Economically important biotic stresses (diseases) of mustard and losses caused by them.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"2129",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"A Search for Antibacterial Agents",title:"A Search for Antibacterial Agents",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book contains precisely referenced chapters, emphasizing antibacterial agents\nwith clinical practicality and alternatives to synthetic antibacterial agents through\ndetailed reviews of diseases and their control using alternative approaches. The book\naims at explaining bacterial diseases and their control via synthetic drugs replaced by chemicals obtained from different natural resources which present a future direction in the pharmaceutical industry. The book attempts to present emerging low cost and environmentally friendly drugs that are free from side effects studied in the\noverlapping disciplines of medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology and\npharmacology.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0724-8",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5320-7",doi:"10.5772/1085",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"a-search-for-antibacterial-agents",numberOfPages:356,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"1567c6402f459b018a6aabfd620aa3f7",bookSignature:"Varaprasad Bobbarala",publishedDate:"September 19th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2129.jpg",numberOfDownloads:63330,numberOfWosCitations:106,numberOfCrossrefCitations:40,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:9,numberOfDimensionsCitations:106,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:17,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:252,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 7th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 5th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 9th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 9th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 8th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"90574",title:"Dr.",name:"Varaprasad",middleName:null,surname:"Bobbarala",slug:"varaprasad-bobbarala",fullName:"Varaprasad Bobbarala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90574/images/868_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Varaprasad Bobbarala received his Ph.D. in Faculty of Science from Andhra University in 2008 under the direction of Professor K. 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Renna, Rodrigo Garcia, Jesica Ramirez and Roberto M.\nMiatello",dateSubmitted:"May 26th 2016",dateReviewed:"January 16th 2017",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"April 5th 2017",book:{id:"5682",title:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis",subtitle:"Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",fullTitle:"Physiologic and Pathologic Angiogenesis - Signaling Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy",slug:"physiologic-and-pathologic-angiogenesis-signaling-mechanisms-and-targeted-therapy",publishedDate:"April 5th 2017",bookSignature:"Dan Simionescu and Agneta Simionescu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5682.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"66196",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan",middleName:"T.",surname:"Simionescu",slug:"dan-simionescu",fullName:"Dan Simionescu"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"192616",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicolás",middleName:null,surname:"Renna",fullName:"Nicolás Renna",slug:"nicolas-renna",email:"nicolasfede@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"National University of Cuyo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"202536",title:"Dr.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:"Damián",surname:"García",fullName:"Rodrigo García",slug:"rodrigo-garcia",email:"rodridg@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202537",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesica",middleName:null,surname:"Ramirez",fullName:"Jesica Ramirez",slug:"jesica-ramirez",email:"jesicamagali@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"202539",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto M.",middleName:null,surname:"Miatello",fullName:"Roberto M. 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\r\n\tThis book concerns autonomous mobile mapping robots capable of digitizing the surrounding environment in the form of a map easily interpretable by humans. This functionality is related to fundamental algorithmic challenges in the mobile robotic domain.
\r\n\r\n\tSuch machines can execute the autonomous mission in unknown and harsh environments; thus, they can help humans in decreasing the time of digital map delivery. Many algorithmic challenges have to be addressed, such as Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping assuming low energy onboard computers. LiDAR and VISUAL odometry are t candidates for initial trajectory estimation. Furthermore, a robust Graph SLAM approach can efficiently reduce incremental odometry error. Moreover, recent advances in Deep Neural Networks DNN applied for image and LiDAR data processing and analysis (segmentation and classification) are also crucial. DNN can provide necessary information to improve autonomous task execution. This book will address the problem of path planning and autonomous task execution as large-scale mobile mapping applications. For this reason, some practical implementations are provided. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art in autonomous mobile mapping robots.
",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"405e1f7c0ef62700f4d590722cf428be",bookSignature:"Dr. Janusz Bȩdkowski",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11456.jpg",keywords:"LiDAR Odometry, VISUAL Odometry, Kalman Filter, SLAM, Pose Graph, Path Planning, Path Following, Classification, Segmentation, Automatic Reasoning, USAR Urban Search and Rescue, Underground Mapping",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 10th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 6th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 25th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 24th 2022",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"22 days",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Researcher in mobile mapping applications. Actively developing practical robotic applications testing in realistic conditions (ENRICH, ELROB). Dr. Bedkowski was granted a postdoctoral scholarship in the Royal Military Academy (RMA), Belgium, funded by the Center for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology. Since 2017 he has been involved in the development of the continent-scale Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technologies for autonomous cars in TomTom.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"63695",title:"Dr.",name:"Janusz",middleName:null,surname:"Bȩdkowski",slug:"janusz-bdkowski",fullName:"Janusz Bȩdkowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63695/images/system/63695.jpg",biography:"Janusz Bedkowski, Ph.D., D.Sc. in Automation and Robotics, is an adjunct professor at the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences. From 2006 to 2018, he collaborated with Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, Warsaw, Poland, concerning multi robotic inspection-intervention systems development and integration. He was granted a postdoctoral scholarship in the Royal Military Academy (RMA), Brussels, Belgium, funded by Center for Advanced Studies, Warsaw University of Technology. His research interests are: inspection intervention robot systems, semantic mapping including 3D cloud of points and video processing, 6D SLAM, mobile robot operator training with AR techniques and GPGPU computing. From 2017 he is involved in development of the continent scale Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Technologies for autonomous cars in TomTom. He commercialized robotic 3D mapping technologies within the MANDALA company (www.mandalarobotics.com). He is actively working on multi domain robotic search and rescue R&D projects.",institutionString:"Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"22",title:"Robotics",slug:"physical-sciences-engineering-and-technology-robotics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Conveniently there is an alternative source of energy in the exact location where portable and wearable devices operate: biomechanical energy from human movements.Interestingly, the device often credited as being the first ever power generator was a biomechanical energy harvester.17th century engineer Otto von Guericke produced a sulfur globe which was charged through the triboelectric effect The triboelectric effect refers to the transfer of electrons between two materials when they come into contact.Some materials are more susceptible to donating electrons when the contact is separated and some are more likely to hold on to electrons so the materials remain charged when separated.
To provide sufficient power for portable devices a biomechanical energy harvester needs to supply in the order of a few Watts.For instance, an insulin pump consumes approximately 5 Watts [3] and the Nexus One smartphone (HTC Corporation, Taiwan) consumes 25 milli-Watts in standby, 330 milli-Watts in idle, and 750 milli-Watts during a phone call [4].So to eliminate the need to recharge batteries, a similar or greater quantity of power needs to be sourced.
Starner and Paradiso provide a good review of the energy available for scavenging from human movement and identify walking as a rich source of energy [5].They highlight that 13Watts of power is available from the heel-strike of a 68Kg person if the sole of their shoe is compressed by 1cm when walking at 2 steps per second.Furthermore, a typical running shoe midsole dissipates a relatively large amount of energy as heat. Shorten’s analysis of the energetics of a shoe midsole worn by a 76Kg runner suggests that a running shoe will dissipate between 2 and 10 Joules per step[6].A well designed energy harvesting shoe could instead turn this energy into electricity, without altering the comfort or energy expenditure of the person wearing the shoe.
The most prevalent energy harvesting technology, electromagnetic generators, have been used to harvest energy from human gait, but additional mechanisms are required to condition the mechanical energy [5, 7].Donelan et al. developed a knee-brace generator for harvesting energy from human gait.Their generator contained auxiliary components including a gear train, bearings, and a separate input shaft to convert the mechanical energy to suit their electromagnetic generator.Their system cost on average 59W of metabolic power to carry without harvesting energy, whereas an additional 5W of metabolic power was required to produce 4.8W of electrical power [7].Although their harvesting mechanism was extremely efficient, they could have achieved larger efficiency gains if their system’s mass was reduced and the device did not alter gait patterns.This begs the question: why are auxiliary mechanical components required for an electromagnetic biomechanical energy harvester?
The system by Donelan et al. was relatively heavy because it required additional componentry for it to work efficiently: electromagnetic generators produce more energy during a single rotation or stroke as velocity increases and are poorly suited for the low induced velocities associated with walking unless augmented mechanically.Thus the viability of harvesting energy from human motions could be improved by utilizing a different energy harvesting technology.
We propose the key characteristics of an ideal technology for harvesting biomechanical energy below:
Efficient operation at low biomechanical “walking” speeds.
Ability to couple directly to large walking motions.
A high energy density.
Good mechanical impedance matching to muscle.
Cheap to produce and maintain.
The first two criteria eliminate the need for additional mechanisms to condition the mechanical energy when it is transferred to the generator. The first three criteria therefore provide low mass/bulk. By having good impedance matching to muscle, the generator will be comfortable to wear, reducing its effects on the person wearing it. For the mass market, it is essential that the generator is low cost because consumers are unlikely to pay a premium for generators that produce power of approximately 1 Watt.
The research efforts of the authors of this chapter have focused on an energy harvesting technology called dielectric elastomer generators (DEG) which have been identified as a highly promising technology for biomechanical energy harvesting [8-11].Furthermore, DEG fit the five listed criteria particularly well, so this chapter will focus on our recent developments towards portable and wearable DEG. For the interested reader, Anderson et al. provide a good, broad review of dielectric elastomer transducers [12].
DEG are a class of variable capacitance generatorsthat are fabricated from a rubbery dielectric material sandwiched between stretchable electrodes.They have excellent impedance matching to natural muscle [13], can be fabricated from a wide range of low cost materials (commonly acrylic or silicone membranes sandwiched between carbon-based electrodes), have demonstrated extremely high energy densities, can undergo strains in excess of 100% [14], and have the ability to work over a wide frequency range without sacrificing efficiency [15].
Mechanical energy can be converted to electrical energy by cyclically deforming a DEG and placing charges on its flexible electrodes in the deformed state.DEG are typically produced from incompressible polymers so that an area stretch results in a decreased thickness.Relaxation of the charged, deformed DEG forces the opposite charges apart and packs like charges closer together and this transfers the mechanical energy to the electrical charges.The energy flows during an ideal DEG cycle are highlighted by the red arrows in Figure 1.The system receives 1 unit each of mechanical and electrical energy and converts the unit of mechanical energy into electrical, so that it outputs two units of electrical energy.
Schematic of the DEG states during a generation cycle.The grey area represents the dielectric and the black area represents the electrodes.From top moving clockwise, mechanical energy is input to the system deforming the DEG; an electrical energy input then charges the stretched DEG; the mechanical energy is then transferred to the charges by separating opposite and compressing like charges together.The electrical energy is then extracted and the cycle repeats (From [
The major advantage that DEG hold for biomechanical energy harvesting is their ability to directly harvest low frequency motions without any gear mechanisms.To illustrate why this is true we will briefly describe their fundamental energy harvesting mechanism.As illustrated in Figure 1, DEG convert mechanical energy to electrical when the deformation of a stretched charged DEG is relaxed.During this relaxation period the thickness of the dielectric increases and the electrode area decreases, both resulting in a reduction of the capacitance.If charge is trapped on the generator during this relaxation phase, the voltage on the DEG will increase and there will be an increase in energy given by equation 1 where
Since we are considering the case where the charge on the DEG is fixed during the relaxation period, and that the charge on a capacitor can be calculated from its voltage and capacitance (
These equations emphasise that along with driving voltage,
Although we have highlighted that DEG have a highly suitable mechanism and characteristics for harvesting biomechanical energy, Figure 1 highlights that DEG need an electrical circuit that will control the flow of charge onto and off of the generator at appropriate stages of the energy harvesting cycle. Such circuitry can add weight and is typically composed of stiff and bulky parts.Furthermore the requirement for the electronics to replace charge delivered to the load has traditionally reduced the portability of DEG because they have been either tethered to the grid or used batteries that need periodic replacement [10].This chapter will focus now on recent developments that eliminate the need for a secondary power source and reduce external DEG circuitry mass and stiffness.
A passive DEG circuit for controlling the charge state of the DEG appropriately as it is mechanically cycled called the Self-Priming Circuit (SPC) [17, 18] has been developed to eliminate the need for a secondary power source and thus improve DEG portability.The circuit works as a charge pump that provides energy in a higher charge form than the energy supplied to it.The self-priming circuit is configured so that it harvests energy from a DEG and then supplies that energy in a higher charge form to a load or to the DEG when it requires priming.This effectively boosts the charge of the generated energy before it is used, thus a secondary power source is not necessary because the generated energy is used to replace circuit charge losses and charge delivered to the load.A schematic of the simplest form of an SPC is given in Figure 2, showing that an SPC is simply a capacitor bank that has diodes to convert the topology of the circuit between a low capacitance when it is charged (Figure 2c, capacitors in series) and a high capacitance when it discharges (Figure 2d, capacitors in parallel).This toggling of state provides the SPC with a higher output capacitance which converts the energy to a higher charge form. This can be explained using equation 4, which provides two expressions for the energy (E) stored on a capacitor. If the energy is conserved when the capacitance (
Schematic of a self priming circuit (a) which connects to a DEG in parallel (b), the diodes control current flow so that the SPC capacitor bank takes on the form given in (c) when energy is transferred to it from the DEG, when energy is transferred off the SPC the diodes configure it to take on the higher charge form given in (d).
The SPC has additional benefits for portable DEG.First, the SPC is passive and requires no active switching or control, so it does not require any power to drive it.Second, the SPC accumulates charge from cycle to cycle, this means that the system voltage climbs (see Figure 3).The ability to boost its own voltage is highly desirable because as demonstrated in equation 3, generated energy climbs with priming voltage. This high voltage hastraditionally been supplied by a high voltage power supply or converter, so the SPC eliminates the need for these typically high cost components.
The output voltage waveform of a self-priming generator mechanically deformed at 3 Hz.The voltage climbs from cycle to cycle because the generated energy accumulates in the form of extra charge stored on the generator and priming circuit (From [
Although the SPC is low cost, low complexity, and autonomous it still adds considerable mass and stiffness to the DEG system. The SPC consists of diodes and capacitors. The function of the capacitors is to store priming charges and the diodes control the transfer of charge to and from the DEG, so that an appropriate generation cycle is achieved.We will now discuss how these functions have been integrated onto the DEG membrane to produce a generator that can be fabricated entirely from soft elastomers.
The DEG membrane is essentially a soft capacitor and one can take advantage of this, using the DEG to provide the energy storage function of the SPC.This means the generator can be fabricated with its external circuitry consisting solely of a few diodes [16, 20].One configuration that has been used to integrate the SPC storage function into the DEG membrane is given in Figure 4 where DEG1 is electrically configured as an SPC [16].Because the generator’s elastomer membranes are integrated into the self-priming circuit, this system has been referred to as the integrated self-priming circuit [21].The generator was configured into two DEG membranes which were deformed so that as one membrane was stretched the other was relaxed.When the voltage of DEG1A and DEG1B connected electrically in parallel exceeded the voltage of DEG2, energy was transferred from the SPC to DEG 2 through the path shown in Figure 4c; when the voltage of DEG2 exceeded that of DEG1A and DEG1B connected in series, energy was transferred onto the SPC from DEG2 through the path shown in Figure 4d.
A segmented generator which consists of two membranes that are antagonistically deformed when the inner hub displaces up and down (a).The top membrane DEG1 can be electrically interconnected with diodes to form a self-priming circuit (b).The paths along which current flows off (c) and onto (d) the SPC are also illustrated.
For a small scale portable and potentially wearable generator the diodes of the SPC can represent a significant mass.For instance, the prototype of the generator shown in Figure 4 consisted of DEG membranes with a combined mass of 0.35 grams, whereas the diodes weighed 0.63 grams.If we could remove the diodes, 64% of the total mass (ignoring the mass of the frame) could be eliminated.
The function of the diodes is to control the charge transfer between the DEG and SPC.The diodes simply allow current to flow along one path when one diaphragm is stretched, and along an alternative path when that diaphragm is relaxed.This means that the diodes can be replaced by switches that are toggled at the appropriate time.Since this timing is dependent on the material stretch state, the diodes can be replaced by stretch-sensitive switches coupled to the DEG.
Stretch sensitive electronics called Dielectric Elastomer Switches (DES) have been used to integrate the functionality of the diodes into the DEG membrane.DES consist of piezoresistive electrodes fabricated directly onto a highly stretchable dielectric elastomer membrane.They exhibit very large changes in resistance with stretch.O’Brien et al. first presented the concept [22] and characterized M-shaped DES as illustrated in Figure 5[23].These DES had a resistance of several MΩ in their rest state, which increased to several GΩ when they were stretched to approximately 1.4 times their original length (see Figure 5b) [23].
Carbon powder-based DES applied to a dielectric elastomer diaphragm (black “M” and “V” shaped tracks) for characterisation by O\'Brien et al. (a), and a plot of measured DES resistance versus approximate radial stretch ratio showing that the resistance climbed several orders of magnitude when the DES were stretched (b).Images taken from O\'Brien [
The generator illustrated in Figure 4 was redesigned by placing DES onto the membrane to replace the hard diodes as illustrated in Figures 6 and 7.The SPC capacitors were fabricated onto diaphragm 1.When diaphragm 1 was relaxed the switches Q1 and Q2 were also relaxed and therefore conducted, configuring the SPC capacitors into a parallel topology (high charge form).When diaphragm 1 was stretched so too were Q1 and Q2, so they no longer conducted, but diaphragm 2 was simultaneously relaxed, causing Q3 to conduct, connecting the SPC capacitors in series.This generator can be fabricated entirely from soft elastomers, so we refer to it as the soft generator.
The output voltage of a prototype soft generator is given in Figure 8.When compared to the output of the self-priming circuit given in Figure 3, the soft generator’s voltage climbs very rapidly.But the most profound advantages are the ability to produce DEG that maintain the advantages of high flexibility, softness, low volume, low cost, low component count, and low mass at the system level.
A schematic of the soft generator.The switches Q1-Q3 control the charge flow within the self-priming circuit in a similar manner to the diodes in the integrated self-priming circuit.The two diaphragms in (a) are connected together to form the antagonistic pair shown in (b).(From [
A photograph of a soft generator prototype.The large black regions are the generator electrodes and the thin "M-shaped" electrodes are the piezo-resistive switches.
The output voltage waveform of a soft generator initially primed to 10 Volts then mechanically deformed at 3 Hz showing that the generator rapidly boosts its operating voltage through accumulation of generated energy (From [
The total mass of biomechanical energy harvesters has a great influence on the metabolic cost of their use and can be easily compared in a quantitative manner.In Figure 9 we compare the energy density of each DEG system described in this chapter with the mass of their associated electronics included in the calculations (see equation 5).
The energy and energy densities produced by similarly sized DEG membranes (~0.3 grams) mechanically cycled at a rate of 3 Hz and operating at 2 kV are compared in Figure 9.The soft generator energy density was superior to both the integrated and external SPC generators because their respective external circuit masses are approximately 0 grams, 0.6 grams, and 13.4 grams.The soft generator’s energy density of 9.5 mJ/g is highly competitive with the predicted practical maxima of electromagnetics (4 mJ/g) and piezoelectrics (17.7 mJ/g) at the ~1cm3 scale [25], demonstrating the utility of DEG for small-scale energy harvesters.
The recent developments discussed in this chapter have provided progress towards wearable, soft power generators becoming a reality, but there are still issues that need to be addressed:
The switching technology used in the soft generator, DES, are in their infancy.Material and process developments are required to create more reliable DES with resistances that can be tuned to their application.
The energy and energy density produced by the external SPC, integrated SPC, and soft generators.
The prototypes discussed in this chapter are 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than those required to produce sufficient power to drive the more power hungry portable electronics such as smart phones, which begs the question:How do we expect them to scale?Figure 9 illustrates that the integrated SPC generator produced more energy than the soft generator, so as the generator is scaled up and the diode mass becomes insignificant the integrated generator may outperform the soft generator in terms of energy density.When scaled up to produce an order of a Watt, are the soft generator’s advantages sufficient to provide a worthwhile alternative to more complex DEG control strategies that will provide superior energy production [26-29].
The soft and integrated generators have an antagonistic pair of membranes.What is the best configuration for harvesting energy from a given biomechanical source?
DEG provide the best energy production when operated at high voltages (typically kV range).Compact energy-efficient circuitry is required to reduce this voltage down to consumer electronics levels (~5 Volts) or perhaps the high voltage energy can be used to drive another high voltage device such as a dielectric elastomer actuator.
With these challenges comes an exciting future: the emergence of smart, wearable soft devices.The DEG membranes are multifunctional; they can be operated as actuators or generators and simultaneously sense strain [12].Furthermore DES have been used to fabricate rubber-based NAND-gates and memory elements, the two primitives required to build a computer [30-32].Perhaps the future will not only include soft generators to power portable electronic devices, but it may also include a new breed of smart, multifunctional self-powered portable soft devices.These possibilities open the door for smart devices to be integrated directly into clothing.So soft wearable generators will not only revolutionize the use of today’s portable devices, but they will be an integral part of a distributed body-area network of sensors and smart devices that will improve future prosthetic devices, sports monitors, and video gaming interfaces.
This work was supported by a University of Auckland Bioengineering Institute FRDF postdoctoral fellowship and a Rutherford Foundation postdoctoral fellowship from the Royal Society of New Zealand. The authors acknowledge the support of the Auckland Bioengineering Institute, their colleagues in the Biomimetics lab, Kristal Murray, Michelle O’Brien, and Suzie Pilkington.
Rapeseed-mustard is the third most important oilseed crop after soybean and groundnut, contributing nearly about 20–25% of the total oilseed production in the country. In India, rapeseed-mustard occupy approximately 22.2% of total oilseeds cultivated area and approximately 32% of the country’s total oilseed production, with an area of 6.00mha, production of 8.04mt and yield of 1339 kg/ha during 2017–2018 [1]. Brassica oilseed crops play a vital role in the diversification in cropping system and also in providing the quality food by meeting the fat requirement to same extent. Mustard is considered to be of high economic importance in local as well as international trade and it is one of the major contributors to Yellow Revolution. Many biotic and abiotic stresses are liable for reducing the production and productivity of rapeseed-mustard. Biotic stresses are diseases and pests and abiotic stresses are due to environmental factors like temperature, salinity, drought, frost and Water logging stress. Diseases play a pivotal role in reducing the quality and quantity of mustard crop [2, 3]. Unfavorable environmental conditions severely affect growth, productivity and genome stability of the crop. These unsuitable ecological factors are a hazardous for plants that avert them from reaching their full genetic potential and decrease the crop productivity worldwide. Various abiotic Stresses, such as extreme temperature, salinity and heavy metal toxicity cause massive crop yield loss. Pattern of climate is becoming more erratic globally with increased occurrence of drought, flood, storms, heat waves, and seawater intrusion.
According to Howe and Jander [4], array of morphological, genetic, biochemical and molecular processes has been targeted to develop resistance in plants. These mechanisms may be expressed constitutively as preformed resistance, or they may be inducible and deployed only after attack. The latest studies indicate that the plant mechanisms of disease resistance or susceptibility are related to mechanistic response [5]. Various plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that sense pathogens or conserved molecules termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and then induce PAMP triggered immunity (PTI), in case of biotic stress. While in case of abiotic stress plants respond to various stress factors such as salinity, heat, cold, drought, excess water, heavy metal toxicity, nutrient loss and pass information through multifaceted molecular signaling pathways leading to expression of stress-related genes. These responses at the molecular, cellular, physiological and biochemical levels enable the plants to survive [6].
The new biological and molecular tools have been opened up new perspectives in stress biology and can be applied in Mustard to develop biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The omics approaches such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics have direct potential for improving stress tolerance in plants. The use of PGPRs, beneficial metabolites and enzymes produced by microorganisms are found to effective in biotic and abiotic stress management in mustard.
Productivity of brassica crop is affected by a various abiotic stresses. These may include deficit or excess water availability, salinity levels in soil as well as in irrigation water and extreme temperatures. In addition, mineral deficiency or toxicity and excessive chemical content in soil are frequently faced by plants. Sometimes various abiotic stresses occurs in combination and affect the plants severely. For example, scarcity of water and high temperature are commonly occurs in the period of drought and can be induced by mineral toxicities that restrict root growth. Further, plants are also exposed to salinity, drought and frost-like conditions in combination in many cases. Abiotic stresses are primarily unavoidable and are the most harmful factor concerning the growth and productivity of brassica crops.
Salt stress is one of the major limiting factor that disturb the yield and other agronomic important characters of mustard. Vital [7] observed that, soil texture and composition adversely affected by one of the major environmental factor that is salt stress. High salt concentration leads to imbalance of nutrients and ions, it reduces the normal morpho-physiological and other biological processes of mustard [8]. High salt concentration negatively affects the seed germination in many Brassica species, also showed retardation in plant growth and development, resulting in reduced crop yield and even death of plant under severe conditions [9]. Due to high concentration of salt content, the osmotic pressure of soil is higher than the root cells, thereby root cells instead of absorbing water from soil lose water leading to water and nutrition imbalance in plants, thus adversely affects plant growth [10]. Plants use different resources to sense, counter and acclimatize to altering the saline environment based by making modifications in morphological, physiological traits and molecular metabolism which may further be enhanced by thiourea TU induction. Recently published reports have thoroughly explained the function of TU in inducing the salt tolerance and primary mechanisms in many plants, including Indian mustard (
Drought can severely affect seed traits such as seed germination, seed yield and seed quality as well as plant vegetative growth. Shekari et al. reported that the most sensitive stage for drought injury was flowering resulting in high loss in seed as well as oil yield by 29.5% and 31.7%, respectively [18]. Hasanuzzaman et al. examined that
The challenge is even greater for developing drought tolerant trait in plants for water-limited environments where occurrence, timing and severity of drought may fluctuate from one zone to the next and also over the years. Furthermore, it induces large impacts on emergence, growth, quantity and quality of produce production through phenological, physiological and biochemical pathways [20]. Physiological changes in water potential and relative water content of the water-stressed leaves through osmoregulation and osmotic adjustment have been observed in Brassica crops. In the process of physiological adaptation, maintenance of turgor pressure appears to be the central process. In crop production, different techniques are used to conserve water and increase water use efficiency in order to tackle water scarcity. One of them is planting method which affects the plant population and nutrient availability. Most commonly used cheapest method for water conservation are drill sowing raised bed planting and furrow planting. Seedling establishment is a phonological stage at which drought stress could be damaging. Seed broadcasting technique of Brassica crops results in uneven distribution and leads to imbalances availability of water, space and nutrients and poor seedling establishment and ultimately lower yield. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) regulate the germination, formation and distortion of roots, leaves and stem elongation and ripening etc. exogenous application of salicylic acid, gibbereallic acid and cytokinins also improves stress tolerance in mustard. Potassium (K) is one of the key plant nutrients and is involved in drought mitigation by regulating turgor pressure, photosynthesis, translocation of assimilates to various organs and enzyme activation [21].
Other than traditional techniques the Transcription factors (TFs) are emerging as useful resources for genetic engineering to induce drought tolerance in mustard plants, because they act as mjors regulators of various stress-regulatory pathways. Many TFs belonging to families AP2/EREBP, MYB, WRKY, NAC, bZIP have been involved in drought stress tolerance and some TF genes have also been engineered to develop stress resistance in plants. TFs are very important regulators, as they function as terminal transducers and comprehensively regulate the expression of group of downstream genes by combination of specific cis elements in their promoter region [22]. Over-expression of a constitutively active form of AtDREB2A from Arabidopsis has been reported to improve the tolerance to drought and osmotic stresses [23].
Frost is a sudden crop killer with devastating threat, especially in the north and northeastern parts of India where temperature unexpectedly drops below 0°C. Low-temperature stress not only decreases grain yield but also affects crop grain quality [24]. Shah et al. reported that whole plant death in mustard if frost stress affects the seedling stages. The injury rate of frost stress depends on many important components such as duration and amount of cold stress, different stages of plant growth and moisture content. It has direct effect on the flowering and siliqua development and prevents seed formation, thereby affecting crop productivity, causing considerable yield loss [25].
Cold stress tolerance mechanism in plants is regulated via transcriptional activation or repression. The majority of stress associated proteins such as heat shock, chemical shock and late embryogenesis abundant proteins (HSPs, CSPs and LEA) are accumulate upon extreme temperature stress. They act as molecular chaperones, which are responsible for protecting the cellular machinery in a broad range of cellular processes. Evidence suggests that cold tolerance is linked with the increased expression of genes involved in transcriptional regulation, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant defense and metabolite biosynthesis [26]. Varieties like RGN-48, RK-9001, RH-8816, RGN-13, RH-819, Swaranjyoti, RH-781 have been reported to have good frost tolerance. Mustard crop can be also protected from frost by chemical spray of dimethyl sulphoxide, dithane or 0.15% of H2SO4.
Plants largely depend on soil solution to acquire nutrients for their growth and developmental cycle. The recent increase in contamination of arable lands with heavy metals is one of the most important causes of loss in crop productivity [27]. Extensive exposure to heavy metal contamination threatens the sustainability of environmental and agricultural systems. Crops are routinely subjected to metal toxicity due to improper irrigation methods and the addition of excessive quantities of chemical fertilizers, and other synthetic nutrients [28]. Some (potentially toxic) heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Se, and Fe, are also essential elements required for the optimal performance of plants and become toxic when accumulated in excess in soil solution [29, 30]. On the other hand, non-essential elements, such as arsenate (As), cesium (Cs), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd), can hamper crop productivity when accumulated in the soil even in trace amounts [31]. Soil contamination with heavy metals causes accumulation of these toxic metals in plant parts, resulting in decreased crop productivity and increased risk to animal and human health [32].
The root-associated dark septate endophyte (DSE),
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a statistical method developed to analyse and correlate the phenotypic and genotypic data to estimate the genetic variations in complex traits. This technique is less time consuming and gives better mapping resolution by exploring and utilizing each event of recombination that occurs in the evolutionary history. In various crops, QTLs were recognized for a several beneficial agronomic traits, such as enhancing abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, yield and yield contributing factors of the crop, flowering time, root development and uptake of nutrients and nitrogen fixation. Molecular markers linked with various agronomic traits derived from association mapping are reported in crops including soybean [35] and brassica [36, 37]. Lu et al. reported that resequencing of 588
All these factors such as salt stress, drought and frost decline the crop quality and quantity. These abiotic stresses can be managed by exploring genetic resources material and agronomic factors. Donor lines have been identified for different abiotic stresses and are being used in the breeding programmes for developing tolerant varieties against abiotic stresses. A number of improved cultivars or hybrids have been developed which perform better under different type of stresses resulting in lower reduction upon exposure to stress compared to high yielding varieties. Conventional techniques of plant breeding have not been proved that much successful in addressing abiotic stresses mitigation so far. Therefore reason and need for adoption of new molecular approaches.
Besides environmental stresses, biotic stresses are diseases and insect-pests. The fungal diseases are considered as an important biotic constraint in mustard, which leads to significant yield losses of crop world-wide. More than thirty diseases are known to occur on brassica crops in India [39]. However, only few of them are considered as major diseases on the basis of economic yield losses and according to their distribution in the country. Major biotic stresses of rapeseed-mustard in India are Alternaria blight [
Disease | Causal organism | Yield losses |
---|---|---|
Alternaria blight | 10–70 | |
White rust | Upto 47 | |
Sclerotinia rot | Upto 35 | |
Downy mildew | 17—37 | |
Powdery mildew | Upto 18 |
Economically important biotic stresses (diseases) of mustard and losses caused by them.
Source: Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research (DRMR).
The following strategies are helpful for disease management.
Optimization of sowing time is very important as it significantly affects the disease incidence and severity.
Use of certified seeds, chemicals, disease resistant and tolerant varieties.
Seed treatment with various biocontrol agents viz.,
Use recommended doses of N, P and K fertilizers, maintaining optimum plant population with recommended crop spacing.
Application of more use of pesticides leads to the development of resistance in the target pests, and has negative impacts on biodiversity. More importantly, plants will have increased susceptibility to pests due to the implications of changes of climate. Under such conditions, gaining better knowledge on physiology of plants could lead to sustainable control of biotic stresses. Several plant breeding techniques has been used in extensively to develop biotic stress tolerance in mustard. The stress responses in plants is showed high levels of complexity and redundancy at the sensitivity, response and expression levels with interconnection between stress pathways and over lapping functions between stress metabolites and stress proteins in different stresses. In the case of stress proteins, there are limits on genes of known function that are available but perhaps more importantly the issue of whether single or multiple gene transformations will confer stable resistance. Regular upgradation of technology is required to develop better solution of biotic stresses. Now-a-days, several molecular techniques are considered for a better crop disease management. Lack of disease resistance sources of plant breeding is serious problem and difficult challenge for crop improvement and this problem can be solved through using biotechnology approaches. This is one of the best option and opportunity to develop strategies for biotic stress tolerance in crop [44]. Several methods has been employed to develop biotic stress tolerance are discussed below.
The conventional breeding techniques are used for the incorporation of genes of interest from inter-crossing species into the crop for the development of biotic stress tolerance; however, these methods proved less effective with undesirable results [45]. Moreover, biotechnological techniques can be effective for the development of stress-tolerant plants. The genetic transformation involves the transfer of stress tolerance gene from gene pools in various plant species for establishment of stress tolerant crops. Genetic engineering could be most effective for the improvement of crop varieties; however, the major trouble associated with this approach is the low transformation competence, silencing of transgene and low gene expression [46]. Recently, tissue culture has proved to be an appropriate and less costly technique for development of stress-tolerant plants. The tissue culture plants are grown in controlled lab conditions requires limited time and space with potential to develop of stress-tolerant plants and leads to the better understanding of biochemical and metabolic pathways of plants growing in harsh environmental conditions [47]. Using partially purified culture filtrates,
In vitro selection through enhanced expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, antifungal peptides or biosynthesis of phytoalexins is an important tool for desirable plant selection [50, 51]. This technology is having an upper hand over transgenic approach for developing improved disease-tolerant crops [52]. Developing pathogen resistance through in vitro selection can be carried out using organogenic or embryogenic calli, shoots, somatic embryos or cell suspensions. By exposing these cultures to different toxins produced by various plant pathogens, tolerant plants can be raised [51]. “Pusa Jaikisan” is the first high yielding variety of mustard though tissue culture and suited for nontraditional areas.
RNA interference (RNAi), is a powerful technology for discovering the functional genetic sequences and harness the down regulation of expression of gene(s) specifically. To accomplish the modified gene expression for a particular trait, gene silencing viz. cosuppression, post transcriptional gene silencing, virus-induced gene silencing etc. can be used. This molecular phenomenon has become a focal point of modern plant biology research across the globe. Thus it has been remarkably used in crop improvement likewise has become a valuable tool for functional genomics in Brassica (Brassica sp.). The rapid adoption of RNAi has replaced previous antisense technology. RNAi has aided in identification of different functions and biological roles of various mustard genes, which are involved in fertility and somatic embryogenesis, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and qualitative improvements in oil seed as well as it also have major role in yield and maturity traits.
The symbiotic interactions between plant and microorganisms may result in several outcomes as defined by fitness benefits by each of the partners [53]. Interaction to host plants can be positive, neutral or negative. Variations in the outside environment put the plant metabolism out of homeostasis, which creates necessity for the plant to harbour some advanced genetic and metabolic mechanisms within its cellular system [54]. The priming of host response against pathogen is termed as induced systemic resistance, in this case the host response is activated by nonpathogenic plant-associated microorganisms. The ISR induce plant defense mechanisms and protects unexposed part of plants against a future attack by pathogenic microbes and insect pests. Plant hormones ethylene and jasmonic acid plays a regulatory function in the network of interrelated signaling pathways involved in ISR induction [55].
Many studies have been dedicated to the induced systemic resistance SR mediated by free-living rhizobacterial strains [56] the resistance in Mustard (
Based on the foregoing chapter, there is no doubt biotic and abiotic stresses are the major barriers in enhancing the productivity of rapeseed-mustard crop. Conventional plant breeding techniques has not provided us full proof protection against abiotic and biotic stresses so far. So, there is an urgent need to minimize the adverse effects of these stresses on the brassica crops to enhance the productivity and production to meet the ever-growing demand of oil in the country. The use of genetic and genomic analysis which helps to identify DNA regions tightly linked to agronomical traits in mustard. Molecular markers for the indirect selection of improved crops speeds up the selection process by alleviating time-consuming approaches direct screening under screen house and field conditions. Use of PGPRs in mustard can also be highly effective as these microorganisms are able to reduce abiotic as well as biotic stress in plants by producing beneficial enzymes, proteins, hormones etc. Tissue culture is another advantageous technique in mustard as this crop is highly susceptible stresses at initial stages. Therefore the use of one particular technique or the mix of these techniques has a potential to improve the stress tolerance in rapeseed mustard.
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We will also focus on recent breakthroughs of the MAPLE technique for the fabrication of functional devices, i.e. sensor devices based either on chemoresponsive polymers or on proteins.",book:{id:"6059",slug:"laser-ablation-from-fundamentals-to-applications",title:"Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Laser Ablation - From Fundamentals to Applications"},signatures:"Alexandra Palla Papavlu, Valentina Dinca, Mihaela Filipescu and\nMaria Dinescu",authors:[{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu"},{id:"176781",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Dinca",slug:"valentina-dinca",fullName:"Valentina Dinca"},{id:"206985",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alexandra",middleName:null,surname:"Palla Papavlu",slug:"alexandra-palla-papavlu",fullName:"Alexandra Palla Papavlu"},{id:"207048",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihaela",middleName:null,surname:"Filipescu",slug:"mihaela-filipescu",fullName:"Mihaela Filipescu"}]},{id:"24748",doi:"10.5772/24134",title:"Deconvolution of Long-Pulse Lidar Profiles",slug:"deconvolution-of-long-pulse-lidar-profiles",totalDownloads:2164,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1356",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",title:"Lasers",fullTitle:"Lasers - Applications in Science and Industry"},signatures:"Ljuan L. 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Stoyanov",authors:[{id:"55686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ljuan",middleName:null,surname:"Gurdev",slug:"ljuan-gurdev",fullName:"Ljuan Gurdev"},{id:"61273",title:"Dr.",name:"Tanja",middleName:null,surname:"Dreischuh",slug:"tanja-dreischuh",fullName:"Tanja Dreischuh"},{id:"61274",title:"Prof.",name:"Dimitar",middleName:"Vassilev",surname:"Stoyanov",slug:"dimitar-stoyanov",fullName:"Dimitar Stoyanov"}]},{id:"24745",doi:"10.5772/24024",title:"Laser Pulse Application in IVF",slug:"laser-pulse-application-in-ivf",totalDownloads:4055,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"1356",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",title:"Lasers",fullTitle:"Lasers - Applications in Science and Industry"},signatures:"Carrie Bedient, Pallavi Khanna and Nina Desai",authors:[{id:"55004",title:"Dr.",name:"Nina",middleName:null,surname:"Desai",slug:"nina-desai",fullName:"Nina Desai"},{id:"127713",title:"Dr.",name:"Carrie",middleName:null,surname:"Bedient",slug:"carrie-bedient",fullName:"Carrie Bedient"},{id:"127714",title:"Dr.",name:"Pallavi",middleName:null,surname:"Khanna",slug:"pallavi-khanna",fullName:"Pallavi Khanna"}]},{id:"68795",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88860",title:"Preparation, Characterization, and Applications of Carbonaceous Mesophase: A Review",slug:"preparation-characterization-and-applications-of-carbonaceous-mesophase-a-review",totalDownloads:1350,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:"Carbonaceous mesophase with a nematic liquid crystal structure possesses an easily graphitizable characteristic and can be used as a promising raw material to prepare anisotropic carbon and graphite materials with high performance and multifunction. Therefore, the carbonaceous mesophase occupies a pivotal and irreplaceable position in many frontier and cutting-edge fields. The controllable preparation and characterization of carbonaceous mesophase derived from a model molecule (i.e., naphthalene) are presented, especially the formation, development, and transformation of anisotropic liquid crystalline mesophase in the synthetic naphthalene pitch during the process of liquid-phase carbonization (350–450°C). The increasing applications of naphthalene-based carbonaceous mesophase as an ideal precursor material for fabricating representative advanced carbon materials with high added value (e.g., mesophase pitch-derived coke, mesocarbon microbeads, mesophase pitch-based carbon foam, high-modulus mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers, and high-thermal-conductivity carbon-based composites, etc.) are reviewed in detail in this chapter.",book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Guanming Yuan and Zhengwei Cui",authors:[{id:"308403",title:"Prof.",name:"Guanming",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",slug:"guanming-yuan",fullName:"Guanming Yuan"},{id:"309210",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengwei",middleName:null,surname:"Cui",slug:"zhengwei-cui",fullName:"Zhengwei Cui"}]},{id:"24737",doi:"10.5772/24285",title:"Production of Optical Coatings Resistant to Damage by Petawatt Class Laser Pulses",slug:"production-of-optical-coatings-resistant-to-damage-by-petawatt-class-laser-pulses",totalDownloads:3245,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"1356",slug:"lasers-applications-in-science-and-industry",title:"Lasers",fullTitle:"Lasers - Applications in Science and Industry"},signatures:"John Bellum, Patrick Rambo, Jens Schwarz, Ian Smith, Mark Kimmel, Damon Kletecka and Briggs Atherton",authors:[{id:"56477",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:"C.",surname:"Bellum",slug:"john-bellum",fullName:"John Bellum"},{id:"120423",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrick",middleName:null,surname:"Rambo",slug:"patrick-rambo",fullName:"Patrick Rambo"},{id:"120424",title:"Dr.",name:"Jens",middleName:null,surname:"Schwarz",slug:"jens-schwarz",fullName:"Jens Schwarz"},{id:"120425",title:"Mr.",name:"Ian",middleName:null,surname:"Smith",slug:"ian-smith",fullName:"Ian Smith"},{id:"120426",title:"Mr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Kimmel",slug:"mark-kimmel",fullName:"Mark Kimmel"},{id:"120427",title:"Mr.",name:"Damon",middleName:null,surname:"Kletecka",slug:"damon-kletecka",fullName:"Damon Kletecka"},{id:"120428",title:"Dr.",name:"Briggs",middleName:null,surname:"Atherton",slug:"briggs-atherton",fullName:"Briggs Atherton"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"71926",title:"An Overview of Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystals Composite Films and Their Applications",slug:"an-overview-of-polymer-dispersed-liquid-crystals-composite-films-and-their-applications",totalDownloads:1185,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Inherent and incredible properties of liquid crystals (LC) such as optical and dielectric anisotropy make them special candidates for flat-panel display devices; bi-stable reflective displays; high-definition spatial light modulators; switchable windows; haze-free normal- and reverse-mode light shutter devices; projectors; optical, thermal and strain sensors; tuneable lenses; etc. Non-linear response of LC material to the applied electric field is very useful in the above-mentioned applications. When a low molecular weight LC material is doped in a high molecular weight polymer matrix to obtain polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) films, it offers flexibility and mechanical strength (structural stabilization) to the composite films—PDLC devices. Depending upon the concentration of monomer/polymer, these composite films are classified as polymer-stabilized liquid crystal (PSLC), PDLC and holographic PDLC (HPDLC) films. Depending upon the process conditions, we get phase-separated randomly dispersed micron-sized LC droplets in a continuous polymer matrix. These nematic LC droplets exhibit light scattering transmission properties depending on their orientation, which can be controlled by external electric field. This chapter gives deep insight about operating principle, phase separation techniques involved, alignment of LC and controlling LC droplet morphology of PDLC films to obtain desired properties. In order to improve the optical efficiency and to obtain the desired result from PDLC films, various guest entities such as dye and nanomaterials are doped in the host LC material. This chapter also accounts for various possible LC dopants desired for improving the electro-optic (EO) and dielectric properties of PDLC devices. Various applications of PDLC composite films are also described in this chapter.",book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Anuja Katariya Jain and Rajendra R. Deshmukh",authors:[{id:"34437",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajendrasing",middleName:"Rajesing",surname:"Deshmukh",slug:"rajendrasing-deshmukh",fullName:"Rajendrasing Deshmukh"},{id:"318245",title:"Dr.",name:"Anuja",middleName:null,surname:"Katariya-Jain",slug:"anuja-katariya-jain",fullName:"Anuja Katariya-Jain"}]},{id:"71353",title:"Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polyesteramides: Non-Viral Vectors",slug:"cholesteric-liquid-crystal-polyesteramides-non-viral-vectors",totalDownloads:597,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Polyesteramides PNOBDME (C34H38N2O6)n, Poly[oxy(1,2-dodecane)-oxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-amine-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-amine-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl], and PNOBEE (C26H22N2O6)n, Poly[oxy(1,2-butylene)-oxy-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-amine-carbonyl-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl-amine-1,4-phenylene-carbonyl], have been designed and synthesized as cholesteric liquid crystals (LCs)—through a condensation reaction between 4- 4′-(terephthaloyl-diaminedibenzoic chloride) (NOBC) and racemic glycol, DL-1,2-dodecanediol or DL-1,2-butanediol, respectively—as chemical modifications of multifunctional cholesteric LC polyesters, involving new properties but holding the precursor helical macromolecular structures. The new compounds have been characterized by 1H and 13C-NMR, COSY and HSQC, exhibiting two 1H-independent sets of signals observed for each enantiomer, attributed to two diastereomeric conformers, gg and gt, of the torsion containing the asymmetric carbon atom in the spacer. They have also been characterized by x-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation source. Thermal behaviour of the new compounds is studied by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The substitution of the ester groups in the mesogen by amide groups causes an increase of thermal stability with respect to the precursors. Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) is evaluated. Morphology of powdered PNOBDME exhibits spherical clusters of about 5 μm in diameter homogeneously dispersed. Molecular models show helical polymeric chains with stereoregular head-tail, isotactic structure, explained as due to the higher reactivity of the primary hydroxyl with respect to the secondary one in the glycol through the polycondensation reaction. Besides being biocompatible, these synthetic polyesteramides have proved to act as non-viral vectors in gene therapy and be able to transfect DNA to the nucleus cell. Similar new cationic cholesteric liquid crystal polyesters have also been synthesized in our laboratory.",book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Mercedes Pérez Méndez and José Fayos Alcañiz",authors:[{id:"205972",title:"Dr.",name:"Mercedes",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez Méndez",slug:"mercedes-perez-mendez",fullName:"Mercedes Pérez Méndez"},{id:"316150",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Fayos Alcañíz",slug:"jose-fayos-alcaniz",fullName:"José Fayos Alcañíz"}]},{id:"72382",title:"Introductory Chapter: Nematic Liquid Crystals",slug:"introductory-chapter-nematic-liquid-crystals",totalDownloads:657,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"7965",slug:"liquid-crystals-and-display-technology",title:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology",fullTitle:"Liquid Crystals and Display Technology"},signatures:"Irina Carlescu",authors:[{id:"258032",title:"Prof.",name:"Irina",middleName:null,surname:"Carlescu",slug:"irina-carlescu",fullName:"Irina Carlescu"}]},{id:"57062",title:"Optical Properties of Complex Oxide Thin Films Obtained by Pulsed Laser Deposition",slug:"optical-properties-of-complex-oxide-thin-films-obtained-by-pulsed-laser-deposition",totalDownloads:1527,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The market for thin films of complex oxides obtained by different deposition techniques is increasing exponentially in last decades due to large variety of possible application such as high-efficient solar cell, optoelectronic devices, etc. pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is a versatile growth technique and recently became more attractive for industrial applications due to the possibility to obtain crystalline thin films on a large area. Laser processing techniques were successfully used to obtain thin films with good optical properties starting from simple oxides, such as Sm2O3, ZrO2, etc., to more complex lead-free materials: SrxBa1−xNb2O6 (SBN) and Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3−x%BaTiO3, or superconductive oxide YBa2Cu3O7−δ. When oxide thin films are designated for electronic and optoelectronic devices or for solar cells, the optical properties and the thickness must be well known. For this purpose, the spectroscopic ellipsometry technique was developed. Ellipsometry is a powerful technique to determine the optical properties of thin films especially when the thicknesses of thin films are in a nanometer range.",book:{id:"6059",slug:"laser-ablation-from-fundamentals-to-applications",title:"Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Laser Ablation - From Fundamentals to Applications"},signatures:"Valentin Ion, Andreea Andrei, Maria Dinescu and Nicu Doinel\nScarisoreanu",authors:[{id:"32241",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Dinescu",slug:"maria-dinescu",fullName:"Maria Dinescu"},{id:"156567",title:"MSc.",name:"Andreea",middleName:null,surname:"Andrei",slug:"andreea-andrei",fullName:"Andreea Andrei"},{id:"181341",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentin",middleName:null,surname:"Ion",slug:"valentin-ion",fullName:"Valentin Ion"},{id:"181362",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicu D.",middleName:null,surname:"Scarisoreanu",slug:"nicu-d.-scarisoreanu",fullName:"Nicu D. Scarisoreanu"}]},{id:"56891",title:"Multi-Beam Multi-Target Pulsed Laser Deposition of AZO Films with Polymer Nanoparticles for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters",slug:"multi-beam-multi-target-pulsed-laser-deposition-of-azo-films-with-polymer-nanoparticles-for-thermoel",totalDownloads:1389,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In comparison with metallic thermoelectric films, oxide films with artificial nanodefects have been seldom studied. And there has been no report on the incorporation of island-shaped organic nanoparticles. We describe a new approach to introduce nanometer-sized phonon scatterers in aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) thermoelectric thin films–concurrent multi-beam multi-target-pulsed laser deposition and the matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MBMT-PLD/MAPLE). The approach was used to make nanocomposite thin films of AZO matrix with evenly dispersed poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) nanoparticles. The introduction of the nanoparticles enhanced phonon scattering with consequent decrease of thermal conductivity by 20%. The electrical conductivity did not decrease after the addition of the second phase, as it would be predicted by Wiedemann-Franz law, but improved by 350% over pure AZO film. The thermoelectric figure of merit of the nanocomposite film became twice that of the pure AZO film. Taking advantage of room-temperature deposition, optimized AZO nanocomposite films are expected to be used in real applications, such as thin film modules deposited on flexible polymeric substrates for ubiquitous harvesting of the waste heat.",book:{id:"6059",slug:"laser-ablation-from-fundamentals-to-applications",title:"Laser Ablation",fullTitle:"Laser Ablation - From Fundamentals to Applications"},signatures:"Abdalla M. Darwish, Sergey S. Sarkisov, Paolo Mele and Shrikant\nSaini",authors:[{id:"186848",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdalla",middleName:null,surname:"Darwish",slug:"abdalla-darwish",fullName:"Abdalla Darwish"},{id:"212023",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sarkisov",slug:"sergey-sarkisov",fullName:"Sergey Sarkisov"},{id:"217105",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Mele",slug:"paolo-mele",fullName:"Paolo Mele"},{id:"217106",title:"Dr.",name:"Shrikant",middleName:null,surname:"Saini",slug:"shrikant-saini",fullName:"Shrikant Saini"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1222",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 15th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. 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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University, Kuwait. His research interests include optimization, computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, and intelligent systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker at various platforms around the globe. He has advised/supervised more than 110 students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He has authored and/or edited around seventy books. Prof. Sarfraz is a member of various professional societies. He is a chair and member of international advisory committees and organizing committees of numerous international conferences. He is also an editor and editor in chief for various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:"Beijing University of Technology",institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Lakhno Igor Victorovich was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPhD – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSc – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nLakhno Igor has been graduated from an international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held in Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s a professor of the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education . He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 17 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Lakhno Igor is a rewiever of Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for DSc degree \\'Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention and treatment”. Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, cardiovascular medicine.",institutionString:"V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University",institution:{name:"Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education",country:{name:"Ukraine"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRZkkQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-05-09T12:55:18.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"147824",title:"Mr.",name:"Pablo",middleName:null,surname:"Revuelta Sanz",slug:"pablo-revuelta-sanz",fullName:"Pablo Revuelta Sanz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. 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His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. 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