Time requirement for recovery of gas phase after door opening
\r\n\tThe fundamental research areas of Evolutionary Psychology can be divided into two broad categories: on the one hand, the basic cognitive processes, and the way they evolved within the species, and on the other, the adaptive social behaviors that derive from the theory of evolution itself: survival, mating, parenting, family and kinship, interactions with non-parents and cultural evolution. Indeed, Evolutionary Psychology explains at individual and group level the fundamental behaviors of social life, such as altruism, cooperation, competition, social exclusion, social support, etc. etc. Similar to the mechanisms of natural selection for physical characteristics, not only the mind follows biological laws, but also psychological abilities - such as the theory of mind, the ability to represent the intentions, thoughts, beliefs, and emotions of others - have had to adapt and must make themselves functional to the social life of individuals and groups. In addition, Sociology takes the same aspects into consideration, emphasizing the interaction, symbolic and otherwise, of individuals. The latter investigates the neural mechanisms underlying the same social behaviors that are of interest to evolutionary psychology. To study the neural correlates involved in such behaviors is necessary to understand the biological laws that underlie human behavior and brain functioning.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book aims to open a debate full of theoretical and experimental contributions among the different disciplines in social research, psychology, neuroscience, sociology, useful to give an innovative vision to the present research and future perspective on the topic.
",isbn:"978-1-83968-871-3",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-870-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-872-0",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"bd4df54e3fb185306ec3899db7044efb",bookSignature:"Dr. Rosalba Morese, Dr. Vincenzo Auriemma and Dr. Sara Palermo",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10450.jpg",keywords:"Evolutionary Psychology, Human Social Evolution, Human Social Behaviour, Social Cognition, Social Neuroscience, Functional Neuroimaging, Neuropsychology, Altruism, Cooperation, Social Exclusion, Social Support, Social Inclusion",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 18th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"December 21st 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"February 24th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"May 15th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"July 14th 2021",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a month",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Rosalba Morese is carrying out research in the framework of Neuroscience and Social Psychology. She currently works at the Institute of Public Health of Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and at the Faculty of Communication, Culture, and Society of Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland.",coeditorOneBiosketch:"Dr. Vincenzo Auriemma's focus is on the study of empathy in human interactions. He studied at the University of Essex in England, the University of Pisa, Genoa, Rome in Italy, and the University of Italian Switzerland in Switzerland. He is the principal responsible for the 'PERSEO' research which analyzes the reasons for the 'drop-out' in psychology.",coeditorTwoBiosketch:"Researcher of the EUROPEAN INNOVATION PARTNERSHIP on Active and Healthy Ageing and Assistant Specialty Chief Editor for Frontiers in Psychology - Neuropsychology.",coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",middleName:null,surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/214435/images/system/214435.jpg",biography:"Rosalba Morese obtained a degree in psychology at the University of Parma. She subsequently held various\nteaching positions at the Department of Psychology and the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the\nUniversity of Parma.\nHer training continued with the attainment of the title of PhD in Neuroscience at the University of Turin,\nduring which she acquired and developed interdisciplinary skills and point of view through the application\nof bioimaging and psychophysiological methods to investigate the neurophysiological mechanisms involved\nduring communication and social interactions.",institutionString:"Universita della Svizzera Italiana",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universita della Svizzera Italiana",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"338363",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincenzo",middleName:null,surname:"Auriemma",slug:"vincenzo-auriemma",fullName:"Vincenzo Auriemma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:'He is pursuing a PhD in Sociology from the University of Salerno, Italy. He is a researcher of sociology and neurosociology at the University of Salerno, Italy. His focus is on the study of empathy in human interactions and he studied at the University of Essex in England, the University of Pisa, Genoa, Rome 3 in Italy and the University of Italian Switzerland in Switzerland. He has participated in national and international conferences with about 25 reports/communications. He is the principal responsible for the "PERSEO" research which analyzes the reasons for the "drop-out" in psychology, using the methodology of the Gounded Theory and analyzing empathy, fear and panic. He is Co-Editor for Frontiers. He is also a member of the Italian Society of Sociology (AIS).',institutionString:"University of Salerno",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Salerno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"233998",title:"Dr.",name:"Sara",middleName:null,surname:"Palermo",slug:"sara-palermo",fullName:"Sara Palermo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233998/images/system/233998.jpeg",biography:"Sara Palermo is a MSc in Clinical Psychology and a PhD in Experimental Neuroscience. Moreover, she obtained the National Scientific Enabling Certificate for Associate Professorship in April 2017 (ASN-2017). She is an expert in experimental neuroscience, clinical neuropsychology and advance neuropsychological testing. Moreover, she performs multidimensional geriatric evaluation and basic neurological symptomatology detection in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. She is also engaged in Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies.\r\nShe worked as a postdoc research fellow at the Department of Neuroscience 'Rita Levi Montalcini” in Turin until July 2017. Since then she works as research fellow at the Department of Psychology in Turin. To date, she owns three research Group memberships at the University of Turin (Italy). She is a member of the 'Center for the Study of Movement Disorders” (research area: Neurology) and the 'Placebo Responses Mapping Group” (research area: Physiology) at the Department of Neuroscience, and a member of the 'Neuropsychology of cognitive impairment and central nervous system degenerative diseases Group” at the Department of Psychology (Research Area: Psychobiology and physiological psychology).\r\nThe main topics of her research are the study of awareness of illness, metacognitive-executive deficits in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders, physical and cognitive frailty in the elderly, and placebo/nocebo phenomena. Interestingly, all of them may represent appealing perspectives from which to study how neuropsychological abnormalities can be explained in terms of brain activities and with the use of neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological batteries considering a neurocognitive approach. Given her research interests and scientific publications, she has been an ordinary member of the Italian Society of Neuropsychology (SINP), of the Italian Association of Psychogeriatrics (AIP), of the Italian Society of Neurology for Dementia (SiNdem), and – finally – of the international Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies (SIPS). Importantly, she is a member of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Aging (EIP on AHA), for which she is involved in the Action Group A3 Functional decline and frailty. \r\n\r\nSara Palermo is Panel Editor for 'EC Psychology and Psychiatry'. She was recently appointed as Specialty Chief Editor for 'Frontiers in Psychology - Neuropsychology'.",institutionString:"University of Turin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Turin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"21",title:"Psychology",slug:"psychology"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"259492",firstName:"Sara",lastName:"Gojević-Zrnić",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259492/images/7469_n.png",email:"sara.p@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5810",title:"Socialization",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bfac2e9c0ec2963193e9d15d617c6a01",slug:"socialization-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Juri Nervo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5810.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7818",title:"Social Isolation",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary View",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"db3b513d7d35476f333a0d4a3147935b",slug:"social-isolation-an-interdisciplinary-view",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese, Sara Palermo and Raffaella Fiorella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7818.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8262",title:"The New Forms of Social Exclusion",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"29bf235aa7659d3651183fe9ea49dc0d",slug:"the-new-forms-of-social-exclusion",bookSignature:"Rosalba Morese and Sara Palermo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8262.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"214435",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosalba",surname:"Morese",slug:"rosalba-morese",fullName:"Rosalba Morese"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6494",title:"Behavior Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72a81a7163705b2765f9eb0b21dec70e",slug:"behavior-analysis",bookSignature:"Huei-Tse Hou and Carolyn S. 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In the last several decades, efforts have been mainly focused on the sub-culturing of established cell lines and on optimizing culture conditions, including selection of appropriate culture medium, in order to achieve rapid cell growth. The conventional CO2 incubator only provides minimum requirements for keeping cells alive in a culture environment; pH and temperature are held at 7.4 and 37°C, respectively, and sub-saturated humidity is maintained to avoid evaporative condensation of the culture medium. To avoid contamination of the culture medium from aerosol bacteria, the conventional clean bench removes particles from the working atmosphere by continuous displacement of ambient air that passes through a high-efficiency particle (HEPA) filter, whereas the medium exposed to ambient air quickly discharges dissolved CO2. In vivo, the pH of blood is strictly maintained at ~ pH 7.4 by means of physiological buffer systems, whereas the pH of culture medium mainly depends on a sodium bicarbonate/CO2 buffer, which is adjusted to a pH of 7.4 in an atmosphere of 5% CO2; the pKa is 6.1, and the buffering capacity at pH 7.4 is very weak. The pH and temperature are generally uniform in almost all organs, tissues, and cells in living mammals; however, the dissolved oxygen or oxygen partial pressure (PO2) in various organs and tissues is generally much lower than that in the ambient air (159 mmHg); it decreases to 100 mmHg and 25 mmHg or less in arterial blood and in the periphery, respectively. Although oxygen is essential to produce ATP through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, it is quite toxic at high concentrations [1-3]. Tissues and cells in body fluids are protected from reactive oxygen species (ROS) by multiple physiological anti-oxidant systems, whereas those in artificial culture medium lack an extracellular protective system and are exposed to highlevels of O2. Numerous studies have cited a variety of harmful effects of ROS, such as lipid and protein peroxidation as well as membrane and DNA damage [4-8]. Although lower PO2 implies lower production of ROS, it also implies hypoxia that can damage various cellular functions [9, 10]. The recent advances in tissue engineering focus on clinical applications of cultured cells in regenerative medicine. When primary cells and stem cells are retrieved from human tissue, their original physicochemical environments and metabolic features are quite different from each other. Moreover, induction of differentiation stimulates changes in gene expression over a time course, which may affect cellular metabolism. The above-mentioned point of view suggests that ranges in cell viability, in terms of PO2 and tolerance for ROS (which need to be controlled for normal proliferation and prevention of malignant transformation), may be quite narrow for primary cells in comparison to cell lines. The stringent control of oxygen during bioprocessing is undoubtedly important; however, the exact influence of PO2 and ROS is not completely understood because past experimental data have been obtained by using conventional culture apparatuses or their improved models. Although the performance of apparatuses has already been proven by sub-culturing of established cell lines, they have not been designed for stringent control of oxygen throughout the culture period. Every time the incubator door is opened, the O2 environment is quickly lost and requires a long time to recover. To clarify the net influence of PO2 and ROS, it is essential to develop advanced equipment that can provide a stringent control of oxygen around the pericellular environment throughout the culture period.
In the past 30 years, researchers have made significant progress in the field of clinical reproductive medicine through assisted reproductive technology (ART). In 1978, the first human baby was born through in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. To date, more than a million children have already been born with the help of ART. Fertilization through intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) [11] is becoming increasingly popular, and it now accounts for more than half of clinical ART cases worldwide. ART is the first example of large-scale clinical application of regenerative medicine to cultured human stem cells, which involves in vitro fertilization of gametes (primary stem cells) and subsequent culture of early embryos up to the blastocyst stage, followed by transfer into the uterus. Some recent cohort studies could not deny the possibility of birth defects in babies who were delivered as a consequence of ART [12-14], although ART is recognized as an elementary clinical regenerative medicine that makes use of native stem cells. We point out two major issues in this regard: one is quality control of the gametes, and the other is quality assurance of the culture environments. It is well known that human ejaculate contains a heterogeneous sperm population that possesses a variety of abnormalities. ICSI is a technique mainly used in male infertility, which occurs as a result of dysfunction of spermatogenesis and is accompanied by various functional deteriorations in the sperm. Nuclear damage to human sperm, in particular, DNA fragmentation as a consequence of double-strand breaks, has attracted attention. If a sperm with damaged DNA is incorporated into the embryonic genome, it may lead to sperm-derived chromosomal aberrations [15], which may in turn result in higher miscarriage rates [16] and an increased risk of pregnancy loss [17]. The resultant aberrations can also be potentially inherited through the germ line by future generations [18-20]. Several studies have reported that the rate of DNA-damaged sperm increases in infertile men with poor semen quality, who are the primary candidates for ICSI [21]. Although the techniques in clinical ICSI are well established, the sperm is selected merely based on motility and gross morphology, as observed under a microscope, and there are no validated methods to address and assure sperm nuclear DNA integrity.
There is a concern about higher malformations resulting from ICSI cycles, due to the possibility of iatrogenic transmission of genetic abnormalities to the offspring [14, 22, 23]. Studies comparing ART cycles and natural births suggest that infants conceived by IVF ⁄ ICSI techniques have three times a risk of a congenital heart defect [24] as well as a higher risk of autosomal and gonosomal aneuploidies [25]. It still remains unclear whether culture environments provided by conventional culture apparatus or their improved models have been responsible for the results of various cohort analyses. In general, we have to consider the heterogeneity of the cell population at the start of culture as well as some transformation during the culture. The lumen of the fallopian tube, where the oocyte fertilizes with the sperm, shows very low PO2[26], contrary to the endometrium at the implantation phase, which shows thickening with increased blood flow; thus, the implanting blastocyst is exposed to higher PO2.During this one-week trip in the oviduct, the embryo undergoes early development in a PO2 gradient. To determine optimal physicochemical environment for primary and stem cells, including the embryo, one has to pay attention to complicated cross-interactions between the atmosphere, especially PO2, and the composition of culture medium: ATP production is influenced by peri- and intra-cellular PO2 as well as energy sources in the medium. Even if PO2 is kept low during cell culture, the handling of cells in a clean bench is critical, while temperature, PO2, and pH of the medium are dramatically changed. Tolerances to such parameters varies quite differently among cell types. For example, some neuronal cells have a low threshold for oxygen toxicity, and exposure of these cells to ambient air in a clean bench induces apoptosis [3]. Such cells have to be treated in an enclosed space filled with low-oxygen gas mixtures. In contrast, some cells can readily induce apoptosis under low PO2 conditions [9]. It is well-known that long-term subculture of cell lines induces some genetic transformations. Some researchers [27-31] have proposed that this phenotypic variability might originate from epigenetic alterations, and the methylation profiles of stem cell lines are fundamentally changed during subculture, thus complicating their use in basic and clinical research. Several reports have also discussed the epigenetics of early development [32] and the genetic and epigenetic features of children delivered through ICSI [33]. Kohoda et al. suggested that ICSI induces transcriptome perturbation [34]. To ensure the reliability of clinical embryo cultures, or in general terms, clinical cell cultures, as a premise for human implantation, we have to recognize the complicated cross-interactions of gas phase with composition of the culture medium, cell features, and their heterogeneity with regard to genetic and epigenetic regulation. Numerous reports have emphasized that reducing PO2 during in vitro cultures increases the proportion of blastocyst formation in mice [35-37], hamsters [38], sheep [39], and cattle [40]. Other studies found no clear effect in mice [41]. As mentioned above, PO2 and ROS might be essential parameters at least in early embryogenesis [42]. The discrepancies in the results of the above-mentioned studies may be partially explained by differences in culture hardware as well as culture methods: for example, oxygen tension in droplets of medium under oil will be 1ess than those without an oil overlay [43]. Adding EDTA to culture medium increased the proportions of mouse [41, 44] and cattle [40] embryos that developed to blastocysts. Chelating transition metals such as zinc, iron, and copper may prevent chemical reactions that generate harmful oxygen radicals [45]. Because oviductal oxygen tension is less than atmospheric levels [26], mammalian embryos may be protected from oxidative stress in vivo in part by a relatively low oxygen tension in the oviduct [46]. The influence of low PO2 and hypoxic culture conditions on some cellular functions has also been studied in somatic cells. When BeWo cells, an in vitro model of human trophoblasts, were cultured in 2% O2, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) indicated increased transcription of the organic cation transporter (OCTN2) gene compared to that observed under 20% O2 [47]. Hirao et al. ([48] observed that MC3T3-E1 cells and calvariae from 4-day-old mice cultured in 5% or 20% O2 conditions showed osteoblastic differentiation and subsequent transformation to osteocytes, which was promoted by low PO2. The importance of a lower PO2 environment was a cited factor; however, excessively low PO2 are also important to consider for cellular growth, differentiation, gene expression, phenotype manipulation, epigenetics, and moreover, for survival. We consider it essential to determine the narrow range between hyperoxia and hypoxia, but not to overestimate the benefit of lower PO2.
As will be described later (Figs. 7 and 8), established cell lines that adapt to 5.0% CO2-air often tolerate prolonged changes in pH and PO2. In contrast, clinical cultures of primary and stem cells used for human transplantation demands rigorous duplication of in vivo environments because it is of prime importance for maintaining normality or to minimize phenotypic changes within the cells. We have previously established an individual cell culture system that emphasizes the precise control of oxygen concentration and quick recovery from disturbances (Figs. 1 and 2) [49]. As shown in Fig. 1, the culture bath has an aluminum block with 16 wells for heat storage, and the block and inner space are kept at 37.0 °C by a temperature sensor. The apparatus is first used as a multivariate screening system for the simultaneous determination of the narrow range between hyperoxia and hypoxia and for designing the optimal formula corresponding to the gas phase. This system can provide up to 16 types of different premixed gases into each capsule individually. The commonly used infrared CO2 sensor and the Galvanic current O2 sensor devices have sufficient sensitivity and undergo scheduled calibrations to maintain accuracy assurance. When a small amount of gas is infused for fine control of the gas phase, static diffusion causes an inhomogeneous gas concentration in the chamber, and the display values are often similar to those around the sensors. We therefore used pre-mixed gases and a small capsule for precise control of O2 concentration. Pure O2, CO2, and N2 gases were mixed according to their weight base molar ratios and compressed in the gas canister.. The following gases were used for cell culture experiments: 2.0% O2, 5.0% CO2, and 93% N2 as an example of hypoxic culture. For purging the capsule, 5.0% CO2 and 95% N2 were used. The gas compositions were measured using gas chromatography, according to the pre-shipment review.
Individual cell culture apparatus
5.0% CO2-air circulation clean bench
The degree of cleanliness of air was defined by a “cleanliness class”, which is specified by the number of particles of a size 0.5 μm or over in one cubic feet of air. For instance, a cleanliness class of 100 is interpreted as less than 100 particles in one cubic feet of air. The simultaneous measurements of particle size and number were performed using a light-scattering particle counter. The intake air stream was first passed through a high-intensity laser beam. As a result, the particles in the sample caused light scattering, and their numbers and intensities were detected. Room air often shows a cleanliness class of 106–105, and the aim of a conventional clean bench is to provide a low-dust environment below a cleanliness class of 102. The cell handling is, however, performed in ambient air, allowing temperature decrease, dissolution of O2, and pH change by removal of CO2. We newly developed the 5.0% CO2-air circulation clean benches with or without a built-in microscope (Fig. 2). The bench top was covered with an acrylic chamber to prevent leakage of the ambient atmosphere, with the set-up resembling an infant incubator. Pure CO2 was infused with the aid of a gas sensor control to maintain 5.0% CO2-air. The bench top and the ambient temperature were kept at 37°C and 30°C–34°C by temperature control (Fig. 2). In addition, a small chamber was set on the bench top, so that if cells could not tolerate 5.0% CO2-air for more than a few minutes, they were isolated in the chamber, and the humidified culture gas was supplied. If the bench top was contaminated with some infectious material such as body fluid, it was merely wiped off. In the newly developed system, a cover shield was placed on the bench top, and a disposable clear film was set and discarded at each operation (Fig. 3). Although the conventional clean bench filtered fresh air only once, the newly developed system circulated the enclosed 5.0% CO2-air through a HEPA filter every 24 sec. Before starting the filtration process, the cleanliness class was found to be 105; however, a cleanliness class of 1 was readily achieved by repeated filtration within 5 min (Fig. 4). Furthermore, particles within the size range of 0.3 µm–0.5 µm were reduced to less than 100 within 5 min.
Disposable cover film on bench top
Change in cleanliness class after starting filters
The conventional CO2 incubator has a structural problem when it comes to achieving a stable hypoxic environment. As summarized in Table 1, whenever the door is opened, a large amount of ambient air intrudes, and the reduced CO2 can be readily recovered by infusion of pure gas; however, it took more than 30 min to exclude O2 by flushing with N2. Thus, we developed a disposable small capsule to control the gas phase, especially for hypoxic tissue culture (Fig. 5). A 500-ml plastic capsule containing 220 ml of the gas buffer solution (20 mM H, 25 mM NaHCO3, and 0.05% Phenol Red) was used as the CO2 incubator. First, it was equilibrated by ventilation of the pre-mixed culture gas (10 ml/min) for at least overnight. Following gas equilibration, the pH was adjusted to 7.4 ± 0.05, and the O2 concentration was measured using a Galvanic current O2 sensor. Coexistence of a large amount of gas buffer solution, which serves the same function as the culture medium in terms of gas equilibration, stabilizes the physicochemical environment by functioning as a heat storage and gas pool. Inflow of air when the cap is opened should be excluded as soon as possible. To achieve this, the anoxic purging gas (5.0% CO2 and 95% N2) was flushed (500 ml/min) just after closing the cap. As a consequence, the oxygen level returned to 2.0% within 4 min, after which the gas supply was changed automatically to culture gas, which was infused (10 ml/min) continuously to maintain positive pressure (Fig. 6). If the gas purging process was omitted, it took 120 min until recovery, despite the inner space volume being only 280 ml (Fig. 6). This fact suggested that the void volume of the culture capsule should be minimized as much as possible, and coexistence of the gas buffer enhance the stability of the gas phase in the culture environment. In this system, gas control through a CO2 sensor was not necessary, and we also did not need to consider the improper gas control caused by sensor deterioration. Gas equilibration of each capsule was roughly estimated by checking the color of phenol red in the gas buffer (Fig. 5), and the precision control of the culture environment was monitored by measuring the temperature and pH of the gas buffer. Although simultaneous culturing of multiple tissues is usually possible in a single CO2 incubator, the present method allows the culturing of individual tissues in disposable capsules. The system also has additional advantages in that it allows easy and error-free identification of dishes and avoids disturbances in culture conditions when the door of the unit is opened.
Use of disposable capsules for individual cultures with precise control of oxygen concentration and quick recovery from disturbances in culture conditions
Effect of gas purging on O2 concentration recovery in capsule
Period of open door (sec) | 0 | 10 | 20 | 30 |
CO2 (%) Time require for recovery (min) | 5.0% - | 5.4% 2 | 5.4% 2 | 5.3% 2 |
O2 (%) Time require for recovery (min) | 2.1% - | 13.7% 30 | 18.4 34 | 18.2% 35 |
Time requirement for recovery of gas phase after door opening
The most common cultureware or vessels are sterile, disposable, and specially treated with polystyrene plastic. The cultureware includes petri dishes, multiwell plates, microtiter plates, roller bottles, and screw-cap flasks. All cultureware is equipped with lids or caps to prevent contamination from aerosol bacteria, and these culture vessels are designed to stack. Handling of culture media in conventional or in 5.0% CO2-air circulation clean benches caused dissolution of oxygen in the media. After the lid was mounted on the culture dish or the cap of the flask was loosely closed, ambient air or 5.0% CO2-air remained in the inner space of the cultureware. We placed an O2 sensor on the lid of a culture dish (90 mm diameter, 10 mm height) or on the body of a culture flask (250 ml) to measure the ventilation velocity between the outer and inner spaces of the cultureware. As shown in Fig. 7, when the lid is held in the normal position and placed in the culture gas containing 2.0% O2, it took more than 40 min for equilibration, despite the inner space volume being only about 60 ml. When the lid was held over the spacers (2 mm and 7 mm in height), the time for equilibration was again shortened to 20 min. If the cells demand a faster velocity of ventilation, a lid made out of gas-permeable materials should be used, or cultureware without lids should be used. A flask with a screw cap has a larger void volume than that of a dish, and, hence, more reliable results were obtained using a flask. The cap of the flask was opened in ambient air and closed loosely. When the flask was placed in the culture-gas environment, the ventilation velocity was found to be extremely low, and it took more than 20 h to attain equilibration (Fig. 8-A). Moreover, the same duration was required for gas leakage, which served as a reversal process (Fig. 8-B). We examined purging of ambient air with anoxic gas in the same manner as described in Fig. 6. A needle was inserted in the cap as a gas injection port, and the flask was capped loosely (Fig. 8). The flushing (500 ml/min) of anoxic gas obviously accelerated the ventilation, and the oxygen level returned to 2.0% within 4 min (Fig. 8-C). This result suggested that the conventional use of a flask with a loose cap, which is subsequently placed in the CO2 incubator, is unfavorable for primary and stem cells, which were intolerant to prolonged changes in pH and PO2. An air-tight plastic vessel often suffers from gas leakage through the sealant of wide open-mouthed containers as well as due to the gas permeability of materials. After the cap was closed, the gas phase was recovered by flushing (Fig. 6), and a minimum amount of culture gas (10 ml/min) was supplied constantly (Fig. 9-A) or intermittently (Fig. 9-B) in order to maintain positive pressure. The constant supply of culture gas held PO2 steady, whereas the intermittent supply caused narrow, wave-like changes due to gas leakage, although their margins of fluctuation were not so much different from each other. The intermittent supply saved gas consumption. The computer-assisted programmable system allowed greater flexibility to evaluate optimum environmental settings. Fig. 10 shows a time-course model of switching of the gas phase with intermittent gas supply.
Effect of gap between lid and culture dish on ventilation velocity
Ventilation velocity of loose cap flask and effects of purging with anoxic gas
Time-course changes in O2 concentration during constant and intermittent gas supply
A model of computer-assisted programmable intermittent gas supply
The 16 capsules placed in the culture bath (Figs. 1 and 5) were used as a multivariate assessment system to determine the optimal formula corresponding to the narrow range between hyperoxia and hypoxia. Fig. 11 presents the model usage to optimize the combination of three parameters, namely the four premixed gases with 0% to 6.0% O2 and the dosage of two constituents. For example, the capsule at the right edge/bottom line the combination of the constituent α, dose 4 and the constituent β, dose 5/6.0% O2. The formula of widely used media (for example, RPMI and MEM) has been established more than half of a century ago; at that time, the multifaceted pharmacological actions and the concept of genotoxicity of some constituents had not yet been established. Amino acids are often added as supplements in the media, some of which serve as the most abundant neurotransmitters in the brain. Amino acids are responsible for almost all rapid signaling between neurons. For example, glutamate is used as a nitrogen source to promote the syntheses of proteins and nucleic acids, and it is the major excitatory neurotransmitter that is distributed in all regions of the brain ([50]. Inadequate dosing causes glutamate-induced excitotoxicity ([51]. Extracellular ATP ([52], while the decomposed species, adenosine [53], is responsible for calcium channel regulation. It is very important to evaluate whether target cells are pharmacologically sensitive to some of the constituents as well as to impurities and their degraded agents. Moreover, it is important to note that the term “sensitive” includes genotoxicity.
Multivariate assessment of environmental settings
To date faster proliferation has often been associated with the optimum culture environment, we have to investigate minutely whether this enhanced proliferation is not caused by genetic transformation or malignant changes or not. The present review dealt with “cell handling and culture under controlled oxygen concentration”. The precision control of oxygen to determine the narrow range between hyperoxia and hypoxia is likely to play an important role in ensuring the safety of cell cultures, especially for primary and stem cells.
The purpose of this introductory chapter is to define and integrate previous research on negative organizational structures and destructive leadership in order to understand how negative organizational features can be framing factors for negative leadership behavior. This is a necessary theoretical grip in order to fully understand the dark sides of organizational and individual behavior at the workplace in general.
\nNegative aspects of organizational structures have been previously studied in the area of management and organizational behavior and slightly within the area of destructive leadership [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. However, the focus has primarily been either on the individual level or on the structures within the organization. For example, there are studies of the impact of adverse working conditions in terms of health [6] and job satisfaction [7]. Other studies focusing on individual organizational members suggest that organizational dysfunction is the result of dysfunctional individual behavior as shown in organizational settings [8]. Besides the impact of the individual on organizational challenges, the other widely studied aspect in relation to dysfunctional organizational aspects is organizational culture [9]. This is essentially an endogenous explanation. Researchers draw similarities between dysfunctional organizations and dysfunctional individuals arguing that culture is a pivotal factor in how organizations function internally. Similarly, organizational culture is seen in many studies as that which creates or destroys an organization [8]. Despite such interest and attempts to understand organizational culture and its role in managing organizational challenges, we still know little about the processes that spur dysfunctional organizational behavior—the exogenous factors—and how it affects individuals within the organization.
\nPrevious studies have primarily focused on the leader’s impact on the ability of follower’s acceptance of organizational change and management of organizational challenges [10]. Other researchers [11] suggest that leaders need to take a bigger responsibility and assume the role of chief architect of the organizational change process. But one question that remains is how organizational dark sides interplay with destructive leadership. First, we will provide a short presentation of organizational dark sides followed by definitions of destructive leadership.
\nPrevious organizational studies have for decades focused on anorexic, narcissistic, and greedy organizations in order to explain organizational effectiveness and/or the well-being of the organizational members. Narcissistic organizations are characterized by many destructive behaviors denying facts about themselves or using propaganda campaigns. Organizations, just as humans, are able to develop justifications for their actions, to self-aggrandize by claiming their exclusivity, and so on. In anorexic organizations, staffing and material resources are kept to a minimum, and in greedy organizations, greater demands are made on individual stress coping, emotion management, competence, long working hours, constant availability, fixed-term employment contracts, and higher commitment. The common denominator for all three organizational dark sides is that organizations put high demands but offer their organizational members less in return. This can not only be a result of poor decision-making and destructive leadership but also as a consequence of political decisions, uncertainty, and insecurity outside the organization, bad organizational culture, and less transparency (see more information in [12]). Sometimes, negative organizational characteristics tend to be confused with destructive leadership behavior, as it is easier to look for scapegoats among individuals then for structural problems which may be the antecedents for negative organizational behavior. To avoid further confusion, we will provide contemporary definitions of destructive leadership.
\nThere are several proposed definitions of destructive leadership. One of the first established definitions of destructive leadership was suggested by Einarsen and colleagues [3, 13]. They state that destructive leadership could be defined as “the systematic and repeated behaviour by a leader, supervisor or manager that violates the legitimate interest of the organisation by undermining and/or sabotaging the organisation’s goals, tasks, resources, and effectiveness and/or the motivation, well-being or job satisfaction of subordinates” ([3], p. 208). The definition was later developed by Krasikova, Green, and LeBreton [14] suggesting that destructive leadership should be regarded as harmful behavior imbedded in the process of leading (and by excluding behaviors falling under counterproductive work behavior), distinguishing between encouraging subordinates to follow destructive goals and using destructive methods to influence with subordinates, and by viewing destructive leadership as volitional behavior. Schyns and Schilling [15] proposed another definition arguing that destructive leadership is “a process in which over a longer period of time the activities, experiences and/or relationships of an individual or the members of a group are repeatedly influenced by their supervisor in a way that is perceived as hostile and/or obstructive” ([15], p. 141). As noticed, there is a disagreement about whether or not intent should be regarded when it comes to destructive leadership. Does the leader need to have a negative intent in order for the behavior to be perceived as destructive? Several researchers argue that the intent is of less importance. Rather, it is the consequences of the behavior that matter [16, 17, 18].
\nAnother issue dividing the research field is whether passive leadership behaviors should be regarded as destructive. Some debate that a concept should not be defined by its consequences and that passive behaviors are ineffective, not destructive. Others call to attention the negative consequences of passive behaviors and, in the light of the view that intent is of less importance, argue that it is a form of destructive leadership; see, for example, [16, 18].
\nWhat are the underlying factors to why leaders engage in destructive leadership behaviors? For some leaders, the answers can be found in negative personality traits (e.g., narcissism or psychopathy). In other cases, stress and heavy workload have been suggested to be the reasons [16]. Therefore, leaders working in anorexic or greedy organizations may more often use destructive leadership behaviors. It has also been argued that organizational structures and norms can be the cause of destructive leadership. In these cases, the leader may not be prone to use destructive behaviors but the behaviors are rather a consequence of organizational structures, etc. It can be assumed that the occurrence of destructive leadership is more common in some organizations than in others. Research indicates that co-workers in hierarchical organizations (like the armed forces) have a more negative view of the organization if their immediate leader is a destructive leader. This is related to the leader’s behavior being perceived to be sanctioned from higher leaders [15]. Research also suggests that destructive leadership is more common in organizations that are characterized by structural and organizational instability [19, 20], insecurity/perceived risk [21], and great freedom of action; in organizations with limited control mechanisms and high growth; and in rapidly transforming industries [22]. Organizations without established ethical norms and guidelines are also pinpointed as contributing to destructive leadership behaviors. In the light of these suggestions, it appears as organizational structures may be a contributing cause to why leaders use destructive leadership behaviors.
\nAs shown above, there appear to be several relationships between organizational behavior and destructive leadership behaviors. However, the characteristics of these relationships needs more research. Do organizations “create” destructive leaders or do destructive leaders contribute to destructive organizations?
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",metaTitle:"Advantages of Publishing with IntechOpen",metaDescription:"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. \n\n ",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"We have more than a decade of experience in Open Access publishing. The advantages of publishing with IntechOpen include:
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\n\nOur platform – IntechOpen is the world’s leading publisher of OA books, built by scientists, for scientists.
\n\nOur reputation – Everything we publish goes through a two-stage peer review process. We’re proud to count Nobel laureates among our esteemed authors. We meet European Commission standards for funding, and the research we’ve published has been funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust, among others. IntechOpen is a member of all relevant trade associations (including the STM Association and the Association of Learned and Professional Society Publishers) and has a selection of books indexed in Web of Science's Book Citation Index.
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\n\nOur reach – Our books have more than 130 million downloads and more than 108,170 Web of Science citations. We increase citations via indexing in all the major databases, including the Book Citation Index at Web of Science and Google Scholar.
\n\nOur services – The support we offer our authors and editors is second to none. Each book in our program receives the following:
\n\nOur end-to-end publishing service frees our authors and editors to focus on what matters: research. We empower them to shape their fields and connect with the global scientific community.
\n\n"In developing countries until now, advancement in science has been very limited, because insufficient economic resources are dedicated to science and education. These limitations are more marked when the scientists are women. In order to develop science in the poorest countries and decrease the gender gap that exists in scientific fields, Open Access networks like IntechOpen are essential. Free access to scientific research could contribute to ameliorating difficult life conditions and breaking down barriers." Marquidia Pacheco, National Institute for Nuclear Research (ININ), Mexico
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She performed research in perioperative autotransfusion and obtained the degree of PhD in 1993 publishing Peri-operative autotransfusion by means of a blood cell separator.\nBlood transfusion had her special interest being the president of the Haemovigilance Chamber TRIP and performing several tasks in local and national blood bank and anticoagulant-blood transfusion guidelines committees. Currently, she is working as an associate professor and up till recently was the dean at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital Dordrecht. She performed (inter)national tasks as vice-president of the Concilium Anaesthesia and related committees. \nShe performed research in several fields, with over 100 publications in (inter)national journals and numerous papers on scientific conferences. \nShe received several awards and is a member of Honour of the Dutch Society of Anaesthesia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Albert Schweitzer Hospital",country:{name:"Gabon"}}},{id:"83089",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Ojule",slug:"aaron-ojule",fullName:"Aaron Ojule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Port Harcourt",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"295748",title:"Mr.",name:"Abayomi",middleName:null,surname:"Modupe",slug:"abayomi-modupe",fullName:"Abayomi Modupe",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/no_image.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Landmark University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"94191",title:"Prof.",name:"Abbas",middleName:null,surname:"Moustafa",slug:"abbas-moustafa",fullName:"Abbas Moustafa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94191/images/96_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Moustafa got his doctoral degree in earthquake engineering and structural safety from Indian Institute of Science in 2002. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Civil Engineering, Minia University, Egypt and the chairman of Department of Civil Engineering, High Institute of Engineering and Technology, Giza, Egypt. He is also a consultant engineer and head of structural group at Hamza Associates, Giza, Egypt. Dr. Moustafa was a senior research associate at Vanderbilt University and a JSPS fellow at Kyoto and Nagasaki Universities. He has more than 40 research papers published in international journals and conferences. He acts as an editorial board member and a reviewer for several regional and international journals. His research interest includes earthquake engineering, seismic design, nonlinear dynamics, random vibration, structural reliability, structural health monitoring and uncertainty modeling.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Minia University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"84562",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbyssinia",middleName:null,surname:"Mushunje",slug:"abbyssinia-mushunje",fullName:"Abbyssinia Mushunje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Fort Hare",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"202206",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Abd Elmoniem",middleName:"Ahmed",surname:"Elzain",slug:"abd-elmoniem-elzain",fullName:"Abd Elmoniem Elzain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kassala University",country:{name:"Sudan"}}},{id:"98127",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdallah",middleName:null,surname:"Handoura",slug:"abdallah-handoura",fullName:"Abdallah Handoura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Supérieure des Télécommunications",country:{name:"Morocco"}}},{id:"91404",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdecharif",middleName:null,surname:"Boumaza",slug:"abdecharif-boumaza",fullName:"Abdecharif Boumaza",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Abbès Laghrour University of Khenchela",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"105795",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Ghani",middleName:null,surname:"Aissaoui",slug:"abdel-ghani-aissaoui",fullName:"Abdel Ghani Aissaoui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/105795/images/system/105795.jpeg",biography:"Abdel Ghani AISSAOUI is a Full Professor of electrical engineering at University of Bechar (ALGERIA). He was born in 1969 in Naama, Algeria. He received his BS degree in 1993, the MS degree in 1997, the PhD degree in 2007 from the Electrical Engineering Institute of Djilali Liabes University of Sidi Bel Abbes (ALGERIA). He is an active member of IRECOM (Interaction Réseaux Electriques - COnvertisseurs Machines) Laboratory and IEEE senior member. He is an editor member for many international journals (IJET, RSE, MER, IJECE, etc.), he serves as a reviewer in international journals (IJAC, ECPS, COMPEL, etc.). He serves as member in technical committee (TPC) and reviewer in international conferences (CHUSER 2011, SHUSER 2012, PECON 2012, SAI 2013, SCSE2013, SDM2014, SEB2014, PEMC2014, PEAM2014, SEB (2014, 2015), ICRERA (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018,-2019), etc.). His current research interest includes power electronics, control of electrical machines, artificial intelligence and Renewable energies.",institutionString:"University of Béchar",institution:{name:"University of Béchar",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"99749",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel Hafid",middleName:null,surname:"Essadki",slug:"abdel-hafid-essadki",fullName:"Abdel Hafid Essadki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie",country:{name:"Algeria"}}},{id:"101208",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdel Karim",middleName:"Mohamad",surname:"El Hemaly",slug:"abdel-karim-el-hemaly",fullName:"Abdel Karim El Hemaly",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/101208/images/733_n.jpg",biography:"OBGYN.net Editorial Advisor Urogynecology.\nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly, MRCOG, FRCS � Egypt.\n \nAbdel Karim M. A. El-Hemaly\nProfessor OB/GYN & Urogynecology\nFaculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University \nPersonal Information: \nMarried with two children\nWife: Professor Laila A. Moussa MD.\nSons: Mohamad A. M. El-Hemaly Jr. MD. Died March 25-2007\nMostafa A. M. El-Hemaly, Computer Scientist working at Microsoft Seatle, USA. \nQualifications: \n1.\tM.B.-Bch Cairo Univ. June 1963. \n2.\tDiploma Ob./Gyn. Cairo Univ. April 1966. \n3.\tDiploma Surgery Cairo Univ. Oct. 1966. \n4.\tMRCOG London Feb. 1975. \n5.\tF.R.C.S. Glasgow June 1976. \n6.\tPopulation Study Johns Hopkins 1981. \n7.\tGyn. Oncology Johns Hopkins 1983. \n8.\tAdvanced Laparoscopic Surgery, with Prof. Paulson, Alexandria, Virginia USA 1993. \nSocieties & Associations: \n1.\t Member of the Royal College of Ob./Gyn. London. \n2.\tFellow of the Royal College of Surgeons Glasgow UK. \n3.\tMember of the advisory board on urogyn. FIGO. \n4.\tMember of the New York Academy of Sciences. \n5.\tMember of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. \n6.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in the World� from the 16th edition to the 20th edition. \n7.\tFeatured in �Who is Who in Science and Engineering� in the 7th edition. \n8.\tMember of the Egyptian Fertility & Sterility Society. \n9.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Ob./Gyn. \n10.\tMember of the Egyptian Society of Urogyn. \n\nScientific Publications & Communications:\n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asim Kurjak, Ahmad G. Serour, Laila A. S. Mousa, Amr M. Zaied, Khalid Z. El Sheikha. \nImaging the Internal Urethral Sphincter and the Vagina in Normal Women and Women Suffering from Stress Urinary Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol18, No 4; 169-286 October-December 2009.\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nFecal Incontinence, A Novel Concept: The Role of the internal Anal sphincter (IAS) in defecation and fecal incontinence. Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 2; 79-85 April -June 2010.\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A. S. Mousa Ibrahim M. Kandil, Fatma S. El Sokkary, Ahmad G. Serour, Hossam Hussein.\nSurgical Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, Fecal Incontinence and Vaginal Prolapse By A Novel Operation \n"Urethro-Ano-Vaginoplasty"\n Gynaecologia Et Perinatologia, Vol19, No 3; 129-188 July-September 2010.\n4- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n5- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n6- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n7-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n9-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n10-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n11-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n12- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n13-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n15-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n\n16-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n17- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n18-Maternal Mortality in Egypt, a cry for help and attention. The Second International Conference of the African Society of Organization & Gestosis, 1998, 3rd Annual International Conference of Ob/Gyn Department � Sohag Faculty of Medicine University. Feb. 11-13. Luxor, Egypt. \n19-Postmenopausal Osteprosis. The 2nd annual conference of Health Insurance Organization on Family Planning and its role in primary health care. Zagaziz, Egypt, February 26-27, 1997, Center of Complementary Services for Maternity and childhood care. \n20-Laparoscopic Assisted vaginal hysterectomy. 10th International Annual Congress Modern Trends in Reproductive Techniques 23-24 March 1995. Alexandria, Egypt. \n21-Immunological Studies in Pre-eclamptic Toxaemia. Proceedings of 10th Annual Ain Shams Medical Congress. Cairo, Egypt, March 6-10, 1987. \n22-Socio-demographic factorse affecting acceptability of the long-acting contraceptive injections in a rural Egyptian community. Journal of Biosocial Science 29:305, 1987. \n23-Plasma fibronectin levels hypertension during pregnancy. The Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 13:1, 17-21, Jan. 1987. \n24-Effect of smoking on pregnancy. Journal of Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 111-121, Sept 1986. \n25-Socio-demographic aspects of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 35-42, Sept. 1986. \n26-Effect of intrapartum oxygen inhalation on maternofetal blood gases and pH. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:3, 57-64, Sept. 1986. \n27-The effect of severe pre-eclampsia on serum transaminases. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 479-485, 1986. \n28-A study of placental immunoreceptors in pre-eclampsia. The Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 7(2): 211-216, 1986. \n29-Serum human placental lactogen (hpl) in normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women, during pregnancy and its relation to the outcome of pregnancy. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:2, 11-23, May 1986. \n30-Pregnancy specific B1 Glycoprotein and free estriol in the serum of normal, toxaemic and diabetic pregnant women during pregnancy and after delivery. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 12:1, 63-70, Jan. 1986. Also was accepted and presented at Xith World Congress of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Berlin (West), September 15-20, 1985. \n31-Pregnancy and labor in women over the age of forty years. Accepted and presented at Al-Azhar International Medical Conference, Cairo 28-31 Dec. 1985. \n32-Effect of Copper T intra-uterine device on cervico-vaginal flora. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 23:2, 153-156, April 1985. \n33-Factors affecting the occurrence of post-Caesarean section febrile morbidity. Population Sciences, 6, 139-149, 1985. \n34-Pre-eclamptic toxaemia and its relation to H.L.A. system. Population Sciences, 6, 131-139, 1985. \n35-The menstrual pattern and occurrence of pregnancy one year after discontinuation of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as a postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 105-111, 1985. \n36-The menstrual pattern and side effects of Depo-medroxy progesterone acetate as postpartum contraceptive. Population Sciences, 6, 97-105, 1985. \n37-Actinomyces in the vaginas of women with and without intrauterine contraceptive devices. Population Sciences, 6, 77-85, 1985. \n38-Comparative efficacy of ibuprofen and etamsylate in the treatment of I.U.D. menorrhagia. Population Sciences, 6, 63-77, 1985. \n39-Changes in cervical mucus copper and zinc in women using I.U.D.�s. Population Sciences, 6, 35-41, 1985. \n40-Histochemical study of the endometrium of infertile women. Egypt. J. Histol. 8(1) 63-66, 1985. \n41-Genital flora in pre- and post-menopausal women. Egypt. J. Med. Sci. 4(2), 165-172, 1983. \n42-Evaluation of the vaginal rugae and thickness in 8 different groups. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 9:2, 101-114, May 1983. \n43-The effect of menopausal status and conjugated oestrogen therapy on serum cholesterol, triglycerides and electrophoretic lipoprotein patterns. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 12:2, 113-119, April 1983. \n44-Laparoscopic ventrosuspension: A New Technique. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 20, 129-31, 1982. \n45-The laparoscope: A useful diagnostic tool in general surgery. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:4, 397-401, Oct. 1982. \n46-The value of the laparoscope in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary. Al-Azhar Medical Journal, 11:2, 153-159, April 1982. \n47-An anaesthetic approach to the management of eclampsia. Ain Shams Medical Journal, accepted for publication 1981. \n48-Laparoscopy on patients with previous lower abdominal surgery. Fertility management edited by E. Osman and M. Wahba 1981. \n49-Heart diseases with pregnancy. Population Sciences, 11, 121-130, 1981. \n50-A study of the biosocial factors affecting perinatal mortality in an Egyptian maternity hospital. Population Sciences, 6, 71-90, 1981. \n51-Pregnancy Wastage. Journal of the Egypt. Soc. of Ob./Gyn. 11:3, 57-67, Sept. 1980. \n52-Analysis of maternal deaths in Egyptian maternity hospitals. Population Sciences, 1, 59-65, 1979. \nArticles published on OBGYN.net: \n1- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Laila A. S. Mousa and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\nUrethro-vaginoplasty, an innovated operation for the treatment of: Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI), Detursor Overactivity (DO), Mixed Urinary Incontinence and Anterior Vaginal Wall Descent. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/ urethro-vaginoplasty_01\n\n2- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamed M. Radwan.\n Urethro-raphy a new technique for surgical management of Stress Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/\nnew-tech-urethro\n\n3- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk, Nabil Abdel Maksoud H., Mohamad M. Radwan, Khalid Z. El Shieka, Mohamad A. K. M. El Hemaly, and Ahmad T. El Saban.\nUrethro-raphy The New Operation for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence, SUI, detrusor instability, DI, and mixed-type of urinary incontinence; short and long term results. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=urogyn/articles/\nurethroraphy-09280\n\n4-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Ibrahim M Kandil, and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. Menopause, and Voiding troubles. \nhttp://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly03/el-hemaly03-ss\n\n5-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A. Micturition and Urinary\tContinence. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1996; 42: 291-2. \n\n6-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly.\n Urinary incontinence in gynecology, a review article.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/abs-urinary_incotinence_gyn_ehemaly \n\n7-El Hemaly AKMA. Nocturnal Enuresis: Pathogenesis and Treatment. \nInt Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1998;9: 129-31.\n \n8-El Hemaly AKMA, Mousa L.A.E. Stress Urinary Incontinence, a New Concept. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 68: 129-35. \n\n9- El Hemaly AKMA, Kandil I. M. Stress Urinary Incontinence SUI facts and fiction. Is SUI a puzzle?! http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly/el-hemaly-ss\n\n10-Abdel Karim El Hemaly, Nabil Abdel Maksoud, Laila A. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Asem Anwar, M.A.K El Hemaly and Bahaa E. El Mohamady. \nEvidence based Facts on the Pathogenesis and Management of SUI. http://www.obgyn.net/displayppt.asp?page=/English/pubs/features/presentations/El-Hemaly02/el-hemaly02-ss\n\n11- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Mohamad A. Rizk and Mohamad A.K.M.El Hemaly.\n Urethro-plasty, a Novel Operation based on a New Concept, for the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence, S.U.I., Detrusor Instability, D.I., and Mixed-type of Urinary Incontinence.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogyn/urogyn.asp?page=/urogyn/articles/urethro-plasty_01\n\n12-Ibrahim M. Kandil, Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly, Mohamad M. Radwan: Ultrasonic Assessment of the Internal Urethral Sphincter in Stress Urinary Incontinence. The Internet Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003. Volume 2 Number 1. \n\n13-Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: A Novel Concept on its pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecolgy/?page=articles/nocturnal_enuresis\n\n14- Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly. Nocturnal Enureses: An Update on the pathogenesis and Treatment.\nhttp://www.obgyn.net/urogynecology/?page=/ENHLIDH/PUBD/FEATURES/\nPresentations/ Nocturnal_Enuresis/nocturnal_enuresis",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Al Azhar University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"113313",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdel-Aal",middleName:null,surname:"Mantawy",slug:"abdel-aal-mantawy",fullName:"Abdel-Aal Mantawy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:5681},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5161},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:1683},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:10200},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:886},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:15610}],offset:12,limit:12,total:1683},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"10542",title:"Molecular Epidemiology Study of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"29279e34f971687dc28de62534335ac4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10542.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10552",title:"Montmorillonite",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c4a279761f0bb046af95ecd32ab09e51",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Faheem Uddin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10552.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"228107",title:"Prof.",name:"Faheem",surname:"Uddin",slug:"faheem-uddin",fullName:"Faheem Uddin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10281",title:"Nanopores",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"73c465d2d70f8deca04b05d7ecae26c4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sadia Ameen, Dr. M. 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