\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1913",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Protein Interactions",title:"Protein Interactions",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Protein interactions, which include interactions between proteins and other biomolecules, are essential to all aspects of biological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Therefore, investigation and modulation of protein interactions are of significance as it not only reveals the mechanism governing cellular activity, but also leads to potential agents for the treatment of various diseases. The objective of this book is to highlight some of the latest approaches in the study of protein interactions, including modulation of protein interactions, development of analytical techniques, etc. Collectively they demonstrate the importance and the possibility for the further investigation and modulation of protein interactions as technology is evolving.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0244-1",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5242-2",doi:"10.5772/2336",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"protein-interactions",numberOfPages:476,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"e1aedfef794cd7180c9858e2f575d0dd",bookSignature:"Jianfeng Cai and Rongsheng E. Wang",publishedDate:"March 16th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1913.jpg",numberOfDownloads:70634,numberOfWosCitations:47,numberOfCrossrefCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:60,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:4,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:125,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 24th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 21st 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 26th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 25th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 24th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"114506",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Cai",slug:"jianfeng-cai",fullName:"Jianfeng Cai",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/114506/images/5414_n.jpg",biography:"Dr Jianfeng Cai is currently an assistant professor in Department \nof Chemistry, University of South Florida. He got his Ph. D. from \nDepartment of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis \nin 2006, where he worked with Professor John-Stephen Taylor \nto develop DNA-templated and targeted probe activation. In 2007-2009, he did \nhis postdoctoral research under the guidance of Professor Andrew D. Hamilton \nat Yale University Chemistry Department, focusing on molecular self-assembly \nand protein recognition. He joined USF Chemistry Department in 2009 and his \ncurrent research interest includes design and synthesis of novel peptidomimetics, \ndevelopment of antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anti-HIV and anti-Alzheimer’s agents, \nand applications of nano-biomaterials.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"252253",title:"Dr.",name:"Rongsheng",middleName:"E.",surname:"Wang",slug:"rongsheng-wang",fullName:"Rongsheng Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252253/images/system/252253.jpg",biography:"Rongsheng E. Wang obtained his Ph.D. in Bioorganic Chemistry in 2010 from the Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis (USA), where he worked with Professor John-Stephen Taylor to develop inhibitors of heat shock protein 70s for cancer therapy. From 2010 to 2012, he was a research scientist at Mediomics, LLC. From 2012 to 2016, he did a postdoc with Professor Peter G. Schultz at The Scripps Research Institute (CA, USA), where he developed novel therapeutic proteins, UAA-containing antibody drug conjugates for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Since 2016, he became a faculty member at Department of Chemistry, Temple University (USA). His current research interests lie in the identification of post-translational modification-related protein targets that are key to human diseases, and structure-based therapeutic design.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"384",title:"Chemical Biology",slug:"chemical-biology"}],chapters:[{id:"32413",title:"MOZ-TIF2 Fusion Protein Binds to Histone Chaperon Proteins CAF-1A and ASF1B Through Its MOZ Portion",doi:"10.5772/38074",slug:"moz-tif2-fusion-protein-binds-to-histone-chaperon-proteins-caf-1a-and-asf1b-through-its-moz-portion",totalDownloads:2128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hong Yin, Jonathan Glass and Kerry L. Blanchard",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32413",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32413",authors:[{id:"115452",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong",surname:"Yin",slug:"hong-yin",fullName:"Hong Yin"},{id:"115725",title:"Prof.",name:"Jonathan",surname:"Glass",slug:"jonathan-glass",fullName:"Jonathan Glass"},{id:"115726",title:"Dr.",name:"Kerry",surname:"Blanchard",slug:"kerry-blanchard",fullName:"Kerry Blanchard"}],corrections:null},{id:"32414",title:"Autophagy-Mediated Defense Response of Mouse Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) to Challenge with Escherichia coli",doi:"10.5772/36593",slug:"autophagy-mediated-defense-response-of-mouse-mesenchymal-stromal-cells-mscs-to-challenge-with-escher",totalDownloads:2369,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"N.V. Gorbunov, B.R. Garrison, M. Zhai, D.P. McDaniel, G.D. Ledney, T.B. Elliott and J.G. Kiang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32414",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32414",authors:[{id:"108971",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolai",surname:"Gorbunov",slug:"nikolai-gorbunov",fullName:"Nikolai Gorbunov"}],corrections:null},{id:"32415",title:"The Use of Reductive Methylation of Lysine Residues to Study Protein-Protein Interactions in High Molecular Weight Complexes by Solution NMR",doi:"10.5772/38640",slug:"the-use-of-reductive-methylation-of-lysine-residues-to-study-protein-protein-interactions-in-high-mo",totalDownloads:2246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Youngshim Lee, Sherwin J. Abraham and Vadim Gaponenko",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32415",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32415",authors:[{id:"118464",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",surname:"Gaponenko",slug:"vadim-gaponenko",fullName:"Vadim Gaponenko"}],corrections:null},{id:"32416",title:"Regulation of Protein-Protein Interactions by the SUMO and Ubiquitin Pathways",doi:"10.5772/38100",slug:"regulation-of-protein-protein-interactions-by-the-sumo-and-ubiquitin-pathways",totalDownloads:3915,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Yifat Yanku and Amir Orian",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32416",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32416",authors:[{id:"115564",title:"Dr.",name:"Amir",surname:"Orian",slug:"amir-orian",fullName:"Amir Orian"}],corrections:null},{id:"32417",title:"Functional Protein Interactions in Steroid Receptor-Chaperone Complexes",doi:"10.5772/38339",slug:"functional-protein-interactions-in-steroid-receptor-chaperone-complexes",totalDownloads:2387,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas Ratajczak, Rudi K. Allan, Carmel Cluning and Bryan K. Ward",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32417",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32417",authors:[{id:"116741",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Ratajczak",slug:"thomas-ratajczak",fullName:"Thomas Ratajczak"}],corrections:null},{id:"32418",title:"The TPR Motif as a Protein Interaction Module - A Discussion of Structure and Function",doi:"10.5772/37566",slug:"the-tpr-motif-as-a-protein-interaction-module-a-discussion-of-structure-and-function",totalDownloads:2495,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Natalie Zeytuni and Raz Zarivach",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32418",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32418",authors:[{id:"113307",title:"Dr.",name:"Raz",surname:"Zarivach",slug:"raz-zarivach",fullName:"Raz Zarivach"},{id:"113314",title:"MSc.",name:"Natalie",surname:"Zeytuni",slug:"natalie-zeytuni",fullName:"Natalie Zeytuni"}],corrections:null},{id:"32419",title:"The Two DUF642 At5g11420 and At4g32460-Encoded Proteins Interact In Vitro with the AtPME3 Catalytic Domain",doi:"10.5772/37984",slug:"the-two-duf642-at5g11420-and-at4g32460-encoded-proteins-interact-in-vitro-with-the-atpme3-catalytic",totalDownloads:2604,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Esther Zúñiga-Sánchez and Alicia Gamboa-de Buen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32419",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32419",authors:[{id:"115057",title:"Dr.",name:"Alicia",surname:"Gamboa-De Buen",slug:"alicia-gamboa-de-buen",fullName:"Alicia Gamboa-De Buen"}],corrections:null},{id:"32420",title:"Protein-Protein Interactions and Disease",doi:"10.5772/38299",slug:"protein-protein-interactions-and-disease",totalDownloads:3044,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Aditya Rao, Gopalakrishnan Bulusu, Rajgopal Srinivasan and Thomas Joseph",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32420",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32420",authors:[{id:"116514",title:"Mr.",name:"Aditya",surname:"Rao",slug:"aditya-rao",fullName:"Aditya Rao"},{id:"116519",title:"Dr.",name:"Gopalakrishnan",surname:"Bulusu",slug:"gopalakrishnan-bulusu",fullName:"Gopalakrishnan Bulusu"},{id:"116520",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Joseph",slug:"thomas-joseph",fullName:"Thomas Joseph"},{id:"117784",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajgopal",surname:"Srinivasan",slug:"rajgopal-srinivasan",fullName:"Rajgopal Srinivasan"}],corrections:null},{id:"32421",title:"AApeptides as a New Class of Peptidomimetics to Regulate Protein-Protein Interactions",doi:"10.5772/38829",slug:"aapeptides-as-a-new-class-of-peptidomimetics-to-regulate-protein-protein-interactions",totalDownloads:2162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Youhong Niu, Yaogang Hu, Rongsheng E. Wang, Xiaolong Li, Haifan Wu, Jiandong Chen and Jianfeng Cai",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32421",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32421",authors:[{id:"114506",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianfeng",surname:"Cai",slug:"jianfeng-cai",fullName:"Jianfeng Cai"}],corrections:null},{id:"32422",title:"Protein Interactions in S-RNase-Based Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility",doi:"10.5772/37795",slug:"protein-interactions-in-s-rnase-based-gametophytic-self-incompatibility",totalDownloads:2482,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Thomas L. Sims",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32422",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32422",authors:[{id:"114344",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",surname:"Sims",slug:"thomas-sims",fullName:"Thomas Sims"}],corrections:null},{id:"32423",title:"Direct Visualization of Single-Molecule DNA-Binding Proteins Along DNA to Understand DNA-Protein Interactions",doi:"10.5772/38145",slug:"direct-visualization-of-single-molecule-dna-binding-proteins-along-dna-to-understand-dna-protein-int",totalDownloads:3004,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hiroaki Yokota",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32423",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32423",authors:[{id:"115782",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Yokota",slug:"hiroaki-yokota",fullName:"Hiroaki Yokota"}],corrections:null},{id:"32424",title:"Defining the Cellular Interactome of Disease-Linked Proteins in Neurodegeneration",doi:"10.5772/37751",slug:"defining-the-cellular-interactome-of-disease-linked-proteins-in-neurodegeneration",totalDownloads:2389,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Verena Arndt and Ina Vorberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32424",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32424",authors:[{id:"114174",title:"Dr.",name:"Ina",surname:"Vorberg",slug:"ina-vorberg",fullName:"Ina Vorberg"},{id:"117537",title:"Dr.",name:"Verena",surname:"Arndt",slug:"verena-arndt",fullName:"Verena Arndt"}],corrections:null},{id:"32425",title:"Biochemical, Structural and Pathophysiological Aspects of Prorenin and (Pro)renin Receptor",doi:"10.5772/38553",slug:"biochemical-structural-and-pathophysiological-aspects-of-prorenin-and-pro-renin-receptor",totalDownloads:2999,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"A.H.M. Nurun Nabi and Fumiaki Suzuki",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32425",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32425",authors:[{id:"117971",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumiaki",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"fumiaki-suzuki",fullName:"Fumiaki Suzuki"},{id:"138664",title:"Dr.",name:"A.H.M.",surname:"Nurun Nabi",slug:"a.h.m.-nurun-nabi",fullName:"A.H.M. Nurun Nabi"}],corrections:null},{id:"32426",title:"Cholesterol-Binding Peptides and Phagocytosis",doi:"10.5772/38255",slug:"cholesterol-binding-peptides-and-phagocytosis",totalDownloads:1795,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Antonina Dunina-Barkovskaya",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32426",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32426",authors:[{id:"116265",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonina",surname:"Dunina-Barkovskaya",slug:"antonina-dunina-barkovskaya",fullName:"Antonina Dunina-Barkovskaya"}],corrections:null},{id:"32427",title:"One-by-One Sample Preparation Method for Protein Network Analysis",doi:"10.5772/37931",slug:"one-by-one-sample-preparation-method-for-protein-network-analysis",totalDownloads:2469,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Shun-Ichiro Iemura and Tohru Natsume",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32427",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32427",authors:[{id:"114829",title:"Prof.",name:"Tohru",surname:"Natsume",slug:"tohru-natsume",fullName:"Tohru Natsume"}],corrections:null},{id:"32428",title:"Live In-Cell Visualization of Proteins Using Super Resolution Imaging",doi:"10.5772/37948",slug:"live-in-cell-visualization-of-proteins-using-super-resolution-imaging",totalDownloads:2393,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Catherine H. Kaschula, Dirk Lang and M. Iqbal Parker",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32428",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32428",authors:[{id:"114886",title:"Dr.",name:"Catherine",surname:"H Kaschula",slug:"catherine-h-kaschula",fullName:"Catherine H Kaschula"},{id:"136007",title:"Dr.",name:"Dirk",surname:"Lang",slug:"dirk-lang",fullName:"Dirk Lang"},{id:"136008",title:"Prof.",name:"M Iqbal",surname:"Parker",slug:"m-iqbal-parker",fullName:"M Iqbal Parker"}],corrections:null},{id:"32429",title:"Approaches to Analyze Protein-Protein Interactions of Membrane Proteins",doi:"10.5772/38069",slug:"approaches-to-analyze-protein-protein-interactions-of-membrane-proteins",totalDownloads:9886,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sabine Hunke and Volker S. Müller",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32429",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32429",authors:[{id:"115418",title:"Dr.",name:"Sabine",surname:"Hunke",slug:"sabine-hunke",fullName:"Sabine Hunke"}],corrections:null},{id:"32430",title:"Relating Protein Structure and Function Through a Bijection and Its Implications on Protein Structure Prediction",doi:"10.5772/36472",slug:"relating-protein-structure-and-function-through-a-bijection-and-its-implications-on-protein-structur",totalDownloads:2281,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marco Ambriz-Rivas, Nina Pastor and Gabriel del Rio",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32430",authors:[{id:"108468",title:"Prof.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Del Rio",slug:"gabriel-del-rio",fullName:"Gabriel Del Rio"},{id:"117038",title:"BSc.",name:"Marco",surname:"Ambriz-Rivas",slug:"marco-ambriz-rivas",fullName:"Marco Ambriz-Rivas"},{id:"117039",title:"Prof.",name:"Nina",surname:"Pastor",slug:"nina-pastor",fullName:"Nina Pastor"}],corrections:null},{id:"32431",title:"Protein-DNA Interactions Studies with Single Tethered Molecule Techniques",doi:"10.5772/38416",slug:"protein-dna-interactions-studies-with-single-tethered-molecule-techniques",totalDownloads:3360,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Guy Nir, Moshe Lindner and Yuval Garini",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32431",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32431",authors:[{id:"117163",title:"Dr",name:"Yuval",surname:"Garini",slug:"yuval-garini",fullName:"Yuval Garini"},{id:"117314",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Guy",surname:"Nir",slug:"guy-nir",fullName:"Guy Nir"},{id:"146924",title:"MSc.",name:"Moshe",surname:"Lindner",slug:"moshe-lindner",fullName:"Moshe Lindner"}],corrections:null},{id:"32432",title:"Characterization of Protein-Protein Interactions via Static and Dynamic Light Scattering",doi:"10.5772/37240",slug:"characterization-of-protein-protein-interactions-via-static-and-dynamic-light-scattering",totalDownloads:5388,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Daniel Some and Sophia Kenrick",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32432",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32432",authors:[{id:"111914",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Some",slug:"daniel-some",fullName:"Daniel Some"},{id:"127217",title:"Dr.",name:"Sophia",surname:"Kenrick",slug:"sophia-kenrick",fullName:"Sophia Kenrick"}],corrections:null},{id:"32433",title:"Site-Directed Spin Labeling and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: A Versatile Tool to Study Protein-Protein Interactions",doi:"10.5772/37209",slug:"site-directed-spin-labeling-and-electron-paramagnetic-resonance-epr-spectroscopy-a-versatile-tool-to",totalDownloads:4881,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Johann P. Klare",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32433",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32433",authors:[{id:"111769",title:"Dr.",name:"Johann",surname:"Klare",slug:"johann-klare",fullName:"Johann Klare"}],corrections:null},{id:"32434",title:"Modification, Development, Application and Prospects of Tandem Affinity Purification Method",doi:"10.5772/38374",slug:"modification-development-application-and-prospects-of-tandem-affinity-purification-method",totalDownloads:3957,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Xiaoli Xu, Xueyong Li, Hua Zhang and Lizhe An",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32434",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32434",authors:[{id:"116934",title:"Dr.",name:"Xiaoli",surname:"Xu",slug:"xiaoli-xu",fullName:"Xiaoli Xu"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2553",title:"Lipid Peroxidation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b39734aa940b2d63ae5e8773d3dd5280",slug:"lipid-peroxidation",bookSignature:"Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2553.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2323",title:"Carbohydrates",subtitle:"Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f7c2e6a3566eee14c9884ad0820a6416",slug:"carbohydrates-comprehensive-studies-on-glycobiology-and-glycotechnology",bookSignature:"Chuan-Fa Chang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"145728",title:"Prof.",name:"Chuan-Fa",surname:"Chang",slug:"chuan-fa-chang",fullName:"Chuan-Fa Chang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"372",title:"Aflatoxins",subtitle:"Biochemistry and Molecular Biology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7f7359995dc5ee04e12df282495f77e",slug:"aflatoxins-biochemistry-and-molecular-biology",bookSignature:"Ramón Gerardo Guevara-González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/372.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62559",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramon G.",surname:"Guevara-Gonzalez",slug:"ramon-g.-guevara-gonzalez",fullName:"Ramon G. Guevara-Gonzalez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2524",title:"Dehydrogenases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"33ceb84d728f6a5033ba0389f83db79b",slug:"dehydrogenases",bookSignature:"Rosa Angela Canuto",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"149584",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosa Angela",surname:"Canuto",slug:"rosa-angela-canuto",fullName:"Rosa Angela Canuto"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2558",title:"Milk Protein",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"592dc83a9c30e990c850c0dec87d5d7a",slug:"milk-protein",bookSignature:"Walter L. Hurley",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2558.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"136109",title:"Dr.",name:"Walter",surname:"Hurley",slug:"walter-hurley",fullName:"Walter Hurley"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5935",title:"Solubility of Polysaccharides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f2e1999c512e400b58f4065789d080ee",slug:"solubility-of-polysaccharides",bookSignature:"Zhenbo Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5935.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"176645",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhenbo",surname:"Xu",slug:"zhenbo-xu",fullName:"Zhenbo Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4597",title:"Basic Principles and Clinical Significance of Oxidative Stress",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89a2f0b8113514563d387fba14e963bd",slug:"basic-principles-and-clinical-significance-of-oxidative-stress",bookSignature:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4597.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"118572",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivakumar Joghi",surname:"Thatha Gowder",slug:"sivakumar-joghi-thatha-gowder",fullName:"Sivakumar Joghi Thatha Gowder"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2064",title:"Integrative Proteomics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82fe979a574466e287d597db196c0d67",slug:"integrative-proteomics",bookSignature:"Hon-Chiu Eastwood Leung, Tsz-Kwong Man and Ricardo J. Flores",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2064.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105582",title:"Dr.",name:"Hon-Chiu",surname:"Leung",slug:"hon-chiu-leung",fullName:"Hon-Chiu Leung"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2290",title:"Protein-Protein Interactions",subtitle:"Computational and Experimental Tools",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5ad647ca09bc52a34fb2d02f38aa2455",slug:"protein-protein-interactions-computational-and-experimental-tools",bookSignature:"Weibo Cai and Hao Hong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"119750",title:"Dr.",name:"Weibo",surname:"Cai",slug:"weibo-cai",fullName:"Weibo Cai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5797",title:"Carotenoids",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95f1843c0526c96e4aa0be620d8db749",slug:"carotenoids",bookSignature:"Dragan J. Cvetkovic and Goran S. Nikolic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5797.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"195521",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragan",surname:"Cvetkovic",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetkovic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-the-contribution-and-prospects-of-the-technical-development-on-implementation-of-electri",title:"Corrigendum: The Contribution and Prospects of the Technical Development on Implementation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/79044.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/79044",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/79044",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/79044",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/79044",chapter:{id:"41483",slug:"the-contribution-and-prospects-of-the-technical-development-on-implementation-of-electric-and-hybrid",signatures:"Zoran Nikolić and Zlatomir Živanovic",dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2012",book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"154555",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Zoran Nikolic",slug:"zoran-nikolic",email:"zoran.nikolic@itn.sanu.ac.rs",position:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Technical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"165922",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatomir",middleName:null,surname:"Zivanovic",fullName:"Zlatomir Zivanovic",slug:"zlatomir-zivanovic",email:"zzivanovic@vin.bg.ac.rs",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"41483",slug:"the-contribution-and-prospects-of-the-technical-development-on-implementation-of-electric-and-hybrid",signatures:"Zoran Nikolić and Zlatomir Živanovic",dateSubmitted:"April 4th 2012",dateReviewed:"July 21st 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"December 19th 2012",book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"154555",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Nikolic",fullName:"Zoran Nikolic",slug:"zoran-nikolic",email:"zoran.nikolic@itn.sanu.ac.rs",position:null,institution:{name:"Institute of Technical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Serbia"}}},{id:"165922",title:"Dr.",name:"Zlatomir",middleName:null,surname:"Zivanovic",fullName:"Zlatomir Zivanovic",slug:"zlatomir-zivanovic",email:"zzivanovic@vin.bg.ac.rs",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"3196",title:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"New Generation of Electric Vehicles",slug:"new-generation-of-electric-vehicles",publishedDate:"December 19th 2012",bookSignature:"Zoran Stevic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3196.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30692",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:"M.",surname:"Stevic",slug:"zoran-stevic",fullName:"Zoran Stevic"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11499",leadTitle:null,title:"Nonlinear Systems - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tIn mathematics and science, a nonlinear system is a system in which the change of the output is not proportional to the change of input. Most systems are nonlinear in nature, so nonlinear problems have attracted the widespread interest of worldwide engineers and researchers. Generally, the behavior of nonlinear systems is mathematically described as a set of nonlinear simultaneous equations. This nonlinearity makes it extremely difficult to obtain an accurate mathematical model consistent with the actual system in system design. Therefore, it is crucial to develop effective modeling methods to accurately describe the model characteristics of nonlinear systems. At the same time, the design of the control system must consider such a problem, that is, whether the controller can make the controlled system stable and meet the expected performance index in the case of unknown uncertainty. Therefore, the development of an efficient control strategy to achieve the expected performance is worthy of in-depth study. Finally, appropriate analysis of a nonlinear system is the basis and core of establishing its mathematical model and devising an appropriate controller design for the nonlinear system.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-927-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-926-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-928-4",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"22a4fb880337aaa9899a7bddcdde52eb",bookSignature:"Dr. Bo Yang",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11499.jpg",keywords:"Neural Network, Deep Learning, Fuzzy Logic, Meta-Heuristic Algorithm, Feedback Linearization Control, Perturbation/Disturbance Observer-Based Control, Robust Control, Adaptive Control, Lyapunov Method, Passivity, Chaos, Fractional-Order System",numberOfDownloads:18,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 6th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 15th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 14th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 2nd 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 1st 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"2 months",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A pioneering researcher in artificial intelligence application in smart grids, professor, Editorial board of one EI journal, Editor of two SCI journals and one EI journal. Working as a Professor at Kunming University of Technology, China.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"234525",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"bo-yang",fullName:"Bo Yang",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/234525/images/system/234525.png",biography:"https://pubs2.ascee.org/index.php/IJRCS/about/editorialTeamBio/6590\r\n\r\nProf. Dr. Bo Yang\r\nKunming University of Science and Technology, China\r\n\r\nBo Yang received the B.Eng. degree in electrical engineering from the South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China, in 2010, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K., in 2015. He joined the Faculty of Electric Power, Kunming University of Science and Technology, as a Lecturer nad promoted as a Professor since 2020. His research interests include nonlinear robust/adaptive control and optimization of renewable energy systems, as well as artificial intelligence applications in smart grid.",institutionString:"Kunming University of Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Kunming University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:[{id:"82598",title:"Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis in Nonlinear System",slug:"spatial-temporal-data-analysis-in-nonlinear-system",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]},{id:"82228",title:"Nonlinear Intelligent Predictive Control for the Yaw System of Large-Scale Wind Turbines",slug:"nonlinear-intelligent-predictive-control-for-the-yaw-system-of-large-scale-wind-turbines",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[null]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347258",firstName:"Marica",lastName:"Novakovic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"marica@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"38031",title:"Celiac And Inflammatory Bowel Diseases In Children With Primary Humoral Immunodeficiency",doi:"10.5772/50219",slug:"celiac-and-inflammatory-bowel-diseases-in-children-with-primary-humoral-immunodeficiency",body:'The co-existence of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity called as “old couple” is known from the clinics, but the background and mechanism responsible for this phenomenon is far from explanation. The both; immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases belong to group of rare diseases. The population of children with immunodeficiency of humoral immunity demonstrating clinical symptoms of deficiency is small and only a part of them develops autoimmune disease which means these patients are really very small group. Because of low number of such patients there is a lack of standards of diagnostic procedures and therapeutic approach.
The clinical observations and analysis of co-existence of these two different pathomechanisms lead to questions –
why, in diseases with impaired function of immune system, the antibodies and autoantibodies are produced,
why the prolonged inflammation develops leading to tissue and organ damage,
why these autoimmune diseases are different in clinical features, course and response to therapy,
why we are not able to find the factors helping in selection of patients with high risk of autoimmune disease within immunodeficiency group.
The develop of autoimmune diseases is a result of many factors occurring in sequence or at the same time what seems to be the puzzle with hundreds of pieces. In the immune deficiency some of these pieces are missed at the beginning but despite this the puzzle is fulfilled and the autoimmunity develops. It is why, this phenomenon is still fascinating….
The autoantibodies are produced by B-1 subpopulation of B lymphocytes, plasma cells localized in lymph nodes and bone marrow, similarly to production of specific antibodies to pathogens; bacterial, viral or parasitic. They react with autoantigens e.g. determinants, receptors present on cell surface, products of cells (e.g. hormones, cytokines, insulin, enzymes), nuclei, DNA and organelles released after cells death. In healthy people the autoantibodies (e.g. antinuclear, rheumatoid factor) are noted in the serum in low titer what is probably an effect of persist low affinity self-reacting T and B lymphocytes in the thymus and bone marrow. The increase of occurrence and amount of autoantibodies with age in the healthy people is supporting the view that this small population of self-reactive lymphocytes is present during whole life [1].
The induction of autoantibodies production is not fully elucidated and the hypothesis about trigger by chronic inflammation, molecular mimicry with microbial antigens, aberrant expression of HLA-DR on cell surface as facilitating factor, are postulated. In systemic autoimmune diseases like lupus the antigens are intracellular so the above suggestions are not very suitable. The possible explanations of anti-DNA antibodies production includes the process of apoptosis and formation of nucleosomes containing pure DNA. It is highly probable, that dying cells e.g. within inflammatory infiltrations of tissues release many different organelles, proteins and enzymes induce production of antibodies to them. The antibodies against structure of nucleus (e.g. histones, centromers, centriols, nucleoli), Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, peroxidase, specific proteins (e.g. Scl-70, RNP), enzymes are associated with different types of autoimmune diseases. Delayed clearing of dying cells and abundance, stability, resistance to degradation of some nucleoproteins are stimulating the immune response through activation of Toll-like receptors. This hypothesis might apply to some of systemic autoimmune diseases [1].
The presence of autoantibodies in high titer is generally associated with damage of target cells or organs and occurrence of clinical symptoms of disease. The deposits of immune complexes (autoantibodies – antigens – complement) in the vessels or located directly in the tissue expressing the autoantigen are injurious for the surrounding tissue. These complexes bind the complement, activate the cascade, stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemotactic factors for infiltrating cells leading to support of autoantibodies production and amplification of the inflammation (self-perpetuating inflammatory process). In animal models this damaging effect of autoantibodies and immune complexes was showed for systemic autoimmune diseases. In celiac disease, the anti transglutaminase antibodies are associated with reduction of intestinal epithelial cells endocytosis, differentiation and proliferation. In general, they lead to decrease of intestinal/epithelial barrier function. The studies demonstrated the reduction of the epithelial cells adhesion in experimental model with CaCo cell line and anti-transglutaminase antibodies implicated the role of these antibodies in pathogenesis of celiac disease. In histology of mucous membrane from patients with untreated celiac disease, the epithelium tends to blister or totally detach from the basement membrane. The antibodies mediated inhibition of epithelial cells adhesion might be an explanation for the detachment [2]. The mechanism of tissue damage and role of autoantibodies in IBD (Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) are not fully described [3-5].
IgAD is the most common immunodeficiency of humoral immunity. The frequency of this deficiency is variable in different regions e.g. 1:400 in Finland, 1:600 in USA and 1:15000 children in Japan. The environmental factors, diet and food type, climate are suggested as explanation for this wide range of IgAD frequency [6-8]. The diagnosis of IgAD is based on low level (often below detection) of IgA, normal or compensatory high level of IgG, normal level of IgM in child older than 4 years of life. In this defect the majority of affected children (70-80%) is asymptomatic [6,7]. The remaining (20-30%) IgAD patients suffer from recurrent infections, allergies and autoimmune diseases. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tract are mainly involved. Recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract caused by different bacterias, often encapsulated are noted in younger children, the prolonged sinusitis is typical for older children and teenagers. Within IgAD patients the incidence of allergies is 20 times higher then in healthy population. The asthma, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, food allergy, atopic dermatitis and urticaria are common. The autoimmunity is represented by hematological symptoms e.g. thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, hemolytic anemia and gastrointestinal disease like celiac disease, IBD. In adults with IgAD the lupus erythematodes, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid diseases and chronic active hepatitis are noted [6,9-12]. In gastrointestinal tract, besides the autoimmune chronic inflammatory disease, the infestation with
The pathogenesis of IgAD is based on defective terminal maturation of B cells into IgA secreting plasma cells leading to reduced level of serum and secretory (mucosal) IgA [13]. The IgA exists in both monomeric and polymeric (mainly dimeric) forms. In humans two subclasses are distinguished – IgA1 and IgA2. The dimeric IgA is formed with joining (J)-chain. The secretory IgA (sIgA) is produced locally within lymphoid tissue under the mucous membrane and released at the luminal surface of jejunum [14]. sIgA composed of IgA2 molecules characterizes high resistance to enzymatic digestion by bacterial proteases. This immunoglobulin plays an important role in protection of mucous membranes lining the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts from pathogens present within the lumen. It is the first line of defense against microorganisms based on agglutinating activity and facilitating the clearance of pathogens [12]. The role of sIgA in selection of antigens entering through the mucous membrane is also postulated. Functions of sIgA include direct neutralization of pathogens, intracellular neutralization of viruses during transepithelial transport and inhibition of receptors mediated activation of immune system [12]. The lack of sIgA is compensated by IgG and IgM [12]. The chronic inflammatory diseases as celiac disease, Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis are only a part of gastrointestinal symptoms seen in IgAD patients. The other causes of clinical symptoms (abdominal pain, discomfort, constipation or diarrhea) include bacterial infections e.g.
The frequency of Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis (mainly in adults) is not well recognized in IgAD [13,16]. Moreover, in adult patients with IgAD and gastrointestinal symptoms the nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) is observed and diagnosed as a separate clinical entity. In histology, the nodules contain the large amount of IgM-bearing cells. There are found in lamina propria, superficially in submucosa of small intestine, occasionally in large bowel, rectum or stomach. Massive occurrence of these nodules and/or large size are associated with malabsorption, flattening of villi and with obstruction in some cases [16]. The differential diagnosis of Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease, nodular lymphoid hypertrophy (NLH) or celiac disease is difficult because the clinical symptoms and histological changes are overlapping.
The common variable immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous disease with the frequency of 1:25000 to 1:66000 diagnosed first in adults. Following this, the description of clinical features and course of disease was based on observations of adult patients. CVID is diagnosed after exclusion all other known causes of hypogammaglobulinemia in adults and in children older than 4 years of life. The criteria of CVID include hypogammaglobulinemia (IgG only or IgG and IgA, IgM), low production of specific antibodies in response to vaccination and, in reasonable amount of patients, disorders of cellular response e.g. low number of T cells, reverse CD4:CD8 ratio, low response of T lymphocytes to stimulation
The observations of CVID in children showed the difference between these patients and adults in clinical symptoms and course of disease [24]. Within patients diagnosed as adults, the chronic sinusitis, bronchiectases, chronic lung disease are more common than in CVID diagnosed in childhood (Table 1). The level of IgG (before substitution) is not predictive for type, severity and clinical course of infections [21,28]. The bacterial cultures showed
Infections before the diagnosis Autoimmunity:hematology gastrointestinal tract systemic other | Chronic sinusitis, chronic lung disease, bronchiectases thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (neutropenia), hemolytic anemia atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, ulcerative colitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease rheumatoid arthritis, sclerodermia, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren syndrome lymphomas, gastric cancer, granulomas formation | Recurrent acute infections of respiratory tract, ORL and sinuses (90% of patients) thrombocytopenia, leukopenia (neutropenia), hemolytic anemia celiac disease, Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease, atrophic gastritis (teenagers) juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (rare, teenagers) LIP (lymphoid interstitial pneumonia), lymphomas |
The autoimmunity is associated with CVID in about 20-30% of patients and the hematological symptoms are most common [10,16,17,19,21,29-34]. The dysregulation of immune system in CVID seemed to be paradoxical; while antibody production in response to pathogens and vaccines is impaired, at the same time the production autoantibodies might be excessive [32]. In large study of 311 adult patients with CVID the autoimmunity was diagnosed in 37% (116 patients). The cytopenias were noted in 55 patients including thrombocytopenia (41 patients), hemolytic anemia (17 patients) and neutropenia (10 patients) [30]. The slightly lower percentage of autoimmunity (22%) was noted within other studied group of 248 CVID adult patients but the thrombocytopenia was most frequent [19,32]. In reasonable number of patients the autoimmune symptoms preceded the diagnosis of CVID [17,19,21,34].
The autoimmune/inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal tract (IBD) including Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease, celiac disease, pernicious anemia, autoimmune liver disease, ulcerative colitis and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) are the second group of complications (coexisting symptoms/diseases) noted in 20-50% of CVID patients [9,13,16,18-19,21,28-29,34-36]. The clinical symptoms of IBD in CVID are similar to patients without CVID but often more discrete, milder and unspecific. In children unspecific abdominal pain, weight loss and inhibition of growth are prominent. The typical symptoms like diarrhea, constipation and dyspepsia, disturbances of jejunum motility, weakness are present too but they could be often neglected and explained by school stress, problems of diet, life style and maturation. In both groups of CVID patients the results of malabsorption are observed [13,16,19].
The diagnosis of autoimmune diseases is based on presence of antibodies and autoantibodies in serum. In CVID there are two problems: low production of specific antibodies as a marker of immune system dysfunction and lack of antibodies of given immunoglobulin class e.g. IgA in cases of CVID with IgA deficiency. The second problem is associated with histology of tissues involved in autoimmune process. The disturbances of B cell ontogeny seen as abnormal maturation, impaired somatic hypermutation and lack of memory B cell are associated with different histology of jejunum in IBD in CVID [13,36]. In biopsy of jejunum mucous of patients with celiac or Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease the low number, even lack of B cells and plasma cells in infiltrations are observed. This atypical pattern of infiltrating cells in CVID became a reason for named the celiac disease as celiac-like, similar – Crohn’s-like instead Crohn’s disease [13,37].
The main goal of regular substitution of immunoglobulin IgG (intravenous or subcutaneous) in CVID is replacing the specific antibodies. These antibodies produced by healthy blood donors after vaccinations and contact with common pathogens prevent the infections with spectrum of common pathogens. The dose for substitution is wide (0.4 - 0.8 g/kg body weight) with the suggestion for higher dose in first period of IgG substitution to obtained patient’s stabilization (“steady-state”). After 6-8 months of regular substitution, the maintaining dose is usually about 0.4 g/kg body weight. The half-life of IgG is 21-24 days indicating intravenous infusion of IgG (IVIG) in every 3-4 weeks [16-17,20,28,38-40]. The modifications of dose are possible in two ways – higher (or lower) dose for singular infusion and shorter (or longer) distance between infusions. The bacterial infections, wounds healing after injuries or surgery are consuming immunoglobulins so higher dose of IgG is recommended. Moreover, the individual variations in half-life of administered IgG, shorter half-time in patients with chronic lung disease or gastrointestinal disease need the modifications of IVIG substitution (patient-tailored), precise monitoring of IgG level and clinical status of patient [20]. The purpose of substitution is to prevent infections, at least, to decrease their frequency and moderate their clinical course. Moreover, the regular substitution of IgG in replacing dose is effective in some autoimmune disease like chronic thrombocytopenia, chronic neutropenia [16]. This effect is probably associated with anti inflammatory activity of IgG, although the precise mechanisms are not described. The different mechanisms responsible for anti-inflammatory activity on IgG preparation are defined for the high dose of immunoglobulins used in autoimmune diseases. It might be that; the regularity, long time of substitution and accumulation of small repeated effects are responsible for anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG in low dose, similar to anti-inflammatory effects of IVIG high dose (1.0-2.0 g/kg b.w.) [20,38]. The adverse reactions of IVIG occurred immediately during the infusion or after up to 4 days. They are mild or sever including anaphylactic shock [16,41]. Most often the fever, chills, pain (headache, abdominal pain) are noted in children during the infusion. The most severe, late reactions are the consequence of tissue distribution of immunoglobulin particularly into central nervous system. Heavy and progressive headache, vomiting, disturbances of vision, speech and balance keeping are typical. The therapy with intensive hydration and steroids given intravenously are usually effective. In a case of occurrence of severe adverse reactions the subcutaneous (SCIG) form of substitution is recommended. The amount of immunoglobulins given monthly is divided in four portions (0.1 g/kg of body weight per week) administered with special pomp. The effectiveness is similar to intravenous substitution, the adverse reaction are very rare and limited to the place of injection. SCIG is form of home therapy very comfortable for patients, offering the independence from the hospital.
In part of children with CVID the effect of IVIG or SCIG is weak and the infections occurred despite regular substitution. In this group of patients, especially with chronic inflammation (sinusitis, lymphocyte infiltrating pneumonia – LIP), bronchiectases, lung fibrosis and (in some cases) permanent leukopenia; the prophylaxis with antibiotics is suggested. The 3-4 months’ periods of antibiotics or trimetoprim introduced in prophylactic dose help in control of infections and improve the patient’s comfort. The therapy with antibiotics is still a matter of discussion and approaches to this therapy varies depending of clinical centre, severity of cases. The recommendation for antibiotics prophylaxis is prevention of the endocarditis during invasive procedures [28].
Standard of IBD diagnosis includes the clinical symptoms, laboratory tests (e.g. antibodies detection), imaging procedures (gastroscopy, colonoscopy, other radiological methods) and histological examination of jejunum biopsy [4,42-49]. The laboratory markers are helpful in early diagnosis preceding the onset of severe clinical symptoms in many patients. In last years the detection of antibodies associated with autoimmune process in gastrointestinal tract are commonly used as screening in risk group of children including immunodeficiencies (IgAD, CVID).
The typical clinical symptoms of celiac disease (periods of diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, cramps, feeling of discomfort, low weight with difficulty to gain) in small children are noted in about 20% of all patients diagnosed as celiac [51]. The remaining patients demonstrate the results of jejunum functional disorders leading to sideropenic anemia, osteopenia, afts, enamel damage, delay of puberty, concentrations problems and hypoproteinemia or many others without direct association with gastrointestinal tract. The latent, silent or asymptomatic forms of celiac disease are diagnosed in older children, teenagers and adults. The familiar predisposition is associated with expression of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 determinants [43,48-50].
For celiac disease the serological assays include antibodies to: endomysium, transglutaminase and gliadin. The antibodies against gliadin (deamidated form – GAF) are tested in IgA and IgG class with indirect immunofluorescence in serum diluted 1:10 [52]. The sensitivity and specificity is declared as 100% in IgG class and 95-99% in IgA class [53]. The endomysial antibodies (EMA) are associated with reticulin-gliadin complex and transglutaminase as enzyme active in formation of this complex. Antibodies are tested with indirect immunofluorescence in serum (dilution 1:10) with tissue slides of monkey’s jejunum or smooth muscles (endomysium contains reticulin type 1 (R1) - basic antigen for endomysial antibodies). The serial dilution of serum is helpful in monitoring the results of Gluten Free Diet (GFD). The sensitivity and specificity of these antibodies in IgA class is up to 100% [48,50]. The test performed in IgG class is valid and clinically significant for IgAD patients.
The discovery of role of tissue transglutaminase (tTg) in pathomechanism of celiac disease helped in understanding the induction of immune response to gliadin. This enzyme deamidated and/or transamidated gliadin proteins increasing their immunogenicity. Moreover, tTg is facilitating the formation of gliadin-reticulin complex and location of these complexes deposits on subepithelial basic membrane. The role of tTg in reduction of intestinal epithelial cell adhesion and in detachment of epithelium was described recently [2]. Antibodies against tTg are tested with ELISA commercially available kits for IgA and IgG class of immunoglobulins. The sensitivity of this test is 96%, the specificity – 98% [48,50]. The results of detection tTg antibodies are showed as optical density recalculated to standard curve. Results above 20 units are recognized as positive. High specificity of tTg antibodies and occurrence in level above 200 units seemed to be satisfactory for celiac disease diagnose without further biopsy of jejunum [50]. These antibodies are clinically significant in IgA class preferentially; with exception for IgAD when antibodies in IgG class are considered [52]. The introduction of GFD leads to decrease of antibodies production below detection level in 3-6 months in majority of patients [48,50]. Persistent high level of antibodies to tTg is observed in celiac disease refractory to GFD (RCD type I and RCD type II)[54]. Moreover, antibodies against tTg are observed in about 20% of patients with Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease. The clinical significance of these antibodies in Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease is unknown. It might be thought; that the inflammation and lymphocytic infiltrates are spreading from region typical for celiac disease to another part of jejunum. However, the localization of Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease in other parts of gastrointestinal tract like esophagus or large bowel and presence of anti tTg antibodies is not supporting this idea [50].
The antibodies against
The immunofluorescence indirect test offers detection of antibodies to exocrine pancreas cells cytoplasm (PAB) and their products as useful for diagnosis of Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease [55]. Two distinct patterns were noted with the patients’ sera tested on human pancreas tissue. The following pancreatic autoantigens were identified; glycoproteins expressed as glycosyl phosphoinositol (GP1) and membrane-anchored protein (GP2) [4]. GP2 is a glycosylated protein accounting for more than half of the zymogen granule membrane proteins in acinar cells. Recent studies showed the expression of GP2 is not limited to pancreatic acinar cells but is noted on epithelial cells follicle-associated or in Peyer’s patches too [4]. In the follicle-associated epithelial cells GP2 is restricted to M cells. These cells are located mainly in distal part of ileum being a site of original inflammation in reasonable percentage of patients with Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease [4]. The frequency of PAB antibodies in patients with Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease is rather low (14%-30%)[4,55-56] however, the specificity of this assay is 93%, positive predictive value is 77% and negative predictive value – 45% [55-56]. The clinical observations indicated the association of PAB with stricturing or penetrating form of the Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease [4] but this data were not supported by others. It means, that PAB are independent to disease activity, localization, clinical course and response to therapy with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppression [4,55].
The antinuclear (ANA), antimyeloperoxidase antibodies (pANCA) and against goblet cells (mucins are autoantigen, GAB) antibodies are commonly used for immunological diagnosis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Presence of these antibodies is detected with immunofluorescence and ELISA. The antibodies against neutrophils cytoplasmic antigens (ANCA) are recognized as cytoplasmic (proteins 3 - cANCA) and perinuclear (myeloperoxidase - pANCA) based on microscopic pattern [5,56]. pANCA prevalence in UC is estimated as 71.4%, in comparison to Leśniowski-Crohn’s patients – 2.3% and healthy control – 4.8% of positive seras. Comparison of IgA and IgG class of pANCA in group of 28 UC patients showed higher titer for IgA but in majority of patients pANCA were present in both classes of immunoglobulins. The results of ELISA assay for ANCA with different eluated antigens showed lower percentage of patients with positive results than immunofluorescence. Probably the antigens used for ELISA are not covering all possible neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens reacting with patients serum [56]. The antigens identified as responsible for pANCA immune response in UC patients are localized not only in cytoplasm of neutrophils but also inside nucleus (histone 1, nonhistone chromosomal protein, high mobility group of proteins) [56].
The presence of antibodies against goblet cells (GAB) is tested with immunofluorescence (normal jejunum slides) or ELISA. In study of 28 UC patients GAB was detected in 46.4% [56] in both classes of immunoglobulins with much higher titer for antibodies in IgA class. The sensitivity of GAB is estimated as 46%, specificity – 100% predictive positive value – 100% and predictive negative value – 73% [56]. Studies of reactivity of GAB with different tissue slides from gastrointestinal tract showed the best reactivity in appendix tissue [3]. The reaction with ileum, sigmoid and rectum tissue was from weak to strong with the tendency to resemble clinically affected intestinal segments [3].
The antibodies to enterocytes were described as clinically significant marker for autoimmune enteropathy [43,57]. The detection of these antibodies with indirect immunofluorescence showed a linear pattern most frequently along the apex or brush border of enterocyte on frozen section of human small bowel. These antibodies are predominantly IgG class and have been reported to occur after the mucosal damage onset [57].
The typical changes in celiac disease are classified according Marsh, Oberhuber and Corazza [48]. The classification according Marsh (4 types) is commonly used and number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), ratio crypts:villi heights, villi structure and height are basic parameters. In advanced stage (Marsh type 3) severe inflammation, flat villi and hyperplastic crypts are noted. In other classification e.g. Oberhuber the mucous of jejunum damage is divide into 8 stages including stage 0 of normal mucous structure, without changes. Classification proposed by Corazza is simplest and described only 3 stages – grade A – normal architecture of mucous, grade B1 and grade B2 – with atrophic villi up to flat mucous. The problem of celiac disease diagnosis arises when patients with clinical symptoms and serology tests results suggesting celiac disease have no visible changes in histology of mucous membrane (Marsh type 0, Oberhuber type 0, Corazza grade A) [48,58]. For these patients, electron microscopy assay is useful for detection of submicroscopical changes of enterocytes which support celiac disease diagnosis or suggest the diagnosis of microscopic enteritis [48,51,57-59]. However, observations of patients with typical clinical symptoms of celiac disease without changes of mucous showed improvement on GFD supporting the clinical diagnosis of latent type of celiac disease [50].
The infiltrations and formation of new lymphoid nodules, increase of IEL number are typical for chronic inflammation of jejunum. Infiltration in celiac disease consists lymphocytes (T and B), plasma cells and some monocytes. Within the lymphocytes present in mucous membrane the cells with TCRγ/δ characteristic are observed. In Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease the infiltration contains lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and plasma cells. The similar pattern with increased number of neutrophils is noted in UC. The proportion between the cells within infiltrate is associated with profile of proinflammatory cytokines released locally and induction of antibodies production as effect of contact of antigen presenting cells (APC) with e.g. MPO from neutrophils or the nuclei debris after cell death in situ [45-46].
The nature and function of T regulatory (Treg) subpopulation of T lymphocytes was extensively studied in relation to IBD. Natural Treg (CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+) from thymus and iTreg (inducible Treg) are involved in monitoring the immune response, maintaining the immune balance, prevention of excessive and potentially harmful immune activation within mucous of gastrointestinal tract [47,61-62]. The study of Treg lymphocytes (CD4/CD25/FoxP3) within the lamina propria patients with Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease and UC showed increased number of these cells; whereas the number in peripheral blood was decreased as compare to healthy people. It suggested central role of this population in local regulation of prolonged inflammatory process within jejunum wall [44]. Immunohistochemistry is the basic method for detection of Treg lymphocytes in biopsy specimens, the flow cytometry is used for assay of Treg number in peripheral blood. The immunohistochemistry is commonly used for analysis of proportion and characteristics of different cells within inflammation e.g. macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, plasma cells and others. This approach based on histopathology of jejunum helps to classify the subgroups of IBD patients. It will create specific “biological signature” unique to each patient so this patient can be treated with rational, individual therapy targeting the specific defect or aberrations underlying intestinal inflammatory pathway [47].
Celiac disease diagnosed as latent, silent or untypical form in children older than infants comprises about 80% of celiac patients. The clinical symptoms are discrete or absent so the diagnosis is often delayed. There have been more than 200 symptoms reported in association with gluten sensitivity [51]. The effects of jejunum dysfunction (malabsorption) presented as low level of iron resistant to oral therapy, vitamins, calcium, zinc and other minerals deficiency are suggesting celiac disease in children and teenagers [63]. The problem of celiac disease diagnosis in CVID and IgAD children lays in paucity and unspecificity of symptoms and overlapping with symptoms typical for IgAD or CVID with lack of IgA (e.g. abdomen pain, episodes of diarrhea, chronic diarrhea, food allergy).
High prevalence of celiac disease in IgAD patients (10-20 times higher risk than in population) suggested the common genetic background for these two diseases. It was demonstrated that ancestral haplotype HLA-A1,Cw7,B8,DR3,DQ2 is important for association between IgA and celiac disease [6,12-13]. However, the observations of frequency of celiac disease within IgAD population did not support this correlation because the observed frequency of celiac disease is still lower than expected based on genetic background [13]. Other hypothesis indicated that abnormal handling of gluten and gliadin in absence of IgA might induce the mucous damage and onset of clinical symptoms of celiac disease. The study of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in patients with IgAD and celiac disease showed increased of both factors in IgAD as compared to healthy persons but differences between IgAD with celiac disease and without celiac disease were below significance. Increase of APRIL level might be interpreted as part of the mechanism of compensation leading to overproduction of IgG and IgM [64]. The analysis of IEL TCRγ/δ showed highest level in IgAD with celiac disease, increased number in IgAD - higher than control [60].
The production of antibodies to gliadin, endomysium and to transglutaminase are preserved in IgAD patients but in IgG class. However, in some cases of IgAD the presence and high level of anti transglutaminase antibodies in IgA class is seen. In these cases the trace level of IgA (below detection in nephelometry) is enough to show antibodies to tTg with high sensitive technique of ELISA (personal observations). Within our 47 children with IgAD antibodies for celiac disease were noted in 11 patients (23%) – antibodies for gliadin – in 9 patients, for endomysium and for tTg in one patient each. Celiac disease was diagnosed based on anti tTg antibodies (in IgA and IgG class) in one patient without clinical symptoms. The histology of jejunum is typical for the celiac disease including cases diagnosed early with no changes (Marsh type 0) and similar to changes observed in children without IgAD. It is obvious, that in IgAD plasma cells producing IgA are missing, although total number of plasma cells is preserved. In majority of IgAD patients the gluten-free diet (GFD) is effective [16].
In CVID the problem of serological diagnosis of celiac diseases is more complex because of low production of antibodies and IgA deficiency in part of CVID patients. In consequence of these the possibility of serological diagnosis of autoimmune disease in CVID is excluded by many authors [9,13,37]. However, the permanent stimulation with autoantigens is leading to production of antibodies despite of decreased function of immune system. Level of autoantibodies is detectable but lower than in patients without immune deficiency [personal observation, 36]. In our study of 40 children with CVID antibodies for gliadin were noted in 3 patients (7.5%), for endomysium and tTg in 2 patients followed with diagnosis of celiac disease. Algorithm for celiac disease diagnosis is shown in Table 2. In jejunum biopsy the mucous contains excess of IEL (mainly T), lymphoid aggregates, granulomas, crypts distortion. Within this group of patients the celiac disease is often refractory to GFD (RCD) leading to malabsorption syndrome and severe clinical conditions [20]. Poor response to GFD suggests the distinct pathogenesis of celiac disease with 2 forms recently recognized [13]. In type I of RCD the IEL expressed normally CD3 and CD8 determinants as well as polyclonal T-cell receptor (TCR) arrangement. In RCD type II the aberrant lymphocyte population is expanded with loss of surface expression of CD3 and CD8, intracellular presence of CD3 determination and monoclonal TCR arrangement. Type II of RCD is associated with poor prognosis, increased mortality due to progressing malabsorption syndrome and due to T-cell lymphoma in reasonable number of patients [54]. Therapy includes supplementation with proteins, vitamins and microelements, parenteral nutrition, probiotics, steroids (given intravenously in high dose) and antibiotics for bacterial overgrowth in jejunum [16]. The second line of therapy offers immunosuppression (azathioprine) and/or monoclonal antibodies against TNF (infliximab, etanercept, humira) in patients with active, progressive disease [65].
Chronic diarrhea is noted as a typical clinical symptom of gastrointestinal involvement seen in wide range of adult patients (10% - 50%) with CVID [13,16,18,20]. In children with CVID and IgAD the chronic diarrhea is much less frequent but data are based on relatively small number of patients. IBD are sporadic in IgAD children with clinical course similar to children without IgAD. Within CVID patients IBD remain a significant problem in 19-32% of patients [20]. Moreover, IBD in patients with CVID is recognized as distinct form sharing histological features consistent more with lymphocytic colitis, collagenous colitis than classic IBD [13,37]. In patients, mainly adults, with Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease and CVID the formation of granuloma within jejunum wall is observed. Furthermore, the substitution of immunoglobulins does not inhibit and/or reverse symptoms of chronic colitis [13,15]. The different explanations are proposed but hypothesis that IgG from immunoglobulin preparations are not able to reach the lumen of intact jejunum particularly in CVID patients without IgA seemed to be interesting. Other possible explanations include Treg defects, T cell driven inflammation, different patterns of locally produced cytokines as compared to Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease in patients without CVID [13]. The special role of T lymphocytes in CVID patients with gastrointestinal symptoms was indicated by different histology of jejunum. Despite the lack of plasma cells in biopsy specimens as typical and characteristic; the villi flattening, increased number of IEL and lymphocytes in lamina propria, increased epithelial apoptosis were observed in CVID patients [13,15,20]. The study of cytokines produced locally in lamina propria showed decreased production of IL-23, IL-17 and TNF in CVID patients with Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease as compare to patients without CVID, what suggest alternative pathway of inflammation [13].
Therapy of Leśniowski-Crohn’s disease in CVID is generally similar as for patients without immunodeficiency although inflammation in CVID might be more difficult to control. Immunosuppression (e.g.azathioprine, cyclosporine) is used when anti inflammatory drugs and steroids (rapidly metabolized budesonide) are without results and process of inflammation is still active. Induction of remission with anti cytokine monoclonal antibodies (infliximab, etanercept) is effective in CVID patients but the very careful monitoring of infections, particularly fungal, is necessary due to T cell defects [13].
The frequency of UC within CVID and IgAD patients is not known. The large study of 248 patients with CVID including children and adults showed the UC only in 7 patients [19]. In this study ten patients was described as having a significant malabsorption but without specific gastrointestinal diagnosis what showed the problems of establishing the diagnosis in immune deficiency patients [19].
The difficulties in diagnosis of celiac disease, poor response to GFD, IBD with different histology of jejunum seen in patients with CVID, IgAD and gastrointestinal symptoms suggested searching for other diseases overlapping clinical features. The collagenous sprue is severe malabsorptive disorder with histology similar to celiac disease. It is rare disorder characterized by small intestinal villi and crypts atrophy, increased IEL number, subepithelial collagen deposit entrapping cellular components of lamina propria [49]. The clinical and histological similarities (villi atrophy, poor response to GFD during one year) might suggest the refractory or poorly controlled celiac disease. However, in collagenous sprue the serological test and HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 are negative what indicate separate entity. The relation between celiac disease, refractory sprue and collagenous sprue is still a matter of discussion but collagenous sprue seemed to be a part of refractory sprue based on poor response to GFD [49]. In histology in collagenous sprue; the subepithelial collagen layer thicker than 12 μm, embedding small capillaries and lamina propria entrapping cells e.g. lymphocytes, fibroblasts are typical. These entrapped cellular elements are a mandatory criterion for this disease. Celiac disease is characterized by increased number of IEL whereas in collagenous sprue these lymphocytes are absent. The precise diagnosis is important because the collagenous sprue is progressing with high ratio of death due to malabsorption and malnutrition. The aggressive therapy includes steroids, immunosuppression and total parenteral nutrition. Up to now, the collagenous sprue was not observed in CVID and IgAD patients but the occurrence of RCD, progressing malabsorption syndrome might suggest existence of this disease within immune deficiency patients.
The term of microscopic enteritis was used for patients with symptoms of malabsorption without prominent inflammation, villous effacement or ulceration seen in conventional light microscopy [59]. This observation may explain the co-existence of symptomatic gluten sensitivity, malabsorption and normally looking mucosa (Marsh 0) [48,58-59]. In patients with RCD the electron microscopy assay seemed to be useful for diagnosis of microscopic enteritis what helps to recognize celiac disease with mild or minimal mucosal abnormalities.
The autoimmune enteropathy is not associated with celiac disease but represents heterogeneous entity consisting protracted diarrhea in young children with circulating antibodies. Affected patients appear to fall into 2 groups: with or without immune deficiency. The syndrome of intractable or protracted diarrhea of infancy was associated with high mortality. Now, the parenteral nutrition, symptomatic therapy of complications, improvement of diagnostic modalities has permitted prolonged survival of these children [57]. Immune deficiency seen in these patients were X-linked syndrome of neonatal diabetes with polyendocrinopathy, IPEX (Immunodysregulation, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-linked), T-cell defects, CVID and IgAD. The immunological tests showed a variety of antibodies but most important for diagnosis are antibodies against enterocyte circulating in patients serum. Other antibodies were typical for autoimmune disease of endocrine glands (anti thyroid peroxidase - TPO, Langerhan’s islet) and kidney, liver diseases (anti tubular basement membrane, antinuclear, anti-smooth muscles, liver-kidney antigen). Antigens for enterocyte antibodies were characterized as 50 kD and 75 kD proteins present in enterocyte cytoplasm. Diagnosis in neonate and infants with chronic severe diarrhea is based on small jejunum biopsy and immunological tests. The antibodies anti enterocyte are suggesting the autoimmune enteropathy. Symptomatic therapy include diet, parenteral nutrition, “immunological” therapy include steroids (but with no great success), immunosuppression with different drugs e.g. azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine. The second line of therapy offers tacrolimus with a good response. IPEX syndrome patient has been treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation [57].
The diagnosis of IBD and celiac disease is based on clinical symptoms, laboratory tests and endoscopic procedures. Antibodies are the markers of these diseases despite that their role in pathomechanism of chronic inflammation is not fully recognized. The weak production of antibodies in response to vaccine antigens in humoral immunity deficiency seemed to be overestimated since the prolonged stimulation with antigens persistent in contact with immunocompetent cells induce production of antibodies. The antibodies detection used as screening is helpful in early diagnosis due to predictive value of these antibodies. From the other side, in patients with immunodeficiency clinical symptoms might be mild, unspecific and suggesting the association with basic disease (CVID or IgAD) not the concomitant autoimmunity. The high risk of autoimmune diseases in CVID and IgAD is an indication for antibodies screening in these patients but the results should be analyzed with caution. Patients with immunodeficiency are different in all aspects of their immune system function including response to infections, chronic inflammations, autoimmunity prevalence and high risk of tumours. The replacement of specific antibodies with substitution of immunoglobulin for CVID patients is covering only a small part from the complex defect in function of immune system.
As the progress of the computer vision and machine learning, person identification and verification for security considerations become practical and play an important role for modern smart living applications. Face recognition for security control has received lot of attentions recently. Designed with a camera, the face recognition becomes a simple and direct way to achieve reliable identification and verification. There are numerous algorithms [1, 2, 3, 4] made important contributions to face recognition. These approaches can be divided into two categories, holistic based and modular based methods [5]. The holistic based approaches include the principle component analysis (PCA) [6] and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) [6]. John
In practical applications, especially in COVID-19 pandemic period, face recognition might encounter diversified challenges such as low resolution, luminous change, facial expression and partial occlusion affected by facial accessories and covering face masks and scarf. For various challenges, there are several improved LRC algorithms proposed in the literatures, such as PCA-based LRC [9], unitary LRC [10], class-specific kernel LRC [11], and sparse representation classifier [12] methods.
Figure 1 shows some examples of partially-occluded faces, where they are partially covered by facial accessories or covering obstacles. Partially occlusion is one of the practical and difficult problems in face recognition [13, 14]. Thus, some researches have focused on partially-occluded faces [15, 16, 17, 18, 19] recently. Most approaches tried to detect the testing images in several modules, avoided occlusion area influence the recognition results. The module LRC (MLRC) proposed in [8] is an effective way to solve occlusion issues in facial recognition. The MLRC treats each module equally important, however the occluded modules should be excluded or reduced their contribution for the final classification. Thus, by using regression parameters (RP), our early-version weighted module linear regression classification (WMLRC-PR) [20] is first proposed to enhance the MLRC method. To secure the access of ATM machines, the occluded face detection methods are proposed [21, 22]. By using support vector machine (SVM) to detect the occlusion modules, the LDA face recognition method is performed in the non-occlusion part [23]. By using structured dictionary learning (SDL) method, the SRC face recognition can separate occluded face images [24]. The robust face recognition algorithms based on various features, such as Huber loss [25], local binary feature [26] and topology preserving structure matching (TPSM) [27] are proposed to solve occlusion problems successfully. It is noted that the state-of-the-art CNN approaches [28, 29, 30, 31], which need pre-trained by all face images, will not be applicable for partially-occluded face recognition. Besides, the CNN approaches usually need to pre-train the model, any instance increase of new members becomes impossible.
Examples of partially-occluded situations.
In this chapter, we propose a better occlusion tendency detection by using texture histogram (TH) to distinguish occluded and non-occluded modules. With the TH occlusion tendency, the WMLRC-TH methods are then proposed. The rest of the chapter is organized as follows. In Section 2, we first review the basic LRC concept and introduce the module LRC design for face recognition. Then, Section 3 first analyzes texture histograms and discusses how to use it to determine the occlusion tendency of the module. The proposed WMLRC-TH method in use of texture histogram is the proposed. In Section 4, the proposed WMLRC-TH method, which is tested on AR [32] and FRGC2.0 [33] face databases with synthesized occlusions, is compared to the well-known and robust face recognition methods. The realization of the partially-occluded face recognition system based on the WMLRC-TH method in mobile platforms are also addressed. Finally, conclusions are addressed in Section 6.
For face recognition, we assume that all training and testing facial images are preprocessed by face detection, face cropping and possible face alignment functions. Assume that we have
For the
If
Let
where
With optimized regression parameter vector,
For all
The construction of the
which takes about
where
for
For real applications, if a query sample is partially corrupted or occluded, the LRC algorithm cannot handle these special situations well since the discernible messages are getting less. The module, which is in a small and clean subface, approach can efficiently overcome this problem.
For the module LRC (MLRC), each training image
Segmentation of face images with
for
For the
where the optimal regression parameter vector is given as
and the regression matrix is defined as
Similar to Eq. (5), the corresponding module response vectors
where
The project matrix,
With the above module optimization, each module is processed by the LRC computation individually. Without the knowledge of occluded modules, the minimum distance could be used as the distance metric which implicates that the occluded modules will be automatically removed. The MLRC in min-min distance measure is expressed as.
where
for
The module linear regression classification (MLRC) shows better recognition performance under occlusion situations. However, the MLRC with min-min distance measure only uses the best module for classification essentially. Thus, we can further improve its classification performance if we can properly gather more reliable non-occluded modules. As shown in Figure 2, we should fully utilize all top 8 clear modules (#1, #5, #9, #13, #2, #6, #10, #14) modules and moderately adopt 4 partially-occluded modules (#3, #7, #11, #15) for face recognition.
Thus, in the early age, we suggested an occlusion detection measure, which can be used to infer the occlusion tendency of the module. For linear regression classification method, the occlusion detection could be obtained by regression parameters [15] by the assumption that the regression parameters of the clean modules will have large variations for in-class and out-class faces. The module with small variations of regression parameters will have high probabilities to be detected as the occluded modules. The regression parameter (RP) concept is only good for dark and less texture occlusion objects. If the face recognition algorithm is not a linear regression approach, it will need extra computation to compute the regression parameters. In this chapter, we suggest a simple detection method to find the occlusion tendency of the module. Generally, the module has its particular location, the texture distribution of the module could easily be identified by its texture histogram.
To detect the occluded modules, instead of regression parameters, we can also perform the occlusion detection in the texture domain. First, the D-bin texture histogram of a grayscale image
where the count of gray level
and
For finding
where
It is obvious that the modules of the query image, which are with larger
Plots of
Conceptually, the texture histogram difference (HTD) of the module is a meaningful measure to identify the location of the face. For example, the modules #5 and #6 are forehead and left-center-eye modules, respectively. The average of texture histogram for module #5 has flat texture distribution of pure skin color while that for module #6 is unevenly distributed with textures of eyeball and nose regions. These two modules have their distinct and special texture histograms. If the modules are occluded by the mask, their texture histograms become very different from the original ones. For any face recognition algorithm, the classification criterion generally can be expressed by
where
by using the above averaged texture histogram difference stated in (21). In (23),
By using texture histogram difference (THD), we suggest a weighted MLRC method, called WMLRC-HT for robust face recognition. For minimization measure errors, it is obvious that occluded modules should give larger weights in the WMLRC such that we can improve the drawback of the MLRC and achieve better recognition performance. Similarly as the observation shown in Figure 3, the texture histogram distance,
With (24), the TH weight will be bigger for smaller texture histogram difference. Thus,
As the module LRC, the response vector
By using THD weight defined in (24), the WMLRC-TH with the weighted minimum rule can be adjudicated as
In our experiments, the recognition performance with different face recognition algorithms will be used to validate the proposed methods. In experiments, AR and FRGC 2.0 face databases are used by synthetically adding osculation. We compare recognition performances of the proposed WMLRC methods to those of PCA, LDA, LRC, MLRC, SRC, locality preserving projection (LPP) [34], neighboring preserving embedding (NPE) [35] methods. All the experiments are carried out on a personal computer, which is equipped with Intel Core2 Q9400 CPU associated a 4-GB RAM. The testing environment is on Microsoft Visual Studio 2013 with OpenCV.
The famous face recognition algorithms and recent robust face recognition methods [23, 24, 27] all show the recognition performances on AR database, which contains more than 100 people’s color face images. For experiments, the cropped facial images are normalized to 40 × 40 pixels. The first experiment is to test all the algorithms on AR database [32] under sunglasses, scarf, colored blocks, black, white, and texture occlusions, overlapped onto normal faces. The AR database consists of more than 100 people’s color face images. The images also include several facial variations, such as illumination change, expression and facial disguises. We choose a subset of 100 subjects with 50 men and 50 women. In each subject, 3 normal images are used as the training set as shown in Figure 4 while 2 images with sunglasses and 2 images with scarf are used for the testing set as shown in Figure 5.
Normal faces as the training set on AR database.
Sunglasses and scarf occluded faces on AR database.
Before the experiments, we should first decide suitable settings for the proposed WMLRC-TH method. For module designs, the images are divided into 16 modules, i.e.,
By using original AR database, Table 1 shows the comparison results with those normal face algorithms while Table 2 exhibits the reported results from the recent robust face recognition methods. From Table 1, the results show that the proposed WMLRC-TH methods achieved with over 95% accuracy outperforms the other methods. The LDA with SVM method [23] achieves 91.5% recognition rate, the SRC with SDL method [24], the recognition rate for sunglasses plus scarf face images, the recognition rate achieves up to 92%. The topology preserving structure matching (TPSM) [27] achieve 91.7%. recognition accuracy. From Table 2, the proposed WMLRC-TH outperforms the WMLRC-RP [20], the LDA-SVM [23], SRC-SDL [24] and TPSM [27] methods for recognizing occlusion face images on AR database.
Situations | Methods | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCA | LDA | LPP | NPE | LRC | MLRC | |
Sunglasses | 34.5 | 28.0 | 16.5 | 49.0 | 64.0 | 88.0 |
Scarf | 5.0 | 18.0 | 12.5 | 9.0 | 23.0 | 45.0 |
Average | 19.75 | 23.0 | 14.5 | 29.0 | 43.5 | 65.0 |
Situations | Methods | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MLRC- 4 | SRC [12] | WMLRC-RP [20] | WMLRC-TH ( | WMLRC-TH ( | |
Sunglasses | 72.0 | 93.0 | 89.0 | 95.0 | 97.5 |
Scarf | 92.0 | 52.0 | 87.5 | 96.0 | 97.0 |
Average | 82.0 | 72.5 | 88.25 | 95.5 | 97.25 |
Recognition performances (%) achieved by different methods for sunglasses and scarf images on AR database.
Robust Recognition Methods | WMLRC-RP [20] | LDA-SVM [23] | SRC-SDL [24] | TSPM [27] | WMLRC-TH ( |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average Recognition Rates | 86.0 | 91.5 | 92.0 | 91.7 | 97.25 |
Recognition performances (%) achieved by the recently-proposed robust face recognition algorithms on AR database.
To further analyze the detailed performances of the algorithms with different conditions of occlusions. The synthesized occlusions with various occlusion levels overlapped to the normal faces are shown in Figures 6–9. We still keep all the face recognition algorithms with same settings, it is noted the synthesized occlusion images are used for the testing results.
Added colored occlusion with occlusion ratios on AR database.
Black partial occlusion with various occlusion ratios on AR database.
White partial occlusion with various occlusion ratios on AR database.
Different occlusion (a) - (e) color wall patterns with 50% occlusion ratio on AR database.
Tables 3–6 show the recognition performances of all the face recognition methods for all synthesized occlusion cases, where WMLRC-TH1 and WMLPRC-TH3 denote the WMLRC-TH preformed with gray (
Methods | Occlusion ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | Average | |
PCA [6] | 31.0 | 16.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 12.4 |
LDA [7] | 40.0 | 27.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 19.2 |
LPP | 14.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 6.8 |
NPE | 30.0 | 20.0 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 7.0 | 15.6 |
LRC [8] | 50.0 | 33.0 | 23.0 | 11.0 | 6.0 | 24.6 |
SRC [12] | 84.0 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 68.0 | 40.0 | 66.4 |
MLRC [8] | 87.0 | 87.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 35.4 |
MLRC-4 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 39.8 |
WMLRC-RP [20] | 88.0 | 88.0 | 88.0 | 81.0 | 81.0 | 85.2 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 96.0 | 97.6 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 98.0 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with varying occlusion ratios of dark partial occlusion on AR database.
Methods | Occlusion ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | Average | |
PCA | 53.0 | 63.0 | 61.0 | 32.0 | 52.0 | 52.2 |
LDA | 42.0 | 67.0 | 67.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 | 42.6 |
LPP | 21.0 | 39.0 | 31.0 | 11.0 | 16.0 | 23.6 |
NPE | 49.0 | 68.0 | 61.0 | 30.0 | 43.0 | 50.2 |
LRC | 86.0 | 53.0 | 30.0 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 37.4 |
SRC | 96.0 | 93.0 | 76.0 | 68.0 | 39.0 | 74.4 |
MLRC | 97.0 | 97.0 | 89.0 | 79.0 | 39.0 | 79.4 |
MLRC-4 | 97.0 | 96.0 | 94.0 | 70.0 | 61.0 | 83.6 |
WMLRC-RP | 91.0 | 88.0 | 84.0 | 81.0 | 43.0 | 77.4 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 93.0 | 85.0 | 61.0 | 87.0 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 95.0 | 86.0 | 70.0 | 89.4 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with varying occlusion ratios of colored block occlusion on AR database.
Methods | Occlusion ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | Average | |
PCA | 13.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 7.2 |
LDA | 23.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 6.0 | 9.4 |
LPP | 10.0 | 10.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 6.6 |
NPE | 13.0 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 7.2 |
LRC | 28.0 | 15.0 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 9.0 | 15.2 |
SRC | 86.0 | 86.0 | 70.0 | 68.0 | 39.0 | 83.6 |
MLRC | 87.0 | 87.0 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 81.0 | 83.8 |
MLRC-4 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 |
WMLRC-RP | 89.0 | 89.0 | 84.0 | 84.0 | 78.0 | 84.8 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 96.2 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 95.0 | 96.0 | 96.0 | 97.2 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with varying levels of white partial occlusion on AR database.
Methods | Occlusion texture | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | Average | |
PCA | 20.0 | 10.0 | 22.0 | 12.0 | 16.0 | 16.0 |
LDA | 18.0 | 15.0 | 19.0 | 11.0 | 16.0 | 15.8 |
LPP | 3.0 | 4.0 | 7.0 | 3.0 | 4.0 | 4.2 |
NPE | 17.0 | 11.0 | 19.0 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 15.2 |
LRC | 33.0 | 19.0 | 34.0 | 25.0 | 22.0 | 26.6 |
SRC | 45.0 | 40.0 | 39.0 | 55.0 | 39.0 | 43.6 |
MLRC | 82.0 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 82.0 | 82.0 |
MLRC-4 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 |
WMLRC-RP | 86.0 | 86.0 | 87.0 | 84.0 | 85.0 | 85.6 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 96.0 | 94.0 | 94.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.4 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 96.0 | 94.0 | 96.0 | 97.0 | 95.0 | 95.6 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with different occlusion textures of 50% occlusion on AR database.
The second experiments are to test all the methods on the FRGC2.0 database [33, 36] under gray texture blocks, dark, white, and texture occlusions overlapped onto normal faces. The FRGC2.0 database consists of more than 4000 people’s front-view grayscale images including non-facial expressions and slightly facial variations. We choose a subset of 100 subjects with 50 men and 50 women. In each subject, two non-facial expression images are used for the training set as shown in Figure 10. In additions, the synthesized occlusions with various occlusion levels overlapped to normal faces as shown in Figures 11–14 are also used for the testing. As to the experiment settings, the facial images are also normalized to 40 × 40 pixels and divided into 16 modules.
Normal faces as the raining set on FRGC2.0 database.
Added texture block with various occlusion ratios on FRGC 2.0 database.
Dark partial occlusion with various occlusion ratios on FRGC 2.0 database.
White partial occlusion with various occlusion ratios on FRGC 2.0 database.
Different occlusion (a) - (e) gray wall patterns with 50% occlusion on FRGC 2.0 database.
Tables 7–10 illustrate the recognition performances of all the methods in all test cases. On FRGC 2.0 database, the proposed WMLRC-TH methods also achieve better performances than other approaches. From Table 8, the MLRC and MLRC-4 performed badly in dark occlusion also. In most cases, the WMLRC-TH performs better than WMLRC-RP. In flat and bright occlusions, as shown in Table 9, the WMLRC-RP carries out the better performance than WMLRC-TH. Since the sunglasses are the most common situation in daily life, WMLRC-RP is still useful in real applications in the cases of dark occlusions.
Methods | Occlusion ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | Avg | |
PCA | 99.0 | 95.0 | 86.0 | 61.0 | 37.0 | 75.6 |
LDA | 99.0 | 97.0 | 81.0 | 62.0 | 40.0 | 75.8 |
LPP | 85.0 | 64.0 | 39.0 | 31.0 | 14.0 | 46.6 |
NPE | 98.0 | 94.0 | 91.0 | 76.0 | 61.0 | 84.0 |
LRC | 70.0 | 65.0 | 52.0 | 32.0 | 12.0 | 46.2 |
SRC | 98.0 | 92.0 | 80.0 | 69.0 | 42.0 | 76.2 |
MLRC | 96.0 | 96.0 | 97.0 | 94.0 | 82.0 | 93.0 |
MLRC-4 | 97.0 | 96.0 | 96.0 | 96.0 | 89.0 | 94.8 |
WMLRC-RP | 96.0 | 90.0 | 85.0 | 85.0 | 82.0 | 87.6 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 99.0 | 98.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 92.0 | 96.6 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with varying occlusion ratios of random block occlusion on FRGC 2.0 database.
Methods | Occlusion ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | Avg | |
PCA | 63.0 | 18.0 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 18.6 |
LDA | 82.0 | 19.0 | 22.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 26.6 |
LPP | 35.0 | 32.0 | 24.0 | 12.0 | 6.0 | 21.8 |
NPE | 40.0 | 21.0 | 18.0 | 9.0 | 1.0 | 17.8 |
LRC | 49.0 | 25.0 | 14.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 18.2 |
SRC | 88.0 | 86.0 | 70.0 | 68.0 | 41.0 | 70.6 |
MLRC | 97.0 | 97.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 39.4 |
MLRC-4 | 98.0 | 98.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 39.8 |
WMLRC-RP | 96.0 | 96.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.4 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 97.4 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with varying occlusion ratios of dark occlusion on FRGC 2.0 database.
Methods | Occlusion ratio | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10% | 20% | 30% | 40% | 50% | Avg | |
PCA | 21.0 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 8.0 |
LDA | 36.0 | 23.0 | 9.0 | 8.0 | 5.0 | 16.2 |
LPP | 14.0 | 5.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 4.8 |
NPE | 20.0 | 15.0 | 10.0 | 7.0 | 4.0 | 9.8 |
LRC | 25.0 | 16.0 | 9.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 11.4 |
SRC | 88.0 | 81.0 | 46.0 | 32.0 | 29.0 | 55.2 |
MLRC | 97.0 | 97.0 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 94.6 |
MLRC-4 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 | 97.0 |
WMLRC-RP | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100.0 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 98.0 | 98.0 | 96.0 | 97.0 | 96.0 | 97.0 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with varying occlusion ratios of white partial occlusion on FRGC 2.0 database.
Methods | Occlusion texture | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | E | Avg | |
PCA | 20.0 | 36.0 | 15.0 | 11.0 | 26.0 | 21.6 |
LDA | 14.0 | 19.0 | 17.0 | 14.0 | 23.0 | 17.4 |
LPP | 16.0 | 19.0 | 6.0 | 10.0 | 6.0 | 11.4 |
NPE | 24.0 | 33.0 | 17.0 | 8.0 | 20.0 | 20.4 |
LRC | 34.0 | 42.0 | 18.0 | 7.0 | 21.0 | 24.4 |
SRC | 40.0 | 47.0 | 45.0 | 66.0 | 39.0 | 47.4 |
MLRC | 93.0 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 93.0 | 93.0 |
MLRC-4 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 | 95.0 |
WMLRC-RP | 91.0 | 93.0 | 92.0 | 88.0 | 92.0 | 91.2 |
WMLRC-TH ( | 96.0 | 94.0 | 95.0 | 97.0 | 91.0 | 94.6 |
Recognition performances (%) of different methods with different occlusion texture of 50% occlusion on FRGC 2.0 database.
From above experiments, the proposed WMLRC-HT method achieves best accurate recognition rate. For the cases of light color occlusions, the WMLRC-RP performs better than the WMLRC-HT. For the other cases, the WMLRC-HT achieves the best recognition performances. The simulations show that the texture histogram feature can be used to detect occluded modules effectively. Besides, we observe that the MLRC-TH in RGB space domain performs better than that in grayscale domain because the grayscale images would waste the useful colored information.
Recently, Android-based operating system successfully supports smartphones and tablets because of its computing ability, storage capacity and its handy functions for image capture and image processing. Thus, we realize the proposed WMLRC-TH method on Android system to a robust face recognition system on mobile devices since it has more robust performance in general situations, especially in color image.
In general, the face recognition system can be divided into training phase and the testing phases. As shown in Figure 15, the user needs to select the training phase first after capturing face images of a new identity. The user will be asked to enter the name of the identity then the system will store face images with the name in database. In the test phase, the user can capture face image and then identify it. The testing phase basically consists of three steps. Figure 16 shows the flow chart of testing phase. The first step is the face detection, which rapidly captures human faces when the human is located within a proper distance by the mobile phone camera. The second step is the pre-processing stage that is removing the noisy pixels like background and human hairs of the face images. The third step is face recognition that is recognizing the face according to the face database collected before.
Proposed android face recognition system.
Flow chart of testing phase in Andorid phones.
Considering the computation resources of mobile phones, we surveyed several face detection methods [37, 38, 39, 40, 41]. By trade-off between accuracy and computation, we finally selected the LBP-feature [37] for face detector, where the LBP operator is given as:
where
User interfaces for registration and face recognition. (a) Registration and setup database (b) recognition and show name.
The proposed Android face recognition system is mainly developed on OpenCV SDK and Android NDK (Native Development Kit). Android NDK is used to overcome the limitations of Java, such as memory management and performance, by programming directly into Android native interface to support native development in C/C++.
In this chapter, we first review the linear regression classification algorithm as the base of face recognition. If we divide the face region into several subfaces, called modules, any face recognition algorithm will become a new module face recognition algorithm, which can avoid the serious degradation of recognition performance to solve the occlusion problem. We proposed the texture histogram difference of the module to detect the its occlusion tendency of the input face image. The concept of the texture histogram difference can be used for any face recognition algorithms if they adopt the module design. By using texture histogram (HT) concept, the weighted module linear regression classification (WMLRC-HT) method for partially-occluded face recognition is finally proposed. The proposed WMLRC-HT method with adaptive HT weights can effectively improve the shortcoming of the original LRC and MLRC algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed WMLRC-HT method performs better than the existing linear regression classification methods and the contemporary approaches like SRC with various occluded situations. Since the WMLRC-HT method acquires small computation cost in both training and testing, after the face detector with LBP-features, we implement the proposed method on smart phones. Even the people wear masks, we can easily train and successfully detect the identify only with a smart phone.
This work was supported by Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, MOST 110-2221-E-006-119.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. An Author, one must:
',metaTitle:"Authorship Policy",metaDescription:"IN TECH's Authorship Policy is based on ICMJE criteria for authorship. In order to be identified as an Author, one must:",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/authorship-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\\n\\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\\n\\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\\n\\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\\n\\nAFFILIATION
\\n\\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"All contributors who meet these criteria are listed as Authors. Their exact contributions should be described in the manuscript at the time of submission.
\n\nConversely, all contributors who do not meet these criteria should be listed in the Acknowledgments section of the manuscript, along with a short description of their specific contributions.
\n\nCHANGES IN AUTHORSHIP
\n\nIf it is felt necessary to make changes to the list of Authors after a manuscript has been submitted or published, it is the responsibility of the Author concerned to provide a valid reason to amend the published list. Additionally, all listed Authors must verify and approve the proposed changes in order for any amendments to be made.
\n\nAFFILIATION
\n\nAuthors are responsible for ensuring all addresses and emails provided are correct. Under affiliation(s) all Authors should indicate where the research was conducted. Please note that no changes to the affiliation(s) can be made after the chapter has been published.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-05-29
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11658},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135272},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"8,9,10,11,14,15,20,22,24"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11533",title:"Advances in Green Electronics Technologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"209fb1d781e97e58e1b2098b8976e2c3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Albert Sabban",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11533.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"16889",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Sabban",slug:"albert-sabban",fullName:"Albert Sabban"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11521",title:"Internal Combustion Engines - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"99cc881bcb3efe05085f2728ccbeab6b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Akaehomen Akii Ibhadode",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11521.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"253342",title:"Prof.",name:"Akaehomen",surname:"Ibhadode",slug:"akaehomen-ibhadode",fullName:"Akaehomen Ibhadode"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11828",title:"Lubrication - Thermal Management and Friction Reduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b900201d5e8a4b13100f49e7c1019447",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Ali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11828.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"187624",title:"Dr.",name:"Hafiz Muhammad",surname:"Ali",slug:"hafiz-muhammad-ali",fullName:"Hafiz Muhammad Ali"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11499",title:"Nonlinear Systems - Recent Developments and Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"22a4fb880337aaa9899a7bddcdde52eb",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Bo Yang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11499.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"234525",title:"Dr.",name:"Bo",surname:"Yang",slug:"bo-yang",fullName:"Bo Yang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11947",title:"Power Converter Technology - Recent Advances, Design and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1f5c85b127faa05e07e46c646dcb4540",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Raul Gregor",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11947.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"175676",title:"Dr.",name:"Raul",surname:"Gregor",slug:"raul-gregor",fullName:"Raul Gregor"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11535",title:"Recent Research Trends in Sustainable Energy Conversion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8a29db15e41fcfcb6d49fa1ecc670318",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Arunkumar Chandrasekhar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11535.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"226215",title:"Prof.",name:"Arunkumar",surname:"Chandrasekhar",slug:"arunkumar-chandrasekhar",fullName:"Arunkumar Chandrasekhar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11830",title:"Rubber Materials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"6cf0b844f6881c758c61cca10dc8b134",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Gülşen Akın Evingür and Dr. Önder Pekcan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11830.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"180256",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Gülşen",surname:"Akın Evingür",slug:"gulsen-akin-evingur",fullName:"Gülşen Akın Evingür"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Ziyad S. Haidar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12081",title:"Dyes and Pigments - Insights and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fcd069956c2e931195925b19a74ce9a3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Brajesh Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12081.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12019",title:"Chaos Theory - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"38f0946fe1dd3314939e670799f88426",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mykhaylo I. Andriychuk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12019.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"57755",title:"Dr.",name:"Mykhaylo",surname:"Andriychuk",slug:"mykhaylo-andriychuk",fullName:"Mykhaylo Andriychuk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:28},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:17},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:73},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:119},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4805},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7107,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1955,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1452,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2289,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain",subtitle:"Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"aab634c9c1f9a692c1e9881d18e9c9b7",slug:"supply-chain-recent-advances-and-new-perspectives-in-the-industry-4-0-era",bookSignature:"Tamás Bányai, Ágota Bányai and Ireneusz Kaczmar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:888,editors:[{id:"201248",title:"Dr.",name:"Tamás",middleName:null,surname:"Bányai",slug:"tamas-banyai",fullName:"Tamás Bányai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1566,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2054,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:780,editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318480,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271760,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"731",title:"Real Time Operating System",slug:"real-time-operating-system",parent:{id:"115",title:"Control Engineering",slug:"engineering-control-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:30,numberOfWosCitations:24,numberOfCrossrefCitations:16,numberOfDimensionsCitations:27,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"731",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1921",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc7f3342a83639921cd5f4164d6a0992",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",bookSignature:"Seyed Morteza Babamir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1921.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110365",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyed Morteza",middleName:null,surname:"Babamir",slug:"seyed-morteza-babamir",fullName:"Seyed Morteza Babamir"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35317",doi:"10.5772/38266",title:"An Efficient Hierarchical Scheduling Framework for the Automotive Domain",slug:"an-efficient-hierarchical-scheduling-framework-for-the-automotive-domain",totalDownloads:2580,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Mike Holenderski, Reinder J. Bril and Johan J. Lukkien",authors:[{id:"116301",title:"MSc.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Holenderski",slug:"mike-holenderski",fullName:"Mike Holenderski"},{id:"116304",title:"Prof.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Lukkien",slug:"johan-lukkien",fullName:"Johan Lukkien"},{id:"138504",title:"Dr.",name:"Reinder",middleName:"Jaap",surname:"Bril",slug:"reinder-bril",fullName:"Reinder Bril"}]},{id:"35314",doi:"10.5772/36923",title:"Networking Applications for Embedded Systems",slug:"networking-applications-for-embedded-systems-",totalDownloads:5239,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Sorin Zoican",authors:[{id:"110479",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Zoican",slug:"sorin-zoican",fullName:"Sorin Zoican"}]},{id:"35320",doi:"10.5772/37265",title:"Handling Overload Conditions in Real-Time Systems",slug:"overload-handling",totalDownloads:3329,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Giorgio C. Buttazzo",authors:[{id:"112037",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:"Carlo",surname:"Buttazzo",slug:"giorgio-buttazzo",fullName:"Giorgio Buttazzo"}]},{id:"35325",doi:"10.5772/39215",title:"Energy Consumption Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",slug:"energy-consumption-analysis-and-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-",totalDownloads:3142,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Ali Norouzi and A. Halim Zaim",authors:[{id:"143777",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Norouzi",slug:"ali-norouzi",fullName:"Ali Norouzi"}]},{id:"35326",doi:"10.5772/37789",title:"Real-Time Motion Processing Estimation Methods in Embedded Systems",slug:"real-time-motion-processing-estimation-methods-in-embedded-systems-",totalDownloads:1951,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Guillermo Botella and Diego Gonzalez",authors:[{id:"114332",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Botella",slug:"guillermo-botella",fullName:"Guillermo Botella"},{id:"153543",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",middleName:null,surname:"González",slug:"diego-gonzalez",fullName:"Diego González"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"35314",title:"Networking Applications for Embedded Systems",slug:"networking-applications-for-embedded-systems-",totalDownloads:5240,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Sorin Zoican",authors:[{id:"110479",title:"Prof.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Zoican",slug:"sorin-zoican",fullName:"Sorin Zoican"}]},{id:"35320",title:"Handling Overload Conditions in Real-Time Systems",slug:"overload-handling",totalDownloads:3330,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Giorgio C. Buttazzo",authors:[{id:"112037",title:"Prof.",name:"Giorgio",middleName:"Carlo",surname:"Buttazzo",slug:"giorgio-buttazzo",fullName:"Giorgio Buttazzo"}]},{id:"35315",title:"Dynamics of System Evolution",slug:"dynamics-of-system-evolution",totalDownloads:1938,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Ashirul Mubin, Rezwanur Rahman and Daniel Ray",authors:[{id:"110594",title:"Mr.",name:"Ashirul",middleName:null,surname:"Mubin",slug:"ashirul-mubin",fullName:"Ashirul Mubin"},{id:"117615",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"daniel-ray",fullName:"Daniel Ray"},{id:"117616",title:"Mr.",name:"Rezwanur",middleName:null,surname:"Rahman",slug:"rezwanur-rahman",fullName:"Rezwanur Rahman"}]},{id:"35317",title:"An Efficient Hierarchical Scheduling Framework for the Automotive Domain",slug:"an-efficient-hierarchical-scheduling-framework-for-the-automotive-domain",totalDownloads:2582,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Mike Holenderski, Reinder J. Bril and Johan J. Lukkien",authors:[{id:"116301",title:"MSc.",name:"Mike",middleName:null,surname:"Holenderski",slug:"mike-holenderski",fullName:"Mike Holenderski"},{id:"116304",title:"Prof.",name:"Johan",middleName:null,surname:"Lukkien",slug:"johan-lukkien",fullName:"Johan Lukkien"},{id:"138504",title:"Dr.",name:"Reinder",middleName:"Jaap",surname:"Bril",slug:"reinder-bril",fullName:"Reinder Bril"}]},{id:"35325",title:"Energy Consumption Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks",slug:"energy-consumption-analysis-and-evaluation-of-routing-protocols-in-mobile-ad-hoc-networks-",totalDownloads:3145,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:null,book:{id:"1921",slug:"real-time-systems-architecture-scheduling-and-application",title:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application",fullTitle:"Real-Time Systems, Architecture, Scheduling, and Application"},signatures:"Ali Norouzi and A. Halim Zaim",authors:[{id:"143777",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Norouzi",slug:"ali-norouzi",fullName:"Ali Norouzi"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"731",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",issn:"2631-6218",scope:"\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 4th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/86.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"128342",title:"Prof.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Bobek",slug:"vito-bobek",fullName:"Vito Bobek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/128342/images/system/128342.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vito Bobek works as an international management professor at the University of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Graz, Austria. He has published more than 400 works in his academic career and visited twenty-two universities worldwide as a visiting professor. Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:{name:"Universities of Applied Sciences Joanneum",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Austria"}}},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. At the leading business newspaper Finance in Slovenia (Swedish ownership), she is the editor and head of the area for business, finance, tax-related articles, and educational programs.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Primorska",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"87",title:"Economics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",slug:"jaime-ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",biography:"Dr. Jaime Ortiz holds degrees from Chile, the Netherlands, and the United States. He has held tenured faculty, distinguished professorship, and executive leadership appointments in several universities around the world. Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82858",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility a Case of the Provision of Recreational Facilities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105608",signatures:"Peter Musa Wash, Shida Irwana Omar, Badaruddin Mohamed and Mohd Ismail Isa",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-a-case-of-the-provision-of-recreational-facilities",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82786",title:"Discussion of Purchasing Virtual Digital Nature and Tourism",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105869",signatures:"Hiroko Oe and Yasuyuki Yamaoka",slug:"discussion-of-purchasing-virtual-digital-nature-and-tourism",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82289",title:"Consumer Culture and Abundance of Choices: Having More, Feeling Blue",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105607",signatures:"Ondřej Roubal",slug:"consumer-culture-and-abundance-of-choices-having-more-feeling-blue",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"A New Era of Consumer Behavior - Beyond the Pandemic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11581.jpg",subseries:{id:"88",title:"Marketing"}}},{id:"82405",title:"Does Board Structure Matter in CSR Spending of Commercial Banks? Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105589",signatures:"Bishnu Kumar Adhikary and Ranjan Kumar Mitra",slug:"does-board-structure-matter-in-csr-spending-of-commercial-banks-empirical-evidence-from-an-emerging-",totalDownloads:18,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"11568",title:"Staphylococcal Infections - Recent Advances and Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11568.jpg",hash:"92c881664d1921c7f2d0fee34b78cd08",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59719",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaime",surname:"Bustos-Martínez",slug:"jaime-bustos-martinez",fullName:"Jaime Bustos-Martínez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. Barderas",slug:"oxidative-stress-in-cardiovascular-diseases",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"82751",title:"Mitochondria-Endoplasmic Reticulum Interaction in Central Neurons",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105738",signatures:"Liliya Kushnireva and Eduard Korkotian",slug:"mitochondria-endoplasmic-reticulum-interaction-in-central-neurons",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82709",title:"Fatty Acid Metabolism as a Tumor Marker",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106072",signatures:"Gatot Nyarumenteng Adhipurnawan Winarno",slug:"fatty-acid-metabolism-as-a-tumor-marker",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82716",title:"Advanced glycation end product induced endothelial dysfunction through ER stress: Unravelling the role of Paraoxonase 2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106018",signatures:"Ramya Ravi and Bharathidevi Subramaniam Rajesh",slug:"advanced-glycation-end-product-induced-endothelial-dysfunction-through-er-stress-unravelling-the-rol",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"82388",title:"Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105039",signatures:"Jayisha Dhargawe, Rita Lakkakul and Pradip Hirapure",slug:"epigenetics-science-of-changes-without-change-in-dna-sequences",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}},{id:"82583",title:"Leukaemia: The Purinergic System and Small Extracellular Vesicles",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104326",signatures:"Arinzechukwu Ude and Kelechi Okeke",slug:"leukaemia-the-purinergic-system-and-small-extracellular-vesicles",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82531",title:"Abnormal Iron Metabolism and Its Effect on Dentistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104502",signatures:"Chinmayee Dahihandekar and Sweta Kale Pisulkar",slug:"abnormal-iron-metabolism-and-its-effect-on-dentistry",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - A Double-Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:18,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:30,paginationItems:[{id:"425474",title:"Mr.",name:"Jasper",middleName:"Okoro Godwin",surname:"Okoro Godwin Elechi",slug:"jasper-okoro-godwin-elechi",fullName:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/425474/images/19990_n.jpg",biography:"Mr. Elechi is an innovative and passionate food professional and educator who can collaborate across boundaries with an integrated aspiration of innovation to provide good, sustainable, and healthy food solutions that promote human health and conserve planetary health. He has a special interest in innovative food product development, nutrition, indigenous food products, biotechnology, bioeconmy, sustainable global food systems transformation, food safety Nanotechnology, and Nanomaterials. He has carried out independent research and publications in these areas. He possesses comprehensive knowledge and technical know-how on nutritional formulation and production of healthy and sustainable foods from locally available underutilized Cereal-Legume crops for combating food security and malnutrition in developing communities.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"307387",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Camporeale",slug:"cecilia-camporeale",fullName:"Cecilia Camporeale",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"296882",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Jorizzo",slug:"mario-jorizzo",fullName:"Mario Jorizzo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"307388",title:"Dr.",name:"ROBERTO",middleName:null,surname:"DEL CIELLO",slug:"roberto-del-ciello",fullName:"ROBERTO DEL CIELLO",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Agency For New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"437647",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fernando",middleName:null,surname:"Teixeira",slug:"fernando-teixeira",fullName:"Fernando Teixeira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"423338",title:"Dr.",name:"Harjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"harjeet-singh",fullName:"Harjeet Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chitkara University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"443635",title:"Dr.",name:"Suruchi",middleName:null,surname:"Jindal",slug:"suruchi-jindal",fullName:"Suruchi Jindal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Punjab Agricultural University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"426265",title:"Mrs.",name:"Inonge",middleName:null,surname:"Chibua",slug:"inonge-chibua",fullName:"Inonge Chibua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426266",title:"Ms.",name:"Mesha",middleName:null,surname:"Mbisana",slug:"mesha-mbisana",fullName:"Mesha Mbisana",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426264",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Raditloko",slug:"samuel-raditloko",fullName:"Samuel Raditloko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Botswana",country:{name:"Botswana"}}},{id:"426394",title:"Dr.",name:"Mags",middleName:null,surname:"Adams",slug:"mags-adams",fullName:"Mags Adams",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"441182",title:"Dr.",name:"Neil",middleName:null,surname:"Wilson",slug:"neil-wilson",fullName:"Neil Wilson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"425171",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Tanya",middleName:null,surname:"Zerbian",slug:"tanya-zerbian",fullName:"Tanya Zerbian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Central Lancashire",country:{name:"Cyprus"}}},{id:"424714",title:"Prof.",name:"Elke",middleName:null,surname:"Stedefeldt",slug:"elke-stedefeldt",fullName:"Elke Stedefeldt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"425244",title:"Dr.",name:"Rayane",middleName:"Stephanie Gomes",surname:"Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",slug:"rayane-stephanie-gomes-de-freitas",fullName:"Rayane Stephanie Gomes De Freitas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"424688",title:"Dr.",name:"Bart",middleName:null,surname:"de Steenhuijsen Piters",slug:"bart-de-steenhuijsen-piters",fullName:"Bart de Steenhuijsen Piters",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429404",title:"Dr.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"Termeer",slug:"emma-termeer",fullName:"Emma Termeer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429407",title:"Dr.",name:"Herman",middleName:null,surname:"Brouwer",slug:"herman-brouwer",fullName:"Herman Brouwer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"429406",title:"Dr.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Fonteijn",slug:"hubert-fonteijn",fullName:"Hubert Fonteijn",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Wageningen University & Research",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"427504",title:"Dr.",name:"Kriengsak",middleName:null,surname:"Chareonwongsak",slug:"kriengsak-chareonwongsak",fullName:"Kriengsak Chareonwongsak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423333",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Shivani",middleName:null,surname:"Sood",slug:"shivani-sood",fullName:"Shivani Sood",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452297",title:"Mr.",name:"Cornelius",middleName:null,surname:"Smah Adamu",slug:"cornelius-smah-adamu",fullName:"Cornelius Smah Adamu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"452296",title:"Mr.",name:"Ikechukwu",middleName:null,surname:"U. Nwiyi",slug:"ikechukwu-u.-nwiyi",fullName:"Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"423395",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Adane",middleName:null,surname:"Atara Debessa",slug:"adane-atara-debessa",fullName:"Adane Atara Debessa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426267",title:"Mr.",name:"Banyaladzi",middleName:null,surname:"Paphane",slug:"banyaladzi-paphane",fullName:"Banyaladzi Paphane",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483388",title:"Dr.",name:"Berhanu",middleName:null,surname:"Denu",slug:"berhanu-denu",fullName:"Berhanu Denu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"483387",title:"Dr.",name:"Degefa",middleName:null,surname:"Tolossa",slug:"degefa-tolossa",fullName:"Degefa Tolossa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"426059",title:"Dr.",name:"Dikabo",middleName:null,surname:"Mogopodi",slug:"dikabo-mogopodi",fullName:"Dikabo Mogopodi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"422909",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorcas Stella",middleName:null,surname:"Shumba",slug:"dorcas-stella-shumba",fullName:"Dorcas Stella Shumba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"429405",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",middleName:null,surname:"Bakker",slug:"deborah-bakker",fullName:"Deborah Bakker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"17",type:"subseries",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11413,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",slug:"attilio-rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",slug:"yanfei-(jacob)-qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82193",title:"Enterococcal Infections: Recent Nomenclature and emerging trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104792",signatures:"Kavita Raja",slug:"enterococcal-infections-recent-nomenclature-and-emerging-trends",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"81821",title:"Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104999",signatures:"Adnan Al-Lahham",slug:"pneumococcal-carriage-in-jordanian-children-and-the-importance-of-vaccination",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"80546",title:"Streptococcal Skin and Skin-Structure Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102894",signatures:"Alwyn Rapose",slug:"streptococcal-skin-and-skin-structure-infections",totalDownloads:74,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:{name:"University of Macau",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Macau"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:122,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:21,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:10,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102294",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102294"},fullPath:"/profiles/102294",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()