Thermal conductivity k(T) of steel 20G, as a function of temperature.
\r\n\tTo viable rural development has a vital role for rural communities. In the design of policies to be successful that affect them rural people have to decide and implement. According to this, it is a critical point to involve the poor and disadvantaged, along with related stakeholders, agricultural and rural development. Hence, for the sustainable development by international initiatives and all other institutions were searched and to be present the agricultural and related research results. To help support the effort, various governmental and non-governmental agencies established fundings for sustainable rural development research and fostered the development of human well-being goals in rural areas via national and international initiatives. In this context, most efforts resulted in successful cases. This book will intend to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the theory, approaches, strategies, and cases, and key elements and challenges of sustainable development, and Bioeconomy, Green and Circular economy for sustainability, and UN SDGs-Agenda 2030 and EU Green Deal.
\r\n\r\n\tI believe that this work will be fundamental in the field of SDG, and it will be a guiding, idea-generating key for researchers, practitioners, rural community, and policy decision-makers, and I hope that together we will establish sustainable rural life and development around the world.
\r\n\t
The aim of direct conjugate heat transfer problems was determining the distribution of pressure, velocity, and temperature of the fluid and solid in the analyzed area when boundary conditions are known. In inverse problems, based on temperature measurements at chosen points located within the analyzed domain, boundary conditions are determined. Nonlinear inverse problems are solved iteratively. At every iteration, the direct problem is solved. When analyzed domain has a complex shape, then it is necessary to apply CFD software to solve the direct problem. In particular, when conjugate boundary problem is solved, that is, when the temperature fields in the liquid and solid are determined simultaneously, use of CFD software becomes indispensable. Two inverse problems are solved in this chapter. Identification of boundary conditions in the tube of membrane water wall was carried out in the first example. The subject of the second inverse problem is to identify the temperature of the steam entering the superheater and the identification of the heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the superheater. The Levenberg–Marquardt method was used to solve both inverse problems. At every iteration step, a direct conjugate heat transfer problem was solved using the ANSYS/CFX software. The CFX program was called and controlled by an external program written in Python language. The Levenberg–Marquardt method that was used for solving nonlinear least squares problem was also included in the Python program. This chapter is based mainly on two papers published earlier [1, 2].
\nMeasurements of steady-state heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are subject of many current studies [3–10]. Heat flux measurements absorbed by the water walls of the combustion chamber are used in the design of the steam boilers or in the control systems of the soot blowers. A method for online measurement of the heat flux to the refractory lining in steam generators of municipal solid waste incinerators is presented in [9, 10]. The heat flux measurement can be used for the online monitoring of the refractory lining as well as for determining the build up of deposits on the membrane walls [9, 10]. Various methods are used for solving inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) to estimate surface heat flux or heat transfer coefficient. A proper understanding of combustion and heat transfer in furnaces and heat exchange on the water-steam side in tubes needs an accurate measurement of heat flux which is taken over by membrane furnace walls [1, 8–23]. Identification of boundary conditions has also great practical meaning in boiler superheaters [2]. There are three wide categories of heat flux measurements of the boiler water-walls: (1) portable heat flux devices inserted in inspection ports [11–15], (2) Gardon-type heat flux meters welded to the sections of the boiler tubes [11–14], (3) tubular-type instruments located between two neighboring boiler tubes [1, 2, 7, 8, 16–21]. Tubular-type and Gardon meters placed on the furnace tube wall in intense slagging areas can be important boiler diagnostic device for monitoring of slag deposition [2, 22–24]. If a heat flux instrument is to measure the absorbed heat flux accurately, it must be similar to the boiler tube as closely as possible. It is crucial for radiant heat exchange between the flame and measuring instruments. Two main factors in this respect are the emissivity and the temperature of the absorbing surface. Because the instrument will almost always be coated with ash, mainly the properties of the ash and not the instrument dominate the situation. Due to the significant variation of the thermal conductivity, accurate measurements can be performed only if the deposit on the meter is corresponding to that on the surrounding tubes. The tubular-type instruments known also as flux tubes satisfy this requirement. In these devices, the measured heat flux tube temperatures are used for indirect measurement of heat flux.
\nThe measuring tube is equipped with two thermocouples in holes of known radial locations
The use of the one-dimensional heat conduction equation for determining temperature distribution in the tube wall gives the simple relationship:
\nwhere
Flux tubes made of bare tubes; (a) flux tube with three temperature sensors, (b) flux tube with five temperature sensors.
Therefore, the measurement of the heat flux absorbed by water-walls with satisfactory accuracy is a challenging task. Considerable work has been done in recent years in this field [1, 2, 9–21, 24]. Previous studies to precisely measure the local heat flux to membrane water walls in steam boilers failed due to unknown water-side heat transfer coefficients. The heat flux can be only determined accurately if the water-side heat transfer coefficient will be identified experimentally [7, 8, 15–18]. In this section, a numerical method for determining the heat flux in boiler furnaces, based on measured interior flux-tube temperatures, is presented. The tubular type device has been designed (Figures 1 and 2) to provide a highly accurate measurement of absorbed heat flux
Flux tubes for membrane water walls; (a) fins welded to the flux tube, (b) fins welded to adjacent water wall tubes.
An IHCP was solved using the least squares method. Three unknown parameters were determined using the Levenberg–Marquardt method. At every iteration step, the temperature distribution in the cross section of the heat flux tube was computed using the ANSYS/CFX software [25]. Test calculations were conducted to estimate the accuracy of the presented method. The uncertainty in determined parameters was calculated using the Gauss uncertainty propagation rule. The technique presented in this chapter is appropriate for water walls made of bare tubes (Figure 1a and b) and membrane water-walls (Figure 2a and b). The new technique has advantages in view of the simplicity and accuracy.
\nThe method can be used to determine the resistance of scale or iron oxide on the inner surface of the water wall tubes. The thermal resistance
The thermal resistance
The heat transfer coefficient
The water walls can be made of plain tubes or tubes which are welded together with steel flat bars (longitudinal fins) to form membrane wall panels. The water walls are insulated on the rear side and exposed on the front side to radiation from a combustion chamber. The thermometric inserts were manufactured in the laboratory and then securely welded to the water wall tubes at various levels in the combustion chamber of the steam boiler.
\nThe following assumptions in a heat conduction model of the flux tube are made:\n
the temperature distribution is two dimensional and steady state,
the thermal conductivity of the flux tube and membrane wall may depend on temperature,
the heat transfer coefficient
The temperature distribution
The unknown boundary conditions may be expressed as\n
In this chapter,
The boundary condition on the inner surface of the tube
The rear side of the membrane water wall is perfectly insulated. Instead of the boundary condition on the outer surface of the water wall tube, measured values
The least-squares method is used to determine parameters
can be minimized by a general unconstrained method.
\nHowever, the properties of (9) make it worthwhile to use methods designed specifically for the nonlinear least-squares problem. In this work, the Levenberg–Marquardt method [26, 27] is used to determine the parameters
where
\nwhere
where
The estimates for the initial values of the parameters x1(1), x2(1), and x3(1) are
\nwhere the radii are:
Flux tube with constant thickness used to determine initial values of unknown sought parameters.
The relationships (13)–(15) were derived assuming one-dimensional temperature distribution in the heat flux tube with constant thickness (Figure 3). In the formula (14), the tube wall temperature at the distance: 0.2 (
The Levenberg–Marquardt method allows determining the desired parameters even for an inaccurate estimation of their starting values since the steepest-descent method is used at the beginning of the iteration process. The use of Eqs. (13–15) to select the initial values of parameters makes it possible to find quickly a convergent solution with a small number of iterations. By selecting other starting values, the correct solution is also obtained but with a larger number of iterations.
\nThe Levenberg–Marquardt method works very well in practice and has become the standard of nonlinear least-squares procedures [26, 27]. The boundary value problem that is given by Eq. (3) and boundary conditions (4) and (6) was solved at each iteration step by the element based finite volume method using the ANSYS/CFX software. The CFX program was called and controlled by an external program written in Python programming language [28]. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm was also incorporated into the Python program.
\nThe uncertainties of the determined parameters
The symbols,
The 95% uncertainty in the estimated parameters can be expressed in the form
The sensitivity coefficients ∂
where
The error propagation rule given by Eq. (16), which is also known as the principle of the variance propagation, is used extensively to assess the uncertainty of indirect steady-state measurements.
\nFour thermometric inserts will be investigated. In the first flux tube (Figure 1a) made from a plain eccentric tube, the wall temperature is measured at two locations at different radii on the fire side. The third thermocouple is placed on the outer tube surface on the insulated side of the water wall. In the second flux tube (Figure 1b), made also from the bare tube, four thermocouples are placed at the forward tube part. The fifth temperature sensor is situated at the same position as in the first heat flux. The third flux tube (Figure 2a) has two longitudinal fins, which are not welded to the adjacent water wall tubes, so the temperature distribution in the measuring device is not disturbed by the water wall tubes. The fourth device (Figure 2b) is without fins, which are welded to the neighboring water wall tubes. There are four thermocouples located at different radii and angles in the flux-tube wall on the fire side, and one thermocouple is attached to the outer tube surface on the back side of the water wall.
\nFirst, the temperature distribution in the cross section of the flux tube will be determined. The following data were adopted for the calculation: absorbed heat flux,
Temperature, °C | \n100 | \n200 | \n300 | \n400 | \n
Thermal conductivity, W/(m K) | \n50.69 | \n48.60 | \n46.09 | \n42.30 | \n
Thermal conductivity k(T) of steel 20G, as a function of temperature.
The view factor at φ = 180° is about 0.08 since a part of the incident radiation heat flux from the combustion chamber passes through spaces between bare tubes and is reflected by the adiabatic boiler refractory. The material of the heat flux tube is 20G steel. The composition of the 20G mild steel is as follows: 0.17–0.24% C, 0.7–1.0% Mn, 0.15–0.40% Si, 60.04% P, 60.04% S. The thermal conductivity of the heat flux tube is assumed to be temperature dependent (Table 1).
\nComparison of view factor calculated analytically and numerically using ANSYS/CFX for the flux tubes shown in
The 95% uncertainty interval for thermal conductivity was assumed ±0.5 W/(m K) [34]. The thermal conductivity of the flux-tube material (mild steel 20G) was approximated using a simple linear function\n
First, measured temperatures were generated artificially to test the method developed in the chapter. The division of the flux-tube model into finite elements is shown in Figure 5. Three different finite element meshes were used to compute the temperature at the locations 1–5. The temperature distribution in the flux tube was calculated using ANSYS/CFX v13.0.
\nThe coordinates of the temperature measuring points 1–5 are as follows:
\nP1 | \n|
P2 | \n|
P3 | \n|
P4 | \n|
P5 | \n
The temperature at the points 1–5 obtained for various meshes shown in Figure 5 are summarized in Table 2.
\nThe analysis of the results listed in Table 2 shows that the temperature calculated using the different grids are very close to each other.
\n1 | \nT1 | \n418.31 | \n418.36 | \n418.55 | \n
2 | \nT2 | \n415.66 | \n415.77 | \n415.84 | \n
3 | \nT3 | \n374.08 | \n373.75 | \n374.14 | \n
4 | \nT4 | \n372.22 | \n372.17 | \n372.22 | \n
5 | \nT5 | \n321.11 | \n321.10 | \n321.12 | \n
Flux-tube temperature at the points P1–P5 computed for different finite element meshes shown in Figure 5.
Division of geometrical model of the heat flux tube into finite elements; (a) hexahedral mesh–1150 elements hex8, 1692 nodes; (b) tetrahedral mesh—1909 elements tet4, 518 nodes; (c) hexahedral mesh—59520 elements hex8, 66759 nodes.
Flux-tube temperature at the outer and inner surfaces as a function of angular coordinate
The temperature changes at the inner and outer surface on the flux-tube circumference which were obtained using the mesh shown in Figure 5a are depicted in Figure 6.
\nFirst, the temperatures for the mesh shown in Figure 5a were taken as “measured data”:
Taking the calculated temperatures as measured temperatures and using the same finite element mesh, the following results are obtained:\n
For three measuring points: P1, P3, and P5 (Figure 1a):\n
For five measuring points: P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 (Figure 1b):\n
When the temperature values obtained for the mesh illustrated in Figure 5c were adopted as “measured data” then an inverse calculation using the mesh shown in Figure 5a gives little different results:\n
For three measuring points: P1, P3, and P5 (Figure 1a):\n
For five measuring points: P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5 (Figure 1b):\n
Analysis of the results demonstrates that for exact “measurement data,” the obtained results are in very good agreement with the input values. The impact of measuring point number on the results of the inverse problem solution can be better estimated when the measured temperatures are assumed to be disturbed with pseudorandom errors, which are characterized by the 95% uncertainty intervals:
The analysis of the results presented in Table 3 shows that the largest absolute values have the following coefficients: ∂
For this reason to obtain small uncertainties in the heat flux
Applying Eq. (16) yields: 2σ(x1)= 4073.50 W/m2; 2σ(x2)= 3921.12W/(m2·K); 2σ(x3)= 0.22 K. The 95% uncertainties in the estimated parameters are as follows:\n
1 | \n2825.19 | \n1656.70 | \n−0.0018 | \n
2 | \n2663.14 | \n1589.09 | \n0.0179 | \n
3 | \n−2718.39 | \n−3037.09 | \n−0.0536 | \n
4 | \n−2784.89 | \n−3019.57 | \n−0.0342 | \n
5 | \n−119.11 | \n2798.77 | \n1.0722 | \n
\n | |||
1 | \n−16347.09 | \n−9468.39 | \n0.0143 | \n
2 | \n−15136.96 | \n−8846.43 | \n−0.1046 | \n
3 | \n18012.69 | \n27039.19 | \n0.3659 | \n
4 | \n18156.25 | \n26298.52 | \n0.2319 | \n
5 | \n51.72 | \n−1268.71 | \n−0.4674 | \n
1 | \n114.55 | \n133.76 | \n−0.0002 | \n
2 | \n−1104.76 | \n−670.19 | \n−0.0079 | \n
3 | \n−134.66 | \n−150.88 | \n−0.0027 | \n
4 | \n768.36 | \n812.51 | \n0.0090 | \n
5 | \n−0.24 | \n0.88 | \n0.0004 | \n
\n | |||
\n | |||
\n | 5696.11 | \n742.42 | \n−0.0006 | \n
Partial derivatives appearing in Eq. (16) for the evaluation of measurement uncertainty.
If the device with five temperature measurement points is used (Figure 1b) then the uncertainties become smaller:
The limits of the 95% uncertainty interval are as follows:\n
Inspection of the results demonstrates the good accuracy in both cases. If the number of temperature measurement points is equal five then the uncertainties in the estimated heat flux and heat transfer coefficient become smaller, because an imprecise location of one thermocouple has a smaller influence on the estimated parameters. For two temperature sensors placed at the forward part of the heat flux tube, an inaccurately situated temperature sensor influences to a larger extent the results.
\nIf the standard deviations of the variables measured directly are greater also standard deviations of the determined parameters:
To demonstrate the influence of the selection of parameter initial values on the solution convergence and on the number of iterations, the computations will be carried out for five measuring temperature points and using two sets of initial values:\n
Adopting “measured data” from Table 2 for the mesh shown in Figure 5a, the following results were obtained:\n
Because the start values of parameters are far from the input values (exact solution) the number of iteration is large. However, the solution found is correct in both cases.
\n\nIf one of the temperature measurements is affected by a significant measurement error then the incorrect temperature measurement must be removed from the analysis. It was assumed that the measured temperature at the point 4 is equal to the measured temperature at the point 5 to assess the influence of the large measurement error. Using the finite element mesh depicted in Figure 5a and disturbed “measurement data”:
In combustion chambers with membrane water walls, heat flux tube with longitudinal fins may be used (Figure 2a). To eliminate the influence of neighboring water wall tubes on the temperature field in the heat flux tube, the longitudinal fins are not welded to the adjacent tubes.
\nView factor distribution on the outer surface of the flux tube and adjacent water-wall tube which are shown in
The distribution of the view factor on the surface of the flux tube, fin, and water wall tube is depicted in Figure 7. The origin of the
Temperature distribution in the flux-tube cross section for: qm = 150000 W/m2. Tf = 317°C and
To illustrate that the maximum temperature of the fin tip is lower than the allowable temperature for the 20G steel, the flux-tube temperature was calculated using ANSYS/CFX package [25]. Variations of the view factor on the flux-tube weld and fin surface were also calculated with ANSYS/CFX. An inspection of the results shown in Figure 8 shows that the maximum temperature of the fin does not exceed 375°C. Next to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method test calculations were carried out. The thermal conductivity of the 20G steel was approximated by the function (18).
\nTemperature distribution (a) in the flux tube obtained from the solution of the inverse problem for the “exact” data: f1 = 419.66°C. f2 = 417.31°C. f3 = 374.90°C. f4 = 373.19°C. f5 = 318.01°C and iteration number (b) for the temperature T1.
The “measured” temperatures
Temperature distribution (a) in the flux tube obtained from the solution of the inverse problem for the “perturbed” data: f1 = 420.16°C. f2 = 416.81°C. f3 = 375.40°C. f4 = 372.69°C. f5 = 318.01°C and iteration number (b) for the temperature T1.
To show the influence of the measurement errors on the determined parameters, the 95% confidence intervals were estimated. The following uncertainties of the measured values were assumed (at 95% confidence interval):
Despite the doubling of uncertainties, the results are quite good. Larger relative errors in determined the heat transfer coefficient are due to a small difference in temperature between the inner surface of the flux tube and the fluid temperature. For this reason, the impact of the uncertainties in direct measurements on the estimated heat transfer coefficient is greater.
\nThe uncertainties (95% confidence interval) of the coefficients
Then, the inverse analysis was carried out for perturbed data:
The number of iterations in the Levenberg–Marquardt procedure is small in both cases (Figures 9b and 10b).
\nThe variation of the view factor on the surface of the flux tube, fin, and water wall tube is illustrated in Figure 11. The origin of the cylindrical coordinate system is at the center of the outer flux-tube surface (Figure 2b). Because of the symmetry, only the half of the flux tube was considered.
\nThe measured temperatures:
Comparison of view factor calculated analytically and by FEM for the flux tube shown in
Temperature distribution in the flux tube obtained from the solution of the inverse problem for the unperturbed data: f1 = 418.28°C, f2 = 415.61°C, f3 = 374.05°C, f4 = 372.18°C, f5 = 318.00°C; (a) temperature distribution; (b) iteration process.
Measured temperature histories at five points for heat flux tube located at the level of 15.4 m (a) and estimated parameters: absorbed heat flux qm. Heat transfer coefficient hf and fluid temperature Tf (b).
The pulverized coal-fired boiler produces 58.3 kg/s superheated steam at 11 MPa and 540°C. Experimental studies were conducted in this boiler for a mass flow rate of live steam equal to 210 · 103kg/h. Measuring heat flux tubes were installed in the middle of the water wall at different levels of the boiler combustion chamber. Despite the boiler is operated in a steady state load, slow time variations in the measured temperatures are observed. This phenomenon is characteristic for the combustion of coal in large boilers. However, time changes of the meter temperature are very slow and the temperature distribution in the meter can be considered as a steady state. Temperature measurement results for the heat flux tubes located at a level of 15.4 m are depicted in Figure 11a, and the estimated parameters as functions of time are depicted in Figure 11b.
\nTemperature distribution in the cross section of the flux tube located at the level of 15.4 m. which was determined on the basis of measured temperatures: f1 = 413.509°C; f2 = 412.227°C; f3 = 372.855°C; f4 = 372.227°C; f5 = 322.209°C. The estimated parameters are: qm = 230425.8 W/m2; hf = 24128.8 W/(m2 K); Tf = 319.19°C.
The differences between the measured and computed temperatures for the measurements at the elevation 15.4 m (Figures 13a and 14) are reported in Table 4. The time points in the first column of Table 4 are the same as indicated in Figure 13a and b.
\n00:05:00 | \n419.55 | \n419.58 | \n−0.03 | \n416.89 | \n416.88 | \n0.01 | \n375.53 | \n375.67 | \n−0.15 | \n
00:11:00 | \n415.87 | \n415.76 | \n0.11 | \n412.85 | \n413.19 | \n−0.34 | \n374.19 | \n374.21 | \n−0.02 | \n
00:17:00 | \n408.98 | \n409.76 | \n−0.78 | \n408.17 | \n407.36 | \n0.82 | \n370.00 | \n370.40 | \n−0.40 | \n
00:23:00 | \n413.61 | \n413.79 | \n−0.18 | \n411.39 | \n411.27 | \n0.12 | \n372.83 | \n372.93 | \n−0.10 | \n
00:29:00 | \n413.74 | \n414.16 | \n−0.42 | \n412.09 | \n411.65 | \n0.44 | \n373.01 | \n373.23 | \n−0.22 | \n
00:35:00 | \n413.51 | \n414.09 | \n−0.58 | \n412.23 | \n411.61 | \n0.61 | \n372.86 | \n373.43 | \n−0.57 | \n
00:41:00 | \n418.98 | \n419.28 | \n−0.30 | \n416.99 | \n416.67 | \n0.32 | \n375.99 | \n376.46 | \n−0.47 | \n
00:47:00 | \n417.67 | \n418.30 | \n−0.62 | \n416.34 | \n415.68 | \n0.66 | \n374.86 | \n375.27 | \n−0.41 | \n
00:53:00 | \n413.76 | \n414.56 | \n−0.80 | \n412.87 | \n412.04 | \n0.83 | \n372.60 | \n373.04 | \n−0.44 | \n
00:59:00 | \n413.05 | \n412.94 | \n0.10 | \n410.38 | \n410.51 | \n−0.13 | \n373.15 | \n373.39 | \n−0.24 | \n
\n | \n | ||||||||
00:05:00 | \n373.88 | \n373.76 | \n0.12 | \n319.49 | \n319.49 | \n0.00 | \n0.04 | \n||
00:11:00 | \n372.18 | \n372.38 | \n−0.19 | \n319.60 | \n319.60 | \n0.00 | \n0.17 | \n||
00:17:00 | \n369.06 | \n368.69 | \n0.38 | \n320.18 | \n320.20 | \n−0.02 | \n1.58 | \n||
00:23:00 | \n371.17 | \n371.14 | \n0.04 | \n319.96 | \n319.96 | \n−0.01 | \n0.06 | \n||
00:29:00 | \n371.66 | \n371.45 | \n0.21 | \n320.96 | \n320.98 | \n−0.01 | \n0.46 | \n||
00:35:00 | \n372.23 | \n371.67 | \n0.56 | \n322.21 | \n322.23 | \n−0.02 | \n1.35 | \n||
00:41:00 | \n375.06 | \n374.61 | \n0.46 | \n322.36 | \n322.38 | \n−0.01 | \n0.62 | \n||
00:47:00 | \n373.82 | \n373.42 | \n0.40 | \n321.41 | \n321.43 | \n−0.02 | \n1.14 | \n||
00:53:00 | \n371.67 | \n371.26 | \n0.42 | \n321.36 | \n321.38 | \n−0.02 | \n1.69 | \n||
00:59:00 | \n371.88 | \n371.66 | \n0.22 | \n322.39 | \n322.39 | \n0.00 | \n0.14 | \n\n | \n |
The differences between measured and calculated temperatures.
The residuals and the sum of temperature difference squares are small. The obtained results show that the proposed method can be successfully applied to identify the operating conditions of water walls in boilers.
\nSimilar measurements and calculations were performed for the insert located at a height of 19.2 m. The results of measurements and calculations are shown in Figures 15 and 16.
\nMeasuring insert at an elevation of 15.4 m is situated directly above the burners which makes the value of absorbed heat flux
Measured temperature histories at five points for heat flux tube located at the level of 19.2 m (a) and estimated parameters: absorbed heat flux
Temperature distribution in the cross section of the flux tube located at the level of 19.2 m. which was determined on the basis of measured temperatures: T1 = 382.170°C; T2 = 379.040°C; T3 = 352.270°C; T4 = 351.460°C;
Circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers burning coal or biomass are in use for several years. Fluidized bed combustion is widely used in power boilers due to its impressive environmental performance and also its fuel flexibility. Therefore, the studies of combustion and heat transfer are the subject of many recent investigations aimed at improving the design and operation of CFB boilers. Sun et al. [35] applied wide size biomass and investigated its combustion, heat transfer, and emission characteristics in CFB [35]. They found that co-firing wide screening crushed biomass pellets in CFB may reduce emissions and enhance heat transfer. Sundaresan and Kolar [36] conducted experiments to determine the total surface-average heat transfer coefficients from the tube to suspension for vertical tubes of different heights, which were placed in the core of a square cold CFB riser.
\nSuperheaters and reheaters are the surfaces that achieve the highest temperatures in a boiler and for this reason require a lot of attention in the design, fabrication, operation, and maintenance to ensure that the permissible metal temperatures are never exceeded. A standard method for hydraulic calculation and design of boilers is described in [37]. The hydraulic calculation of superheater aims to provide the safe temperature of superheater tubes, efficient flow arrangement, and determination of pressure losses. Considerable attention has been given to hydraulic maldistribution in steam superheater tubes. A standard method for thermal design of steam boilers, including superheaters, was developed in [38]. Although the boiler standards are extensively used by manufacturers of boilers, they adopt for the calculation of the superheaters procedures which are used in design or performance calculations of usual heat exchangers assuming constant physical fluid properties [37–40]. For superheated steam, a constant value of the specific heat cannot be assumed because of the strong dependence on temperature. The specific heat of the water steam can decrease even twice over the length of the superheater tube.
\nThe basic superheater and reheater design principles are discussed in detail by Rayaprolu [39]. Thermal and flow process in large steam boilers are the subject of the book [40]. Design and performance procedures for calculating of coal-fired boilers were described. Much attention has been paid to analyzing start-ups of steam boilers. Approximately 40% of all boiler failures are caused by damage of steam superheaters due to the overheating of the tube material [41]. Because of this, steam superheaters are modeled mathematically or monitored to avoid overheating of tubes. CFD simulations and optimization results of a 300 MW lignite-fired power boiler are presented by Tzolakis et al. [42]. A heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) was optimized by Behbahaninia using the genetic algorithm [43]. The results show that the thermodynamic optimization is not capable of decreasing significantly the total cost of the HRSG. Mathematical modeling of the boiler superheater was presented in not many publications despite a great interest of boiler manufacturers. This is mainly due to the difficulty of the description of complex flow and heat transfer processes taking place in the steam superheaters both in pulverized coal and fluidized boilers. A numerical method for modeling of the superheaters in pulverized coal-fired boilers was developed in [44, 45]. Much trouble causes the flue-gas temperature unevenness in a duct where a superheater is situated. A thermal load deviation model for the superheater and reheater in a utility boiler is presented by Xu et al. [46]. Many failure analyses on the superheaters were carried out to reveal the causes of tube overheating or tube rapture. The unevenness of the steam temperature is one of the main reasons for boiler tube failures. The 320 MW natural gas-fired boiler was simulated using the CFD code by Rahimi et al. [47]. The main goal of the computational analysis was to detect the reason for the tube rupture inside the boiler. A new procedure for determining heat flux in superheater and reheater tubes based on the empirical formulas and the finite element modeling is presented by Purbolaksono et al. [48]. The finite element simulations were performed by Othman et al. [49] to find the main reason for superheater tube deformations. It was revealed that the failure of the tubes occurred due to the restriction of the tube deformations. Local short-term overheating of the tubes due to concentrated flue-gas flow was the primary cause of superheater tube failure [50]. A failure analysis was carried out using visual inspections and in situ measurements of hardness the experimental examination was supplemented by finite element analyzes. The rate of corrosive wear in superheaters of supercritical boilers was presented in the paper by Pronobis and Wojnar [51]. The slagging and fouling processes in superheaters influence the efficiency and lifetime of the boiler. Harding and O’Connor used the ten-year database to determine the lost generated through forced outages due to the coal quality or slagging and fouling issues [52]. A computer system for monitoring slagging and fouling of superheaters is described in [24].
\nDirect and inverse problems in a platen superheater situated in the combustion chamber of a CFB boiler were studied in [2].
\nThe review of the state of the art in the field of superheaters shows that published papers on the superheaters present mostly experimental results and relate to search for the causes of failures of superheater tubes or analyze ash fouling.
\nIn this work, the finite volume modeling of a platen superheater is presented. The fluidized bed boilers steam superheaters are placed in the combustion chamber and are made of tubes with non-circular cross sections, to avoid erosion and slagging (Figure 17). Due to the complex shape of the cross section of superheater tubes (Figure 18), numerical modeling has been applied to correctly determine the temperature distribution of steam and tube wall. Accurate calculating the superheater tube wall temperature is necessary because of the high prices of alloy steels used in superheater manufacturing.
\nA CFD simulation will be carried out for the platen superheater located in the combustion chamber of the CFB boiler. The second stage superheater is situated in the upper part of the combustion chamber of a circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB boiler) with the capacity of 425 · 103 kg/h steam. The steam boiler with a live steam temperature equal 560°C and a pressure of 16.1 MPa has an atmospheric circulating fluidized bed furnace. The superheater is a three-pass heat exchanger. The water steam flows inside the tubes while the flue gas with a constant temperature flows upwards in a perpendicular direction to the tube axes. Two inverse problems will be solved. First, the flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient
The arrangement of heating surfaces in circulating fluidized bed boiler with a steam capacity of
On modern large steam boilers, the temperature must be held close to design values since excessive temperatures have a serious effect on the metal lifetime of all parts of a boiler which are subject to it. The inlet steam temperature will be determined from the solution of the inverse problem. Based on this temperature, a correct flow rate of cooling water to the spray-type desuperheater (attemperator) is calculated. Despite the great practical importance, this type inverse heat transfer problems have not yet been analyzed.
\nPlaten superheater made from “omega” tubes; (a) cross section of omega tube, (b) platen superheater cross-section.
Velocity, pressure, and temperature of the steam, as well as the temperature of the tube wall with the complex cross section, will be computed using the ANSYS/CFX v13.0 software [25].
\n\nThe direct and inverse problems will be solved. In the inverse problem, the steam temperature at the superheater inlet and the heat transfer coefficient on the flue-gas side will be determined using measured steam temperatures at selected locations in the superheater. If the flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient is determined based on the measured steam temperature at the superheater outlet, the secant method is used. In this case, it is assumed that the inlet steam temperature is also measured. The Levenberg–Marquardt method is used to solve the least squares problem when the inlet steam temperature and the flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient are determined based on the measured steam temperature at the selected points along the steam flow path. At every iteration step, a direct problem was solved using the ANSYS/CFX v13.0 software. Time-averaged three-dimensional equations of conservation of mass, momentum and energy are solved using an element-based finite volume method. The heat transfer in the flowing steam was modeled using equations of mass, momentum, and energy conservation which can be written as follows [25]:\n
Temperature distribution in double omega tube walls (Figure 18) is governed by the heat conduction equation\n
Two equation turbulence model SST (Shear Stress Transport), which was developed based on the Wilcox
The Wilcox
To develop the baseline
Multiplying Eqs. (24) and (25) of the Wilcox model by weighting function
The baseline
One-fourth of a tube cross section.
Because of the symmetry, only one-fourth of a tube cross section was analyzed (Figure 19). Heat is transferred by convection from the combustion chamber to the tube through the surface E–F. The surfaces A–F and B–C–D–E are thermally insulated. The tube inner surface A–B is cooled by the flowing live steam. The following boundary conditions were assumed for the tube wall (Figure 19):\n
Also, the fluid temperature and the steam mass flow rate or steam velocity are known at the inlet of the tube. The steam pressure is given at the outlet of the tube. The direct conjugate heat transfer problem described by Eqs. (19) and (29) with appropriate boundary conditions was solved using the ANSYS/CFX software.
\nThe ANSYS CFX commercial software v13.0 [25] was used for the numerical calculations. Computer calculations were carried out for the second stage of the steam superheater which is made of omega tubes from 10CrMo 910 low alloy steel. At first, direct and inverse problems were solved for the single tube representing the first pass of the superheater. A finite element mesh contains 1 233 999 elements and 747 945 finite element nodes. The cross section of the tube is shown in Figure 18. The length of the modeled tube is 8 517 mm. Thermal properties of the superheated steam were calculated using the industrial standard IAPWS-IF97 [54]. Changes in thermal conductivity with temperature for the 10CrMo 910 steel are shown in Figure 20.
\n\nAt first, test simulations were performed for the following data:\n
\nTwo different steam inlet velocities
The results of the computer simulation for
The thermal conductivity of 10CrMo 910 and T91 steels as a function of temperature.
Tube wall temperature; (a) changes of mean and maximum tube wall temperature over the tube length, (b) temperature of the tube wall at the nodes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 over the tube length; uin = 16.7 m/s, hg = 200 W/(m2 K).
The temperature distribution in the tube wall and steam in two cross sections; (a) at the distance of 2839 mm from the inlet; (b) at the distance of 5678 mm from the inlet; uin = 16.7 m/s, hg = 200 W/(m2 K).
Mass-average steam temperature and the temperature of the steam at the tube axis.
From the analysis of the results shown in Figure 21a and b, it can be seen that the steam temperature over the tube length grows almost linearly. Only, in the region close to the tube inlet the wall temperature is lower. This is due to much higher heat transfer coefficient in the developing flow which occurs at the inlet region of the tube. The steam in the boundary layer is cool at the inlet section, which contributes to a better cooling tube wall. It should be noted that the difference between the maximum and average temperature over the tube cross section is large but does not exceed 30 K (Figure 21a).
\nThe rise of the tube wall temperature is almost linear over a length of the tube due to the constant value of the heat transfer coefficient in the region of the developed flow. At the entrance section of the tube, the heat transfer coefficient is higher because of developing a fluid flow. In this region, the temperature difference over the boundary layer is greater, so the heat flux and heat transfer coefficient are larger, and tube temperature is lower. Figures 22a and 6b show the temperature distribution in the tube wall and steam at two cross sections away from the inlet, respectively at the distance of 2 839 mm and 5 678 mm. The maximum temperature of the wall is at the tube edge (Figure 22a). This temperature is 539.2°C at the distance of 2 839 mm and 551.3°C at the distance of 5678 mm from the inlet of the tube. The increase of the mass-average steam temperature over the entire length of the tube is 41 K (Figure 23).
\nTube wall temperature; (a) changes of mean and maximum tube wall temperature over the tube length, (b) temperature of the tube wall at the nodes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 over the tube length; uin = 10 m/s, hg = 200 W/(m2 K).
The value obtained from the numerical simulation is in good agreement with the measured rise in the steam temperature. Steam temperature is highest near the inner surface of the tube. For the two different steam velocities at the inlet to the pipe: 16.7 m/s and 10 m/s the difference between the mass-average temperature of the steam and temperature in the axis of the tube is small (Figure 23). Tube wall temperatures are higher when the steam velocity at the inlet is lower and equal to
The temperature distribution in the tube wall and steam in two cross sections; (a) at the distance of 2839 mm from the inlet; (b) at the distance of 5678 mm from the inlet; uin = 10 m/s, hg = 200 W/(m2·K).
Tube wall temperature; (a) changes of mean and maximum tube wall temperature over the tube length, (b) temperature of the tube wall at the nodes: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9 over the tube length; uin = 16.7 m/s, hg = 250 W/(m2 K).
The temperature distribution in the tube wall and steam in two cross sections; (a) at the distance of 2839 mm from the inlet; (b) at the distance of 5678 mm from the inlet; uin = 16.7 m/s, hg = 250 W/(m2 K).
The correctness of the results obtained using CFD simulation was examined using the energy balance equation. The heat flow rate
For the analyzed case:
The relative difference defined as:\n
If the number of elements was increased to 3 789 699, then the relative difference is almost the same and equal to:
The consistency of the results is very good. Taking into account that in the inverse problem is solved iteratively, the direct problem is repeatedly solved so the element mesh cannot be too fine because of computing time.
\nTen platens of the superheater SH II are located at combustion chamber of the circulating fluidized bed boiler (Figure 17). Steam temperature is measured outside of the combustion chamber at the points 1–4. Because these points are located outside of a fire region, it is easy to measure steam temperature by attaching the thermocouple to the tube outer surface that is thermally insulated (Figure 28).
\nThree pass single superheater coil.
Inverse problem for a three pass second stage platen superheater, (a) flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient αg is determined based on steam temperature measured at point number 4, (b) flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient hg and inlet steam temperature T1 are determined based on steam temperature measured at points 2, 3, and 4.
1 | \n0.2644 | \n812.7 | \n8.73 | \n366.54 | \n508.45 | \n115.54 | \n8.82 | \n
2 | \n0.3148 | \n826.78 | \n10.12 | \n379.35 | \n505.74 | \n123.83 | \n10.22 | \n
3 | \n0.4616 | \n866.11 | \n13.71 | \n393.79 | \n501.04 | \n160.59 | \n13.86 | \n
Input data and results for the first inverse problem (Figure 27a).
Two different inverse problems were solved. The first and second inverse problems are presented in Figure 29a and b, respectively. At first, a flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient
Finite volume mesh for a tube quarter.
1 | \n0.2644 | \n812.70 | \n8.73 | \n414.89 | \n463.02 | \n508.45 | \n114.95 | \n365.66 | \n8.82 | \n
2 | \n0.3148 | \n826.78 | \n10.12 | \n422.43 | \n464.00 | \n505,74 | \n121.65 | \n379.68 | \n10.22 | \n
3 | \n0.4616 | \n866.11 | \n13.71 | \n427.88 | \n463.65 | \n501.04 | \n158.81 | \n393.54 | \n13.85 | \n
Input data and results for the second inverse problem (Figure 29b).
Steam and tube wall temperature distribution at the outlet of the three pass superheater for the data set number 1—three measurement points (
In the second inverse problem, the flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient
The least-squares method was used to determine parameters
The actual measured data were adopted for the inverse analysis: tube material—T91 steel, pass length—8517 mm. The thermal conductivity of T91 steel as a function of temperature is shown in Figure 20. The experimental data sets adopted for the inverse analysis and the estimated heat transfer coefficients
The analysis of the results listed in Table 7 shows that steam temperature increase is almost the same in each pass. Despite the decreasing temperature difference between the flue gas and steam the increases in steam temperature are: (
The uncertainties of the determined parameters
The 95% uncertainty in the estimated parameters can be expressed in the form
Assuming that the 95% uncertainty in measured steam temperatures is equal 2σfj = 0.5 K for
1 | \n366.54 | \n414.89 | \n463.02 | \n508.45 | \n0.240 | \n0.0006 | \n
\n | 365.66 | \n414.88 | \n463.04 | \n508.44 | \n\n | \n |
2 | \n379.35 | \n422.43 | \n464.00 | \n505.74 | \n−0.087 | \n0.3752 | \n
\n | 379.68 | \n422.19 | \n464.50 | \n505.48 | \n\n | \n |
3 | \n393.79 | \n427.88 | \n463.65 | \n501.04 | \n0.064 | \n0.0384 | \n
Comparison of measured and calculated steam temperatures at the inlet to the superheater and at measuring points 3, 4, and 5.
The chapter presents an effective method for solving nonlinear inverse heat transfer problems using CFD software. Application of the method is illustrated by the identification of the boundary conditions in water wall tubes and boundary conditions in a platen superheater of a CFB boiler.
\nA CFD-based method for determining heat flux absorbed by water-wall tubes, heat transfer coefficient at the inner flux-tube surface and temperature of the water-steam mixture has been presented. New heat flux tubes were proposed. The flux tubes are not welded to the adjacent water-wall tubes, so the temperature distribution in the measuring device is not affected by neighboring water-wall tubes. Based on the measured flux-tube temperatures the nonlinear inverse heat conduction problem was solved. The number of thermocouples placed inside the heat flux tube including the thermocouple on the rear outer tube surface is greater than the number of unknown parameters because additional measurement points reduce the uncertainty in determined parameters. To achieve a good accuracy of measurements, the uncertainties in measured heat flux-tube temperatures and the radial thermocouple locations should be small since they have the largest impact on the accuracy of the parameter estimation. The proposed flux tubes and the inverse procedure for determining absorbed heat flux can be used both when the inner surface of the heat flux tube is clean and when the scale or corrosion deposits are present on the inner surface what can occur after a long time service of the heat flux tube. The flux tubes can work for a long time in the destructive high-temperature atmosphere of a coal-fired boiler.
\nThe CFD simulation of the thermal-hydraulic processes occurring in the platen steam superheater, located in the combustion chamber of the fluidized bed boiler, was carried out.
\nThe temperature distributions in the tube wall of complex shape and the flowing steam were computed. The steam velocity and pressure distributions can be determined with high accuracy. The CFD modeling is a useful tool to explore the real fluid and heat flow phenomena which occur in platen superheaters operating at high thermal loads. It is well known that even a small increase in tube operating temperature over the design temperature will reduce stress rapture life significantly. The CFD simulation allows calculation of the maximum tube wall temperature along the steam flow path for complex cross section shape of the tubes and complicated flow arrangement of the superheater. The detailed CFD prediction makes possible the proper selection of the steel grade for the analyzed superheater stage or superheater pass.
\nThe temperature-dependent physical properties of the steam and tube material can be easily taken into account. The specific heat of water steam decreases significantly with increasing temperature. The calculations show that the temperature rise in each of the three passes is almost the same in spite of decreasing the temperature difference between the flue gas and steam. If the specific heat were constant, the steam temperature increase in the third pass would be much smaller compared to the first pass. It should be stressed, that it would be impossible to calculate accurately the steam and tube wall temperature if the classical methods for heat exchanger calculations, which assume constant physical steam properties, were used.
\nAccurate calculation of the heat transfer coefficient on the flue-gas side of the platen superheater placed in the boiler furnace is critical for boiler design. The inaccurate calculation of the heat transfer coefficient is the reason for tubes damage due to an excessive steam temperature which frequently happens in power plants. A new method for determining of the flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient was developed.
\nThe flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient or the inlet steam temperature and flue-gas side heat transfer coefficient were determined based on the measured steam temperatures at selected points along the steam flow path. To solve the inverse problems, the secant method was used when only one temperature measurement point was applied, and one unknown, that is, the heat transfer coefficient on the flue-gas side was searched. The Levenberg–Marquardt method was used to solve the over-determined heat transfer problem. For the solution of the direct conjugate heat transfer problem, which is encountered at every iteration step, while the inverse problem is being solved, ANSYS/CFX software was used.
\nIdentifying the flue-gas side heat transfer coefficients for various boiler loads using the inverse method, a simple mathematical model of the platen superheater can be developed and used in the control system of the superheated steam temperature.
\nThe proposed method of solution can be successfully applied to solve other inverse problems occurring in industrial practice.
\nspecific heat capacity, J/(kg K) | \n|
weighting function | \n|
blending function | \n|
specific enthalpy, J/kg | \n|
heat transfer coefficient on the inner and outer tube surface, W/(m2 K) | \n|
identity matrix | \n|
Jacobian matrix | \n|
turbulence kinetic energy, m2/s2 | \n|
tube wall thermal conductivity, W/(m K) | \n|
number of temperature measurements points | \n|
steam mass flow rate, kg/s | \n|
outward normal, m | \n|
number of unknowns parameters | \n|
pressure, Pa | \n|
production rate of turbulence energy, kg/(m s3) | \n|
turbulent frequency production term, s/m2 | \n|
heat flux, W/m2 | \n|
heat flow rate, W/m3 | \n|
radius, m | \n|
invariant measure of the strain rate, 1/s | \n|
energy source, kg/(m s3) | \n|
momentum source, kg/(m2 s2) | \n|
time, s | \n|
fluid temperature, K or °C | \n|
flue-gas temperature | \n|
tube wall temperature, K or °C | \n|
steam velocity, m/s | \n|
vector of velocity | \n|
Cartesian coordinates | \n|
unknown parameters | \n|
model constant in the Wilcox k-ω turbulence model | \n|
identity matrix | \n|
turbulence eddy dissipation, m2/s3 | \n|
dynamic viscosity, kg/(m·s) | \n|
turbulent dynamic viscosity, kg/(m·s) | \n|
turbulent kinematic viscosity, m2/s | \n|
density, kg/m3 | \n|
tube wall density, kg/m3 | \n|
standard deviation | \n|
turbulence model constant in kinetic energy equation | \n|
k-ω turbulence model constant | \n|
stress tensor | \n|
turbulent frequency, 1/s | \n|
∇ | \ngradient operator (nabla) | \n
⊗ | \ndyadic operator (tensor product) | \n
Magnetic stimulation is the application of “electrode-free electrical stimulation” using induced current from a pulsed magnetic field. The magnetic field generated by the stimulation coil induces an electromagnetic-induced overcurrent in the body that resultantly depolarizes nerves and muscles’ cell membranes, thereby stimulating the brain, nerves, and muscles. Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) is applied as a treatment method that noninvasively delivers repetitive magnetic stimulation to peripheral nerves and muscles. It has attracted attention as a new means of rehabilitation, especially for sensory and motor disorders [1].
To date, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been widely used as a similar tool. NMES is an electrical stimulation therapy primarily performed to improve motor function, such as suppressing muscle hypertonia associated with upper-motor neuron damage, preventing and improving muscle atrophy associated with peripheral neuropathy, and increasing muscle strength. However, this therapy is associated with pain and discomfort caused by electrical stimulation. Compared with NMES, rPMS does not cause discomfort due to pain and can stimulate deep muscles [2]. NMES evokes cutaneous receptors and may generate noisy signals, whereas rPMS generates intrinsic receptive information during muscle contraction that affects brain reversibility [3].
Furthermore, rPMS does not require the application of electrodes and can be stimulated over clothing. Similar to NMES, however, rPMS is contraindicated for pacemakers and implantable medical devices. In addition, rPMS is larger in size and more expensive than NMES, making its widespread use a challenge. However, rPMS is expected to improve functional recovery in stroke patients because of its ability to safely stimulate deeper layers and improve muscle areas without pain [4].
rPMS can improve motor function in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. How, then, would the induction of CNS plasticity be altered by the parameters of rPMS? Nito et al. [5] studied the effects of rPMS on wrist extensor muscles in terms of neuroplasticity and motor performance in 26 healthy subjects (HS). Motor-evoked potential (MEP), intracortical inhibition (ICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), M-wave, and Hoffman reflex were measured before and after the application of rPMS, and the effects of rPMS on wrist extensor movements were examined.
First, rPMS was applied to the wrist extensor muscles at different frequencies (50, 25, and 10 Hz), with the total number of stimuli set constant to examine the physical effects of stimulus frequency. MEPs of the wrist extensors increased significantly with rPMS at 50 and 25 Hz but remained unchanged at 10 Hz. In the next experiment, in which the number of stimuli was increased and the time required to induce plasticity was examined, at least 15 minutes of rPMS were required for 50- and 25-Hz rPMS. Based on these parameters, the sustained effect of 50- or 25-Hz rPMS was evaluated after 15 minutes of rPMS. Significant increases in MEP were observed up to 60 minutes after 50- and 25-Hz rPMS were administered. Similarly, attenuation of ICI and enhancement of ICF were also observed.
In addition, the maximal M-wave and Hoffman reflex were unchanged, suggesting that the imposition of rPMS does not directly stimulate the centrifugal nerves and excite the muscles but that the increase in MEP is caused by the plastic changes in the motor cortex. In addition, an increase in force and EMG during wrist extension movements was observed after the application of rPMS at 50 and 25 Hz. These results suggest that the application of rPMS at 25 Hz or higher for 15 minutes can increase cortical excitability at the irradiated site and improve motor output from the motor cortex, rather than changing the excitability of the spinal cord circuitry.
Recent studies have also reported the effects of rPMS in combination with noninvasive brain stimulation techniques and on regions other than the periphery. Kumru et al. [6] examined the effects of paired associative stimulation (PAS), in which paired stimuli of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and rPMS are repeatedly applied. PAS is an effective method to induce plasticity in the human motor cortex. Three stimulus conditions were applied to 11 HS for 10 minutes each. In the rPMS alone condition, rPMS at 10 Hz was applied to the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) five times every 10 seconds for 60 trials. In the rTMS alone condition, rTMS was applied to the contralateral primary motor cortex region of the ECR at a frequency of 0.1 Hz (60 stimuli) and an intensity of 120% of the ECR threshold. In the PAS condition, rPMS and rTMS described above were performed with paired stimuli. The results showed that the PAS condition increased MEP amplitude and decreased ICI in the ECR. This suggests that PAS stimulation effectively increases corticospinal tract excitability and decreases ICI. Krause et al. [7] studied the effects of repetitive magnetic stimulation (rMS) to the right cervical nerve root (C7/C8) on corticospinal excitability in HS. The right cervical nerve root (C7/C8) innervating the test muscle, the right first dorsal interosseous muscle, was stimulated at a frequency of 20 Hz for 10 seconds with an intensity of 120% of resting motor threshold for a total of 10 trials. The results showed that rMS caused a significantly longer cortical silent period, increased ICI, and increased MEP amplitude. These changes were not confirmed contralaterally. This study confirmed that rMS increased MEP amplitude in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle without altering the left dorsal interosseous muscle. These results indicate that rMS affects motor cortex excitability similar to electrical stimulation; this suggests that rMS is applicable in spastic and central paraplegia rehabilitation.
As described above, physiological changes in rPMS have been reported in HS, and based on these studies, various clinical application studies have been conducted in the recent years.
Motor imagery (MI) is the simulation of movement in the brain without actual movement and is widely used in clinical practice as a tool for evaluation and treatment. Recently, the combined effects of MI and rPMS have been reported.
Asao et al. [8] examined the effects of rPMS combined with MI (rPMS+MI) on corticospinal excitability. The rPMS+MI condition and rPMS alone condition were performed on HS. In the rPMS+MI condition, rPMS was administered simultaneously with a cue for a MI task of dorsiflexion of the right wrist joint. The test muscle was the right ECR. The rPMS frequency was 25 Hz, stimulus duration was 2 s, and stimulus intensity was 1.5 times the motor threshold. In the rPMS alone condition, rPMS was administered under the same stimulation conditions as in the rPMS+MI condition. The results showed that the pre- and post-stimulus MEP ratios were more significant in the rPMS+MI condition than in the rPMS alone-intense condition, which was associated with Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised scores. This study suggests that an intervention combining rPMS and MI can induce more corticospinal excitation than rPMS alone.
The studies above did not clarify the effective length of intervention period for the combination of rPMS and MI to promote corticospinal excitability. Therefore, the time course changes in corticospinal excitability when rPMS and MI are used in combination have been examined [9]. rPMS alone, MI alone, and rPMS and MI combination conditions have been performed on HS. In the rPMS alone and rPMS+MI conditions, the ECR was stimulated with rPMS at 25 Hz for 2 seconds at a stimulus intensity of 1.5 times the motor threshold. In addition, the MI and rPMS+MI groups were asked to perform MI of wrist dorsiflexion for 2 seconds.
Consequently, the MEP amplitude increase of the ECR in the rPMS+MI group was observed after 10 minutes. In addition, the MEP amplitude after 20 minutes was more significant in the rPMS+MI group than in the rPMS alone group. This study suggests that the combination of rPMS and MI over 10 minutes increases corticospinal excitation and that the combined effect is more significant than rPMS alone. Overall, the combination of rPMS and MI may induce plasticity in the CNS and promote motor function recovery.
One of the clinical applications of rPMS is its muscle-strengthening effect. It has been reported that rPMS promotes muscle strengthening in animals and humans without causing pain.
Yang et al. [10] investigated the effects of neuromuscular magnetic stimulation (NMMS) on strength, cross-sectional area, and thickness of the quadriceps muscle in HS. NMMS was performed on the quadriceps femoris muscle at a frequency of 10 Hz and at the maximum tolerable intensity that could be tolerated for 15 minutes, thrice weekly for 5 weeks. The results showed that maximal isometric torque and mean peak torque increased significantly after intervention, but there was no change in cross-sectional area or thickness. This study suggests that NMMS effectively trains large or skeletal muscles such as the quadriceps.
Stolting et al. [11] showed that magnetic stimulation of a mouse muscle injury model caused post-traumatic muscle hypertrophy, but the effects of rPMS on human subjects remained unclear. Therefore, Hirono et al. [12] examined the acute changes in skeletal muscle thickness induced by rPMS after low-intensity exercise for clinical application of rPMS. rPMS was applied to the vastus lateralis muscle at the maximum intensity of the rPMS device after an HS performed three sets of 10 isometric knee extension exercises at 30% of maximum muscle strength. The results showed that the muscle thickness of the rectus femoris and vastus lateralis muscles after exercise increased over baseline values, with significant increases only in the vastus lateralis after rPMS. This study suggests that post-exercise rPMS induces muscle expansion
rPMS has the advantage of not causing pain and has been used in clinical practice with the expectation of functional recovery in some cases. Beck et al. [15] studied the effect of early intervention with rPMS on the vastus lateralis muscle after hip replacement surgery. The subjects were patients who underwent hip replacement after a proximal femur fracture. The experimental group received 10 Hz rPMS on the vastus lateralis muscle for 15 sessions daily, five times weekly for 3 weeks, whereas the control group received sham stimulation. The results showed that the root-mean-square value of the electromyogram during the maximum voluntary contraction of the vastus lateralis muscle after rPMS was significantly improved. Tandem rise time and normal walking speed in the rPMS group also improved. This study suggests that early intervention with rPMS on the lateral vastus muscle after hip arthroplasty improves muscle strength, standing balance, and gait function. This study also indicates that rPMS can be applied to patients with pain and wounds and is expected to be widely applied in clinical practice in the future.
As described above, rPMS, which promotes muscle strengthening without causing pain, has excellent potential for clinical applications.
Post-stroke hemiplegia occurs in more than 85% of individuals and 55–75% have residual upper limb dysfunction [16]. After stroke, the recovery rate to a practical level is approximately 60% for lower limb function and approximately 20% for upper limb function [17]. The effectiveness of rehabilitation and physical therapy for stroke has been reported in many cases. In this context, the effectiveness of rPMS for stroke has been reported in recent years.
rPMS is a noninvasive method of activating peripheral nerves at the stimulation site and improving muscle strength and has the advantage of being performed without causing pain. Jiang et al. [18] applied rPMS in the early subacute phase of stroke and studied its effect on severe upper limb disability. In the intervention group, rPMS of 20 Hz, totaling 2400 pulses, was applied daily for 2 weeks to the triceps brachii and extensor digitorum brevis muscles. The results showed that the rPMS group showed significant improvements in the upper limb, Barthel Index, upper limb muscle strength, and root mean square on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment compared with those in the control group. This study demonstrates that rPMS for the upper extremity after stroke improves upper extremity function and muscle strength.
Fernandez-Lobera et al. [19] studied the efficacy of rPMS as a tool to assess wrist spasticity in stroke patients. The subjects were HS, acute stroke patients without spasticity (AS), and chronic stroke patients with spasticity (CS). Spasticity was assessed by calculating the index of movement restriction (iMR) from the difference between the maximum passive movement range of the wrist joint and the evoked movement range by rPMS. The stimulation intensity of rPMS was set at 70% of the maximum output of the stimulator, frequency at 25 Hz, and stimulation duration at 2 seconds. The results showed that the amplitude, velocity, and acceleration of rPMS-induced movements were reduced in the CS compared with those in the HS and AS. The iMR values were 2.8 for HS, 13.0 for AS, and 59.2 for CS, with CS having the highest iMR value. Furthermore, the iMR value for CS decreased to 41.1 after treatment with botulinum neurotoxin.
Shoulder joint subluxation is one of the many complications following stroke and is an inhibitor of motor function recovery [20]. In particular, shoulder joint subluxation causes pain in the shoulder joint and has a significant impact on activities of daily living. Therefore, Fujimura et al. [21] investigated the effect of rPMS on shoulder joint dislocation caused by stroke. The subjects were patients who presented with shoulder joint subluxation after stroke. rPMS was performed repetitively on the supraspinatus, posterior deltoid, and infraspinatus muscles. Stimulation intensity was the maximum tolerable intensity and was performed at 30 Hz for 2 seconds for 100 sessions. Results showed that the acromion-humerus interval was significantly reduced after treatment. That shoulder joint pain, shoulder abduction range of motion, and upper extremity scores on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment also improved. This study demonstrates that rPMS for post-stroke shoulder dislocation decreases the degree of shoulder subluxation and pain and improves upper extremity motor function.
Krewer et al. [22] examined the short- and long-term effects of rPMS on spasticity and motor function in stroke patients. rPMS involved a total of 5000 stimuli at 25 Hz and a stimulus intensity of 110% of the resting motor threshold. Stimulation was applied to the extensor and flexor muscles of the upper arm and forearm twice daily for 2 weeks. Results showed short-term effects on wrist flexor spasticity (immediately after the intervention) and long-term effects on elbow extensor spasticity (2 weeks after the intervention) in the rPMS group. In addition, the rPMS group showed an improvement in sensory function. This study demonstrates that rPMS reduces spasticity and improves sensory function in stroke patients in both short and long terms.
Kinoshita et al. [23] investigated the effects of rPMS on the lower limb of chronic stroke patients on gait function. The subjects were stroke patients with lower limb hemiplegia and gait disturbance. The stimulation sites of rPMS were the gluteus maximus, vastus medialis, hamstrings, quadriceps, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles of the paralyzed lower limb. rPMS was performed twice daily for 15 days at a frequency of 20 Hz for 3 s, 4800 pulses, and a stimulus intensity of 110% of the motor threshold. The results showed that walking speed, walking ability, and balance ability were significantly improved after the intervention. This study suggests that rPMS effectively restores gait function in stroke patients with gait disturbance.
Beaulieu et al. [24] studied the effect of rPMS on lower limb dysfunction in chronic stroke. The stimulation site of rPMS was the anterior tibialis muscle of the paralyzed lower extremity. rPMS was performed at a theta-burst frequency (three 50 Hz pulses each, delivered in 5-Hz bursts) for 190 s at 42% of maximum stimulation intensity. The results showed that the rPMS group increased ankle dorsiflexion range of motion and maximum isometric muscle strength after the intervention and decreased resistance to ankle flexor stretch. The results also suggested that these changes are related to residual corticospinal tracts. This study demonstrates that rPMS improves lower limb dysfunction in chronic stroke patients.
In conclusion, rPMS improves upper and lower limb dysfunction in stroke patients. Therefore, we believe that rPMS is a highly effective tool for evaluation and treatment in stroke rehabilitation.
This chapter outlines the physiological changes, combined effects of MI, muscle strengthening, and effects on stroke patients in rPMS. The rPMS parameters used in studies are listed in Tables 1 and 2. rPMS has attracted attention as a new neuromodulation technique that can noninvasively deliver repetitive magnetic stimulation to peripheral nerves and muscles using induced current from a pulsed magnetic field. Unlike NMES, rPMS is painless and has excellent potential for application in clinical settings. In particular, many clinical studies for stroke rehabilitation have been reported in recent years. Further development of rPMS research is expected, including its effectiveness when combined with other therapies and its integration with technology.
Stimulation site | Stimulation frequency | Stimulation intensity | |
---|---|---|---|
Nito et al. [5] | Wrist extensor muscles | 50 Hz, 25 Hz, 10 Hz | 120% of the motor threshold |
Kumru et al. [6] | Extensore carpi radialis muscle | rPMS: 10 Hz rTMS: 0.1 Hz | rPMS: 70% of motor threshold rTMS: 120% of motor threshold |
Krause et al. [7] | Cervical nerve roots (C7/C8) (First dorsal interosseous) | 20 Hz | 120% of motor threshold |
Asao et al. [8] | Extensore carpi radialis muscle | 25 Hz | 150% of motor threshold |
Asao et al. [9] | Extensore carpi radialis muscle | 25 Hz | 150% of motor threshold |
Yang et al. [10] | Quadriceps muscle | 10 Hz | Maximum tolerable intensity |
Hirono et al. [12] | Vastus lateralis muscle | 50 Hz | Maximum intensity of the device |
rPMS parameters in basic research on healthy subjects.
Patients | Stimulation site | Stimulation frequency | Stimulation intensity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beck et al. [15] | After hip replacement surgery | Vastus lateralis muscle | 10 Hz | Level where the visible movement of the knee is triggered |
Jiang et al. [18] | Early subacute stroke | Triceps brachii and extensor digitorum muscles | 20 Hz | Triceps brachii muscle: Intensity to induce 30° of elbow extension Extensor digitorum muscle: Intensity to induce 45° of wrist extension |
Fernandez-Lobera et al. [19] | Acute stroke without/with spasticity | Wrist extensor muscles | 25 Hz | 70% of the maximum stimulator power |
Fujimura et al. [21] | Shoulder subluxations caused by stroke | Supraspinatus and posterior deltoid/infraspinatus muscles | 30 Hz | Intensity until patients indicates that any further increase would become uncomfortable |
Krewer et al. [22] | Severe hemiparesis and mild to moderate spasticity resulting from a stroke or a traumatic brain injury | Extensors and flexors of the upper and lower arm. | 25 Hz | 110% of motor threshold |
Kinoshita et al. [23] | Hemorrhagic stroke with lower limb hemiparesis and gait disturbance | Gluteus maximus muscle, gluteus medius, hamstring muscle, musculus quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius, soleus | 20 Hz | 110% of motor threshold |
Beaulieu et al. [24] | Chronic stroke | Tibialis anterior muscle | Theta-burst frequency (5-Hz bursts of three 50 Hz pulses each) | 42% of the maximal stimulator output |
rPMS parameters in clinical research.
This work was supported by the Yuumi Memorial Foundation for Home Health Care and JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP20K11173.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
rPMS: | repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation |
NMES: | neuromuscular electrical stimulation |
MEP: | motor-evoked potential |
rTMS: | repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation |
PAS: | paired associative stimulation |
ECR: | extensor carpi radialis |
rMS: | repetitive magnetic stimulation |
ICI: | intracortical inhibition |
MI: | motor imagery |
NMMS: | neuromuscular magnetic stimulation |
HS: | healthy subjects |
AS: | acute stroke patients without spasticity |
CS: | chronic stroke patients with spasticity |
iMR: | index of movement restriction |
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Only bioactive glass possesses osteogenic property that stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells and in some cases influencing the fibroblastic properties. But, this material has also some disadvantages such as short-term and low mechanical strength along with decreased fracture resistance; but, this was further minimised by ion doping that positively enhanced new bone formation. There are many metal ions such as magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag) and some rare earths that have been doped successfully into bioactive glass to enhance their mechanical and biological properties. In some of the cases, mesoporous bioactive glass materials with or without such doping have also been employed (with homogeneous distribution of pores in the size ranging between 2 and 50 nm). These biomaterials can be served as scaffold for bone regeneration with adequate mechanical properties to restore bone defects and facilitate healing process by regeneration of soft tissues as well. This chapter encompasses the use of bioactive glass in bulk and mesoporous form with doped therapeutic ions, their role in bone tissue regeneration, use as delivery of growth factors as well as coating material for orthopaedic implants.",book:{id:"5164",slug:"advanced-techniques-in-bone-regeneration",title:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration",fullTitle:"Advanced Techniques in Bone Regeneration"},signatures:"Samit Kumar Nandi, Arnab Mahato, Biswanath Kundu and Prasenjit\nMukherjee",authors:[{id:"60514",title:"Dr.",name:"Samit",middleName:null,surname:"Nandi",slug:"samit-nandi",fullName:"Samit Nandi"}]},{id:"37120",doi:"10.5772/29607",title:"Trigeminocardiac Reflex in Neurosurgery - Current Knowledge and Prospects",slug:"the-trigeminocardiac-reflex-in-neurosurgery-current-knowledge-and-prospects",totalDownloads:3423,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"749",slug:"explicative-cases-of-controversial-issues-in-neurosurgery",title:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery",fullTitle:"Explicative Cases of Controversial Issues in Neurosurgery"},signatures:"Amr Abdulazim, Martin N. Stienen, Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari, Nora Prochnow, Nora Sandu, Benham Bohluli and Bernhard Schaller",authors:[{id:"78171",title:"Prof.",name:"Bernhard",middleName:null,surname:"Schaller",slug:"bernhard-schaller",fullName:"Bernhard Schaller"},{id:"78525",title:"Mr.",name:"Amr",middleName:null,surname:"Abdulazim",slug:"amr-abdulazim",fullName:"Amr Abdulazim"},{id:"78530",title:"Dr",name:"Pooyan",middleName:null,surname:"Sadr-Eshkevari",slug:"pooyan-sadr-eshkevari",fullName:"Pooyan Sadr-Eshkevari"},{id:"126039",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Nikolaus",surname:"Stienen",slug:"martin-stienen",fullName:"Martin Stienen"},{id:"126040",title:"Dr.",name:"Nora",middleName:null,surname:"Prochnow",slug:"nora-prochnow",fullName:"Nora Prochnow"},{id:"126041",title:"Dr.",name:"Benham",middleName:null,surname:"Bohluli",slug:"benham-bohluli",fullName:"Benham Bohluli"}]},{id:"26559",doi:"10.5772/28833",title:"Local Antibiotic Therapy in the Treatment of Bone and Soft Tissue Infections",slug:"local-antibiotic-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-bone-and-soft-tissue-infections",totalDownloads:6551,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:21,abstract:null,book:{id:"784",slug:"selected-topics-in-plastic-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Selected Topics in Plastic Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Stefanos Tsourvakas",authors:[{id:"75532",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefanos",middleName:null,surname:"Tsourvakas",slug:"stefanos-tsourvakas",fullName:"Stefanos Tsourvakas"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"65467",title:"Anesthesia Management for Large-Volume Liposuction",slug:"anesthesia-management-for-large-volume-liposuction",totalDownloads:5965,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The apparent easiness with which liposuction is performed favors that patients, young surgeons, and anesthesiologists without experience in this field ignore the many events that occur during this procedure. Liposuction is a procedure to improve the body contour and not a surgery to reduce weight, although recently people who have failed in their plans to lose weight look at liposuction as a means to contour their body figure. Tumescent liposuction of large volumes requires a meticulous selection of each patient; their preoperative evaluation and perioperative management are essential to obtain the expected results. The various techniques of general anesthesia are the most recommended and should be monitored in the usual way, as well as monitoring the total doses of infiltrated local anesthetics to avoid systemic toxicity. The management of intravenous fluids is controversial, but the current trend is the restricted use of hydrosaline solutions. The most feared complications are deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, fat embolism, lung edema, hypothermia, infections and even death. The adherence to the management guidelines and prophylaxis of venous thrombosis/thromboembolism is mandatory.",book:{id:"6221",slug:"anesthesia-topics-for-plastic-and-reconstructive-surgery",title:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery",fullTitle:"Anesthesia Topics for Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},signatures:"Sergio Granados-Tinajero, Carlos Buenrostro-Vásquez, Cecilia\nCárdenas-Maytorena and Marcela Contreras-López",authors:[{id:"273532",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergio Octavio",middleName:null,surname:"Granados Tinajero",slug:"sergio-octavio-granados-tinajero",fullName:"Sergio Octavio Granados Tinajero"}]},{id:"42855",title:"Critical Care Issues After Major Hepatic Surgery",slug:"critical-care-issues-after-major-hepatic-surgery",totalDownloads:8909,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"3164",slug:"hepatic-surgery",title:"Hepatic Surgery",fullTitle:"Hepatic Surgery"},signatures:"Ashok Thorat and Wei-Chen Lee",authors:[{id:"52360",title:"Prof.",name:"Wei-Chen",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",slug:"wei-chen-lee",fullName:"Wei-Chen Lee"},{id:"157213",title:"Dr.",name:"Ashok",middleName:null,surname:"Thorat",slug:"ashok-thorat",fullName:"Ashok Thorat"}]},{id:"72175",title:"Fontan Operation: A Comprehensive Review",slug:"fontan-operation-a-comprehensive-review",totalDownloads:1252,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Since the first description of the Fontan operation in the early 1970s, a number of modifications have been introduced and currently staged, total cavopulmonary connection with fenestration has become the most commonly used multistage surgery in diverting the vena caval blood flow into the lungs. The existing ventricle, whether it is left or right, is utilized to supply systemic circuit. During Stage I, palliative surgery is performed, usually at presentation in the neonatal period/early infancy, on the basis of pathophysiology of the cardiac defect. During Stage II, a bidirectional Glenn procedure is undertaken in which the superior vena caval flow is diverted into the lungs at an approximate age of 6 months. During Stage IIIA, the blood flow from the inferior vena cava (IVC) is rerouted into the pulmonary arteries, typically by an extra-cardiac conduit along with a fenestration, generally around 2 years of age. During Stage IIIB, the fenestration is closed by transcatheter methodology 6–12 months after Stage IIIA. The evolution of Fontan concepts, the indications for Fontan surgery, and the results of old and current types of Fontan operation form the focus of this review.",book:{id:"9585",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",fullTitle:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease"},signatures:"P. Syamasundar Rao",authors:[{id:"68531",title:"Dr.",name:"P. Syamasundar",middleName:null,surname:"Rao",slug:"p.-syamasundar-rao",fullName:"P. Syamasundar Rao"}]},{id:"45712",title:"Serdev Sutures® in Middle Face",slug:"serdev-sutures-in-middle-face",totalDownloads:4919,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2989",slug:"miniinvasive-face-and-body-lifts-closed-suture-lifts-or-barbed-thread-lifts",title:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts",fullTitle:"Miniinvasive Face and Body Lifts - Closed Suture Lifts or Barbed Thread Lifts"},signatures:"Nikolay Serdev",authors:[{id:"32585",title:"Dr.",name:"Nikolay",middleName:null,surname:"Serdev",slug:"nikolay-serdev",fullName:"Nikolay Serdev"}]},{id:"55812",title:"Postural Restoration: A Tri-Planar Asymmetrical Framework for Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Scoliosis and Other Spinal Dysfunctions",slug:"postural-restoration-a-tri-planar-asymmetrical-framework-for-understanding-assessing-and-treating-sc",totalDownloads:7646,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Current medical practice does not recognize the influence of innate, physiological, human asymmetry on scoliosis and other postural disorders. Interventions meant to correct these conditions are commonly based on symmetrical models of appearance and do not take into account asymmetric organ weight distribution, asymmetries of respiratory mechanics, and dominant movement patterns that are reinforced in daily functional activities. A model of innate, human asymmetry derived from the theoretical framework of the Postural Restoration Institute® (PRI) explicitly describes the physiological, biomechanical, and respiratory components of human asymmetry. This model is important because it gives an accurate baseline for understanding predisposing factors for the development of postural disorders, which, without intervention, will likely progress to structural dysfunction. Clinical tests to evaluate tri-planar musculoskeletal relationships and function, developed by PRI, are based on this asymmetric model. These tests are valuable for assessing patient’s status in the context of human asymmetry and in guiding appropriate exercise prescription and progression. Balancing musculoskeletal asymmetry is the aim of PRI treatment. Restoration of relative balance decreases pain, restores improved alignment, and strengthens appropriate muscle function. It can also halt the progression of dysfunction and improve respiration, quality of life, and appearance. PRI’s extensive body of targeted exercise progressions are highly effective due to their basis in the tri-planar asymmetric human model.",book:{id:"5816",slug:"innovations-in-spinal-deformities-and-postural-disorders",title:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders",fullTitle:"Innovations in Spinal Deformities and Postural Disorders"},signatures:"Susan Henning, Lisa C. Mangino and Jean Massé",authors:[{id:"204825",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",middleName:null,surname:"Henning",slug:"susan-henning",fullName:"Susan Henning"},{id:"206242",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa C",middleName:null,surname:"Mangino",slug:"lisa-c-mangino",fullName:"Lisa C Mangino"},{id:"206245",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Massé",slug:"jean-masse",fullName:"Jean Massé"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"202",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. 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Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. 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Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. 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He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry"}}},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 29th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/102151",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"102151"},fullPath:"/profiles/102151",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()