. So the failure occurs prematurely and the circumferential failure strain was lower than the ultimate strain obtained from standard tensile testing of the FRP composite. This phenomenon considerably affects the accuracy of the existing models for FRP-confined concrete. Referring to Table 3, for example, the rupture of the low-strength-cylinder IRCC.2.3L corresponded to a maximum composite extension (circumferential failure strain) εh,rup of 12.42 ‰ which is lower than the ultimate composite strain εfu (14 ‰) as it represent about 88 % of it. This reduction in the strain of the FRP composites can be attributed to several causes as reported in related literature [6,33,38]:
\n\t\t\t\t\t
- The curved shape of the composite wrap or misalignment of fibers may reduce the FRP axial strength;
\n\t\t\t\t\t
- Near failure the concrete is internally cracked resulting in non-homogeneous deformations. Due to this non-homogeneous deformations and high loads applied on the cracked concrete, local stress concentrations may occur in the FRP reinforcement.
In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. This assumption is the basis for calculating the maximum confining pressure fl (the confining pressure reached when the FRP ruptures) given by Equation (1). The confinement ratio of an FRP-confined specimen is defined as the ratio of the maximum confining pressure to the unconfined concrete strength (fl/f’co).
\n\t\t\t\t\t
However, experimental results show that, the FRP material tensile strength was not reached at the rupture of FRP in FRP-confined concrete. Table 4 provides the average ratios between the measured circumferential strain at FRP rupture (εh,rup) and the ultimate tensile strain of the FRP material (εfu). It is seen that, when all circular specimens of the present study are considered together, the average ratio (εh,rup/εfu) has a value closer to 0.73 and is referred to, in this paper, as the effective FRP strain coefficient η. Thus, the maximum confining pressure given by Equation (1) can be considered as a nominal value. The effective maximum lateral confining pressure is given by:
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTable 3 indicates that the assumption that the FRP ruptures when the stress in the jacket reaches the FRP material tensile strength is invalid for concrete confined by FRP wraps.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tProposed Equation\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
A simple equation is proposed to predict the peak strength of FRP-confined concrete of different unconfined strengths based on regression of test data reported in Table 4. Figure 12 shows the relation between actual confinement ratio fl,eff/ f’co and the strengthening ratio f’cc/ f’co for the cylinders of the test series. It can be seen that, strengthening ratio is proportional to the volumetric ratio and the strength of FRP (in terms of effective lateral confining pressure fl,eff) and is inversely proportional to unconfined concrete strength. Therefore the relationship may be approximated by a linear function. The trend line of these test data can be closely approximated using the following equation:
Using a reduction factor η of 0.73 with the replacement of fl,eff by fl into Equation (6) the ultimate axial compressive strength of FRP-confined concrete takes the form:
Figure 13 is a plot of the strengthening ratio f’cc/ f’co against the confinement ratio fl /f’co. The trend line of this figure shows a much greater average confinement effectiveness coefficient k1. This can be attributed to the effect of the effective lateral confining pressure.
Early investigation showed that for steel confined concrete, the axial compressive strain εcc at the peak axial stress can be related to the lateral confining pressure [22] by:
Where εco is the axial strain of the unconfined concrete at its peak stress and k2 is the strain enhancement coefficient. Richart et al. (1929) [22] suggested k2 = 5 k1 for steel-confined concrete. For FRP-confined concrete, many studies suggested that ultimate axial strain can also be related to the lateral confining pressure (e.g. [3,6,15,28,33,36,37,39]). In literature, some methods for predicting the ultimate strain of FRP-confined concrete cylinders have been proposed. Existing models can be classified into three categories as follows:
(c) Recently, some models for predicting the axial stress and strain of FRP-confined concrete were suggested based on numerical method or plasticity analysis (e.g. [42,46]), whereas these models are often not suitable for direct use in design.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tProposed Equation\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFigure 14 shows the relation between the strain enhancement ratio and the actual confinement ratio of the present test data. A linear relationship clearly exists. This diagram indicates that the axial strain of FRP-confined concrete can be related linearly to the actual confinement ratio. Based on regression of test data reported in Table 5, the axial strain of CFRP-wrapped concrete can be approximated by the following expression:
Given that εcc for concrete sufficiently confined by FRP is the ultimate strain εcu.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 14.
Strain enhancement ratio vs. actual confinement ratio
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Figure 15.
Strengthening ratio vs. confinement ratio and strain enhancement ratio vs. confinement ratio for the test results of this work
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
6.1.3. Validation of the Proposed Model
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Using above model, the compressive strength and axial strain of FRP-confined specimens collected from other studies [6,36,47,48] were predicted as shown in Tables 5 and 6 which clearly exhibits excellent agreement between the experimental and predicted results. The present model is more accurate in predcting the compressive strength but less accurate in predicting the axial strain.
\n\t\t\t\t\t
In Figure 15 the strengthening ratio-confinement ratio and the strain enhancement ratio- confinement ratio plots for the test results of this work (circular and square specimens) are shown, together with their respective linear regressions. From these Figures, it can be seen that the the axial confined compressive strength and the corresponding axial strain, approximately, increase linearly with the increase in confining lateral pressure for all types of section geometry. There is also a great distinction between the tendency of the results obtained for circular columns and those for square ones.
The effective lateral confining pressure f’\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t can be defined as a function of the shape through the use of a confinement effectiveness coefficient k\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\te\n\t\t\t\t\t\t as:
were fl is the lateral confining pressure provided by an FRP jacket and can be evaluated using Equation (1), with the columns diameter d replaced by the diagonal length of the square section. fl now becomes an equivalent confining pressure provided by the FRP jacket to an equivalent circular columns. On the other hand, the effective FRP strain coefficient η’ is defined as the ratio of the FRP tensile hoop strain at rupture in the square column tests (εh,rup) to the ultimate tensile strain from FRP tensile coupon tests (εfu):
The effective FRP strain coefficient represents the degree of participation of the FRP jacket, and the friction between concrete and FRP laminate. Type bond, geometry, FRP jacket thickness, and type of resin affect the effective FRP strain coefficient. From the experimental results (Table 7), η’ was 68 % on average for square bonded jackets.
Data and results of CFRP confined square concrete specimens
\n\t\t\t\t\t
Based on these observations, the effective equivalent lateral confining pressure f\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tl\n\t\t\t\t\t\t for square section, is given by:
For the determination of the effectiveness factor ke it can be assumed that, in the case of a circular cross-section, the entire concrete core is effectively confined, while, for the square section there is a reduction in the effectively confined core that can be assumed, analogously with the case of concrete core confined by transverse steel stirrups [17], in the form of a second-degree parabola with an initial tangent slope of 45°. For a square section wrapped with FRP (Figure 16) and with corners rounded with a radius Rc, the parabolic arching action is again assumed for the concrete core where the confining pressure is fully developed. Unlike a circular section, for which the concrete core is fully confined, a large part of the cross-section remains unconfined. Based on this observation, it is possible to obtain the area of unconfined concrete Au, as follows:
The confinement effectiveness coefficient ke is given by the ratio of the effective confinement area Ae to the total area of concrete enclosed by the FRP jacket, Ac, as follows:
Base on the linear equation previously proposed by Richart et al. (1929) [22] for uniformly confined concrete, the proposed model employs similar approach with several modifications accounting for the effect of the shape, effective FRP strain and effective confinement. The compressive strength of a square FRP-confined concrete column is proposed to be a simple modification of Equation (7) by the introduction of a confinement effectiveness coefficient denoted ke. Thus,
Where kefl /f’co is the effective confinement ratio. The coefficient k1 was taken as 1.60, which was suggested for uniformly confined concrete. Considering the known values of the product of the parameters k1 and ke as found from expression (23) for the tested columns of this work, the values of ke were deduced, and were on average equal to 0.36. Finally, the equation proposed for the confined concrete strength is:
Similarly to the compressive strength, the axial strain at peak stress is proposed to be given by the following equation in which a different confinement effectiveness coefficient, ke2, is introduced:
In Equation (25), fl is the confining pressure in an equivalent circular column given by Equation (16) for square section, while k2 = 5.55 and ke2 = 0,72. The equation proposed for the axial strain is:
6.2.3. Comparison Between Proposed Model and Existing Test Data
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\tTables 8 and 9 show comparisons between the predictions of the proposed model and the experimental results collected from other studies [49,50,51,52] for the compressive strength and the axial strain at peak stress of FRP-confined concrete in square sections. Clearly, the present model is more accurate in predicting the compressive strength but less accurate in predicting the axial strain. Accurate predictions of the axial strain are an issue that will require a great deal of further research.
The results of this investigation have confirmed previous observations on the efficiency of confining FRP wraps. More specifically, the following concluding remarks can be made.
\n\t\t\t
• It is evident that in all cases the presence of external CFRP jackets increased the mechanical properties of PC and RC specimens, in different amount according to the number of composite layers, the concrete properties and the cross-section shape.
\n\t\t\t
• The failure of CFRP wrapped specimens occurred in a sudden and ‘explosive’ way preceded by typical creeping sounds. For cylindrical specimens, the fiber rupture starts mainly in their central zone, then propagates towards other sections. Regarding confined concrete prisms, failure initiated at or near a corner, because of the high stress concentration at these locations,
\n\t\t\t
• CFRP strengthened specimens showed a typical bilinear trend with a transition zone. On overall, both ultimate compressive strength and ultimate strain are reached at the same point and are variably enhanced depending on the effect of other parameters.
\n\t\t\t
• The efficiency of the CFRP confinement is higher for circular than for square sections, as expected. The increase of ultimate strength of sharp edged sections is low, although there is a certain gain of load capacity and of ductility.
\n\t\t\t
• The CFRP confinement on low-strength concrete specimens produced higher results in terms of strength and strains than for high-strength concrete similar specimens. Therefore, the effect of CFRP confinement on the bearing and deformation capacities decreases with increasing concrete strength;
\n\t\t\t
• Increasing the amount of CFRP sheets produce an increase in the compressive strength of the confined column but with a rate lower compared to that of the deformation capacity.
\n\t\t\t
• In existing models for FRP-confined concrete, it is commonly assumed that the FRP ruptures when the hoop stress in the FRP jacket reaches its tensile strength from either flat coupon tests which is herein referred to as the FRP material tensile strength. However, experimental results show that the FRP material tensile strength was not reached at the rupture of FRP in FRP-confined concrete and specimen’s failure occurs before the FRP reached their ultimate strain capacities. The failure occurs prematurely and the circumferential failure strain was lower than the ultimate strain obtained from standard tensile testing of the FRP composite. This phenomenon considerably affects the accuracy of the existing models for FRP-confined concrete. So on the basis of the effective lateral confining pressure of composite jacket and the effective circumferential FRP failure strain a new equations were proposed to predict the strength of FRP-confined concrete and corresponding strain for each of the cross section geometry used, circular and square. Further work is required to verify the applicability of the proposed models over a wider range of geometric and material parameters, to improve theirs accuracy (particularly that of the axial strain at peak stress) and to place theirs on a clear mechanical basis. Both additional tests and theoretical investigation are needed.
\n\t\t
\n\t
Acknowledgments
\n\t\t\t
Authors thankfully acknowledge the support of Sika France S.A (Saint-Grégoire, Rennes) for providing the fiber-reinforced polymer materials.
\n\t\t
\n',keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/38513.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/38513.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/38513",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/38513",totalDownloads:19124,totalViews:711,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,totalAltmetricsMentions:2,introChapter:null,impactScore:7,impactScorePercentile:96,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"February 29th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 23rd 2013",dateFinished:"August 23rd 2012",readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/38513",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/38513",book:{id:"2828",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair"},signatures:"Riad Benzaid and Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah",authors:[{id:"152343",title:"Dr.",name:"Riad",middleName:null,surname:"Benzaid",fullName:"Riad Benzaid",slug:"riad-benzaid",email:"benzaid_riad@yahoo.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/152343/images/2265_n.jpg",institution:null},{id:"163953",title:"Dr.",name:"Habib-Abdelhak",middleName:null,surname:"Mesbah",fullName:"Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah",slug:"habib-abdelhak-mesbah",email:"habib-abdelhak.mesbah@univ-rennes1.fr",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Rennes 1",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Observed Behaviour of FRP Confined Concrete",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1. FRP-Confined Concrete in Circular Columns ",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2. FRP-Confined Concrete in Square Columns",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"3. Different Behaviour Between Steel and FRP Composite",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6",title:"4. Experimental Program",level:"1"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.1. Materials Properties",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.2. Fabrication of Test Specimens",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.3. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Wrapping",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.4. Test Procedures",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Test Results and Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.1. Overall Behavior",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.2. Stress-Strain Response",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.3. Failure Modes",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. Model of FRP-Confined Concrete",level:"1"},{id:"sec_15_2",title:"6.1. Circular Columns",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15_3",title:"Table 3.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_16_3",title:"6.1.2. Axial Strain of FRP-Confined Concrete",level:"3"},{id:"sec_17_3",title:"Table 5.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_19_2",title:"6.2. Square Columns",level:"2"},{id:"sec_19_3",title:"Table 7.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_20_3",title:"6.2.2. Axial Strain at Peak Stress",level:"3"},{id:"sec_21_3",title:"Table 8.",level:"3"},{id:"sec_24",title:"7. Conclusions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_25",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaadatmanesh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEhsani\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994\n\t\t\t\t\tStrength and ductility of concrete columns externally reinforced with composites straps\n\t\t\t\t\tACI Structural journal\n\t\t\t\t\t91\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t434\n\t\t\t\t\t447\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B2",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMirmiran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShahawy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSamaan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tEl Echary\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tEffect of column parameters on FRP-confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t175\n\t\t\t\t\t185\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B3",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShehata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. A. E. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCarneiro\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. A. V.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShehata\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. C. D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tStrength of short concrete columns confined with CFRP sheets\n\t\t\t\t\tRILEM Materials and Structures\n\t\t\t\t\t35\n\t\t\t\t\t50\n\t\t\t\t\t58\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B4",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChaallal\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tO.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHassen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShahawy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tConfinement model for axially loaded short rectangular columns strengthened with FRP polymer wrapping\n\t\t\t\t\tACI Structural Journal\n\t\t\t\t\t100\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t215\n\t\t\t\t\t221\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B5",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCampione\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiraglia\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPapia\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tStrength and strain enhancements of concrete columns confined with FRP sheets\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Structural Engineering and Mechanics\n\t\t\t\t\t18\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t769\n\t\t\t\t\t790\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B6",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMatthys\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToutanji\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAudenaert\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTaerwe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tAxial load behavior of large-scale columns confined with fiber-reinforced polymer composites\n\t\t\t\t\tACI Structural Journal\n\t\t\t\t\t102\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t258\n\t\t\t\t\t267\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B7",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ. S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\tStrength and ductility of concrete cylinders confined with FRP composites\n\t\t\t\t\tConstruction and Building Materials\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t134\n\t\t\t\t\t148\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B8",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAlmusallam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavior of normal and high-strength concrete cylinders confined with E-glass/epoxy composite laminates\n\t\t\t\t\tComposites part B\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t629\n\t\t\t\t\t639\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B9",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBenzaid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChikh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesbah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tBehaviour of square concrete columns confined with GFRP composite wrap\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Civil Engineering and Management\n\t\t\t\t\t14\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t115\n\t\t\t\t\t120\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B10",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRousakis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKarabinis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tSubstandard reinforced concrete members subjected to compression: FRP Confining Effects\n\t\t\t\t\tRILEM Materials and Structures\n\t\t\t\t\t41\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t1595\n\t\t\t\t\t1611\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B11",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBenzaid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChikh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesbah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2009\n\t\t\t\t\tStudy of the compressive behavior of short concrete columns confined by fiber reinforced composite\n\t\t\t\t\tArabian Journal for Science and Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t34\n\t\t\t\t\t1B\n\t\t\t\t\t15\n\t\t\t\t\t26\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B12",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBenzaid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMesbah\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChikh\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tFRP-confined concrete cylinders: axial compression experiments and strength model\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t16\n\t\t\t\t\t2469\n\t\t\t\t\t2488\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B13",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiekarczyk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPiekarczyk\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tW.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBlazewicz\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2011\n\t\t\t\t\tCompression strength of concrete cylinders reinforced with carbon fiber laminate\n\t\t\t\t\tConstruction and Building Materials\n\t\t\t\t\t25\n\t\t\t\t\t2365\n\t\t\t\t\t2369\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B14",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDe Lorenzis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTepfers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001 A comparative study of models on confinement of concrete cylinders with FRP composites. Division of Building Technology, work No. 46, Publication 01:04. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. 81p.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B15",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDe Lorenzis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTepfers\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tA comparative study of models on confinement of concrete cylinders with fiber-reinforced polymer composites\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t219\n\t\t\t\t\t237\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B16",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaulay\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1975\n\t\t\t\t\tReinforced concrete structures\n\t\t\t\t\tJohn Wiley and Sons, N.Y., U.S.A. 800 p\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B17",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMander\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPriestley\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. J. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPark\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1988\n\t\t\t\t\tTheoretical stress-strain model for confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Structural Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t114\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t1804\n\t\t\t\t\t1826\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B18",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCusson\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPaultre\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1995\n\t\t\t\t\tStress-strain model for confined high-strength concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Structural Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t121\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t468\n\t\t\t\t\t477\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B19",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYoussef\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.Q.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMosallam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tStress-strain model for concrete confined by FRP composites\n\t\t\t\t\tComposites: Part B\n\t\t\t\t\t38\n\t\t\t\t\t614\n\t\t\t\t\t628\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B20",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRochette\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLabossière\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tAxial testing of rectangular column models confined with composites.\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t129\n\t\t\t\t\t136\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B21",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSmith\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. T.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002 FRP strengthened RC structures. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK. 245p.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B22",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRichart\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tF. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrandtzaeg\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrown\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1929 The failure of plain and spirally reinforced concrete in compression. Bulletin No. 190, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B23",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMirmiran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShahawy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavior of concrete columns confined by fiber composites\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Structural Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t123\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t583\n\t\t\t\t\t590\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B24",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSamaan\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMirmiran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShahawy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1998\n\t\t\t\t\tModel of confined concrete by fiber composites\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Structural Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t124\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t1025\n\t\t\t\t\t1031\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B25",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSaafi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToutanji\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tZ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tBehavior of concrete columns confined with fiber reinforced polymer tubes\n\t\t\t\t\tACI Materials Journal\n\t\t\t\t\t96\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t500\n\t\t\t\t\t509\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B26",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpoelstra\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. R.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMonti\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tFRP-confined concrete model\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t143\n\t\t\t\t\t150\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B27",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tXiao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWu\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tCompressive behavior of concrete confined by various types of FRP composite jackets\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t13\n\t\t\t\t\t1187\n\t\t\t\t\t1201\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B28",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKarbhari\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV. M.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1997\n\t\t\t\t\tComposite jacketed concrete under uniaxial compression- verification of simple design equations\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t9\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t185\n\t\t\t\t\t93\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B29",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMiyauchi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tInoue\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKuroda\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKobayashi\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tStrengthening effects of concrete columns with carbon fiber sheet\n\t\t\t\t\tTransactions of the Japan Concrete Institute\n\t\t\t\t\t21\n\t\t\t\t\t143\n\t\t\t\t\t150\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B30",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tToutanji\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1999\n\t\t\t\t\tStress-strain characteristics of concrete columns externally confined with advanced fiber composite sheets\n\t\t\t\t\tACI Materials Journal\n\t\t\t\t\t96\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t397\n\t\t\t\t\t404\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B31",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThériault\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeale\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tDesign equations for axially-loaded reinforced concrete columns strengthened with FRP wraps\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Journal of Civil Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t27\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t1011\n\t\t\t\t\t1020\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B32",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tStrength models for fiber-reinforced plastic confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Structural Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\t128\n\t\t\t\t\t5\n\t\t\t\t\t612\n\t\t\t\t\t623\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B33",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003a\n\t\t\t\t\tDesign-oriented stress-strain model for FRP confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tConstruction and Building Materials\n\t\t\t\t\t17\n\t\t\t\t\t471\n\t\t\t\t\t489\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B34",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBerthet\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. F.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFerrier\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHamelin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\tCompressive behavior of concrete externally confined by composite jackets- part B: modeling\n\t\t\t\t\tConstruction and Building Materials\n\t\t\t\t\t20\n\t\t\t\t\t338\n\t\t\t\t\t347\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B35",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHuang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY. L.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYe\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tTheoretical model for fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t11\n\t\t\t\t\t2\n\t\t\t\t\t201\n\t\t\t\t\t210\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B36",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJiang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2007\n\t\t\t\t\tAnalysis-oriented stress-strain models for FRP-confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tEngineering Structures\n\t\t\t\t\t29\n\t\t\t\t\t2968\n\t\t\t\t\t2986\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B37",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIlki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\tFRP strengthening of RC columns (Shear, Confinement and Lap Splices)\n\t\t\t\t\tIn: Retrofitting of Concrete Structures by Externally Bonded FRPs, with Emphasis on Seismic Applications\n\t\t\t\t\tLausanne, Swiss. Fib Bulletin 35\n\t\t\t\t\t123\n\t\t\t\t\t142\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B38",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYang\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tX.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNanni\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tChen\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tEffect of corner radius on the performance of externally bonded reinforcement\n\t\t\t\t\tIn: Proceedings of The Fifth International Symposium on Fiber Reinforced Polymer for Reinforced Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-5)\n\t\t\t\t\tCambridge, London\n\t\t\t\t\t197\n\t\t\t\t\t204\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B39",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVintzileou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPanagiotidou\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2008\n\t\t\t\t\tAn empirical model for predicting the mechanical properties of FRP-confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tConstruction and Building Materials\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t841\n\t\t\t\t\t854\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B40",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFardis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. N.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKhalili\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1982\n\t\t\t\t\tFRP-encased concrete as a structural material\n\t\t\t\t\tMagazine of Concrete Research\n\t\t\t\t\t34\n\t\t\t\t\t121\n\t\t\t\t\t191\n\t\t\t\t\t202\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B41",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSiddhawartha\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHoskin\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tFam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2005\n\t\t\t\t\tInfluence of concrete strength on confinement effectiveness of fiber-reinforced polymer circular jackets\n\t\t\t\t\tACI Structural Journal\n\t\t\t\t\t102\n\t\t\t\t\t3\n\t\t\t\t\t383\n\t\t\t\t\t392\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B42",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tShahawy\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMirmiran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBeitelman\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2000\n\t\t\t\t\tTests and modeling of carbon-wrapped concrete columns\n\t\t\t\t\tComposites Part B\n\t\t\t\t\t31\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t471\n\t\t\t\t\t480\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B43",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKarabinis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRousakis\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2001\n\t\t\t\t\tA model for the mechanical behaviour of the FRP confined columns\n\t\t\t\t\tIn: Proceedings of The International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering\n\t\t\t\t\tHong Kong, China\n\t\t\t\t\t317\n\t\t\t\t\t326\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B44",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMoran\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD. A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPantelides\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2002\n\t\t\t\t\tVariable strain ductility ratio for fiber reinforced polymer-confined concrete\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t6\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t224\n\t\t\t\t\t232\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B45",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBecque\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tPatnaik\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRizkalla\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tAnalytical models for concrete confined with FRP tubes\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t7\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t31\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B46",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMalvar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMorrill\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. B.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrawford\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2004\n\t\t\t\t\tNumerical modeling of concrete confined by fiber-reinforced composites\n\t\t\t\t\tASCE Journal of Composites for Construction\n\t\t\t\t\t8\n\t\t\t\t\t4\n\t\t\t\t\t315\n\t\t\t\t\t322\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B47",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIlki\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKumbasar\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKoç\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tV.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003\n\t\t\t\t\tLow and medium strength concrete members confined by fiber reinforced polymer jackets\n\t\t\t\t\tARI The Bulletin of the Istanbul Technical University\n\t\t\t\t\t53\n\t\t\t\t\t1\n\t\t\t\t\t118\n\t\t\t\t\t123\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B48",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCheung\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tXiao\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tY.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2006\n\t\t\t\t\tFRP-confined concrete under axial cyclic compression\n\t\t\t\t\tCement and Concrete Composites\n\t\t\t\t\t28\n\t\t\t\t\t979\n\t\t\t\t\t958\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B49",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDemer\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tNeale\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. W.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1994\n\t\t\t\t\tStrengthening of concrete columns with unidirectional composite sheets\n\t\t\t\t\tIn: Mufti, A.A., Bakht, B. and Jaeger, L.G. (eds)\n\t\t\t\t\tDevelopment in Short and Medium Span Bridge Engineering’94. Proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Short and Medium Span Bridges\n\t\t\t\t\tCanadian Society For Civil Engineering, Montreal, Canada\n\t\t\t\t\t895\n\t\t\t\t\t905\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B50",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRochette\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t1996\n\t\t\t\t\tConfinement de Colonnes Courtes en Béton de Section Carrée ou Rectangulaire avec des Matériaux Composites\n\t\t\t\t\tMaîtrise Es-Sciences Appliquées\n\t\t\t\t\tUniversité de Sherbrooke, Canada, 115 p. (In French)\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B51",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLam\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTeng\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. G.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2003b\n\t\t\t\t\tDesign-oriented stress-strain model for FRP-confined concrete in rectangular columns\n\t\t\t\t\tJournal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites\n\t\t\t\t\t22\n\t\t\t\t\t13\n\t\t\t\t\t1149\n\t\t\t\t\t1186\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'},{id:"B52",body:'\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBenzaid\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t2010\n\t\t\t\t\tContribution à l’étude des matériaux composites dans le renforcement et la réparation des eléments structuraux linéaires en béton\n\t\t\t\t\tThèse de Doctorat, INSA de Rennes\n\t\t\t\t\tFrance, 280 p. (In French)\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Riad Benzaid",address:"benzaid_riad@yahoo.fr",affiliation:'
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"2828",type:"book",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",fullTitle:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers - The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",publishedDate:"January 23rd 2013",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0938-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6292-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:113,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"915"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"41941",type:"chapter",title:"Introduction of Fibre-Reinforced Polymers − Polymers and Composites: Concepts, Properties and Processes",slug:"introduction-of-fibre-reinforced-polymers-polymers-and-composites-concepts-properties-and-processes",totalDownloads:28049,totalCrossrefCites:35,signatures:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli"}]},{id:"42195",type:"chapter",title:"Natural Fibre Bio-Composites Incorporating Poly(Lactic Acid)",slug:"natural-fibre-bio-composites-incorporating-poly-lactic-acid-",totalDownloads:6578,totalCrossrefCites:16,signatures:"Eustathios Petinakis, Long Yu, George Simon and Katherine Dean",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"18113",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Long Yu",slug:"long-yu"},{id:"153507",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Eustathios",middleName:null,surname:"Petinakis",fullName:"Eustathios Petinakis",slug:"eustathios-petinakis"}]},{id:"38042",type:"chapter",title:"The Use of Fiber Reinforced Plastic for The Repair and Strengthening of Existing Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements Damaged by Earthquakes",slug:"the-use-of-fiber-reinforced-plastic-for-the-repair-and-strengthening-of-existing-reinforced-concrete",totalDownloads:3147,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"George C. Manos and Kostas V. Katakalos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"152143",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:"C.",surname:"Manos",fullName:"George Manos",slug:"george-manos"}]},{id:"38948",type:"chapter",title:"Applying Post-Tensioning Technique to Improve the Performance of FRP Post-Strengthening",slug:"applying-post-tensioning-technique-to-improve-the-performance-of-frp-post-strengthening",totalDownloads:3047,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mônica Regina Garcez, Leila Cristina Meneghetti and Luiz Carlos Pinto da Silva Filho",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151901",title:"Dr.",name:"Mônica",middleName:null,surname:"Garcez",fullName:"Mônica Garcez",slug:"monica-garcez"},{id:"153100",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Menegthetti",fullName:"Leila Menegthetti",slug:"leila-menegthetti"},{id:"153101",title:"Dr.",name:"Luiz Carlos Pinto",middleName:null,surname:"Silva Filho",fullName:"Luiz Carlos Pinto Silva Filho",slug:"luiz-carlos-pinto-silva-filho"}]},{id:"38557",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid FRP Sheet – PP Fiber Rope Strengthening of Concrete Members",slug:"hybrid-frp-sheet-pp-fiber-rope-strengthening-of-concrete-members",totalDownloads:2686,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Theodoros C. Rousakis",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151952",title:"Dr.",name:"Theodoros",middleName:"Christos",surname:"Rousakis",fullName:"Theodoros Rousakis",slug:"theodoros-rousakis"}]},{id:"38513",type:"chapter",title:"Circular and Square Concrete Columns Externally Confined by CFRP Composite: Experimental Investigation and Effective Strength Models",slug:"circular-and-square-concrete-columns-externally-confined-by-cfrp-composite-experimental-investigatio",totalDownloads:19124,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Riad Benzaid and Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"152343",title:"Dr.",name:"Riad",middleName:null,surname:"Benzaid",fullName:"Riad Benzaid",slug:"riad-benzaid"},{id:"163953",title:"Dr.",name:"Habib-Abdelhak",middleName:null,surname:"Mesbah",fullName:"Habib-Abdelhak Mesbah",slug:"habib-abdelhak-mesbah"}]},{id:"39870",type:"chapter",title:"Analysis of Nonlinear Composite Members Including Bond-Slip",slug:"analysis-of-nonlinear-composite-members-including-bond-slip",totalDownloads:2390,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Manal K. Zaki",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"152813",title:"Dr.",name:"Manal",middleName:null,surname:"Zaki",fullName:"Manal Zaki",slug:"manal-zaki"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"69850",title:"Extraction and Characterization of Pectins From Peels of Criolla Oranges (Citrus sinensis): Experimental Reviews",slug:"extraction-and-characterization-of-pectins-from-peels-of-criolla-oranges-em-citrus-sinensis-em-exper",signatures:"Paula Ruano, Lismet Lazo Delgado, Sergio Picco, Liliana Villegas, Franco Tonelli, Mario Eduardo Aguilera Merlo, Javier Rigau, Darío Diaz and Martin Masuelli",authors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli"}]},{id:"66671",title:"Extraction and Purification of Pectin from Agro-Industrial Wastes",slug:"extraction-and-purification-of-pectin-from-agro-industrial-wastes",signatures:"Erumalla Venkatanagaraju, N. Bharathi, Rachiraju Hema Sindhuja, Rajshree Roy Chowdhury and Yarram Sreelekha",authors:[null]},{id:"66458",title:"Pectin - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",slug:"pectin-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",signatures:"Virginia Rodríguez Robledo* and Lucía Isabel Castro Vázquez",authors:[null]},{id:"65793",title:"Role of Pectin in Food Processing and Food Packaging",slug:"role-of-pectin-in-food-processing-and-food-packaging",signatures:"Thiraviam Vanitha and Mahejibin Khan",authors:[null]},{id:"65638",title:"Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis of Nano-LaCrO3",slug:"pectins-as-emulsifying-agent-on-the-preparation-characterization-and-photocatalysis-of-nano-lacro-su",signatures:"Rudy Tahan Mangapul Situmeang",authors:[null]},{id:"66396",title:"Properties of Wine Polysaccharides",slug:"properties-of-wine-polysaccharides",signatures:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente, Zenaida Guadalupe and Belén Ayestarán",authors:[{id:"207851",title:"Dr.",name:"Zenaida",middleName:null,surname:"Guadalupe",fullName:"Zenaida Guadalupe",slug:"zenaida-guadalupe"},{id:"207853",title:"Dr.",name:"Belén",middleName:null,surname:"Ayestarán",fullName:"Belén Ayestarán",slug:"belen-ayestaran"},{id:"207854",title:"Dr.",name:"Leticia",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Lapuente",fullName:"Leticia Martínez-Lapuente",slug:"leticia-martinez-lapuente"}]},{id:"65895",title:"Flavonoids and Pectins",slug:"flavonoids-and-pectins",signatures:"Zhiping Zhang, Yanzhi He and Xinyue Zhang",authors:[null]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1797",title:"Polypropylene",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"45b694d8c36144473ad19233fe4a4359",slug:"polypropylene",bookSignature:"Fatih Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105969",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatih",surname:"Dogan",slug:"fatih-dogan",fullName:"Fatih Dogan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2003",title:"Polyurethane",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7391b5a0085d7c0aa0a5c75ee6f275b2",slug:"polyurethane",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2003.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2383",title:"Polyester",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79fd9d6314f8e1abd60d7e21896ce878",slug:"polyester",bookSignature:"Hosam El-Din M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2384",title:"Polymer Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81a63051062489a860366c78c72a124d",slug:"polymer-science",bookSignature:"Faris Yılmaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2384.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36900",title:"Dr.",name:"Faris",surname:"Yılmaz",slug:"faris-yilmaz",fullName:"Faris Yılmaz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2385",title:"Polymerization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e83b64f8e9875e507d879fede9f34d1a",slug:"polymerization",bookSignature:"Ailton De Souza Gomes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2385.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135416",title:"Dr.",name:"Ailton",surname:"De Souza Gomes",slug:"ailton-de-souza-gomes",fullName:"Ailton De Souza Gomes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"2828",title:"Fiber Reinforced Polymers",subtitle:"The Technology Applied for Concrete Repair",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4922c593466cc822b281fe7cc7d7fef6",slug:"fiber-reinforced-polymers-the-technology-applied-for-concrete-repair",bookSignature:"Martin Alberto Masuelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",surname:"Alberto Masuelli",slug:"martin-alberto-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Alberto Masuelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"82058",title:"Influence of Climatic Factors on the Abundance and Profusion of Mosquitoes in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104615",slug:"influence-of-climatic-factors-on-the-abundance-and-profusion-of-mosquitoes-in-eastern-province-saudi",body:'
1. Introduction
Mosquitoes have a higher impact than any other bug because of the diseases they spread. Mosquito-borne infections are a substantial hazard to human health and are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The mosquito vector, the human host, and the environment are all involved in the development of these diseases [6].
Over one billion people are affected and over one million people die each year because of vector-borne diseases, the majority of which are caused by mosquitos [5]. Zika virus, Malaria, Dengue Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Yellow Fever, West Nile Virus, Filariasis, and Rift Valley Fever are the communal mosquito-borne diseases MBDs [5, 7, 8, 9]. In Saudi Arabia, dengue fever, malaria, and rift valley fever are among the MBDs reported by many researchers in many parts of the kingdom [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20].
Complex factors influence mosquito dispersal and abundance, including MBDs [21, 22]. Climate parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, on the other hand, are critical determinants of mosquito vector survival, production, growth, abundance, and dispersal [23, 24, 25, 26]. The temperature has been proven to have an impact on mosquito abundance, activity, and presence in both temporary and permanent habitats. It has an impact on the parasite’s development and the time it takes from egg to adult mosquito [27, 28, 29, 30, 31]. Rainfall has a similar effect on mosquito dispersion by giving or sustaining more breeding grounds. On the other hand, clearing out small breeding sites and lowering the temperature, has a detrimental impact [6, 31]. The number of females laying eggs, the number of eggs laid, the frequency of feeding, and the metabolic rate of adult mosquitos are all affected by changes in relative humidity. Aside from climatic considerations, mosquito distribution and abundance were substantially impacted by the spatial distribution of breeding regions, habitat, land use patterns, preferred hosts, and flight distance [32, 33]. The association between climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall has been studied in several research [34, 35, 36, 37]. However, no research has been done on the impact of climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall) on mosquito abundance in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province.
The objective of this research is to determine how seasonal abundance and distribution of individual mosquito vectors (Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes) alter in connection to climatic parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province.
2. Material and methods
2.1 Study area
The Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia is bordered to the north by the Northern Province, Kuwait to the northeast, and the Sultanate of Oman to the south by the Arabian Gulf. It has a variety of geographical characteristics, including sandy soil, coastal lowlands, industrialized areas, and agricultural areas. It is characterized by an arid climate with a temperature rising from 15°C in January to a maximum of about 42°C in the August-September period. The average annual rainfall ranges from around 100 mm in the north and northeast during winter to less than 10 mm in Rub al-Khali [38].
Several environmental factors influence the abundance and distribution of mosquitoes in the area. These factors include temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation, the presence of palm gardens/vegetables that hold a large volume of rainwater, widespread salt marshes, and irrigation ditches. Poor sanitary sewerage system in the areas also causes the accumulation of large volume of sewage water which serves as good breeding habitat for mosquitoes in the study area [18]. 322 larvae breeding sites were assessed for the presence of mosquito larvae in eight locations. However, only 206 sites (64.0%) found positive with mosquito larvae. Those locations include; Abu Main (5 sites), Umm As Sahik (19 sites), Safwa (10 sites), Al-Awjam (22 sites), Dammam (12 sites), Al-Qatif and its surrounding area (81 sites), Buqayq (32 sites) and Al-Sarar (25 sites). Those sites showed their diverse ecological characteristic and abundance of mosquito species Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Map showing study sites in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia [39].
2.2 Data collection
The larval and adult mosquito data was collected in collaboration with the Ministry of Health branch in Dammam. Data collection was carried out from January to December 2014. The monthly data collected were compiled for each study site for 2014. A sampling of mosquito larvae was carried out in various breeding habitats (ditches, sewages, stagnant and surface waters) by taking 3-5 scoops of water for each sampling location to check for the presence of larvae [18]. Mosquito larvae were identified using a dissecting microscope. Electric flycatchers and cow sheets with spray are applied to catch adult mosquitoes mainly from cattle barns.
The meteorological data of temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation were obtained from the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) Dammam for the period noted above. Temperature is defined as a mean average of minimum and maximum temperature, measured in degree Celsius (°C). Relative humidity (RH), expressed in percentage (%), is the average monthly humidity based on the daily records. Precipitation/rainfall is the amount of rainfall in the month, measured in millimeters.
2.3 Data analysis
Data was analyzed to determine the relationship between mosquito abundance and climatic factors. Bivariate analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between mosquito abundance and each climatic factor (temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall). Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify the overall effect of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall in mosquito abundance. A descriptive analysis was carried out to determine the trends of mosquito abundance and climatic factors. The results of the bivariate analysis are expressed in Pearson correlation coefficient using sigma plot software (Systat Software Inc).
A systematic procedure was carried out to study mosquito distribution and abundance in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Diagram showing steps processes of the study.
3. Results
Table 1 shows the number of mosquito larvae and adult mosquitos collected in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia during the study year (2014). From January to December 2014, 31041 mosquito larvae and 2036 adult mosquitos were collected across all sites. Qatif and the surrounding area had the most adults and larvae, followed by Awjam and Umm As Sahik.
Stage type
Month
Total
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Larval
Culex
1525
1987
2718
2303
1493
1550
410
1505
1483
1680
1547
2144
20345
Anopheles
387
462
643
582
368
561
203
257
298
285
504
505
5055
Aedes
550
896
630
250
278
247
58
210
100
398
1005
1019
5641
Total
2462
3345
3991
3135
2139
2358
671
1972
1881
2363
3056
3668
31041
Adult
Culex
169
274
273
163
38
44
11
55
36
40
165
260
1528
Anopheles
52
115
107
29
11
0
0
4
2
3
28
157
508
Aedes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total
221
389
380
192
49
44
11
59
38
43
193
417
2036
Table 1.
Time-based dispersal and abundance of larvae and adult type in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia 2014.
Culex mosquito larvae accounted for 20345 (65.54%) of the total 31041 mosquito larvae collected, whereas Aedes and Anopheles mosquito larvae accounted for 5641 (18.17%) and 5055 (16.28%) respectively. In contrast, 1528 (75.05%) of the 2036 adult mosquitos collected were Culex, while 508 (24.95%) were Anopheles. Throughout the year, however, no adult Aedes mosquitos were collected at any of the sites. In each study site, Table 2 showed the relative distribution and number of larval and adult mosquitos. The larval and adult Culex were found in many habitats throughout the research area, according to the findings.
Stage
Area
Culex
Aedes
Anopheles
Total
Larval
Abu-Main
690
235
242
1167
Umm As Sahik
1275
355
668
2298
Safwa
770
250
557
1577
Al-Awjam
1132
343
670
2145
Dammam
915
248
0
1163
Al-Qatif and surrounding area
13123
3215
2788
19126
Buqayq
885
190
48
1123
Al-Sarar
1555
805
82
2442
Total
20345
5641
5055
31041
Adult
Abu-Main
59
0
69
128
Umm As-Sahik
291
0
81
372
Safwa
25
0
3
28
Al-Awjam
255
0
86
341
Dammam
6
0
0
6
Al-Qatif and surrounding area
892
0
269
1161
Buqayq
0
0
0
0
Al-Sarar
0
0
0
0
Total
1528
0
508
2036
Table 2.
Spatial distribution and abundance of larvae and adult by mosquito type.
Some mosquito species were captured as larvae but not as adults in this investigation. In the study region, Aedes mosquitos were gathered as larvae but not as adults throughout the year. Adult Culex and Anopheles were also not collected throughout the year in Buqayq and Al-Sarar. During the study period, neither larval nor adult Anopheles were obtained from the Dammam area Table 2. The relationship between mosquito larvae (Culex, Anopheles and Aedes) abundance and climatic factors of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall demonstrated in Figure 3. A high number of Culex larvae were observed throughout December, February, March, and April, whereas many Anopheles larvae were gathered during November, December, March, April, and June. The high number of Aedes larvae were observed during November, December, and February, as shown. Figure 3 also revealed that a significant number of total mosquito larvae were collected in the months of November, December, February, March, and April.
Figure 3.
The temporal relationship between climatic factors and mosquito larvae.
Figure 4 depicts the link between adult mosquito abundance (Culex and Anopheles) and climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall). Specifically, throughout the months of December, February, and March, many adult Culex and Anopheles were gathered. This figure also shows that in November, December, January, February, March, and April, 2014 a large number of total adult mosquitos were seen. The statistical analyses performed between larval and adult mosquito abundance and climatic factors are given in Table 3. These statistical analyses were executed for Abu Main, Umm As-Sahik, Safwa, Al-Awjam, Dammam, and Al-Qatif, including Buqayq and Al Sarar for larvae, with the exception of Buqayq and Al Sarar for the adult since no adult mosquitoes were collected from these sites during field visits. Table 3 illustrated the negative correlation between temperature and Culex (except in Umm-As Sahik), Anopheles, and Aedes larvae. However, positive relationship between relative humidity and rainfall except in some sites. The multivariate regression analysis, on the other hand, explained that the three climatic factors together were responsible for 33.1% (R2 = 0.331), 54.6% (R2 = 0.546), and 86.6% (R2 = 0.866) of the variance on Culex, Anopheles and Aedes larvae, respectively, in Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
Figure 4.
The temporal relationship between climatic factors and adult mosquitoes.
The correlation coefficient between climatic factors, and abundance of adult and larval.
Correlation is significant at 0.01 level.
Correlation is significant at 0.05 level.
Cannot be computed.
Note: AM = Abu Main, US = Umm As Sahik, SA = Safwa, AW = Awjam, DM= Dammam, QS = Qatif and its surrounding area, BU = Buqayq, AS = Al-Sarar, EP = Eastern Province.
Table 3 also clearly shows that adult Culex mosquito abundance had a negative correlation with temperature except in Safwa. Specifically, in Umm As Sahik, Awjam, and Qatif and the surrounding area, a strong negative correlation between adult Culex and the temperature was observed with correlation values of −0.726, −0.717, and −0.850, respectively. However, positive correlation with relative humidity, with highest correlation values of 0.716, 0.773, and 0.592 in Umm As Sahik, Awjam, and Qatif and surrounding area, respectively, but a negative correlation with relative humidity in Safwa site. It is also evident from Table 3 that adult Culex mosquito abundance had a moderate to low positive correlation with rainfall except (negative) in Safwa and Dammam.
Similarly, Table 3 clearly shows that adult Anopheles mosquito abundance had a strong negative correlation with temperature. The table also demonstrated a negative correlation between Adult Anopheles abundance and rainfall (except in Umm-As Sahik and Al-Awjam) while a strong positive correlation with relative humidity in all sites.
The current study also demonstrated the combined effect of the three climatic factors on the abundance of adult Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes. The multivariate regression model for three climatic factors (temperature, RH, and rainfall) explained 86% (R2 = 0.860) and 73.9% (R2 = 0.739) of the variance in adult Culex and Anopheles mosquito abundance, respectively. It showed also that the three climatic factors together were responsible for 33.1% (R2 = 0.331), 54.6% (R2 = 0.546) and 86.6% (R2 = 0.866) of the variance on Culex, Anopheles and Aedes larvae, respectively. This means that 86% and 73.9% of the variance are accounted for the three parameters and the remaining 14% and 26.1% are attributed to other factors such as the presence of the vegetation, waste materials, water reservoirs, ditches, and others. Comparing the two adults, the adult Anopheles mosquito was more influenced by other environmental factors than by climatic factors compared to the adult Culex mosquito which is more influenced by climatic factors than by other environmental factors in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Overall, both Culex and Anopheles larvae had a moderate negative association with temperature in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province, but Aedes larvae had a substantial negative correlation with temperature. On the other hand, low, moderate, and a strong positive correlation were observed between Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes larvae, and relative humidity, respectively. Rainfall and the three mosquito larvae types in the study area had a low positive link, according to the current study. Adult Culex and Anopheles both displayed a strong negative connection with temperature, with the highest values of −0.876 and −0.802, respectively, and a substantial positive correlation with relative humidity, with correlation values of 0.650 and 0.627, respectively. In Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, both adult mosquitoes had a favorable link with rainfall in general.
4. Discussion
Understanding the impact of climatic conditions on mosquito distribution and abundance is critical for mosquito control efforts. The range and abundance of individual mosquito types are influenced by climatic conditions such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall [32, 34].
In the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, this study gave a clear explanation of the relationship between mosquito abundance and meteorological conditions. The response of larvae and adult mosquitoes to each climatic factors varied depending on season and site as shown in graphical Figures 3 and 4, and statistical analyses in Table 3. Other environmental factors, such as the presence of vegetation, irrigation activities, and poor environmental sanitation, were also shown to have an impact on the distribution and abundance of individual mosquito vectors in the study. In several ecosystems in the research region, the Culex mosquito was found to be the most abundant and widely spread. The reasons for the larval and adult Culex’s widespread range and abundance in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province are similar to prior investigations [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Agricultural expansion, the presence of irrigation ditches/canals, ponds, and extensive farming, according to Alahmed [18], contribute to the wide dispersion and incidence of mosquitos in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province. Muturi et al. [40] observed that the presence of floating vegetation in the aquatic habitat, turbid/polluted water, and the presence of water reservoirs such as irrigation canals/dits in the area all influence the distribution of Culex larvae and have been linked to the presence of Culex larvae.
Calhoun et al. [41] reported a higher number of Culex larvae in oily/rusty water when compared to clean water. Similarly, Ohta and Kaga [42] found that substantial irrigation activities enhance mosquito growth, lengthen mosquito annual growing periods, and raise mosquito maximum generation numbers by altering natural water in their environment. It was also shown that irrigation systems not only aid mosquito growth during dry seasons but also help to stabilize growth during rainy seasons. Temperatures ranging from 16.4 to 27.7°C are ideal for Culex larvae’s growth and survival, while temperatures ranging from 17.5 to 35°C and 16.4 to 22.3°C are ideal for Anopheles and Aedes larvae development and survival, respectively. Temperatures of 16.4 to 22.4°C, on the other hand, support substantial growth and survival of adult Culex and Anopheles. On the other hand, the overall data of larvae/adult clearly indicate that temperatures ranging from 16.4 to 27.7°C are ideal for larvae development and survival, whereas temperatures ranging from 15 to 27.7°C promote a high abundance and spread of adult mosquito in Eastern province.
High environmental temperatures greater than 30°C decreases the survival of the Culex mosquito [43]. However, Hopp and Foley [44] and Tun et al. [27] reported that high temperatures speed up the growth and survival of larval and adult stages of the Culex mosquito. Similarly, the increase in environmental temperatures decreases the survival and development of larval and adult stages of Anopheles mosquito [45]. Bayoh and Lindsay [29] also found a decrease in Anopheles larvae survival as environmental temperature increases. However, Minakawa et al. [34] reported that the influence of temperature on Anopheles mosquito was significant. The influence of temperature on mosquito development, survival, and productivity is difficult to predict at a precise range, as evidenced by these and other studies [23]. During the summer, the average temperature in the research region exceeded 35oC, which is unfavorable for mosquito larval and adult growth. In July, when the temperature was 36.9°C, just a few larval and adult mosquitos were found, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. Overall, high larval and adult mosquitos were collected at temperatures ranging from 16.4 to 27.7°C and 15 to 27.7°C, respectively. Temperatures between 20 and 29°C have been found to be advantageous for mosquito growth in several studies [23, 36, 37, 46]. The study also demonstrated that moderate relative humidity influences the increase of the larval and adult stages of the mosquito. Abundant Culex and Anopheles larvae were observed at average relative humidity that ranges from 34 to 58%. Unlike to this, a high number of Aedes larvae was collected at mean relative humidity that ranges from 43 to 58%. On the other hand, a high number of both adult Culex and Anopheles mosquitoes were observed at a relative humidity that ranges between 44 and 58% (Figures 3 and 4).
The survival and developmental phases of mosquitoes are influenced by relative humidity, according to various research. The lifespan of mosquitos is shown to increase as humidity rises, while high humidity increases mosquito density and abundance [18, 23, 25, 35, 36, 37]. Costa et al. [30] observed that when the temperature and relative humidity are both lower, the number of female Aedes mosquitos depositing eggs and their egg production (oviposition) increases. In contrast, Hopp and Foley [44] reported that as temperature and humidity rise, the Aedes mosquito produces more eggs and larvae counts. Low humidity, on the other hand, was associated with a lower number of Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes larvae, as well as a lower abundance of adult Culex and Anopheles mosquitos, according to this study. As the relative humidity drops throughout the summer, only a small number of larval and adult mosquitos are gathered. In all study sites, the number of larval and adult mosquitos increased throughout the months of October, November, December, January, February, and March, 2014 when relative humidity was high (Figures 3 and 4).
The effect of rainfall on mosquito larvae was not seen in the current investigation Figure 3. Even though the fact that the average annual rainfall in Eastern Province is 5 mm, the influence of rainfall on adult mosquitos was visible in the number of adult mosquitos during the wet months. In comparison to the dry seasons, higher adult mosquito activity was recorded during the rainy months of January, February, March, and April Figure 4. Rainfall has a beneficial or negative impact on mosquito numbers, either by supplying more/maintaining breeding places or by flushing mosquito larvae from small breeding sites [25, 31, 35, 36, 37, 47, 48].
The bivariate analysis indicated that the response of the larval and adult mosquito vectors of Culex and Anopheles as well as Aedes larvae to each climatic factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall varied by site. As shown in Table 3, both stages of the larval and adult forms of an individual mosquito of Culex and Anopheles including Aedes larvae were found negatively correlated with temperature while positively correlated to relative humidity and rainfall.
Similarly, from the multivariate regression analysis, the response of the individual mosquito vectors of both stages that are the larval and adult Culex and Anopheles as well as Aedes larvae, to the combined effect of the three climatic factors varied, depending on the site. From the regression model, it is understood that Aedes larvae were more influenced by climatic factors than Culex and Anopheles larvae, which were more affected by other environmental factors. It seems that Culex and Anopheles larvae are more influenced by the presence of vegetation, waste material, water reservoirs, and ditches. The presence of floating and terrestrial vegetation, poor environmental sanitation, and extensive irrigation activities that create water reservoirs such as ditches are among the major environmental factors for mosquito abundance and their wide distribution in many habitats [39, 41, 42, 49].
The vast spread of Culex larvae could be attributable to favorable climatic conditions in the research area, as well as their capacity to develop and survive in a variety of aquatic breeding sites. They can also thrive in polluted and saline aquatic habitats. Aside from water quality, the presence of floating vegetation and waste materials (such as plastics, papers, old tires, and rags) in the aquatic habitat also contributed to the wide distribution and abundance of Culex larvae, as these environmental factors provide appropriate access for adult Culex mosquitos to lay their eggs and for their larvae to develop and survive. Irrigation activities in the study area also contribute to the larvae’s distribution and abundance by creating water reservoirs such as ditches where mosquito larvae can breed.
The presence of some mosquito types as larvae but not as an adult in some sites may be due to the differences in adult behavior such as feeding and resting behavior (as some mosquito species are indoor feeders and indoor resting while others are outdoor feeders and indoor resting) attributed to unavailability of adult mosquitoes and they did not come close to the trapping or sampling location placed outside houses during the data collection period [18]. The other reason for the unavailability of adult mosquitoes was limited access to the human residence since adult mosquitoes were collected from rooms of cattle during the morning time (day).
5. Conclusion
Mosquito control programs benefit greatly from an awareness of the effects of climatic conditions on mosquito vectors. Mosquito abundance can be predicted by anticipating temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, and then present and future mosquito control measures can be planned and implemented. As a result, this research provides comprehensive information on the impact of climatic conditions on the abundance of specific mosquito vectors in Saudi Arabia’s Eastern Province. However, further research is needed to determine the impact of global warming, irrigation activities, land use, and the biological characteristics of mosquito breeding sites on mosquito distribution and abundance before large-scale control methods can be implemented.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) for the support to conduct the study. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, Dammam Branch, and Presidency of Meteorological and Environment, Dammam, for providing required logistic support and meteorological data, for the study.
\n',keywords:"mosquitoes, climate factors, Saudi Arabia",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/82058.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/82058.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/82058",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/82058",totalDownloads:6,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"December 28th 2021",dateReviewed:"March 22nd 2022",datePrePublished:"July 7th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"May 31st 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"This study was performed to evaluate the change in seasonal abundance and distribution of individual mosquito vectors (Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes) in relation to the climatic factors in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, for the study period of 2014. The association between mosquito abundance and environmental parameters was investigated using bivariate and multivariate analysis. The study showed the range of temperature and relative humidity required for individual mosquito larvae abundance varies for Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes. However, no variation was observed in the range of temperature and relative humidity required for the abundance of adult Culex and Anopheles. The results revealed a negative relationship between mosquito larval/adult abundance and temperature (Total number of larva/adult is 671/11 in July, While it is 2462/221 in January). There is a link between relative humidity and rainfall, as the three climatic factors together were responsible for 33.1% (R2 = 0.331), 54.6% (R2 = 0.546), and 86.6% (R2 = 0.866) of the variance on Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes larvae, respectively. The effects of the three climatic parameters of temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall on mosquito larval and adult abundance were discussed. In addition, influences of other environmental factors on larval/adult mosquito distribution and abundance were also explained.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/82058",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/82058",signatures:"Assad Al-Thukair, Yasin Jemal and Alexis Nzila",book:{id:"11379",type:"book",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Henry Puerta-Guardo and Dr. Pablo Manrique-Saide",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-853-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-852-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-854-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"317044",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Puerta-Guardo",slug:"henry-puerta-guardo",fullName:"Henry Puerta-Guardo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Material and methods",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2_2",title:"2.1 Study area",level:"2"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"2.2 Data collection",level:"2"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"2.3 Data analysis",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6",title:"3. Results",level:"1"},{id:"sec_7",title:"4. Discussion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Conclusion",level:"1"},{id:"sec_9",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Pratt HD, Barnes RC, Littig KS. Mosquitoes of Public Health Importance and their Control: Training Guide. Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Insect Control Series; 1963'},{id:"B2",body:'World Health Organization. Vector Control: Methods for use by individuals and communities. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1997'},{id:"B3",body:'Gratz NG. Emerging and resurging vector-borne diseases. Annual Review Entomology. 1999;44:51-75'},{id:"B4",body:'Gandhi G, Srinivasulu N, Naik KG, Naik BR. Original research article remote sensing and geographical information system application for mosquito intervention: A Case Study of Grater Hyderabad. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2013;2:560-568'},{id:"B5",body:'World Health Organization. A Global Brief on Vector-borne Diseases. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2014'},{id:"B6",body:'Ceccato P, Connor SJ, Jeanne I, Thomson MC. Application of geographical information systems and remote sensing technologies for assessing and monitoring malaria risk. Parassitologia. 2005;47:81-96'},{id:"B7",body:'Lehane M. The Biology of Blood-sucking Insects. 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2005'},{id:"B8",body:'Matthews G. Integrated Vector Management: Controlling Vectors of Malaria and Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases. London, UK: Imperial College; 2011'},{id:"B9",body:'World Health Organization. Current Zika Product Pipeline. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2016'},{id:"B10",body:'Bashwari LA, Mandil AM, Bahnassy AA, Al-Shamsi MA, Bukhari HA. Epidemiological profile of malaria in a university hospital in the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2001;22:133-138'},{id:"B11",body:'Fakeeh M, Zaki AM. Dengue in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 1994-2002. Dengue Bulletin. 2003;27:13-18'},{id:"B12",body:'Madani TA, Al-Mazzou YY, Al-Jeffri MH, Mishkhas AA, Al-Rabeah AM, Turkistani AM, et al. Rift Valley Fever Epidemic in Saudi Arabia: Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Oxford Journals. 2003;37:1084-1092'},{id:"B13",body:'Flick R, Bouloy M. Rift Valley fever virus. Current Molecular Medicine. 2005;5:827-834'},{id:"B14",body:'Al-Tawfiq JA. Epidemiology of travel-related malaria in a non-malarious area in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2006;27:86-89'},{id:"B15",body:'Al-Qabati AG, Al-Afaleq AI. Cross-sectional, longitudinal and prospective epidemiological studies of Rift Valley Fever in Al-Hasa Oasis, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 2010;9:258-265'},{id:"B16",body:'El-Gilany AH, Eldeib A, Hammad S. Clinico-epidemiological features of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2010;3:220-223. DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645 (10)60013-2'},{id:"B17",body:'Ahmed AM, Shaalan EA, Aboul-Soud MAM, Tripet F, Al-Khedhairy AA. Mosquito vectors survey in the AL-Ahsaa District of Eastern Saudi Arabia. Journal of Insect Science. 2011;11:1-11. DOI: 10.1673/031.011.17601'},{id:"B18",body:'Alahmed AM. Mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia and their seasonal abundance. Journal of King Saud University Science. 2012;24:55-62. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksus.2010.12.001'},{id:"B19",body:'Khormi HM, Kumar L. Using geographic information system and remote sensing to study common mosquito- borne diseases in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. 2013;11:14-17'},{id:"B20",body:'Aziz AT, Al-Shami SA, Mahyoub JA, Hatabbi M, Ahmad AH, Rawi CSM. An update on the incidence of dengue gaining strength in Saudi Arabia and current control approaches for its vector mosquito. Parasites & Vectors. 2014;7:258. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-258'},{id:"B21",body:'Craig M, Le Sueur D, Snow B. A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitology Today. 1999;15:105-111. DOI: 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01396-4'},{id:"B22",body:'Reisen WK, Cayan D, Tyree M, Baker MC, Eldridge B, and Dettinger M. Impact of climate variation on Mosquito abundance in California. Journal of Geographical Sciences. 2006;16:430-438. DOI: 10.1007/s11442-006-0406-6'},{id:"B23",body:'Reiter P. Climate change and mosquito-borne disease. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2001;109:141-161. DOI: 10.2307/3434853'},{id:"B24",body:'Zhou G, Munga S, Minakawa N. Spatial relationship between adult malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in western Kenya highlands. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007;77:29-35'},{id:"B25",body:'Bashar K, Tuno N. Seasonal abundance of Anopheles mosquitoes and their association with meteorological factors and malaria incidence in Bangladesh. Parasites & Vectors. 2014;7:442. DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-442'},{id:"B26",body:'Palaniyandi M, Anand P, Maniyosai R. Spatial cognition: A geospatial analysis of vector-borne disease transmission and the environment, using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Mosquito Research. 2014;1:39-54'},{id:"B27",body:'Tun-Lin W, Burkot TR, Kay BH. Effects of temperature and larval diet on development rates and survival of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in north Queensland, Australia. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2000;14:31-37. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2000.00207.x'},{id:"B28",body:'Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW. Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research. 2003;93:375-381. DOI: 10.1079/BER2003259'},{id:"B29",body:'Bayoh MN, Lindsay SW. Temperature-related duration of aquatic stages of the Afrotropical malaria vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 2004;18:174-179. DOI: 10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00495.x'},{id:"B30",body:'Costa EAPDA, Santos EMDM, Correia JC, Albuquerque CMRD. Impact of small variations in temperature and humidity on the reproductive activity and survival of Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 2010;54:488-493. DOI: 10.1590/S0085-56262010000300021'},{id:"B31",body:'Byun R, Webb CE. Guidelines for Mosquito Risk Assessment and Management in Constructed Wetlands. Sydney, Australia: Sydney Western Region; 2012'},{id:"B32",body:'Lindsay SW, Martens WJM. Malaria in the African highlands: Past, present and future. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1998;76:33-45'},{id:"B33",body:'Gimnig J, Hightower A, Hawley W. Application of geographic information systems to the study of the ecology of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne diseases. In: Willem T, Pim M, Robert B, editors. Environmental Change and Malaria Risk: Global and Local Implications. Atlanta, USA: Frontis; 2005. pp. 27-39'},{id:"B34",body:'Minakawa N, Sonye G, Mogi M, Githeko A, Yan G. The effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya. Journal of Medical Entomology. 2002;39:833-841. DOI: 10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.833'},{id:"B35",body:'Murty US, Rao MS, Arunachalam N. The effects of climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of Japanese encephalitis vectors in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 2010;47:26-32'},{id:"B36",body:'Alshehri MSA. Dengue fever outburst and its relationship with climatic factors. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013;22:506-515. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.22.04.443'},{id:"B37",body:'Tian H-Y, Bi P, Cazelles B, Zhou S, Huang S-Q , Yang J, et al. How environmental conditions impact mosquito ecology and Japanese encephalitis: An eco-epidemiological approach. Environment International. 2015;79:17-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.03.002'},{id:"B38",body:'Thomas J. Eastern Saudi Arabia: Topography, Geography and Vegetation. 2012. Available from: http://www.onislam.net/content/english/hajj/services/01.shtml'},{id:"B39",body:'Jemal Y, Al-Thukair AA. Combining GIS application and climatic factors for mosquito control in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2018;8:1593-1602. DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.04.001'},{id:"B40",body:'Muturi EJ, Shililu JI, Gu W, Jacob BG, Githure JI, Novak RJ. Larval habitat dynamics and diversity of Culex mosquitoes in rice agro-ecosystem in Mwea, Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007;76:95-102'},{id:"B41",body:'Calhoun LM, Avery M, Jones L, Gunarto K, King R, Roberts J, et al. Combined sewage overflows (CSO) are major urban breeding sites for Culex quinquefasciatus in Atlanta, Georgia. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2007;77:478-484'},{id:"B42",body:'Ohta S, Kaga T. Effect of irrigation systems on temporal distribution of malaria vectors in semi-arid regions. International Journal of Biometeorology. 2014;58:349-359. DOI: 10.1007/s00484-012-0630-y'},{id:"B43",body:'Westbrook CJ, Reiskind MH, Pesko KN, Greene KE, Lounibos LP. Larval environmental temperature and the susceptibility of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) to Chikungunya virus. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 2010;10:241-247. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2009.0035'},{id:"B44",body:'Hopp MJ, Foley JA. Worldwide fluctuations in dengue fever case related to climate variability. Climate Research. 2003;25:85-94. DOI: 10.3354/cr025085'},{id:"B45",body:'Christiansen-Jucht C, Parham PE, Saddler A, Koella JC, Basáñez M-G. Temperature during larval development and adult maintenance influences the survival of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Parasites and Vectors. 2014;7:489. DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0489-3'},{id:"B46",body:'World Health Organization. Climate Change and Human Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1996'},{id:"B47",body:'Koenraadt CJM, Githeko AK, Takken W. The effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on the temporal dynamics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis in a Kenyan village. Acta Tropica. 2004;90:141-153. DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.11.007'},{id:"B48",body:'Hu W, Tong S, Mengersen K, Oldenburg B. Rainfall, mosquito density and the transmission of Ross River virus: A time-series forecasting model. Ecological Modelling. 2006;196:505-514. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.028'},{id:"B49",body:'Chaikoolvatana A, Singhasivanon P, Haddawy P. Utilization of a geographical information system for surveillance of Aedes aegypti and dengue hemorrhagic fever in north-eastern Thailand. Dengue Bulletin. 2007;31:75-82'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Assad Al-Thukair",address:"thukair@kfupm.edu.sa",affiliation:'
Life Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia
Life Science Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"11379",type:"book",title:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Mosquito Research - Recent Advances in Pathogen Interactions, Immunity, and Vector Control Strategies",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Henry Puerta-Guardo and Dr. Pablo Manrique-Saide",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11379.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-80355-853-0",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-852-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-854-7",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"317044",title:"Dr.",name:"Henry",middleName:null,surname:"Puerta-Guardo",slug:"henry-puerta-guardo",fullName:"Henry Puerta-Guardo"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},profile:{item:{id:"102692",title:"Mrs.",name:"Christine",middleName:null,surname:"Miranda",email:"christine.miranda@uccaribe.edu",fullName:"Christine Miranda",slug:"christine-miranda",position:null,biography:null,institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",totalCites:0,totalChapterViews:"0",outsideEditionCount:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalEditedBooks:"0",personalWebsiteURL:null,twitterURL:null,linkedinURL:null,institution:{name:"Central University of the Caribbean",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},booksEdited:[],chaptersAuthored:[{id:"22454",title:"Prevention Strategies for HIV Infection Risk Reduction Among Hispanic/Latino Adolescents",slug:"prevention-strategies-for-hiv-infection-risk-reduction-among-hispanic-latino-adolescents",abstract:null,signatures:"Diana M. Fernández-Santos, Wanda Figueroa-Cosme, Christine Miranda, Johanna Maysonet, Angel Mayor-Becerra and Robert Hunter-Mellado",authors:[{id:"44120",title:"Dr.",name:"Diana M.",surname:"Fernández-Santos",fullName:"Diana M. Fernández-Santos",slug:"diana-m.-fernandez-santos",email:"diana.fernandez@uccaribe.edu"},{id:"48098",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",surname:"Hunter-Mellado",fullName:"Robert Hunter-Mellado",slug:"robert-hunter-mellado",email:"robert.hunter@uccaribe.edu"},{id:"48099",title:"Dr.",name:"Wanda",surname:"Figueroa-Cosme",fullName:"Wanda Figueroa-Cosme",slug:"wanda-figueroa-cosme",email:"wanda.figueroa@uccaribe.edu"},{id:"48100",title:"Dr.",name:"Angel",surname:"Mayor-Becerra",fullName:"Angel Mayor-Becerra",slug:"angel-mayor-becerra",email:"angel.mayor@uccaribe.edu"},{id:"102691",title:"Mrs.",name:"Johanna",surname:"Maysonet",fullName:"Johanna Maysonet",slug:"johanna-maysonet",email:"johanna.maysonet@uccaribe.edu"},{id:"102692",title:"Mrs.",name:"Christine",surname:"Miranda",fullName:"Christine Miranda",slug:"christine-miranda",email:"christine.miranda@uccaribe.edu"}],book:{id:"1285",title:"HIV-infection",slug:"hiv-infection-impact-awareness-and-social-implications-of-living-with-hiv-aids",productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume"}}}],collaborators:[{id:"35252",title:"Dr.",name:"Ayesha",surname:"Kharsany",slug:"ayesha-kharsany",fullName:"Ayesha Kharsany",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"44869",title:"Dr.",name:"Aboubacar Alassane",surname:"Oumar",slug:"aboubacar-alassane-oumar",fullName:"Aboubacar Alassane Oumar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/44869/images/400_n.jpg",biography:"PharmD, MSc Clinical Pharmacology at University of bamako, faculty of medicine Pharmacy and odontostomatology in Bamako. Researcher in HIV/TB reseach and training Center in Bamako, Mali, Candidat PhD pharmacoloy ( Pharmacovigilance pharmacoepidemology ) at University of Bamako ( faculty of Sciences)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bamako",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mali"}}},{id:"48195",title:"Prof.",name:"Cun Xin",surname:"Wang",slug:"cun-xin-wang",fullName:"Cun Xin Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"50655",title:"Prof.",name:"Jian Jun",surname:"Tan",slug:"jian-jun-tan",fullName:"Jian Jun Tan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"50656",title:"Ms.",name:"Chang",surname:"Liu",slug:"chang-liu",fullName:"Chang Liu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"50657",title:"Prof.",name:"Li Ming",surname:"Hu",slug:"li-ming-hu",fullName:"Li Ming Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"50658",title:"Prof.",name:"Xing Jie",surname:"Liang",slug:"xing-jie-liang",fullName:"Xing Jie Liang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"55085",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulrahman",surname:"Hammond",slug:"abdulrahman-hammond",fullName:"Abdulrahman Hammond",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Bamako",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mali"}}},{id:"107705",title:"Mr.",name:"Yao",surname:"Wang",slug:"yao-wang",fullName:"Yao Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sohu (China)",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"112658",title:"Prof.",name:"Quarraisha",surname:"Abdool Karim",slug:"quarraisha-abdool-karim",fullName:"Quarraisha Abdool Karim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of KwaZulu-Natal",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}]},generic:{page:{slug:"open-access-funding",title:"Open Access Funding",intro:"
IntechOpen’s Academic Editors and Authors have received funding for their work through many well-known funders, including: the European Commission, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), CGIAR Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers, National Institute of Health (NIH), National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), German Research Foundation (DFG), Research Councils United Kingdom (RCUK), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Austrian Science Fund (FWF), Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Australian Research Council (ARC).
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\\n\\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\\n\\n
\\n\\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\\n\\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\\n
\\n\\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\\n\\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\\n\\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
Open Access publication costs can often be designated directly in the grants or in specific budgets allocated for that purpose. Many of the most important funding organisations encourage, and even request, that the projects they fund are made available at no cost to the wider public. IntechOpen strives to maintain excellent relationships with these funders and ensures compliance with mandates.
\n\n
In order to help Authors identify appropriate funding agencies and institutions, we have created a list, based on extensive research on various OA resources (including ROARMAP and SHERPA/JULIET) of organizations that have funds available. Before consulting our list we encourage you to petition your own institution or organization for Open Access funds or check the specifications of your grant with your funder to ascertain if publication costs are included. Where you are in receipt of a grant you should clarify:
\n\n
\n\t
Does your institution already have a budget for covering Open Access publication costs?
\n\t
Does your grant list Open Access publication fees as legitimate direct/indirect costs?
\n
\n\n
If you are associated with any of the institutions in our list below, you can apply to receive OA publication funds by following the instructions provided in the links. Please consult the Open Access policies or grant Terms and Conditions of any institution with which you are linked to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\n
Please note that this list is not a definitive one and is updated regularly. To suggest possible modifications or the inclusion of your institution/funder, please contact us at funders@intechopen.com
\n\n
Please be aware that you must be a member, or grantee, of the institutions/funders listed in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ana M.M. Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11433",title:"Human Migration in the Last Three Centuries",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9836df9e82aa9f82e3852a60204909a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11433.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11438",title:"Fake News in the Era of Global Crises",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5f61f975031e13ee705d8b5853f1aa58",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. David Eller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11438.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"476616",title:"Dr.",name:"Jack",surname:"Eller",slug:"jack-eller",fullName:"Jack Eller"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marian Quain",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11456",title:"Autonomous Mobile Mapping Robots",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11459",title:"Soft Robotics - Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"06e947238d5d4ea1162509a5d66de887",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mahmut Reyhanoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11459.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:68},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:495},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4798},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"1194",title:"Drug Delivery System",slug:"drug-delivery-system",parent:{id:"219",title:"Pharmacology",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science-pharmacology"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:54,numberOfWosCitations:42,numberOfCrossrefCitations:54,numberOfDimensionsCitations:135,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"1194",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70c3ce4256324b3c58db970d446ddac4",slug:"smart-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Usama Ahmad, Md. Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7663",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e3fc1c64277dcc5702828fc74a423eea",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",bookSignature:"Rajeev K. Tyagi, Neeraj Garg, Rahul Shukla and Prakash Singh Bisen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7663.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7604",title:"Colloid Science in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f3940914be015381c3928eae31c2457e",slug:"colloid-science-in-pharmaceutical-nanotechnology",bookSignature:"Selcan Karakuş",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7604.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206110",title:"Dr.",name:"Selcan",middleName:null,surname:"Karakuş",slug:"selcan-karakus",fullName:"Selcan Karakuş"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5357",title:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb3505baf01046e3248ceb6cea7899f0",slug:"advanced-technology-for-delivering-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Sabyasachi Maiti and Kalyan Kumar Sen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180971",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",middleName:null,surname:"Maiti",slug:"sabyasachi-maiti",fullName:"Sabyasachi Maiti"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"54825",doi:"10.5772/65245",title:"Introductory Chapter: Drug Delivery Concepts",slug:"introductory-chapter-drug-delivery-concepts",totalDownloads:2740,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"5357",slug:"advanced-technology-for-delivering-therapeutics",title:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics",fullTitle:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics"},signatures:"Sabyasachi Maiti and Kalyan Kumar Sen",authors:[{id:"180971",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",middleName:null,surname:"Maiti",slug:"sabyasachi-maiti",fullName:"Sabyasachi Maiti"}]},{id:"66994",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84217",title:"Aptamers for Targeted Delivery: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities",slug:"aptamers-for-targeted-delivery-current-challenges-and-future-opportunities",totalDownloads:1431,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Aptamers are synthetic ssDNA/RNA molecules that are emerging as novel tools for the development of therapeutics, especially for targeted delivery. Aptamers are comparable to monoclonal antibodies, which are well-established therapeutic molecules, in terms of specificity and affinity to their target. The advantage of aptamers over antibodies includes their high stability, ease of synthesis, less batch-to-batch variation, easy chemical modifications that allow different conjugation chemistries, small size for better tissue penetration and low immunogenicity. These advantages make aptamers an important tool for use in therapeutics for targeted delivery. However, aptamers do have some limitations that have hindered their widespread clinical use as a therapeutic agent. Some of their common limitations include serum stability, renal filtration and endocytic escape. Other limitations that are more specific to aptamers include lack of diversity in the aptamer library, nuclease susceptibility and claims of aptamer specificity as well. This book chapter sheds light on these challenges, and using examples, it explains the scientific advancements that have been achieved in overcoming these limitations. We will end this chapter by discussing the use of high-throughput technology, which is the only way of truly industrializing the aptamer technology akin to the development of small molecule drugs.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Chetan Chandola and Muniasamy Neerathilingam",authors:null},{id:"70345",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.84424",title:"Polymer Properties: Functionalization and Surface Modified Nanoparticles",slug:"polymer-properties-functionalization-and-surface-modified-nanoparticles",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Herein, the various polymer properties and the underlying mechanism for the functionalization and surface modification of polymer nanoparticles have been discussed. There are numerous polymer particles designed and developed for various applications. The synthesis and characterization of different types of polymers followed by the engineering of nanoparticles and capsules depend on various factors. There are too many polymerization methods approached for the development of nanoparticles with desired surface properties. The ring-opening polymerization (ROP), emulsion polymerization (EP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and free radical micro initiation are the significant approaches for the polymerization reactions. The polymer nanoparticle functionalization and modification of their surfaces based on requirements is an essential task. The solvent concentration, pH, temperature, and sonication have played a vital role to tune the morphology of polymer nanoparticles and capsules. Different characterizations such as FTIR, NMR (1H and 13C), HRMS, and MALDI-TOF are used for preliminary structural and confirmations. Further, SEM, FE-SEM, TEM, AFM, BET, XRD, Raman, EDAX, TGA-DSC, DLS, and zeta potential were used for morphological and thermal properties.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Chander Amgoth, Chiuyen Phan, Murali Banavoth, Santosh Rompivalasa and Guping Tang",authors:null},{id:"70614",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90365",title:"Cyclodextrin Nanosponges: A Promising Approach for Modulating Drug Delivery",slug:"cyclodextrin-nanosponges-a-promising-approach-for-modulating-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:929,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Nanotechnology showed great promise and impact on administration of therapeutic agents owing to its advantages over contemporary delivery systems. Nanoscale carriers like nanosponges represent a novel category of hyper cross-linked polymer structures with nanosized cavities which can be filled with variety of active moieties (hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic). These nanocarriers can circulate around the body until they found the specific target site and adhere on the surface and release the active moiety in a predictable and controlled manner, resulting in more effective delivery of a given dosage. Nanosponge technology helps to reduce drug associated side effects, improve stability, increase elegance and improve the flexibility of formulations, administered orally, parenterally and topically. Among nanosponges, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CDNS) are smart versatile carriers studied widely for drug delivery applications. Statistically, it have presented that approximately 40% of active moieties marketed currently and about 90% of active moieties in their preliminary phase confront problems regarding to solubility. In the past decade, the number of studies describing CDNS has dramatically increased. In the present chapter, scientists working in arena of nanotechnology can get an idea of fabrication, characterization and therapeutic utilities of nanosponges.",book:{id:"7604",slug:"colloid-science-in-pharmaceutical-nanotechnology",title:"Colloid Science in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology",fullTitle:"Colloid Science in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology"},signatures:"Sunil Kumar, Pooja Dalal and Rekha Rao",authors:null},{id:"69735",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88269",title:"Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles: A Novel Approach for Drug Delivery",slug:"lipid-polymer-hybrid-nanoparticles-a-novel-approach-for-drug-delivery",totalDownloads:933,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Applications of nanotechnology and material sciences emerge in the development of various novel drug delivery systems that have been proven as promising clinically. Among these, liposomes, noisome, polymeric carriers and lipid-based delivery system were extensively explored and enter into clinical trials and clinical applications. However, each system has its own pros and cons in term of different physicochemical, pharmacokinetics and therapeutics aspects. Lipid-polymer hybrid carriers merge the potential benefit of these structural components and can be prepared by different approaches to improve the therapeutic outcomes. In this chapter, we provide the useful insight about the lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) that can be prepared by using the different structural components including the synthetic and natural polymers and lipids. Among these, we also explain the various methods to prepare the LPHNPs with various desired characteristics. Finally, the various therapeutic and clinical applications have been presented briefly.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Nayab Tahir, Muhammad Tahir Haseeb, Asadullah Madni, Farzana Parveen, Muhammad Muzamil Khan, Safiullah Khan, Nasrullah Jan and Arshad Khan",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70327",title:"Solid Lipid Based Nano-particulate Formulations in Drug Targeting",slug:"solid-lipid-based-nano-particulate-formulations-in-drug-targeting",totalDownloads:957,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"Recently, targeted drug delivery systems have gained much more interest for delivering varieties of drugs as well as imaging agents specifically to the targeted disease cells or tissues. These are well known for their increased precision and accuracy in mode of drug delivery along with reduced side effects. Though numerous carriers are being employed for drug targeting, the solid lipid based nanoparticles (SLNs) are preferred over them owing to their ability to encapsulate wide varieties of drugs, biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, scaling up feasibility, and possibilities of both active as well as passive targeting to various organs. Surface of these drug loaded SLNs can be modified by conjugating different ligands to enhance their tissue/organ targeting ability and therapeutic efficacy to much higher extent. In this chapter, we have discussed about the SLNs and their different surface modified forms for passive as well as active targeting to different organ such as (colon, breast, lungs, liver, kidney, brain, eyes, etc.) in combating different diseases.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Bibhash Chandra Mohanta, Subas Chandra Dinda, Narahari Narayan Palei and Jyotirmoy Deb",authors:null},{id:"54825",title:"Introductory Chapter: Drug Delivery Concepts",slug:"introductory-chapter-drug-delivery-concepts",totalDownloads:2747,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:16,abstract:null,book:{id:"5357",slug:"advanced-technology-for-delivering-therapeutics",title:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics",fullTitle:"Advanced Technology for Delivering Therapeutics"},signatures:"Sabyasachi Maiti and Kalyan Kumar Sen",authors:[{id:"180971",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabyasachi",middleName:null,surname:"Maiti",slug:"sabyasachi-maiti",fullName:"Sabyasachi Maiti"}]},{id:"70083",title:"Drug Delivery through Targeted Approach with Special References to Phytosomes",slug:"drug-delivery-through-targeted-approach-with-special-references-to-phytosomes",totalDownloads:896,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Novel drug delivery is a great tool to deliver the drug at a specific site of action by the means of specific drug carrier like Solid-lipid Nanoparticles, Nano-structured lipid carriers, lipid vesicles, liposomes, phytosomes and ethosomes. Every carrier used in novel drug delivery system to deliver the drug at targeted site requires some special formulation techniques. These techniques help the drug carrier to deliver the active drug at targeted site, by reducing the side-effect, minimizing the dose, increasing the absorption and increasing the efficacy of the drug. There is a recent upsurge to move “back to nature” for healing body ailments because the report states that conventional treatment cause various side effects to the human body after prolonged used. Various novel drug delivery vesicles/‘somes’ are being used for the delivery of phytoconstitutents to the targeted site of action. Phytosome is one of the more reliable and best option for the delivery of herbal constituent to the targeted site. The combination of Novel drug delivery with the transdermal route may be a good idea having fast and targeted delivery of drug. Many health challenges like skin diseases, skin burns, migraine, allergies, cardiac problems, diabetes and trauma like bone fracture could be easily managed by the combination of novel drug delivery and the transdermal route in future.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Mahendra Rana, Aadesh Kumar and Amita J. Rana",authors:null},{id:"67379",title:"Breaking down the Barrier: Topical Liposomes as Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery into the Posterior Segment of the Eyeball",slug:"breaking-down-the-barrier-topical-liposomes-as-nanocarriers-for-drug-delivery-into-the-posterior-seg",totalDownloads:1289,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:"Topical instillation is the most widely preferred noninvasive route of drug administration to treat diseases affecting the anterior segment of the eye. Nonetheless, the ocular bioavailability for deeper ocular tissues is very low. Different routes of administration, such as intravitreal injections, periocular injections, and systemic administration, have been used to deliver drugs into the posterior segment ocular tissues. However, the presence of blood-retinal barriers (BRBs) makes systemic administration an impractical approach, whereas the drug delivery with the periocular administration route is compromised by ocular static and dynamic barriers. On the other hand, intravitreal injection, the most common and widely recommended route for drug administration to treat posterior ocular diseases, is related to several side effects such as endophthalmitis, hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and poor patient tolerance. Diverse strategies to overcome ocular barriers have been explored for topical drop formulations in order to deliver drugs into the posterior segment ocular tissues. In this chapter, we will review the promising topical nanocarriers for drug delivery into the posterior segment of the eye, emphasizing the use of liposomes for topical ophthalmic formulations targeting the vitreous cavity and the retina.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Arturo Santos, Juan C. Altamirano-Vallejo, José Navarro-Partida, Alejandro González-De la Rosa and Jane H. Hsiao",authors:null},{id:"66994",title:"Aptamers for Targeted Delivery: Current Challenges and Future Opportunities",slug:"aptamers-for-targeted-delivery-current-challenges-and-future-opportunities",totalDownloads:1436,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"Aptamers are synthetic ssDNA/RNA molecules that are emerging as novel tools for the development of therapeutics, especially for targeted delivery. Aptamers are comparable to monoclonal antibodies, which are well-established therapeutic molecules, in terms of specificity and affinity to their target. The advantage of aptamers over antibodies includes their high stability, ease of synthesis, less batch-to-batch variation, easy chemical modifications that allow different conjugation chemistries, small size for better tissue penetration and low immunogenicity. These advantages make aptamers an important tool for use in therapeutics for targeted delivery. However, aptamers do have some limitations that have hindered their widespread clinical use as a therapeutic agent. Some of their common limitations include serum stability, renal filtration and endocytic escape. Other limitations that are more specific to aptamers include lack of diversity in the aptamer library, nuclease susceptibility and claims of aptamer specificity as well. This book chapter sheds light on these challenges, and using examples, it explains the scientific advancements that have been achieved in overcoming these limitations. We will end this chapter by discussing the use of high-throughput technology, which is the only way of truly industrializing the aptamer technology akin to the development of small molecule drugs.",book:{id:"7663",slug:"role-of-novel-drug-delivery-vehicles-in-nanobiomedicine",title:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine",fullTitle:"Role of Novel Drug Delivery Vehicles in Nanobiomedicine"},signatures:"Chetan Chandola and Muniasamy Neerathilingam",authors:null}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1194",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"
\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 28th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",slug:"taufiq-choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11970,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11971,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11972,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"12141",title:"Leadership - Advancing Great Leadership Practices and Good Leaders",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12141.jpg",hash:"85f77453916f1d80d80d88ee4fd2f2d1",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"420133",title:"Dr.",name:"Joseph",surname:"Crawford",slug:"joseph-crawford",fullName:"Joseph Crawford"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12139",title:"Global Market and Trade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12139.jpg",hash:"fa34af07c3a9657fa670404202f8cba5",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 21st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"243649",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Ireneusz",surname:"Miciuła",slug:"ireneusz-miciula",fullName:"Ireneusz Miciuła"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82395",title:"Toward a Better Understanding of Green Human Resource Management’s Impact on Green Competitive Advantage: A Conceptual Model",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105528",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"toward-a-better-understanding-of-green-human-resource-management-s-impact-on-green-competitive-advan",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:31,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"81831",title:"Deep Network Model and Regression Analysis using OLS Method for Predicting Lung Vital Capacity",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104737",signatures:"Harun Sümbül",slug:"deep-network-model-and-regression-analysis-using-ols-method-for-predicting-lung-vital-capacity",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Decision Science - Recent Advances and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11604.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Marketing",value:88,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Business and Management",value:86,count:8,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:302,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"90",type:"subseries",title:"Human Development",keywords:"Neuroscientific Research, Brain Functions, Human Development, UN’s Human Development Index, Self-Awareness, Self-development",scope:"
\r\n\tIn order to scientifically address significant issues such as climate change, which puts into question our very survival as a species, the current pandemic with its massive physical, socio-economical, and psychological consequences, and the rise of AI which challenges our established economic structures, we need to ask insightful questions: What is truly human? How can humans develop further? The answers to these questions are necessary not only to find new solutions to the current challenges, but also to shape new visions of what can come next.
\r\n
\r\n\tNeuroscientific research linking brain functions has produced a perspective on human development that includes normal, impaired, and enhanced neurophysiological, emotional and cognitive functioning. Human development has been considered the very aim of education and of educative processes. Indeed, the capabilities built through educational training are included in the UN’s human development index, according to which such capabilities are the ultimate criteria to assess the development of a country, rather than economic growth alone. Yet a full understanding of what Human Development truly constitutes, remains open. For example, tackling the question of what distinguishes human beings from other animals, and what humans’ possible development trajectory might look like, calls for a multidisciplinary approach. Consequently, contributions to such an inquiry might come from very different scientific fields, ranging from cognitive neuroscience to socioeconomics. For instance, in the field of neuroscience, self-awareness—the most specific characteristic of human beings—has been investigated in connection with its neural correlates. Recent research points to self-awareness as the particular ability of our species, directly connecting it to our abstract thinking which in turn enables envisioning new possible futures and self-development
\r\n
\r\n\tTo achieve a broad, multidisciplinary perspective on possible human development, subjects will be considered through varied— yet related—approaches. We will provide a complex yet consistent framework through which we will explore a substantial amount and variety of theories and case studies. Our ultimate goal will be to produce useful indications for policy making in diverse contexts, assist teachers and parents with child development in an optimal way, and enhance theoretical and practical knowledge.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11974,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null},editorialBoard:[{id:"337845",title:"Prof.",name:"Anke",middleName:null,surname:"Koenig",slug:"anke-koenig",fullName:"Anke Koenig",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000032KEmKQAW/Profile_Picture_2022-03-28T08:12:49.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Vechta",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"28286",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda",middleName:null,surname:"Fernandes",slug:"fernanda-dreux-miranda-fernandes",fullName:"Fernanda Dreux Miranda Fernandes",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOLpQAO/Profile_Picture_1643350340880",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"289526",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael John",middleName:null,surname:"Stones",slug:"michael-john-stones",fullName:"Michael John Stones",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289526/images/system/289526.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lakehead University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:17,paginationItems:[{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82195",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Hub in Lipid Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105450",signatures:"Raúl Ventura and María Isabel Hernández-Alvarez",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum-a-hub-in-lipid-homeostasis",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:40,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:25,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:113,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:153,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:209,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:184,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:239,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz Ahmad Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:205,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102692",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102692"},fullPath:"/profiles/102692",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var t;(t=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(t)}()