Mass and production efficiency of biocompatible high entropy alloy batches.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9218",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Bayesian Inference on Complicated Data",title:"Bayesian Inference on Complicated Data",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Due to great applications in various fields, such as social science, biomedicine, genomics, and signal processing, and the improvement of computing ability, Bayesian inference has made substantial developments for analyzing complicated data. This book introduces key ideas of Bayesian sampling methods, Bayesian estimation, and selection of the prior. It is structured around topics on the impact of the choice of the prior on Bayesian statistics, some advances on Bayesian sampling methods, and Bayesian inference for complicated data including breast cancer data, cloud-based healthcare data, gene network data, and longitudinal data. This volume is designed for statisticians, engineers, doctors, and machine learning researchers.",isbn:"978-1-83880-386-5",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-385-8",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-704-0",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83214",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"bayesian-inference-on-complicated-data",numberOfPages:118,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5cf83c23db5b0ae47192d34ec8091162",bookSignature:"Niansheng Tang",publishedDate:"July 15th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9218.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5604,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:14,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 16th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 31st 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"July 30th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 18th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 17th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"221831",title:"Prof.",name:"Niansheng",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",slug:"niansheng-tang",fullName:"Niansheng Tang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221831/images/system/221831.jpeg",biography:"Niansheng Tang is a Professor of Statistics and Dean of the School of Mathematics and Statistics, Yunnan University, China. He was elected a Yangtze River Scholars Distinguished Professor in 2013, a member of the International Statistical Institute (ISI) in 2016, a member of the board of the International Chinese Statistical Association (ICSA) in 2018, and a fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS) in 2021. He received the ICSA Outstanding Service Award in 2018 and the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars of China in 2012. He serves as a member of the editorial board of Statistics and Its Interface and Journal of Systems Science and Complexity. He is also a field editor for Communications in Mathematics and Statistics. His research interests include biostatistics, empirical likelihood, missing data analysis, variable selection, high-dimensional data analysis, Bayesian statistics, and data science. He has published more than 190 research papers and authored five books.",institutionString:"Yunnan University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Yunnan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"977",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"mathematics-statistics-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"69160",title:"On the Impact of the Choice of the Prior in Bayesian Statistics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88994",slug:"on-the-impact-of-the-choice-of-the-prior-in-bayesian-statistics",totalDownloads:862,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"A key question in Bayesian analysis is the effect of the prior on the posterior, and how we can measure this effect. Will the posterior distributions derived with distinct priors become very similar if more and more data are gathered? It has been proved formally that, under certain regularity conditions, the impact of the prior is waning as the sample size increases. From a practical viewpoint it is more important to know what happens at finite sample size n. In this chapter, we shall explain how we tackle this crucial question from an innovative approach. To this end, we shall review some notions from probability theory such as the Wasserstein distance and the popular Stein’s method, and explain how we use these a priori unrelated concepts in order to measure the impact of priors. Examples will illustrate our findings, including conjugate priors and the Jeffreys prior.",signatures:"Fatemeh Ghaderinezhad and Christophe Ley",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69160",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71603",title:"A Brief Tour of Bayesian Sampling Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91451",slug:"a-brief-tour-of-bayesian-sampling-methods",totalDownloads:1089,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Unlike in the past, the modern Bayesian analyst has many options for approximating intractable posterior distributions. This chapter briefly summarizes the class of posterior sampling methods known as Markov chain Monte Carlo, a type of dependent sampling strategy. Varieties of algorithms exist for constructing chains, and we review some of them here. Such methods are quite flexible and are now used routinely, even for relatively complicated statistical models. In addition, extensions of the algorithms have been developed for various goals. General-purpose software is currently also available to automate the construction of samplers, freeing the analyst to focus on model formulation and inference.",signatures:"Michelle Y. Wang and Trevor Park",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71603",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71603",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"70031",title:"A Review on the Exact Monte Carlo Simulation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88619",slug:"a-review-on-the-exact-monte-carlo-simulation",totalDownloads:715,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Perfect Monte Carlo sampling refers to sampling random realizations exactly from the target distributions (without any statistical error). Although many different methods have been developed and various applications have been implemented in the area of perfect Monte Carlo sampling, it is mostly referred by researchers to coupling from the past (CFTP) which can correct the statistical errors for the Monte Carlo samples generated by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms. This paper provides a brief review on the recent developments and applications in CFTP and other perfect Monte Carlo sampling methods.",signatures:"Hongsheng Dai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70031",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70031",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69837",title:"Bayesian Analysis for Random Effects Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88822",slug:"bayesian-analysis-for-random-effects-models",totalDownloads:626,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Random effects models have been widely used to analyze correlated data sets, and Bayesian techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to fit the models. However, there has been scarce literature that systematically reviews and summarizes the recent advances of Bayesian analyses of random effects models. This chapter reviews the use of the Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) prior to approximate the distribution of random errors within the general semiparametric random effects models with parametric random effects for longitudinal data setting and failure time setting separately. In a survival setting with clusters, we propose a new class of nonparametric random effects models which is motivated from the accelerated failure models. We employ a beta process prior to tact clustering and estimation simultaneously. We analyze a new data set integrated from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) study to illustrate the presented model and methods.",signatures:"Junshan Shen and Catherine C. Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69837",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69837",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68821",title:"Bayesian Inference of Gene Regulatory Network",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88799",slug:"bayesian-inference-of-gene-regulatory-network",totalDownloads:879,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Gene regulatory networks (GRN) have been studied by computational scientists and biologists over 20 years to gain a fine map of gene functions. With large-scale genomic and epigenetic data generated under diverse cells, tissues, and diseases, the integrative analysis of multi-omics data plays a key role in identifying casual genes in human disease development. Bayesian inference (or integration) has been successfully applied to inferring GRNs. Learning a posterior distribution than making a single-value prediction of model parameter makes Bayesian inference a more robust approach to identify GRN from noisy biomedical observations. Moreover, given multi-omics data as input and a large number of model parameters to estimate, the automatic preference of Bayesian inference for simple models that sufficiently explain data without unnecessary complexity ensures fast convergence to reliable results. In this chapter, we introduced GRN modeling using hierarchical Bayesian network and then used Gibbs sampling to identify network variables. We applied this model to breast cancer data and identified genes relevant to breast cancer recurrence. In the end, we discussed the potential of Bayesian inference as well as Bayesian deep learning for large-scale and complex GRN inference.",signatures:"Xi Chen and Jianhua Xuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68821",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68821",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72164",title:"Patient Bayesian Inference: Cloud-Based Healthcare Data Analysis Using Constraint-Based Adaptive Boost Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91171",slug:"patient-bayesian-inference-cloud-based-healthcare-data-analysis-using-constraint-based-adaptive-boos",totalDownloads:620,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Cloud-based healthcare data are a form of distributed data over the internet. The internet has become the most vulnerable part of critical healthcare infrastructures. Healthcare data are considered to be sensitive information, which can reveal a lot about a patient. For healthcare data, apart from confidentiality, privacy and protection of data are very sensitive issues. Proactive measures such as early warning are required to reduce the risk of patient’s data violation. This chapter investigates the ability of Patient Bayesian Inference (PBI) for network scenario analysis with violation of patient data to produce early warning. The Bayesian inference allows modeling the uncertainties that come with the problem of dealing with missing data, allows integrating data from remote nodes, and explicitly indicates dependence and independence. The use of constraint-based adaptive boost algorithm can demonstrate the patient’s Bayesian inference performance in the real-world datasets from healthcare data.",signatures:"Shahid Naseem",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72164",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72164",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68575",title:"The Bayesian Posterior Estimators under Six Loss Functions for Unrestricted and Restricted Parameter Spaces",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88587",slug:"the-bayesian-posterior-estimators-under-six-loss-functions-for-unrestricted-and-restricted-parameter",totalDownloads:814,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we have investigated six loss functions. In particular, the squared error loss function and the weighted squared error loss function that penalize overestimation and underestimation equally are recommended for the unrestricted parameter space −∞∞; Stein’s loss function and the power-power loss function, which penalize gross overestimation and gross underestimation equally, are recommended for the positive restricted parameter space 0∞; the power-log loss function and Zhang’s loss function, which penalize gross overestimation and gross underestimation equally, are recommended for 01. Among the six Bayesian estimators that minimize the corresponding posterior expected losses (PELs), there exist three strings of inequalities. However, a string of inequalities among the six smallest PELs does not exist. Moreover, we summarize three hierarchical models where the unknown parameter of interest belongs to 0∞, that is, the hierarchical normal and inverse gamma model, the hierarchical Poisson and gamma model, and the hierarchical normal and normal-inverse-gamma model. In addition, we summarize two hierarchical models where the unknown parameter of interest belongs to 01, that is, the beta-binomial model and the beta-negative binomial model. For empirical Bayesian analysis of the unknown parameter of interest of the hierarchical models, we use two common methods to obtain the estimators of the hyperparameters, that is, the moment method and the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) method.",signatures:"Ying-Ying Zhang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68575",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68575",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5856",title:"Statistical Approaches With Emphasis on Design of Experiments Applied to Chemical Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"950e8a681056d4b6bdc024121529d1ce",slug:"statistical-approaches-with-emphasis-on-design-of-experiments-applied-to-chemical-processes",bookSignature:"Valter Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"187136",title:"Dr.",name:"Valter",surname:"Silva",slug:"valter-silva",fullName:"Valter Silva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5446",title:"Advances in Statistical Methodologies and Their Application to Real Problems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93e5e8e7a09c351b3e0377d6ac6ccc35",slug:"advances-in-statistical-methodologies-and-their-application-to-real-problems",bookSignature:"Tsukasa Hokimoto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5446.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"69561",title:"Dr.",name:"Tsukasa",surname:"Hokimoto",slug:"tsukasa-hokimoto",fullName:"Tsukasa Hokimoto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6703",title:"Statistics",subtitle:"Growing Data Sets and Growing Demand for Statistics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f67636870f28cdf080018abaddd953d2",slug:"statistics-growing-data-sets-and-growing-demand-for-statistics",bookSignature:"Türkmen Göksel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190299",title:"Dr.",name:"Türkmen",surname:"Göksel",slug:"turkmen-goksel",fullName:"Türkmen Göksel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8362",title:"Time Series Analysis",subtitle:"Data, Methods, and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e98dd03d921c19cc2324e91845d5160",slug:"time-series-analysis-data-methods-and-applications",bookSignature:"Chun-Kit Ngan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"227503",title:"Dr.",name:"Chun-Kit",surname:"Ngan",slug:"chun-kit-ngan",fullName:"Chun-Kit Ngan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7372",title:"Bayesian Networks",subtitle:"Advances and Novel Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee81401d110a5f6bca2997a28e8d169b",slug:"bayesian-networks-advances-and-novel-applications",bookSignature:"Douglas McNair",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"219757",title:"Dr.",name:"Douglas",surname:"McNair",slug:"douglas-mcnair",fullName:"Douglas McNair"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",title:"Corrigendum to: Open Abdomen: The Surgeons’ Challenge",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/67216.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/67216",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/67216",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/67216",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/67216",chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"64137",slug:"open-abdomen-the-surgeons-challenge",signatures:"Juan José Santivañez Palominos, Vergara Arturo and Cadena Manuel",dateSubmitted:"May 7th 2018",dateReviewed:"September 10th 2018",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"May 10th 2019",book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"257817",title:"Prof.",name:"Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Cadena",fullName:"Manuel Cadena",slug:"manuel-cadena",email:"manuelcade@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7046",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"Current Perspectives",fullTitle:"Wound Healing - Current Perspectives",slug:"wound-healing-current-perspectives",publishedDate:"May 10th 2019",bookSignature:"Kamil Hakan Dogan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7046.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30612",title:"Prof.",name:"Kamil Hakan",middleName:null,surname:"Dogan",slug:"kamil-hakan-dogan",fullName:"Kamil Hakan Dogan"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"10188",leadTitle:null,title:"Prosthetics and Orthotics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book consists of two parts: Prosthetics and Orthotics. Over the years there has been rapid development in prostheses and orthoses. Advancement of technology, significant progress in computer components and robotics, and the development of new materials have enabled many people in need to return to useful and practical life. This book provides information for effective clinical decision-making for those working with people who need medical supportive devices. Over two parts, chapters in this volume examine construction methods, applications, and effects of prosthetic and orthotic devices.",isbn:"978-1-83962-901-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-900-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-905-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90812",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"prosthetics-and-orthotics",numberOfPages:144,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"77fd1757d9fb545ad40d0dfa6e865d0b",bookSignature:"Mokhtar Arazpour",publishedDate:"October 20th 2021",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10188.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:2562,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:3,numberOfTotalCitations:5,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"July 1st 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 5th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 4th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 22nd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 23rd 2021",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Mokhtar Arazpour has a Ph.D. in Orthotics and Prosthetics from the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran. His research interests include lower-limb orthotics, osteoarthritis of knee and hand joints, design and construction of new lower-limb orthosis, and waling analysis.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"179731",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokhtar",middleName:null,surname:"Arazpour",slug:"mokhtar-arazpour",fullName:"Mokhtar Arazpour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179731/images/system/179731.jpg",biography:'Dr. Mokhtar Arazpour is an associate professor in the Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences (USWR), Tehran, Iran, where he also obtained his BS, MSc, and Ph.D. in Orthotics and Prosthetics. The title of his Ph.D. thesis is \\"Design, Construction, and Evaluation of the New Powered Gait Orthosis for Walking in Spinal Cord Injury Patients.\\" Dr. Arazpour’s research interests include lower-limb orthotics, osteoarthritis of knee and hand joints, design and construction of new lower limb orthosis, and walking analysis.',institutionString:"University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"168",title:"Biomedical Engineering",slug:"medicine-biomedical-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"76629",title:"Introductory Chapter: Technology and Orthotics and Prosthetics",slug:"introductory-chapter-technology-and-orthotics-and-prosthetics",totalDownloads:152,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"179731",title:"Dr.",name:"Mokhtar",surname:"Arazpour",slug:"mokhtar-arazpour",fullName:"Mokhtar Arazpour"}]},{id:"76822",title:"Prosthetics for Lower Limb Amputation",slug:"prosthetics-for-lower-limb-amputation",totalDownloads:613,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"331985",title:"Prof.",name:"P. Senthil",surname:"Selvam",slug:"p.-senthil-selvam",fullName:"P. Senthil Selvam"},{id:"332605",title:"Dr.",name:"M.",surname:"Sandhiya",slug:"m.-sandhiya",fullName:"M. Sandhiya"},{id:"332606",title:"Dr.",name:"K.",surname:"Chandrasekaran",slug:"k.-chandrasekaran",fullName:"K. Chandrasekaran"},{id:"332607",title:"Dr.",name:"S.",surname:"Karthikeyan",slug:"s.-karthikeyan",fullName:"S. Karthikeyan"},{id:"332609",title:"Dr.",name:"D.",surname:"Hepzibah Rubella",slug:"d.-hepzibah-rubella",fullName:"D. Hepzibah Rubella"}]},{id:"74805",title:"Audio-Vestibular Neurosensory Prosthetics: Origins, Expanding Indications and Future Directions",slug:"audio-vestibular-neurosensory-prosthetics-origins-expanding-indications-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:323,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"276057",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohan",surname:"Kameswaran",slug:"mohan-kameswaran",fullName:"Mohan Kameswaran"},{id:"332158",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashish",surname:"Castellino",slug:"ashish-castellino",fullName:"Ashish Castellino"}]},{id:"74125",title:"Design and Fabrication of Prosthetic and Orthotic Product by 3D Printing",slug:"design-and-fabrication-of-prosthetic-and-orthotic-product-by-3d-printing",totalDownloads:438,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"266986",title:"Dr.",name:"Harish Kumar",surname:"Banga",slug:"harish-kumar-banga",fullName:"Harish Kumar Banga"},{id:"266990",title:"Prof.",name:"Parveen",surname:"Kalra",slug:"parveen-kalra",fullName:"Parveen Kalra"},{id:"266991",title:"Prof.",name:"Rajendra.M",surname:"Belokar",slug:"rajendra.m-belokar",fullName:"Rajendra.M Belokar"},{id:"266993",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"rajesh-kumar",fullName:"Rajesh Kumar"}]},{id:"73928",title:"Impact of Self-Selected Customized Orthotics on Lower Limbs Biomechanics",slug:"impact-of-self-selected-customized-orthotics-on-lower-limbs-biomechanics",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"326765",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Benjamin",surname:"Dourthe",slug:"benjamin-dourthe",fullName:"Benjamin Dourthe"},{id:"338265",title:"Dr.",name:"Judith",surname:"Osterloh",slug:"judith-osterloh",fullName:"Judith Osterloh"},{id:"338266",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinzenz",surname:"Von Tscharner",slug:"vinzenz-von-tscharner",fullName:"Vinzenz Von Tscharner"},{id:"338267",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandro",surname:"Nigg",slug:"sandro-nigg",fullName:"Sandro Nigg"},{id:"338268",title:"Dr.",name:"Benno",surname:"M. Nigg",slug:"benno-m.-nigg",fullName:"Benno M. Nigg"}]},{id:"74616",title:"Orthoses Development Using Modern Technologies",slug:"orthoses-development-using-modern-technologies",totalDownloads:356,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"13087",title:"Prof.",name:"Jozef",surname:"Zivcak",slug:"jozef-zivcak",fullName:"Jozef Zivcak"},{id:"145701",title:"Dr.",name:"Radovan",surname:"Hudak",slug:"radovan-hudak",fullName:"Radovan Hudak"},{id:"331536",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Branko",surname:"Štefanovič",slug:"branko-stefanovic",fullName:"Branko Štefanovič"},{id:"342908",title:"Mrs.",name:"Mária",surname:"Danko",slug:"maria-danko",fullName:"Mária Danko"},{id:"342909",title:"Ms.",name:"Monika",surname:"Michalíková",slug:"monika-michalikova",fullName:"Monika Michalíková"},{id:"342910",title:"Mrs.",name:"Lucia",surname:"Bednarčíková",slug:"lucia-bednarcikova",fullName:"Lucia Bednarčíková"},{id:"342911",title:"Ms.",name:"Viktória",surname:"Rajťúková",slug:"viktoria-rajtukova",fullName:"Viktória Rajťúková"},{id:"342912",title:"Mr.",name:"Teodor",surname:"Tóth",slug:"teodor-toth",fullName:"Teodor Tóth"},{id:"342913",title:"Mrs.",name:"Marianna",surname:"Trebuňová",slug:"marianna-trebunova",fullName:"Marianna Trebuňová"}]},{id:"76777",title:"Orthoses in Conservative Management of Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation",slug:"orthoses-in-conservative-management-of-cerebral-palsy-and-rehabilitation",totalDownloads:318,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"338087",title:"Mr.",name:"Akshay",surname:"Kumar",slug:"akshay-kumar",fullName:"Akshay Kumar"},{id:"355693",title:"Ms.",name:"Vinita",surname:".",slug:"vinita-.",fullName:"Vinita ."}]},{id:"76832",title:"Satisfaction with Orthopedic Treatments",slug:"satisfaction-with-orthopedic-treatments",totalDownloads:192,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"215383",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristina",surname:"Gonzalez-Martin",slug:"cristina-gonzalez-martin",fullName:"Cristina Gonzalez-Martin"},{id:"251338",title:"Prof.",name:"Sonia",surname:"Pertega-Diaz",slug:"sonia-pertega-diaz",fullName:"Sonia Pertega-Diaz"},{id:"336771",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Teresa",surname:"Garcia-Rodriguez",slug:"maria-teresa-garcia-rodriguez",fullName:"Maria Teresa Garcia-Rodriguez"},{id:"343148",title:"Dr.",name:"Rocio",surname:"Seijo-Bestilleiro",slug:"rocio-seijo-bestilleiro",fullName:"Rocio Seijo-Bestilleiro"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3569",title:"Biodegradation",subtitle:"Life of Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb737eb528a53e5106c7e218d5f12ec6",slug:"biodegradation-life-of-science",bookSignature:"Rolando Chamy and Francisca Rosenkranz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3569.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rolando",surname:"Chamy",slug:"rolando-chamy",fullName:"Rolando Chamy"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"69176",title:"High Entropy Alloys for Medical Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89318",slug:"high-entropy-alloys-for-medical-applications",body:'\n
HEAs are defined as alloys comprising more than five main elements mixed in an equiatomic or near-equiatomic fraction [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Many HEAs have been reported to have: superior mechanical properties, such as ultrahigh fracture even at high temperatures, high hardness, toughness exceeding that of most pure metals and alloys, excellent comparable strength to that of structural ceramics and some metallic glasses, exceptional ductility, and fracture toughness at cryogenic temperatures [1, 3], and good physical properties, such as superconductivity, super-magnetism, and significant resistance to corrosion [5].
\nBy replacing one or several elements in the composition of high entropy alloys, properties that significantly differ from the initial ones can be obtained. Furthermore, the decrease or increase in the ratio of additional elements can generate different metallographic structures with significant influences on the properties of alloys [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. While high-strength conventional alloys are based mainly on the controlled distribution of one or two high-hardness phases at most, in high entropy alloys, the exceptional properties are based on the quenching effect of the supersaturated solid solution and on the suppression of the intermetallic phases [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The complex distribution of the various chemical elements within the crystalline network of high entropy alloys appears to be the main cause of their special characteristics when compared to the classical or bi-component alloys. Choosing the combination of chemical elements could allow to simultaneously cumulate superior mechanical properties as well as to ensure special corrosion resistance and biocompatibility, making their use as a new class of biocompatible metallic materials suitable [10, 12].
\nAccording to the most recent evaluations, the criteria for forming simple solid solutions in high entropy alloys must comply with the following conditions [13, 14]:
Configuration entropy (ΔSam), which in cases of high entropy alloys must be higher than 11 J/mol K. The entropy of mixing [Eq. (1)] is calculated using Boltzmann’s formula:
where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/mol K) and ci is the molar fraction of element i.
The enthalpy of mixing (ΔHam) of the alloy must be between −11.6 and 3.2 kJ/mol, and it is calculated using the derived formula [Eq. (2)] from Miedema’s macroscopic model:
where ΔHij is the binary enthalpy of the formation of the elements i and j.
The atomic radius difference criterion (δ), which claims that the phases that contain predominantly solid solutions are formed for values lower than 6.6%, and at values lower than 4%, only solid solutions are formed. The calculation formula Eq. (3) for δ was defined as follows:
where
The derived parameter Ω includes ΔSam and ΔHam and is taken into consideration only together with δ. If Ω > 1.1 and δ < 3.6%, only solid solutions are formed. If 1.1 < Ω < 10 and 3.6% < δ < 6.6%, only solid solutions and intermetallic compounds are formed, and if Ω > 10, only solid solutions are formed. The calculation formula for Ω Eq. (4) is:
where Ttop is the melting temperature calculated using the expression Eq. (5):
\nwhere Ttop i is the melting temperature of element i.
The difference in electronegativity Δχ (according to Allen) of the various components of the alloy must be comprised between 3 and 6% in order to form only solid solutions. The calculation formula was deduced in a similar way to the one used to calculate the difference in atomic radius Eq. (6):
where χi is the electronegativity of the element i, and \n
The critical correlation ratio to obtain only solid solutions is determined by the expression Eq. (7):
where IM index refers to intermetallic compounds, while TA is the homogenization temperature; k2 index is considered to be 0.6 and represents the ratio between the entropy of the formation of the compounds and that of the formation of solid solutions.
\nEven though some inconsistencies can be noticed between the above-mentioned criteria, they are useful to evaluate the conditions under which solid phases are formed in multi-component alloys [13, 14].
\nHigh entropy alloys with different compositional characteristics have attracted a lot of attention due to their potentially interesting properties for special fields. Meanwhile, this area provides vast opportunities for new compositions and microstructures, especially for complex alloys [15, 16].
\nAfter developing refractory high entropy alloys composed of a single BCC phase in W-Nb-Mo-Ta and W-Nb-Mo-Ta-V alloy systems, it was necessary to produce alloys that comprised transitional metals such as Nb-Mo-Ta-W, V-Nb-Mo-Ta-W, Ta-Nb-Hf-Zr-Ti, Hf-Nb-Ta-Ti-Zr, Mo-Nb-Ta-V-W and the equiatomic Hf-Mo-Nb-Ta-Ti-Zr alloys [3, 15, 16, 17, 18]. From a biocompatibility perspective, it is interesting to note that the majority of these elements are biocompatible, with the exception of vanadium. By combining the HEA concept with the need to ensure alloy biocompatibility, biocompatible high entropy alloys have been designed from the above-mentioned systems, with potential use for orthopedic implants. Results are reported as regards the production and testing of high entropy alloys in the system TiNbTaZrMo, TiNbTaZrFe, TiNbTaZrW, TiNbTaZrCr, and TiNbTaZrHf having deformability and biocompatibility characteristics superior to pure titanium, considered to be the least cytotoxic of all metals.
\nThe high entropy alloys in the CrCoFeMoMnNiNb system microalloyed with Ta, Ti or Zr have special mechanical characteristics (compression strength above 2000 MPa, good deformation capacity under severe conditions and good dynamic impact behavior), excellent passive film chemical stability (corrosion potential in simulated biological environment), and reduced cytotoxicity (determined within the MTT test, ISO 10993) compared with the classical alloys used in highly demanding medical devices (CoCr or CoCrMo alloys), which have recorded side effects (tissue necrosis and release of metal ions in the body exceeding the acceptable limits) [15].
\nThe data for the VEC parameter (valence atom concentration) from the TiNbTaZr and TiNbTaZrX alloys (where X was the element replaced, in turn, with Cr, V, Mo, W, and Fe) were located around value 5, indicating the formation of a BCC structure as well as the tendency to form a solid solution phase. In accordance with the above-mentioned criteria, the TiNbTaZr and TiNbTaZrX1 alloys (where X1 can be one of the Mo or W elements) show a reduced possibility of solid solution formation due to the high value of the δ parameter (difference of the atomic radius) [18].
\nRefractory element Mo is preferred in manufacturing metallic biomaterials due to the fact that it can be found in several conventional metallic biomaterials, such as Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al and Co-Cr-Mo [15, 16, 17, 18, 19]. Cast and quenched HEA TiNbTaZrMo had breaking strength values exceeding 1000 MPa, higher than those of TiNbTaZrHf and Ti6Al4V refractory alloys, but also good deformability. Quenching led to the improvement of TiNbTaZrMo deformability, which was attributed to coarse granulation and/or redistribution of constituent elements in the dendritic and interdendritic regions [15, 18]. The distribution of cells formed on different types of substrates plays a significant role in cellular functions that involve protein migration, proliferation, and synthesis. In osteointegration tests, the osteoblasts formed on cast and quenched HEA TiNbTaZrMo surfaces showed a widespread morphology, fairly similar to the morphology of the cells on the CP-Ti titanium alloy. On the other hand, the osteoblasts formed on the 316 L austenitic stainless steel were smaller and had a less widespread morphology. The results obtained indicated that osteoblasts had a better tendency to develop, contributing significantly to forming the bone matrix in the case of HEA TiNbTaZrMo, with or without heat quenching treatments, the effects being similar to CP-Ti alloys [15, 16].
\nFurther research is necessary in order to clarify the origin of the excellent biocompatibility of HEA TiNbTaZrMo. These results clearly indicate that these alloys are a new class of metallic biomaterials with exceptional characteristics. To conclude, the new TiNbTaZrMo equiatomic biocompatible alloy contains two BCC solid solution-type phases with a fine equiaxial dendritic structure and an excellent biocompatibility compared to pure Ti, together with superior mechanical properties, indicating the possibility of being used as a new class of metallic biomaterials.
\nOver the last few years, there has been an increased need to manufacture stents to take over blood vessel functions. Alongside the classical titanium alloys used in this respect, some high entropy alloys from the CoCrFeNiMn and Al0.1CoCrFeNi systems were also investigated [16, 20].
\nCoCrFeNiMn alloy is equiatomic and was developed for the first time by Cantor [17]. He found the alloy to be very stable, to have higher configuration entropy than melting entropy, being made up of a single phase solid solution with FCC crystalline structure [17, 18]. Moreover, it possesses remarkable mechanical properties, such as high plasticity and ductility, as well as significant tear resistance. This alloy’s microstructure is dendritic, and its diffusion rates are very slow. This conclusion was reached after carrying out analyses on heat treated specimens at 700 or 900°C for one-hour periods, when it was discovered that the diffusion of elements was extremely low regardless of the value of the holding temperature [20].
\nThe heat treatments led to a moderate increase of the breaking strength from 447 to 515 MPa (in the case of homogenization to 900°C, maintaining the elongation at break at the same value of 51%) for AlCrFeNiMn alloys [17, 18, 20]. The increase of the homogenization time to 48 hours and of the temperature to 1000°C did not produce major changes in the mechanical characteristics, there even being a slight decrease in the breaking strength to 475 MPa and in elongation to 50%. This behavior led to the conclusion that these alloys are not substantially consolidated by precipitating intermetallic compounds during heat treatments. However, different results were obtained by applying a combined treatment that consisted of annealing + rolling + annealing. The heat and mechanical processing parameters were: annealing at 1000°C for 4 hours, cold rolling with a 50% thickness reduction, from 5.8 to 2.9 mm, and a reduction speed of 0.2 mm per passing, followed by a new annealing at 1000°C for 4 hours.
\nFollowing the initial annealing treatment, the material loses its hardness, acquires even greater plasticity, and partial diffusion phenomena occur, while the dendritic microstructure suffers from a rolling finish, reducing interdendritic spaces and eliminating pores and casting defects [17, 20, 21]. The Al0.1CoCrFeNi alloy contains 2.44 at % Al and 24.4 at % of elements Co, Cr, Fe, and Ni, respectively, being single-phased with FCC structure. While casting, the mechanical characteristics of this alloy are modest; the yield strength is 140 MPa, the tensile strength is 370 MPa, and the elongation reaches 65%. By applying combined thermo-mechanical treatments (cold rolling with 60% reduction and homogenization at 1000°C for 24 hours) increases in mechanical properties and microstructure modification from dendritic to polygonal are obtained [17, 18].
\nCombining a Ti oxide layer with a Zr oxide layer in a TiNbTaZr alloy demonstrated an excellent biocompatibility. From this viewpoint, obtaining a high corrosion resistance of the implanted metals, which work under physiological corrosion conditions over long periods of time, became a major concern. The excellent corrosion resistance of HEA TiZrNbTaMo in corrosive environments, comparable to that of the Ti6Al4V, was due to the passivation effects of the surface and to achieve high stability to the pitting phenomenon [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. In general, the biomaterial-made implantable elements are aimed at improving and extending the patients’ lives. After using orthopedic prostheses made from bio inert materials for a long time, the emphasis is now laid on using materials that can activate tissue repair mechanisms, called bioactive materials, through phenomena aimed at increasing proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts, resulting in in situ reformation of bone architecture [27, 28]. Regarding the biocompatibility of implantable alloys, it is mandatory to ensure an increased corrosion resistance in the corrosive physiological environment compared to the classical alloys [18].
\nThis chapter presents a series of results regarding the obtaining and characterization of high entropy biocompatible alloys from the CrFeMoNbTaTiZr, CrFeMoNbTaTi, CrFeMoNbTaZr, CrFeMoTaTiZr, CrFeTaNbTiZr, CrTaNbTiZrMo, and FeTaNbTiZrMo alloying systems. All the alloys were produced at laboratory scale, in an electric-arc remelting furnace in an inert argon atmosphere. Given that the alloys contain easily fusible elements, some of the metal components were not completely melted during the primary processing. The microstructural characteristics and the microhardness of the alloys suffered changes following the application of homogenization heat treatments. Some of these experimental alloys underwent corrosion resistance tests in simulated biological environments, the results obtained being encouraging. The microscopic investigation of cell viability in direct contact with FeMoTaTiZr alloy in a 1:1:1:1:1 ratio, in which the in vitro cultivation of mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human bone tissue was carried out, demonstrated the biocompatibility of this type of alloy [28]. The conditions of adhesion to the implanted metallic material can be improved by depositing hydroxyapatite-based layers on its surfaces using the magnetron sputtering method. This method allows controlling the deposition parameters so as to obtain thin, flawless, uniform layers, with a very good adhesion to the substrate, low roughness, resistant to corrosion and wear, low stress layers, which are essential properties to be used in medical applications [29].
\nHigh entropy alloys can be obtained in optimum conditions in RAV furnaces working in high purity argon-controlled environments. The concept for the design of experimental alloy recipes from the CrFeMoNbTaTiZr system was based on the choice of chemical elements having extremely low biotoxicity, currently used as an alloying base for classical alloys used to manufacture medical devices. In order to produce high entropy alloys in the CrFeMoNbTaTiZr system in the MRF ABJ 900 vacuum arc remelting equipment within the
Alloy | \nElement, g | \nProduction efficiency, g | \n||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cr | \nFe | \nMo | \nNb | \nTa | \nTi | \nZr | \n||
HEAB 1 CrFeMoNbTaTiZr | \n2.55 | \n2.73 | \n4.68 | \n4.54 | \n8.77 | \n2.37 | \n4.38 | \n29.85 | \n
HEAB 2 CrFeMoNbTaTi | \n2.97 | \n3.19 | \n5.47 | \n5.30 | \n10.32 | \n2.74 | \n— | \n29.91 | \n
HEAB 3 CrFeMoNbTaZr | \n2.74 | \n2.95 | \n5.06 | \n4.90 | \n9.54 | \n— | \n4.80 | \n29.42 | \n
HEAB 4 CrFeMoTaTiZr | \n2.98 | \n3.20 | \n5.50 | \n— | \n10.36 | \n2.75 | \n5.21 | \n29.69 | \n
HEAB 5 CrFeTaNbTiZr | \n3.00 | \n3.22 | \n— | \n5.36 | \n10.42 | \n2.76 | \n5.24 | \n29.72 | \n
HEAB 6 CrTaNbTiZrMo | \n2.78 | \n— | \n5.13 | \n4.98 | \n9.68 | \n2.56 | \n4.87 | \n29.94 | \n
HEAB 7 FeTaNbTiZrMo | \n— | \n2.97 | \n5.10 | \n4.94 | \n9.61 | \n2.55 | \n4.83 | \n29.95 | \n
Mass and production efficiency of biocompatible high entropy alloy batches.
For each experimental alloy sample, a metal load constant of approx. 30 g was maintained. The raw materials were deposited on the copper plate of the RAV equipment in an order meant to ensure the quickest possible formation of a metal bath under the action of the electric arc (Figure 1). This mode of operation is very important when working with refractory chemical elements. After coupling to the cooling system, the process continued with successive suctions until a pressure of 5 × 10−3 mbar was obtained in the working area.
\nHEAB 1 to HEAB 7 batches prepared for melting on the copper plate of the RAV equipment (a) and after melting (b).
Argon atmosphere (5.3 purity levels) was then introduced, and approx. 8–10 homogenization melts were performed, by rotating the samples, in order to ensure a uniform distribution of the chemical elements in the alloys produced. The high number of successive remelting was imposed by the fact that the load contained high melting temperature elements, such as: Fe—1538°C; Ti—1668°C; Zr—1855°C; Cr—1907°C; Nb—2477°C; Mo—2623°C; Ta—3017°C.
\nThe buttons made from biocompatible HEA alloys (Figure 1b) were weighed in order to determine the production coefficient. The losses were due to the fact that, during the process of producing the alloys, there were small drips in the working area, under the action of the electric arc, without their excessive vaporization.
\nSamples were taken from the biocompatible high entropy alloys produced in order to carry out the microstructural analysis. The samples taken by abrasive disk cutting under cooling liquid jet were then subjected to the metallographic preparation procedure, using abrasive paper with grit sizes ranging between 360 and 2500, followed by polishing using alpha alumina suspension with grit sizes ranging between 3 and 0.1 μm. The experimental alloys were not chemically etched using metallographic reagents so as to also perform localized chemical composition analyses using the EDAX detector. The microstructural analysis was carried out by optical and scanning electron microscopy, using an Olympus GX 51 optical microscope and a SEM Inspect S electron microscope equipped with an EDAX type Z2e detector from the LAMET, UPB laboratory.
\nFollowing the metallographic examination, a significant part of the chemical elements included in the matrix of the HEAB 1 (CrFeMoNbTaTiZr alloy) and HEAB 2 (CrFeMoNbTaTi alloy) was dissolved, forming a solid homogeneous solution (Figure 2a, b).
\nCross-section of biocompatible HEABs upon the same magnification. Optical microscopy (1000 magnification) (a) CrFeMoNbTaTiZr; (b) CrFeMoNbTaTi; (c) CrFeMoNbTaZr; (d) CrFeMoTaTiZr; (e) CrFeTaNbTiZr; (f) CrTaNbTiZrMo.
Elements such as Cr, Zr, Fe, and Nb formed a common solid solution in which intermetallic compounds precipitated. Nonetheless, a series of compounds of hard-to-melt elements (Mo and Nb), dispersed relatively uniformly in the base matrix (Figure 3), were visible. High melting temperature chemical elements, such as Ta and Mo, were not completely melted, the rounded grains being partially adherent to the solid solution existing between the other chemical elements of the alloy (Figure 3a, b). In the case of the HEAB 3 (CrFeMoNbTaZr alloy), the tantalum was impossible to melt within the volume of the designed batch, which was too small. The big difference between the melting temperatures of the chemical elements constituting the alloy, corroborated with the rapid cooling in the water cooled copper base plate, also generated fracture effects in the metal matrix at the interface with the Ta or Mo grains (Figure 3a, b).
\nUndissolved blocks present in the experimental HEAB alloys. (a) CrFeMoNbTaTiZr; (b) CrFeMoNbTaZr.
Even though the HEAB 4 (CrFeMoTaTiZr alloy) contained only two hard-to-melt elements (Mo and Ta), it was still impossible to completely dissolve its metallic grains (Figure 4a). Furthermore, between the hard-to-melt metal grain (Ta) and the embedded metal matrix, some micro-cracks were formed perpendicular to the interface, as a result of solidification stresses (in other words, as a result of the inability of the high-hardness metal matrix to disperse the stresses generated by rapid cooling).
\nUndissolved tantalum fragments in the high entropy alloys. (a) CrFeTaNbTiZr; (b) CrTaNbTiZrMo.
The HEAB 5 (CrFeTaNbTiZr alloy) and HEAB 6 (CrTaNbTiZrMo alloy) ran a similar course with the other alloys presented above, the dissolution of the Ta particles being impossible in this case as well (Figure 4). A possible cause could be the volume of the grains (having a mass of approx. 10.42 g), which was too big in relation to the total volume of the batch (having a total mass of approx. 29.22 g), which was too small. The very short time in which the alloy was in liquid state did not allow for the complete dissolution of larger grains.
\nIn the case of the HEAB 7 (FeTaNbTiZrMo alloy), the issue of dissolving hard-to-melt metal particles (Ta and Nb) could not be solved during the melting stage (Figure 5). The FeTaNbTiZrMo alloy shares characteristics similar to the ones previously mentioned. The Ta particle failed to dissolve in this case as well, a fracture being developed from its interface with the base matrix (Figure 6).
\nUndissolved Ta and Nb fragments in the FeTaNbTiZrMo alloy.
Undissolved tantalum fragment in the FeTaNbTiZrMo alloy.
The remaining elements formed a fairly homogenous solid solution, with a dendritic appearance, in which a series of intermetallic compounds were dispersed and uniformly distributed. The dendritic appearance of the metallic matrix was also highlighted on the breaking surfaces of the mini ingots (Figure 7a). The images obtained with the help of SEM electron microscopy show micro-dendrites alternating with surfaces of cleavage fractures and micro-fractures, which explain the high brittleness of these alloys in cast state. The localized chemical composition analyses (Table 2) highlighted the distribution of elements into the dendritically metallic matrix and the segregation of some elements (Nb, Ti, and Ta) near the interface with undissolved blocks of Nb and Ta (Figure 8).
\nMicrostructure (a) and semi-quantitative composition spectrum (b) of FeTaNbTiZrMo alloy on the breaking surface.
Spot | \nChemical elements, wt% | \nLocation | \n|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | \nTa | \nNb | \nTi | \nZr | \nMo | \n||
1 | \n— | \n— | \n100 | \n— | \n— | \n— | \nNb block | \n
2 | \n— | \n24.74 | \n67.99 | \n7.28 | \n— | \n— | \nInterface with Nb | \n
3 | \n24.19 | \n10.26 | \n14.30 | \n14.25 | \n28.81 | \n8.20 | \nMatrix | \n
4 | \n3.66 | \n25.7 | \n30.00 | \n7.98 | \n5.49 | \n26.90 | \nMatrix | \n
5 | \n— | \n42.14 | \n48.27 | \n9.59 | \n— | \n— | \nInterface with Ta | \n
6 | \n— | \n100 | \n— | \n— | \n— | \n— | \nTa block | \n
The chemical composition of micro-zones which corresponds to Figure 8.
SEM image of interface between two undissolved blocks and dendritically metallic matrix (Nb, a), (Nb and Ta, b), (Ta, c) and semi-quantitative composition spectrum for the FeTaNbTiZrMo alloy (d) for the micro-zones (spot 1 to spot 6).
Given the fact that HEAs are metallic materials with a high degree of chemical heterogeneity resulted from the association of chemical elements with significant differences in atomic diameters and different mutual solubility, the majority of the researchers in the field resorted to applying heat treatments after producing the alloys [20, 21]. The homogenization heat annealing treatments can reduce or eliminate the segregation effects of chemical elements which take place during casting in the case of high entropy alloys [20]. Microstructures near-equilibrium thus results, either by dissolving the metastable phases or by nucleating the equilibrium phases, the formation of which is suppressed during rapid cooling. The final result of annealing treatments is to reduce the level of micro- or macroscopic residual stresses [3, 4]. Thus, homogenization annealing combined with rapid cooling was shown to allow for increased values of mechanical characteristics. In some cases, depending on the chemical composition of the alloy, hardness values decreased if successive heat treatments were applied at different temperatures [1, 22]. Some of the heat treatments applied to high entropy alloys can either lead to hardening effects or to an increased plasticity and toughness, depending on the value of the heating temperature, on the actual duration of holding at those temperatures as well as on the cooling mode. The effects of heat treatments on macro- and micro-structure depending on temperature are very interesting and suggestive [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30]. The dendritic morphology specific to cast alloys is unaffected if the holding temperature does not exceed 1040°C. On the contrary, when the temperature exceeds 1200°C, phases rich in certain chemical elements occur (e.g., Cu) [20]. The formation of HC-rich in BC-Ta-Nb and hexagonal-packed close (HCP) was highlighted during the heat treatments, depending on the annealing time at 700°C [31].
\nWhen it comes to the experimental alloys developed in this chapter, a series of heat treatments were applied in order to achieve the microstructural homogenization and the dissolution of hard-to-melt particles. The samples underwent heat treatment for aging at 600°C for 4 hours and then at 900°C for 6 hours. The heat treatments were performed in the Nabertherm LT 15/12/P320 furnace with a programmable chart for the heat regime. The heating speed was of 20°C/min, and the samples kept for 4 hours were cooled in air, while the samples kept for 6 hours were cooled in the furnace. The evolution of the new alloy microstructure was highlighted by optical and electron microscopy. Thus, before applying heat treatments, the hard-to-melt elements (Ta, Nb, and Mo) did not completely dissolve in the metal melt; they were only diffused at the level of the separation boundaries, on short distances. After the heat treatment, an increased tendency toward oxidation was noticed in the elements located in the superficial layer of the samples, as well as the formation of a homogenized alloy band, with a dendritic microstructure, located immediately below the complex oxide layer (Figure 9).
\nThe oxidized layer of CrFeMoTaTiZr alloy after heat treatment at 800°C/24 hours/slow cooling in the furnace with fractures (a) and peeling (b).
The effects of the heat treatment are also highlighted by means of an EDS analysis performed with an AMETEC Z2e analyzer on micro-zones located both at the center of the CrFeMoTaTiZr samples as well as at the edges, in order to quantify the oxidation and diffusion effects. An image of the boundary between an undissolved Ta particle and the embedding metal matrix is illustrated in Figure 10.
\nThe interface with undissolved Ta particle (a) and semi-quantitative composition spectrum (b) of the heat-treated CrFeMoTaTiZr alloy.
The heat treatment effects on mechanical hardness characteristics are highlighted by the different microhardness values determined with the help of the Shimadzu HMV 2 T microhardness tester, presented in Table 3.
\nAlloy | \nMicrohardness values in points of HV0.2/10 | \nAverage value, HV 0.2 | \nVariation coefficient of hardness | \n
---|---|---|---|
CrFeMoNbTaTiZr | \n749; 739; 700; 743; 747 | \n736 | \n2.76 | \n
CrFeMoNbTaTi | \n750; 732; 747; 804; 736 | \n754 | \n3.85 | \n
CrFeMoNbTaZr | \n775; 748; 719; 725; 803 | \n754 | \n4.66 | \n
CrFeMoTaTiZr | \n697; 764; 795; 790; 712 | \n752 | \n5.97 | \n
CrFeMTaNbTiZr | \n749; 700; 748; 736; 705 | \n728 | \n3.24 | \n
CrTaNbTiZrMo | \n581; 567; 591; 590; 544 | \n575 | \n3.42 | \n
FeTaNbTiZrMo | \n626; 686; 655; 657; 651 | \n655 | \n3.26 | \n
CrFeMoNbTiZr Central zone Marginal zone | \n791; 832; 817; 775; 772 801; 809; 822; 798; 815 | \n797 809 | \n3.30 1.22 | \n
Heat-treated CrFeMoTaTiZr Central zone Marginal zone homogenized layer | \n974; 1349; 1406; 1286; 1434 906; 876; 893; 893; 840 1296; 1429; 1305; 1339; 1316 | \n1290 882 1337 | \n14.38 2.88 4.03 | \n
Microhardness values for biomedical HEA samples.
The analysis of the microhardness values resulted from applying a homogenization treatment showed that hardness increases in the highly alloyed metal matrix up to the average value of 1290 HV0.2 in case of the CrFeMoTaTiZr alloy. The diffusion of the chemical elements during the treatment determined a reduced hardness in the marginal zone adjacent to the surface (located at a distance of approx. 200 microns), where the average hardness value was 882 HV0.2, that is, approx. 66 HRC, as well as the formation of a homogenization band of approx. 45 microns, where the hardness increased to 1337 HV0.2. The microstructural aspects are in accordance with the microhardness values.
\nAs can be seen from the data presented in Table 3 and Figure 11, HEAB 1–HEAB 5 have very close values of microhardness, with the average being around 750 HV0.2. A notable difference was obtained with the HEAB 6 alloy, which had the lowest hardness value (544 HV0.2) before heat treatment. Also, for the HEAB 7 alloy, the microhardness was between the minimum and maximum values of the other materials (655 HV 0.2).
\nEvolution of microhardness for experimental biocompatible HEA.
After heat treatment, the HEAB 6 alloy recorded a considerable increase in hardness in some areas (under the oxidized layer), which came to about 1337 HV0.2. This development, which represents an increase of over 150%, can be exploited in terms of obtaining high-wear-resistant surfaces for medical instruments.
\nIn order to evaluate the cell viability of the new alloys with high entropy in simulated biological environments, a series of experiments on bone fragments taken from bone extractions from human patients were performed. Bone fragments were transferred to minimally modified Dulbecco essential medium (DMEM) (Sigma cat. No. D6046) supplemented to the final concentration of 1% with penicillin/streptomycin (Sigma cat.no.P4333) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Sigma F7524) and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min to dislodge stem cells. Bone fragments were cultured as explants in a vial with a surface of 75 cm2 (Eppendorf No. 0030711122) at 37°C, in a humid atmosphere, with 5% CO2. After 7–10 days, the first cells that migrated from the explants were observed under the microscope. Cells directly in contact with the alloy samples were analyzed in the Leica DMi8 inverted microscope, using FITC and Rhodamine fluorescence cubes, after incubation with Calcein AM and Propidium Iodide.
\nThe high entropy alloys in the CrFeMoNbTaTiZr, CrFeMoNbTaTi, CrFeMoNbTaZr, CrFeMoTaTiZr, CrFeTaNbTiZr, CrTaNbTiZrMo, and FeTaNbTiZrMo alloying systems can be produced in the RAV furnace provided that the batch volume is large enough to allow the dissolution of hard-to-melt elements. Raw materials need to be introduced in the form of smaller grain particles (below 1 mm in diameter) in order to favor the dissolution phenomena by diffusion in the common molten metal bath. Moreover, the liquid state holding time must be increased so as to achieve the complete dissolution of particles from hard-to-melt elements. Heat treatments produce superficial oxidation effects, forming oxide layers of approx. 42 microns thick, partly fractured or peeled. The hardness value in case of the CrFeMoTaTiZr alloy increased from 800 HV0.2 to approx. 1290 HV0.2 after applying the heat treatment. The epifluorescence microscopy technique showed that mesenchymal stem cells adhered to the surface of the alloy.
\nThe researches were financed by the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation (CNCS CCDI—UEFISCDI), under the grant project no. PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-239/60PCCDI 2018—Obtaining and expertise of new biocompatible materials for medical applications—MedicalMetMat within PNCDI III.
\nThe authors would like to thank their colleagues and collaborators Mirela Codescu, Alina Vlădescu, Hajnal Kelemen, Sanda Manu, and Dumitru Mitrică for their contribution to the testing and characterization of experimental materials.
\nCentral nervous system metastases are a common and often lethal manifestation of malignant melanoma, with a median overall survival of as little as 4.7 months based on a study of patients diagnosed between 1986 and 2004 prior to the era of effective systemic therapy [1]. Although both cutaneous and mucosal melanomas have a high propensity for CNS dissemination, this is almost unheard of with uveal melanoma despite the close anatomical proximity of the eye and brain [2]. CNS involvement often causes neurological deficits and functional impairment. Localised therapies, such as surgical excision and stereotactic radiotherapy, are applicable to only a minority of patients. However, stereotactic radiation therapy is able to overcome the relative radio-resistance of melanoma by delivering extremely high doses of radiotherapy with little damage to surrounding brain tissue [3]. It is also increasingly appreciated that stereotactic radiotherapy may drive immunogenic cell death and this can lead to regression of non-irradiated lesions via immune priming and the ‘abscopal’ effect [4]. Radiotherapy can upregulate tumoural PD-L1 expression and can lead to increased T-cell infiltration of tumours with increased proinflammatory cytokine levels [5, 6]. This potential synergistic interaction between stereotactic radiotherapy and immunotherapy could be exploited and this is being explored in current clinical trials (PERM trial NCT02562625). Symptomatic patients require corticosteroid therapy to reduce peri-lesional vasogenic oedema and control neurologic symptoms in the short-term. It is suspected that high-dose corticosteroids prevent immune activation and attenuate the benefit of immune checkpoint blockade.
The blood brain barrier comprises of endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. Usually the passage of molecules from blood to the brain parenchyma is limited under physiological conditions [7]. However, research has shown that activated T-cells can cross the blood–brain barrier - raising the possibility of treatment using immunotherapy [8]. The endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier in brain metastases are thought to be able to initiate an inflammatory cascade that activates immune cells [9]. Berghoff et al. have shown, using immunohistochemical analysis of melanoma brain metastases, that three-quarters of these lesions exhibit CD3+ tumour-infiltrating-lymphocytes and tumour cells were PD-1 positive in half of cases [10] ( Table 1).
Drug | Target | FDA approval date | Treatment schedule |
---|---|---|---|
Ipilimumab | CTLA-4 | March 2011 | 3 mg/kg administered intravenously every 3 weeks |
Pembrolizumab | PD-1 | December 2014 | 2 mg/kg administered intravenously every 3 weeks or 200 mg every 3 weeks/400 mg every 6 weeks |
Nivolumab | PD-1 | September 2014 | 3 mg/kg administered intravenously every 2 weeks or 240 mg every 2 weeks/480 mg every 4 weeks |
Immunotherapy and treatment schedule.
In contrast to carcinomas, such as breast and lung, melanoma brain metastases display a diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate throughout the tumour mass as opposed to a stromal infiltrate [11].These pathologic data provide strong evidence that adaptive immune responses can be active in the distinct microenvironment of the brain.
Lepto-meningeal metastases are a deadly and feared complication of malignant melanoma and also occur commonly in breast and lung cancers. They are common in haematological malignancy but much rarer in solid tumours where they usually manifest in the presence of advanced metastatic disease in multiple organ systems. Lepto-meningeal metastasis, also sometimes known as neoplastic meningitis, occurs when cancer cells disseminate to the arachnoid and/or pia mater covering the central nervous systemic tissue in the brain and/or spinal cord. They typically cause rapidly-progressive, and often fatal, neurological deficits due to infiltration of cranial nerves, spinal cord and nerve root compression (radiculopathy), symptoms of meningitis and raised intracranial pressure. Treatment is usually supportive and there is very little evidence for any anti-cancer treatment being effective although intra-thecal chemotherapy has been used as has cranio-spinal radiotherapy which is poorly tolerated in adults.
The vast majority of clinical trials for metastatic melanoma exclude patients with brain metastases, and certainly those with symptomatic lesions. Therefore, there is a paucity of clinical evidence to guide decision making in terms of therapeutic options for this patient population. The current clinical evidence base comprises small, retrospective studies. The majority of patients with metastatic melanoma will develop brain or lepto-meningeal metastases at some point in their disease trajectory [12], therefore this chapter will provide a good summary to help clinicians to understand and manage this group of patients.
The therapeutic options for patients with metastatic melanoma, previously restricted to dacarbazine chemotherapy (DTIC, alkylating agent) [13] and immunotherapy with high-dose intravenous interleukin-2 [14], have expanded to include immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF targeted therapy in recent times and the outlook has become somewhat less guarded with long-term survival being achieved in a proportion of patients. Importantly, in terms of randomised, comparative large-scale clinical trials no such evidence exists for DTIC or IL-2 despite FDA approval in 1975 and 1998 respectively. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that disrupt the CTLA-4/CD28 and PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, and by so doing, lead to improvements in T-cell priming by dendritic cells and cytotoxic T-cell effector function respectively. These treatments, such as ipilimumab (anti CTLA-4) and pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1), attenuate T-cell inhibitory signals and generate enhanced, sustained and powerful anti-melanoma immune responses that can be associated with durable disease control. It is noteworthy that the first systemic therapy proven to confer a survival advantage in metastatic melanoma was the anti CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab and this was the first time in a randomised clinical trial that an increase in overall survival had been achieved in this disease [15]. The comparator group in this trial was treatment with an HLA-A2 restricted gp100 peptide vaccine not placebo and patients had received prior chemotherapy or IL-2. Toxicities of ipilimumab can be severe and unpredictable and in the pivotal study, the treatment-related death rate was 2.1% although this has diminished over time as physicians’ experience and patient education improves. However, with ipilimumab monotherapy only approximately one in five patients achieve long-term overall survival and patients with high volume metastatic disease, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, low serum albumen, rapidly progressive course and brain metastases seldom derive benefit benefit [16]. In previously untreated metastatic melanoma patients, high-dose ipilimumab monotherapy (10 mg/kg) in combination with dacarbazine chemotherapy outperformed chemotherapy in terms of overall and progression-free survival and to a lesser extent objective response rate [17]. From the clinical perspective, the United Kingdom [18] National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) approved Ipilimumab for the treatment of metastatic melanoma in 2012 [19], followed by Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab that target the PD-1 axis in 2015. Combination immunotherapy with concurrent ipilimumab and nivolumab has also been available since 2017 for the treatment of metastatic melanoma with favourable outcome compared to ipilimumab monotherapy. This clinical trial was, however, not sufficiently powered to definitively determine if combination immunotherapy was superior to nivolumab monotherapy [20]. Ipilimumab and nivolumab can achieve objective radiologic responses rates of approximately 60% and the likelihood of 5-year overall survival is 53%. These agents, especially anti PD-1 monotherapy, are better tolerated than chemotherapy [21], and demonstrated a better progression-free survival outcome with lower toxicities [22].
In a randomised Phase II clinical trial, patients with ipilimumab and targeted therapy (if BRAF mutant) refractory advanced melanoma had improved progression-free survival when treated with pembrolizumab compared with investigators choice of cytotoxic chemotherapy with a likelihood of 6-month progression-free survival of 34% versus 16%. Serious treatment-related adverse events were far less common with immunotherapy – 11% versus 26% with chemotherapy. The likelihood of radiologic response was 5 times higher with pembrolizumab (21%) than chemotherapy (4%) [23].
Selection of patients who are most likely to benefit from immune checkpoint blockade remains largely an elusive goal, although potential biomarkers are emerging and these include a high somatic mutational burden with resultant abundant neo-epitopes for immune recognition [24], a greater diversity within the faecal microbiome and the presence therein of specific bacterial species [25], the level of PD-L1 expression on tumour cells and tumour-associated leukocytes [26] and density of CD8 T-cell tumoural infiltrate [27]. Identification of predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy would allow futile treatment and associated toxicities to be avoided in patients unlikely to benefit.
Ipilimumab was the first checkpoint inhibitor to be used in patients with CNS metastases. In 2012, Margolin et al. published a phase 2 study involving 72 melanoma patients with CNS metastases who received intravenous ipilimumab. Intra-cranial disease control (defined as objective response or stable disease for at least 3 months) was achieved in 24% of the patients who were asymptomatic and not receiving corticosteroids and 10% in those with symptomatic, steroid-requiring lesions [28]. However, in a real-world study of ipilimumab for metastatic melanoma patients in the UK, median overall survival for those with brain metastases was 3.5 months [16]. This was followed by another open-label phase 2 trial using intravenous Pembrolizumab [29]. Of 18 patients enrolled into that study, 22% achieved disease control intracranially. Recently, Tawbi et al. published in the New England Journal of Medicine a larger trial involving 94 patients being treated with combination immunotherapy [30]. In patients with small (less than 3 cm) asymptomatic brain metastases, the intracranial clinical benefit rate (objective response or stable disease for at least 6 months) was 57%, there were also higher chances of grade 3 and 4 toxicities (55%). The rate of radiologic complete response within the brain is notable at 26% and this may be a surrogate marker of long-term survival. Intra-cranial responses were achieved rapidly with a median time to response of 2.3 months. The rate of intra-cranial response was in fact slightly numerically higher than that of extra-cranial metastases. Similar findings were noted in Long’s study including patients with lesion size up to 40 mm with an intra-cranial response rate of 46% (in pre-treated patients) and 56% in systemic-therapy naïve patients and 53% of patients were free of intra-cranial progression at 6 months, using ipilimumab and nivolumab. However, combination immunotherapy was of marginal benefit in patients with progression after prior local treatment for brain metastases, neurologic symptoms or lepto-meningeal disease with a single partial intra-cranial response amongst 16 patients, only 13% were free of intra-cranial progression at 6 months and median overall survival was poor at 5.1 months (similar to that of historic patients treated with supportive care with or without whole brain radiotherapy) [31]. Ipilimumab monotherapy, even at doses as high as 10 mg/kg with associated toxicities, was also ineffective in patients with neurologic symptoms with an intra-cranial response rate of 5% and median overall survival of 3.7 months as described by Margolin et al. [28] Anti PD-1 monotherapy appears to be a valid treatment option with intra-cranial response rates of 22–26% and median overall survival of 18 months [32]. However, the durability of responses when patients have brain metastases remains uncertain, and by way of comparison, median overall survival for patients without brain metastases treated with pembrolizumab was 24 months and 38.6 months in treatment-naive patients [33].
When taken as a whole, most clinical trials of immunotherapy appear to show potential clinical benefit to melanoma patients with CNS metastases, with combination immunotherapy possibly providing the best clinical outcomes but at the cost of higher toxicity.
Approximately 45 to 50% of patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma harbour missense mutations involving the BRAF proto-oncogene (codon 600) and in these patients MAP kinase targeted therapies such dabrafenib with trametinib or encorafenib with binimetinib are a valid treatment option with high rates of radiologic response including intra-cranial responses. There is no randomised clinical trial evidence to guide the selection of 1st line systemic therapy in BRAF mutant patients, concurrent treatment with MAP kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors remains a highly experimental approach albeit with some early signals that combination treatment can be safely delivered and there is no clinically useful predictive biomarker for immunotherapy benefit. This remains a nuanced clinical dilemma for the oncologist and patient. RAF and MEK inhibitors have direct anti-proliferative effects on the melanoma cells and do not rely on using the immune system as an effector and their effectiveness is not blunted by immunosuppressive therapies such as corticosteroids. Therefore, many patients with melanoma brain metastasis have received targeted therapy in the first line setting with rapid tumour control and neurological improvement in the majority but durability of response is limited with typical intra-cranial progression free survival of 6–8 months. Rapid progression of metastatic disease, and particularly CNS metastases, when refractoriness to RAF and MEK inhibitors inevitably develops often leads to a sharp decline in performance status and many patients are unable to receive or benefit from immunotherapeutic approaches in the second line setting. In fact, an Australian retrospective study found that only 35% of patients discontinuing front-line targeted therapy for progressive disease went on to receive subsequent lines of systemic therapy [34]. There is also biological evidence that the increased melanoma differentiation antigen expression, enhanced dendritic cell function and increased CD8 T-cell infiltration driven by RAF–MEK inhibitors early on in treatment (2 weeks) is lost at the time of tumour progression, creating an ‘immune desert’ environmental that is hostile to the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, where small asymptomatic brain metastases are present or when brain lesions have been treated with ablative radiotherapy, immunotherapy should be the preferred initial treatment.
Radiotherapy is widely used to treat intracranial melanoma, i.e., brain metastasis, in order to control disease, alleviate symptoms and even improve survival. The two main forms of radiotherapy are stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT). Radiotherapy planning, dose and schedule, and outcomes differs between SRS and WBRT.
As the name implies WBRT involves the irradiation of the entire intracranial contents, tumour and normal brain tissue alike. WBRT is often used when intracranial disease is extensive, such as large and/or multiple brain metastasis or leptomeningeal disease, and when radical treatment is not possible. Even with WBRT, overall survival is poor in the order of 6 months and patients are unlikely to survive long enough to develop late toxicity of irradiation of normal brain such as neurocognitive impairment. Treatment set up typically involves a pair of opposing photon beams, from the patients left and right, which converge in the mid-plane to deliver dose throughout the cranium. 20Gy in five daily fractions and 30Gy in ten fractions over two weeks are two commonly used conventional WBRT schedules worldwide with the latter the standard schedule in the United Kingdom [35]. Clinical trials did not demonstrate any benefit in improvement of neurological function or overall survival with dose escalation over conventional WBRT [36]. Despite widespread use worldwide over decades, only two clinical trials compared WBRT with best supportive care. The first, published in 1971, reported no difference in survival between WBRT and oral prednisolone alone but the study was conducted in the pre computed tomography era and hampered by a small cohort and inadequate statistics [37]. The QUARTZ trial reported in 2016 is a multi-centred, statistically powered trial conducted on patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with brain metastases unsuitable for radical treatment. There was no significant difference in overall survival and quality of life between patients treated with WBRT compared to dexamethasone and best supportive care alone. Overall survival was in the order of 9 weeks which is a reflection of poor prognosis with brain metastases and the limited effect of WBRT. Subgroup analysis indicated that patients under 60 or with five of more brain metastases might derive a survival benefit from WBRT [38]. Although this trial was limited to NSCLC, it is likely that similar results will be observed with WBRT to brain metastases from other cancer types. WBRT is no longer default option in managing brain metastases unsuitable for radical treatment given the lack of clear benefit in survival or quality of life, potential toxicity and inconvenience to the patient. Instead, the clinician should consider patient factors, such as age, performance status, systemic disease status and patient wishes, in tailoring a patient-centred management plan which includes best supportive care.
Patients with limited brain metastases such as solitary or oligometastatic metastases or small volume disease, could benefit from treatment such as neurosurgery and SRS which are more targeted and radical than WBRT. These treatment modalities can achieve superior long-term control compared to WBRT. For instance, local control rate after SRS is in the order of 70–90% at 1 year [3, 39, 40, 41, 42]. Decision to treat with SRS or neurosurgery should be made in a multi-disciplinary setting. A brain metastasis that is solitary, accessible, or large volume causing pressure symptoms is an ideal candidate for neurosurgery whereas lesions that are small in volume, surgically inaccessible or multiple are suitable for SRS. Patient factors such as surgical and anaesthetic risk and comorbidities need to be taken into account too [43]. Outcomes after neurosurgery and SRS are similar; a meta-analysis reported non-significant difference in local control between SRS and neurosurgery at 1 year, and non-significant difference in overall survival at 1 and 2 years [44].
Unlike WBRT, SRS is focused high dose radiotherapy on the brain metastases with steep dose fall off to reduce irradiation of normal brain. Multiple brain metastases up to a total of 20 ml can be treated. The volume limit is intended to limit collateral dose to normal brain. Treatment set up involves the patients being immobilised either with a stereotactic frame or custom-made thermoplastic mask which serve to minimise movement and error during treatment delivery. Small lesions such as those under 2 cm can be treated with 20 Gy in a single fraction while larger lesions or those close to critical structures such as the brain stem or optic chiasm are treated with lower dose of 15–18 Gy in a single fraction or a fractionated schedule such as 27Gy in three fractions. Acute toxicities of SRS include headache, nausea, fatigue and risk of seizure and are often self-limiting and managed with steroids.
The addition of WBRT to SRS reduces the risk of intracranial recurrence but this does not translate into a survival benefit [3, 42, 45]. Intracranial recurrence, either with local recurrence of previously treated lesion or distant recurrence of new lesions, can potentially be treated with repeat SRS which obviates the need for upfront WBRT. WBRT also increases the risk of late neurotoxicity such as leukoencephalopathy and neurocognitive impairment which can manifest many months after treatment and result in significant detriment in quality of life and function [42, 45, 46]. Late neurotoxicity is a significant concern especially for patients who will otherwise have long term systemic disease control, such as patients with melanoma with good response to immunotherapy. The addition of WBRT to SRS is therefore not the standard of care in the United Kingdom. Instead, radiological surveillance with MRI to detect recurrence is performed after SRS [10].
Radiotherapy can disrupt the blood–brain barrier allowing the entry of drugs into the central nervous system circulation. Concurrent radiotherapy and immunotherapy might have a synergistic effect stimulating the immune response resulting in greater anti-cancer effect. Several retrospective studies have reported excellent outcomes with concurrent radiotherapy and immunotherapy for melanoma. One study on reported overall survival of 56 months with SRS and immunotherapy compared to 24 months and 14 months with immunotherapy alone and SRS alone respectively, while another study reported significantly longer overall survival (15.9 months vs. 6.1 months) and lower cumulative incidence of neurologic death (9% vs. 23%) with SRS and immunotherapy compared to SRS alone [47, 48]. The synergistic effect of radiotherapy and immunotherapy on the immune response in theory could result in more severe acute toxicity, however these studies also report good safety profile with low incidences of grade III or greater toxicity. Treatment scheduling and long-term outcomes and toxicities of combined immunotherapy and radiotherapy are areas of ongoing research interest.
The landscape of systemic treatments of MBM patients has undergone tremendous evolution over the past decades and there has been major improvement in outcome for this disease.
Immunotherapy is a relatively safe option for MBM patients with anti-PD-1 having least toxicity and associated with no reported treatment related death. On the other hand, Ipilimumab is associated with increase in immune related toxicities but Ipilimumab and Nivolumab has shown increase in overall survival when comparing with monotherapy. Also, combination with radiotherapy and immunotherapy provides a higher response rate but potential increase in CNS toxicities. More studies are needed to determine the progression free survival, patient’s satisfaction and quality of life as well as assessing the cost effectiveness of the treatments.
Combination of immunotherapy with cytotoxic chemotherapy or targeted therapy may also be a potential therapeutic approach, but further understanding of drug mechanism is required.
Special thanks to Professor Poulam Patel and Dr. Ankit Rao for their ongoing encouragement and guidance.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Our journals are currently in their launching issue. They will be applied to all relevant indexes as soon as they are eligible. These include (but are not limited to): Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, Database of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar and Inspec.
\n\nIntechOpen books are indexed by the following abstracting and indexing services:
",metaTitle:"Indexing and Abstracting",metaDescription:"IntechOpen was built by scientists, for scientists. We understand the community we serve, but to bring an even better service to the table for IntechOpen Authors and Academic Editors, we partnered with the leading companies and associations in the industry and beyond.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/indexing-and-abstracting",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\\n\\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\\n\\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Clarivate Web Of Science - Book Citation Index
\n\nCroatian Library (digital NSK)
\n\nOCLC (Online Computer Library Center) - WorldCat® Digital Collection Gateway
\n\n\n\n
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"1",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"EDCMP",topicId:"15"},books:[{type:"book",id:"12022",title:"Statistical Sampling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d95646776d1cb0b10161dc68c9c07781",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12022.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12271",title:"Symmetry Concepts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a8b4d6bde031e722c7f14ff75f508b5a",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12271.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12376",title:"Asymptotics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7e4dba0cf5d111f1f4caf59cf61c1baa",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12376.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12377",title:"Tensors",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5d5113b28752a574fcdbfdfbf21ed498",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12377.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12401",title:"Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"136285c51a3b3fd2de08c1b2bf2d675e",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12401.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:29},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:79},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:1},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:22}],offset:12,limit:12,total:5},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"684",title:"Avionics",slug:"aerospace-engineering-avionics",parent:{id:"111",title:"Aerospace Engineering",slug:"aerospace-engineering"},numberOfBooks:4,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:102,numberOfWosCitations:223,numberOfCrossrefCitations:137,numberOfDimensionsCitations:271,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"684",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"7403",title:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1702df68cc7756c9e6c3d414adfc370c",slug:"environmental-impact-of-aviation-and-sustainable-solutions",bookSignature:"Ramesh K. Agarwal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7403.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38519",title:"Prof.",name:"Ramesh K.",middleName:null,surname:"Agarwal",slug:"ramesh-k.-agarwal",fullName:"Ramesh K. Agarwal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9420",title:"Risk Assessment in Air Traffic Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91e95c7c9fc0be27b80a269a9fa81d90",slug:"risk-assessment-in-air-traffic-management",bookSignature:"Javier Alberto Pérez Castán and Álvaro Rodríguez Sanz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9420.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"222047",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier Alberto",middleName:null,surname:"Pérez Castán",slug:"javier-alberto-perez-castan",fullName:"Javier Alberto Pérez Castán"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"35",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies",bookSignature:"Jason Hall",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/35.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"17665",title:"Dr.",name:"Jason",middleName:null,surname:"Hall",slug:"jason-hall",fullName:"Jason Hall"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3716",title:"Aerospace Technologies Advancements",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"aerospace-technologies-advancements",bookSignature:"Thawar T. Arif",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3716.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4589",title:"Dr.",name:"Thawar",middleName:"T.",surname:"Arif",slug:"thawar-arif",fullName:"Thawar Arif"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:4,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"13473",doi:"10.5772/13640",title:"Green Propellants Based on Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN)",slug:"green-propellants-based-on-ammonium-dinitramide-adn-",totalDownloads:14091,totalCrossrefCites:26,totalDimensionsCites:47,abstract:null,book:{id:"35",slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",fullTitle:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies"},signatures:"Anders Larsson and Niklas Wingborg",authors:[{id:"15475",title:"Prof.",name:"Anders",middleName:null,surname:"Larsson",slug:"anders-larsson",fullName:"Anders Larsson"},{id:"17904",title:"Prof.",name:"Niklas",middleName:null,surname:"Wingborg",slug:"niklas-wingborg",fullName:"Niklas Wingborg"}]},{id:"13478",doi:"10.5772/14402",title:"Detection and Estimation Satellite Attitude Jitter Using Remote Sensing Imagery",slug:"detection-and-estimation-satellite-attitude-jitter-using-remote-sensing-imagery",totalDownloads:3962,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:36,abstract:null,book:{id:"35",slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",fullTitle:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies"},signatures:"Akira Iwasaki",authors:[{id:"17709",title:"Dr.",name:"Akira",middleName:null,surname:"Iwasaki",slug:"akira-iwasaki",fullName:"Akira Iwasaki"}]},{id:"6841",doi:"10.5772/6930",title:"Robot Mobility Systems for Planetary Surface Exploration – State-of-the-Art and Future Outlook: A Literature Survey",slug:"robot-mobility-systems-for-planetary-surface-exploration-state-of-the-art-and-future-outlook-a-liter",totalDownloads:5354,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:31,abstract:null,book:{id:"3716",slug:"aerospace-technologies-advancements",title:"Aerospace Technologies Advancements",fullTitle:"Aerospace Technologies Advancements"},signatures:"Aravind Seeni, Bernd Schäfer and Gerd Hirzinger",authors:null},{id:"13469",doi:"10.5772/13772",title:"Measurements and Characterization of Ultra Wideband Propagation within Spacecrafts--Proposal of Wireless Transmission for Replacing Wired Interface Buses",slug:"measurements-and-characterization-of-ultra-wideband-propagation-within-spacecrafts-proposal-of-wirel",totalDownloads:1830,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:null,book:{id:"35",slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",fullTitle:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies"},signatures:"Akihisa Matsubara, Atsushi Tomiki, Tomoaki Toda and Takehiko Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"15862",title:"Dr.",name:"Akihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Matsubara",slug:"akihisa-matsubara",fullName:"Akihisa Matsubara"},{id:"17730",title:"Prof.",name:"Atsushi",middleName:null,surname:"Tomiki",slug:"atsushi-tomiki",fullName:"Atsushi Tomiki"},{id:"17731",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomoaki",middleName:null,surname:"Toda",slug:"tomoaki-toda",fullName:"Tomoaki Toda"},{id:"17732",title:"Prof.",name:"Takehiko",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",slug:"takehiko-kobayashi",fullName:"Takehiko Kobayashi"}]},{id:"13489",doi:"10.5772/13540",title:"Modelling and Control of Space Vehicles with Fuel Slosh Dynamics",slug:"modelling-and-control-of-space-vehicles-with-fuel-slosh-dynamics",totalDownloads:5278,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"35",slug:"advances-in-spacecraft-technologies",title:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies",fullTitle:"Advances in Spacecraft Technologies"},signatures:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu",authors:[{id:"15068",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmut",middleName:null,surname:"Reyhanoglu",slug:"mahmut-reyhanoglu",fullName:"Mahmut Reyhanoglu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66101",title:"Sonic Boom Mitigation through Shock Wave Dispersion",slug:"sonic-boom-mitigation-through-shock-wave-dispersion",totalDownloads:1123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lately, the interest for passenger space planes, supersonic passenger aircraft, and supersonic business jets has greatly increased. In order to mitigate the sonic boom effects at ground level, some aerospace companies proposed airplanes that have a very small transversal fuselage section or that have a curved (“shaped”) fuselage. Obviously, shaping the fuselage leads to the increase of dynamic drag and manufacturing cost. Reducing the fuselage transverse section leads to reducing the useful volume inside fuselage and increases the landing distance of aircraft. The solution presented in this chapter shows that it is theoretically and technologically possible as the shock wave to be dispersed through mechanical or electrical means. The shock wave is in fact a stationary effect generated by the move of aircraft with constant speed relatively to surrounding air. If this feature is in a way or another canceled, the shock wave is dispersing. Due to dispersion of the shock wave the ‘N’ wave at the ground is tens of times larger and the sonic boom is correspondingly lower. The shock wave dispersion system of the future could be mechanical or electrical is activated only when the supersonic aircraft/space plane is flying horizontally over community.",book:{id:"7403",slug:"environmental-impact-of-aviation-and-sustainable-solutions",title:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions",fullTitle:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions"},signatures:"Constantin Sandu, Radu-Constantin Sandu and Cristian-Teodor Olariu",authors:[{id:"270781",title:"Dr.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Sandu",slug:"constantin-sandu",fullName:"Constantin Sandu"},{id:"278504",title:"BSc.",name:"Radu-Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Sandu",slug:"radu-constantin-sandu",fullName:"Radu-Constantin Sandu"},{id:"298114",title:"Dr.",name:"Cristian–Teodor",middleName:null,surname:"Olariu",slug:"cristian-teodor-olariu",fullName:"Cristian–Teodor Olariu"}]},{id:"67061",title:"Structural Analysis of Electric Flight Vehicles for Application of Multifunctional Energy Storage System",slug:"structural-analysis-of-electric-flight-vehicles-for-application-of-multifunctional-energy-storage-sy",totalDownloads:860,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The Multifunctional Structures for High Energy Lightweight Load-bearing Storage (M-SHELLS) research project goals were to develop M-SHELLS, integrate them into the structure, and conduct flight tests onboard a remotely piloted small aircraft. Experimental M-SHELLS energy-storing coupons were fabricated and tested for their electrical and mechanical properties. In this chapter, finite element model development and structural analyses of two small test aircraft candidates are presented. The component weight analysis from the finite element model and test measurements were correlated. Structural analysis results with multifunctional energy storage panels in the fuselage of the test vehicle are presented. The results indicate that the mid-fuselage floor composite panel could provide structural integrity with minimal weight penalty while supplying electrical energy. Structural analyses of the NASA X-57 Maxwell electric aircraft and an advanced aircraft fuselage structure are also presented for potential application of M-SHELLS. Secondary aluminum structure in the fuselage subfloor and cargo area are partially replaced with reinforced five-layer composite panels with M-SHELLS honeycomb core. The fuselage weight reduction associated with each design without risking structural integrity are described. The structural analysis and weight estimation with composite M-SHELLS panels in the fuselage floor indicates 3.2% structural weight reduction, but with increased stress.",book:{id:"7403",slug:"environmental-impact-of-aviation-and-sustainable-solutions",title:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions",fullTitle:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions"},signatures:"Vivek Mukhopadhyay",authors:[{id:"260863",title:"Dr.",name:"Vivekananda",middleName:null,surname:"Mukhopadhyay",slug:"vivekananda-mukhopadhyay",fullName:"Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay"}]},{id:"68313",title:"The Role of CFD in Modern Jet Engine Combustor Design",slug:"the-role-of-cfd-in-modern-jet-engine-combustor-design",totalDownloads:1032,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Recent advances in the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for turbulent combustion with the relevance for gas turbine jet engines are discussed. Large eddy simulation (LES) has emerged as a powerful approach to handle the highly turbulent, unsteady and thermochemically non-linear flows in the practical combustors, and it is a matter of time for the industry to replace the conventional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach by LES as the main CFD tool for combustor research and development. Since combustion is a subgrid scale phenomenon in LES, appropriate modelling is required to describe the SGS combustion effects on the resolved scales. Among the various available models, the flamelet approach is seen to be a promising candidate for practical application because of its computational efficiency, robustness and accuracy. A revised flamelet formulation, FlaRe, is introduced to outline the general LES methodology for combustion modelling and then used for a range of test cases to demonstrate its capabilities for both laboratory burners and practical engine combustors. The LES results generally compare well with the experimental measurements showing that the important physical processes are captured in the simulations.",book:{id:"7403",slug:"environmental-impact-of-aviation-and-sustainable-solutions",title:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions",fullTitle:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions"},signatures:"Zhi X. Chen, Ivan Langella and Nedunchezhian Swaminathan",authors:[{id:"65798",title:"Prof.",name:"N",middleName:null,surname:"Swaminathan",slug:"n-swaminathan",fullName:"N Swaminathan"},{id:"296140",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhi",middleName:"X.",surname:"Chen",slug:"zhi-chen",fullName:"Zhi Chen"},{id:"309157",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Langella",slug:"ivan-langella",fullName:"Ivan Langella"}]},{id:"68002",title:"Modeling of Air Pollution at Airports",slug:"modeling-of-air-pollution-at-airports",totalDownloads:1177,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Although airports provide several benefits for our society, communities in the vicinity of airports are subjected to the deterioration of air quality. Currently, the basic objects of attention are NOx and ultrafine PM due to airport-related emissions. Considered environmental problems are intensified in connection with increasing air traffic, rising tensions of airports expansion and growing cities closer and closer each other, and accordingly growing public concern with air quality around the airport. Aircraft are the dominant and special source of emission and air pollution at airports in most cases under consideration. So, to evaluate the aircraft contribution in LAQ assessment of the airports accurately, it is important to take in mind few features of the aircraft during their landing-takeoff cycle (LTO), which define emission and dispersion parameters of the considered source. The complex model PolEmiCa allows the calculation of the inventory and dispersion parameters of the aircraft engine emissions during the LTO cycles of the aircraft in the airport area. But a clear quantification of aircraft emission contribution to total air pollution is the actual task for development of cost-effective strategies to improve local air quality according to the vicinity of the airport, and to meet regulatory requirements.",book:{id:"7403",slug:"environmental-impact-of-aviation-and-sustainable-solutions",title:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions",fullTitle:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions"},signatures:"Oleksandr Zaporozhets and Kateryna Synylo",authors:[{id:"280013",title:"Dr.",name:"Kateryna",middleName:null,surname:"Synylo",slug:"kateryna-synylo",fullName:"Kateryna Synylo"},{id:"289615",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleksandr",middleName:null,surname:"Zaporozhets",slug:"oleksandr-zaporozhets",fullName:"Oleksandr Zaporozhets"}]},{id:"69771",title:"A Mathematical Model of Noise Pollution in Streets of Tehran near IKIA Airport",slug:"a-mathematical-model-of-noise-pollution-in-streets-of-tehran-near-ikia-airport",totalDownloads:835,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This chapter attempts to investigate noise pollution in the street of Tehran near IKIA airport considering the population growth and large contribution of ground vehicles to noise pollution. The operation of airports results in environmental impact associated with high levels of different sources of noise. If there is to be growth in aviation, the environmental impacts of aviation must be mitigated. In this chapter, a model for the noise pollution near IKIA airport in Tehran has been calibrated with the use of a noise forecasting software. The study areas consisted of high traffic areas of Tajrish Street near the airport. In a field study, the noise level was measured via sound meter and the noise map was generated based on geo-statistical methods via GIS software. For this purpose, the factors influencing noise level (e.g. traffic, road width, slope, and residential or administrative-commercial land use) were surveyed and recorded for each point and their local and time dependencies were computed via SPSS. According to the results obtained from 324 survey points, the highest noise levels belonged to Tajrish area (69 dB). It is higher than standard noise level for residential and commercial and in conclusion, suggestions for reducing it are given.",book:{id:"7403",slug:"environmental-impact-of-aviation-and-sustainable-solutions",title:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions",fullTitle:"Environmental Impact of Aviation and Sustainable Solutions"},signatures:"Amir Esmael Forouhid",authors:[{id:"281279",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir Esmael",middleName:null,surname:"Forouhid",slug:"amir-esmael-forouhid",fullName:"Amir Esmael Forouhid"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"684",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261",scope:"Modern physiology requires a comprehensive understanding of the integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, including the cooperation between structure and function at the cellular and molecular levels governed by gene and protein expression. While a daunting task, learning is facilitated by identifying common and effective signaling pathways mediated by a variety of factors employed by nature to preserve and sustain homeostatic life. \r\nAs a leading example, the cellular interaction between intracellular concentration of Ca+2 increases, and changes in plasma membrane potential is integral for coordinating blood flow, governing the exocytosis of neurotransmitters, and modulating gene expression and cell effector secretory functions. Furthermore, in this manner, understanding the systemic interaction between the cardiovascular and nervous systems has become more important than ever as human populations' life prolongation, aging and mechanisms of cellular oxidative signaling are utilised for sustaining life. \r\nAltogether, physiological research enables our identification of distinct and precise points of transition from health to the development of multimorbidity throughout the inevitable aging disorders (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, age-related macular degeneration, cancer). With consideration of all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, gut, skeletal and smooth muscle, liver, pancreas, kidney, eye) and the interactions thereof, this Physiology Series will address the goals of resolving (1) Aging physiology and chronic disease progression (2) Examination of key cellular pathways as they relate to calcium, oxidative stress, and electrical signaling, and (3) how changes in plasma membrane produced by lipid peroxidation products can affect aging physiology, covering new research in the area of cell, human, plant and animal physiology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/10.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 20th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:14,editor:{id:"35854",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz",middleName:null,surname:"Brzozowski",slug:"tomasz-brzozowski",fullName:"Tomasz Brzozowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35854/images/system/35854.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Thomas Brzozowski works as a professor of Human Physiology and is currently Chairman at the Department of Physiology and is V-Dean of the Medical Faculty at Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland. His primary area of interest is physiology and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the major focus on the mechanism of GI mucosal defense, protection, and ulcer healing. He was a postdoctoral NIH fellow at the University of California and the Gastroenterology VA Medical Center, Irvine, Long Beach, CA, USA, and at the Gastroenterology Clinics Erlangen-Nuremberg and Munster in Germany. He has published 290 original articles in some of the most prestigious scientific journals and seven book chapters on the pathophysiology of the GI tract, gastroprotection, ulcer healing, drug therapy of peptic ulcers, hormonal regulation of the gut, and inflammatory bowel disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jagiellonian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"10",title:"Animal Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/10.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",biography:"Catrin Rutland is an Associate Professor of Anatomy and Developmental Genetics at the University of Nottingham, UK. She obtained a BSc from the University of Derby, England, a master’s degree from Technische Universität München, Germany, and a Ph.D. from the University of Nottingham. She undertook a post-doctoral research fellowship in the School of Medicine before accepting tenure in Veterinary Medicine and Science. Dr. Rutland also obtained an MMedSci (Medical Education) and a Postgraduate Certificate in Higher Education (PGCHE). She is the author of more than sixty peer-reviewed journal articles, twelve books/book chapters, and more than 100 research abstracts in cardiovascular biology and oncology. She is a board member of the European Association of Veterinary Anatomists, Fellow of the Anatomical Society, and Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. Dr. Rutland has also written popular science books for the public. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-4898. www.nottingham.ac.uk/vet/people/catrin.rutland",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"12",title:"Human Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/13.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"332229",title:"Prof.",name:"Jen-Tsung",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",slug:"jen-tsung-chen",fullName:"Jen-Tsung Chen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332229/images/system/332229.png",biography:"Dr. Jen-Tsung Chen is currently a professor at the National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. He teaches cell biology, genomics, proteomics, medicinal plant biotechnology, and plant tissue culture. Dr. Chen\\'s research interests include bioactive compounds, chromatography techniques, in vitro culture, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, and plant biotechnology. He has published more than ninety scientific papers and serves as an editorial board member for Plant Methods, Biomolecules, and International Journal of Molecular Sciences.",institutionString:"National University of Kaohsiung",institution:{name:"National University of Kaohsiung",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:16,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. Agogbua, Eberechi R. Keyagha and Itorobong I. Nkanga",slug:"carotenoids-in-cassava-manihot-esculenta-crantz",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Carotenoids - New Perspectives and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10836.jpg",subseries:{id:"13",title:"Plant Physiology"}}},{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7264",title:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7264.jpg",slug:"calcium-and-signal-transduction",publishedDate:"October 24th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"John N. Buchholz and Erik J. Behringer",hash:"e373a3d1123dbd45fddf75d90e3e7c38",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Calcium and Signal Transduction",editors:[{id:"89438",title:"Dr.",name:"John N.",middleName:null,surname:"Buchholz",slug:"john-n.-buchholz",fullName:"John N. Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",biography:"Full Professor and Vice Chair, Division of Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine. He received his B.S. Degree in Biology at La Sierra University, Riverside California (1980) and a PhD in Pharmacology from Loma Linda University School of Medicine (1988). Post-Doctoral Fellow at University of California, Irvine, College of Medicine 1989-1992 with a focus on autonomic nerve function in blood vessels and the impact of aging on the function of these nerves and overall blood vessel function. Twenty years of research funding and served on NIH R01 review panels, Editor-In-Chief of Edorium Journal of Aging Research. Serves as a peer reviewer for biomedical journals. Military Reserve Officer serving with the 100 Support Command, 100 Troop Command, 40 Infantry Division, CA National Guard.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6925",title:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6925.jpg",slug:"endoplasmic-reticulum",publishedDate:"April 17th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Angel Català",hash:"a9e90d2dbdbc46128dfe7dac9f87c6b4",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Endoplasmic Reticulum",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. He is a member of seven international specialized scientific societies, besides his local one, and\nhe has won seven prizes.",institutionString:"Cairo University",institution:{name:"Cairo University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11676",title:"Recent Advances in Homeostasis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11676.jpg",hash:"63eb775115bf2d6d88530b234a1cc4c2",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203015",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaffar",surname:"Zaman",slug:"gaffar-zaman",fullName:"Gaffar Zaman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12213",title:"New Advances in Photosynthesis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12213.jpg",hash:"2eece9ed4f67de4eb73da424321fc455",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 15th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9525",title:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9525.jpg",slug:"insights-into-drug-resistance-in-staphylococcus-aureus",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amjad Aqib",hash:"98bb6c1ddb067da67185c272f81c0a27",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Insights Into Drug Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus",editors:[{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9614",title:"Advances in Candida albicans",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9614.jpg",slug:"advances-in-candida-albicans",publishedDate:"November 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xinhui Wang",hash:"31d6882518ca749b12715266eed0a018",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Advances in Candida albicans",editors:[{id:"296531",title:"Dr.",name:"Xinhui",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xinhui-wang",fullName:"Xinhui Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/296531/images/system/296531.jpg",institutionString:"Qinghai Normal University",institution:{name:"University of Luxembourg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Luxembourg"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9528",title:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9528.jpg",slug:"current-topics-and-emerging-issues-in-malaria-elimination",publishedDate:"July 21st 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"7f178329cc42e691efe226b32f14e2ea",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Current Topics and Emerging Issues in Malaria Elimination",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7981",title:"Overview on Echinococcosis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7981.jpg",slug:"overview-on-echinococcosis",publishedDate:"April 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fethi Derbel and Meriem Braiki",hash:"24dee9209f3fd6b7cd28f042da0076f0",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Overview on Echinococcosis",editors:[{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7839",title:"Malaria",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7839.jpg",slug:"malaria",publishedDate:"December 11th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Fyson H. Kasenga",hash:"91cde4582ead884cb0f355a19b67cd56",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Malaria",editors:[{id:"86725",title:"Dr.",name:"Fyson",middleName:"Hanania",surname:"Kasenga",slug:"fyson-kasenga",fullName:"Fyson Kasenga",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/86725/images/system/86725.jpg",institutionString:"Malawi Adventist University",institution:{name:"Malawi Adventist University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malawi"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7123",title:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7123.jpg",slug:"current-topics-in-neglected-tropical-diseases",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",hash:"61c627da05b2ace83056d11357bdf361",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Current Topics in Neglected Tropical Diseases",editors:[{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:7}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"27",type:"subseries",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",keywords:"Collaborative Intelligence, Learning, Distributed Control System, Swarm Robotics, Decision Science, Software Engineering",scope:"Multi-agent systems are recognised as a state of the art field in Artificial Intelligence studies, which is popular due to the usefulness in facilitation capabilities to handle real-world problem-solving in a distributed fashion. The area covers many techniques that offer solutions to emerging problems in robotics and enterprise-level software systems. Collaborative intelligence is highly and effectively achieved with multi-agent systems. Areas of application include swarms of robots, flocks of UAVs, collaborative software management. Given the level of technological enhancements, the popularity of machine learning in use has opened a new chapter in multi-agent studies alongside the practical challenges and long-lasting collaboration issues in the field. It has increased the urgency and the need for further studies in this field. We welcome chapters presenting research on the many applications of multi-agent studies including, but not limited to, the following key areas: machine learning for multi-agent systems; modeling swarms robots and flocks of UAVs with multi-agent systems; decision science and multi-agent systems; software engineering for and with multi-agent systems; tools and technologies of multi-agent systems.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!1,annualVolume:11423,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"275140",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinh Hoa",middleName:null,surname:"Nguyen",slug:"dinh-hoa-nguyen",fullName:"Dinh Hoa Nguyen",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRbnKQAS/Profile_Picture_1622204093453",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kyushu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"20259",title:"Dr.",name:"Hongbin",middleName:null,surname:"Ma",slug:"hongbin-ma",fullName:"Hongbin Ma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRhDJQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-05-02T08:25:21.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"28640",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Kambayashi",slug:"yasushi-kambayashi",fullName:"Yasushi Kambayashi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYOQxQAO/Profile_Picture_1625660525470",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nippon Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82380",title:"Evolution of Parasitism and Pathogenic Adaptations in Certain Medically Important Fungi",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105206",signatures:"Gokul Shankar Sabesan, Ranjit Singh AJA, Ranjith Mehenderkar and Basanta Kumar Mohanty",slug:"evolution-of-parasitism-and-pathogenic-adaptations-in-certain-medically-important-fungi",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11400.jpg",subseries:{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102553",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102553"},fullPath:"/profiles/102553",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()