Feature-based comparison of UAVs.
\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"},{slug:"intechopen-identified-as-one-of-the-most-significant-contributor-to-oa-book-growth-in-doab-20210809",title:"IntechOpen Identified as One of the Most Significant Contributors to OA Book Growth in DOAB"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8465",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Recent Trends in Computational Intelligence",title:"Recent Trends in Computational Intelligence",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Traditional models struggle to cope with complexity, noise, and the existence of a changing environment, while Computational Intelligence (CI) offers solutions to complicated problems as well as reverse problems. The main feature of CI is adaptability, spanning the fields of machine learning and computational neuroscience. CI also comprises biologically-inspired technologies such as the intellect of swarm as part of evolutionary computation and encompassing wider areas such as image processing, data collection, and natural language processing. This book aims to discuss the usage of CI for optimal solving of various applications proving its wide reach and relevance. Bounding of optimization methods and data mining strategies make a strong and reliable prediction tool for handling real-life applications.",isbn:"978-1-83880-706-1",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-705-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-707-8",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78839",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"recent-trends-in-computational-intelligence",numberOfPages:198,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ed1a280abdc24c8367170d2aff2d1a68",bookSignature:"Ali Sadollah and Tilendra Shishir Sinha",publishedDate:"May 6th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8465.jpg",numberOfDownloads:8004,numberOfWosCitations:12,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:32,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:65,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 13th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 17th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 16th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 4th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 4th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"147215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Sadollah",slug:"ali-sadollah",fullName:"Ali Sadollah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/147215/images/system/147215.jpeg",biography:"Ali Sadollah received his BSc degree in mechanical engineering, solid states, from Azad University, Semnan Branch, Iran in 2007 and MSc degree in mechanical engineering, applied mechanics, from the University of Semnan, Semnan, Iran in 2010. He obtained his Ph.D. at the Faculty of Engineering, the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2013. He has also served as a postdoctoral research fellow for more than 2 years at Korea University, Seoul, South Korea. In 2016, for a year, he served as a research staff member at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Afterward, he was a guest assistant professor at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran for 2 years. Currently, he is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran. His research interests include algorithm development, optimization and metaheuristics, applications of soft computing methods in engineering, artificial neural networks, and computational solid mechanics.",institutionString:"University of Science and Culture",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Science and Culture",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"39255",title:"Dr.",name:"Tilendra",middleName:"Shishir",surname:"Sinha",slug:"tilendra-sinha",fullName:"Tilendra Sinha",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39255/images/system/39255.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Tilendra Shishir Sinha, born in July 1968 in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, received his BE in Computer Technology from Nagpur University, Maharashtra, India, in 1992. He completed his MSc(Engineering) in Electrical Engineering (Power Electronics Specialization) from the National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India, in 2002. He moved on to complete his PhD(Engineering) in Computer Science & Engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal, India, in 2009. He has more than 25 years of experience in teaching, industry, and research. He is an IEEE member, ISTE member, and fellow member of IEI and Chartered Engineer in CSE. He has co-authored numerous publications in journals and conferences, and also published four book chapters in the area of natural language processing, speech processing, signal and image processing, information security, and cyber security. \nHis research interests include natural language processing, promoting global cyber security, information security through biometrical patterns, underwater objects detection and recognition, digital signal and morphological image processing, and applied engineering mathematics in various applications of core engineering.",institutionString:"Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"520",title:"Machine Learning",slug:"computer-and-information-science-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning"}],chapters:[{id:"71338",title:"Boundary Element Modeling and Optimization of Three Temperature Nonlinear Fractional Generalized Photo-Thermoelastic Interaction in Anisotropic Semiconductor Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91230",slug:"boundary-element-modeling-and-optimization-of-three-temperature-nonlinear-fractional-generalized-pho",totalDownloads:748,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main objective of this paper is to introduce a new fractional-order theory called nonlinear fractional generalized photo-thermoelasticity involving three temperatures. Due to strong nonlinearity, it is very difficult to solve the wave problems related to this theory analytically. Therefore, we propose a new boundary element algorithm and technique for simulation and optimization of the considered problems related to this theory. The genetic algorithm (GA) as an optimization method has been applied based on free form deformation (FFD) technique to improve the performance of our proposed technique. In the formulation of the considered problem, the profiles of the considered objects are determined by FFD technique, where the FFD control point positions are treated as genes, and then the chromosome profiles are defined with the gene sequence. The population is established by a number of individuals (chromosomes), where the objective functions of individuals are achieved by the boundary element method (BEM). A nonuniform rational B-spline curve (NURBS) was used to model optimized boundary where it reduces the number of control points and provides the flexibility to design several different shapes for solving the considered photo-thermoelastic wave problems. The numerical results verify the validity and accuracy of our proposed boundary element technique.",signatures:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71338",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71338",authors:[{id:"233766",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Abdelsabour",surname:"Fahmy",slug:"mohamed-abdelsabour-fahmy",fullName:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy"}],corrections:null},{id:"70944",title:"Using Discrete Geometric Models in an Automated Layout",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90941",slug:"using-discrete-geometric-models-in-an-automated-layout",totalDownloads:662,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The application of discrete (voxel) geometric models in computer-aided design problems is shown. In this case, the most difficult formalized task of computer-aided design is considered—computer-aided layout. The solution to this problem is most relevant when designing products with a high density of layout (primarily transport equipment). From a mathematical point of view, these are placement problems; therefore, their solution is based on the use of a geometric modeling apparatus. The basic provisions and features of discrete modeling of geometric objects, their place in the system of geometric modeling, the advantages and disadvantages of discrete geometric models, and their primary use are described. Their practical use in solving some of the practical problems of automated layout is shown. This is the definition of the embeddability of the placed objects and the task of tracing and evaluating the shading. Algorithms and features of their practical implementation are described. A numerical assessment of the accuracy and performance of the developed geometric modeling algorithms shows the possibility of their implementation even on modern computers of medium power. This allows us to hope for the integration of the developed layout algorithms into modern systems of solid-state geometric modeling in the form of plug-ins.",signatures:"Leonid V. Markin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70944",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70944",authors:[{id:"312671",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonid",surname:"Markin",slug:"leonid-markin",fullName:"Leonid Markin"}],corrections:null},{id:"69613",title:"Effective Pitch Value Detection in Noisy Intelligent Environments for Efficient Natural Language Processing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89697",slug:"effective-pitch-value-detection-in-noisy-intelligent-environments-for-efficient-natural-language-pro",totalDownloads:582,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The performance of applications based on natural language processing depends primarily on the environment in which these applications are applied. Intelligent environments will be one of the major applications used to process natural language. The methods for speaker’s gender classification can adapt and improve the performance of natural language processing applications. That is why, this chapter will present an effective speaker’s pitch value detection in noisy environments, which then allows more robust speaker’s gender classification. The chapter presents the algorithm for the speaker’s pitch value detection and performs the comparison in various noisy environments. The experiments are carried out on the part of the publically available Aurora 2 speech database. The results showed that the automatically determined pitch values deviate, on average, only by 8.39 Hz from the reference pitch value. A well-defined pitch value allows a functional speaker’s gender classification. In this chapter, presented speaker’s gender classification works well, even at low signal to noise ratios. The experiments show that the speaker’s gender classification performance at SNR 0 dB is higher than 91% when the automatically determined pitch value is used. Speaker’s gender classification can then be used further in the processes of natural language processing.",signatures:"Damjan Vlaj, Andrej Žgank and Marko Kos",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69613",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69613",authors:[{id:"306398",title:"Dr.",name:"Marko",surname:"Kos",slug:"marko-kos",fullName:"Marko Kos"},{id:"306773",title:"Dr.",name:"Damjan",surname:"Vlaj",slug:"damjan-vlaj",fullName:"Damjan Vlaj"},{id:"306776",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrej",surname:"Žgank",slug:"andrej-zgank",fullName:"Andrej Žgank"}],corrections:null},{id:"70393",title:"Classification Problem in Imbalanced Datasets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89603",slug:"classification-problem-in-imbalanced-datasets",totalDownloads:949,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Classification is a data mining task. It aims to extract knowledge from large datasets. There are two kinds of classification. The first one is known as complete classification, and it is applied to balanced datasets. However, when it is applied to imbalanced ones, it is called partial classification or a problem of classification in imbalanced datasets, which is a fundamental problem in machine learning, and it has received much attention. Considering the importance of this issue, a large amount of techniques have been proposed trying to address this problem. These proposals can be divided into three levels: the algorithm level, the data level, and the hybrid level. In this chapter, we will present the classification problem in imbalanced datasets, its domains of application, its appropriate measures of performances, and its approaches and techniques.",signatures:"Aouatef Mahani and Ahmed Riad Baba Ali",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70393",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70393",authors:[{id:"300915",title:"Dr.",name:"Aouatef",surname:"Mahani",slug:"aouatef-mahani",fullName:"Aouatef Mahani"},{id:"310335",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed Riadh",surname:"BABA ALI",slug:"ahmed-riadh-baba-ali",fullName:"Ahmed Riadh BABA ALI"}],corrections:null},{id:"71118",title:"Applications of Mining Arabic Text: A Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91275",slug:"applications-of-mining-arabic-text-a-review",totalDownloads:717,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Since the appearance of text mining, the Arabic language gained some interest in applying several text mining tasks over a text written in the Arabic language. There are several challenges faced by the researchers. These tasks include Arabic text summarization, which is one of the challenging open areas for research in natural language processing (NLP) and text mining fields, Arabic text categorization, and Arabic sentiment analysis. This chapter reviews some of the past and current researches and trends in these areas and some future challenges that need to be tackled. It also presents some case studies for two of the reviewed approaches.",signatures:"Qasem Al-Radaideh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71118",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71118",authors:[{id:"303628",title:"Prof.",name:"Qasem",surname:"AlRadaideh",slug:"qasem-alradaideh",fullName:"Qasem AlRadaideh"}],corrections:null},{id:"71286",title:"Categorizing Patient Disease into ICD-10 with Deep Learning for Semantic Text Classification",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91292",slug:"categorizing-patient-disease-into-icd-10-with-deep-learning-for-semantic-text-classification",totalDownloads:742,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"How to leverage insights into big electronic health records (EHRs) becomes increasingly important for accomplishing precision medicine to improve the quality of human healthcare. When analyzing big Chinese EHRs, there are a lot of applications that we need to categorize patients’ diseases according to the medical coding standard. In this paper, we develop natural language processing (NLP), deep learning, and machine learning algorithms to automatically categorize each patient’s individual diseases into the ICD-10 standard. Experimental results show that the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm outperforms the recurrent neural network (RNN)-based long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent unit (GRU) algorithms, and it generates much better results than the support vector machine (SVM), one of the most popular conventional machine learning algorithms, demonstrating the great impact of deep learning on medical big data analysis.",signatures:"Junmei Zhong and Xiu Yi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71286",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71286",authors:[{id:"306304",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Junmei",surname:"Zhong",slug:"junmei-zhong",fullName:"Junmei Zhong"}],corrections:null},{id:"71081",title:"Deep Learning Approach to Key Frame Detection in Human Action Videos",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91188",slug:"deep-learning-approach-to-key-frame-detection-in-human-action-videos",totalDownloads:814,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A key frame is a representative frame which includes the whole facts of the video collection. It is used for indexing, classification, evaluation, and retrieval of video. The existing algorithms generate relevant key frames, but additionally, they generate a few redundant key frames. A number of them are not capable of constituting the entire shot. In this chapter, an effective algorithm primarily based on the fusion of deep features and histogram has been proposed to overcome these issues. It extracts the maximum relevant key frames by way of eliminating the vagueness of the choice of key frames. It can be applied parallel and concurrently to the video sequence, which results in the reduction of computational and time complexity. The performance of this algorithm indicates its effectiveness in terms of relevant key frame extraction from videos.",signatures:"Ujwalla Gawande, Kamal Hajari and Yogesh Golhar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71081",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71081",authors:[{id:"312168",title:"Dr.",name:"Ujwalla",surname:"Gawande",slug:"ujwalla-gawande",fullName:"Ujwalla Gawande"},{id:"312350",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Hajari",slug:"kamal-hajari",fullName:"Kamal Hajari"},{id:"312351",title:"Prof.",name:"Yogesh",surname:"Golhar",slug:"yogesh-golhar",fullName:"Yogesh Golhar"}],corrections:null},{id:"68953",title:"Machine Translation and the Evaluation of Its Quality",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89063",slug:"machine-translation-and-the-evaluation-of-its-quality",totalDownloads:1482,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Machine translation has already become part of our everyday life. This chapter gives an overview of machine translation approaches. Statistical machine translation was a dominant approach over the past 20 years. It brought many cases of practical use. It is described in more detail in this chapter. Statistical machine translation is not equally successful for all language pairs. Highly inflectional languages are hard to process, especially as target languages. As statistical machine translation has almost reached the limits of its capacity, neural machine translation is becoming the technology of the future. This chapter also describes the evaluation of machine translation quality. It covers manual and automatic evaluations. Traditional and recently proposed metrics for automatic machine translation evaluation are described. Human translation still provides the best translation quality, but it is, in general, time-consuming and expensive. Integration of human and machine translation is a promising workflow for the future. Machine translation will not replace human translation, but it can serve as a tool to increase productivity in the translation process.",signatures:"Mirjam Sepesy Maučec and Gregor Donaj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68953",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68953",authors:[{id:"305414",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mirjam",surname:"Sepesy Maučec",slug:"mirjam-sepesy-maucec",fullName:"Mirjam Sepesy Maučec"},{id:"309288",title:"Dr.",name:"Gregor",surname:"Donaj",slug:"gregor-donaj",fullName:"Gregor Donaj"}],corrections:null},{id:"70785",title:"Pedestrian Detection and Tracking in Video Surveillance System: Issues, Comprehensive Review, and Challenges",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90810",slug:"pedestrian-detection-and-tracking-in-video-surveillance-system-issues-comprehensive-review-and-chall",totalDownloads:1309,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:10,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Pedestrian detection and monitoring in a surveillance system are critical for numerous utility areas which encompass unusual event detection, human gait, congestion or crowded vicinity evaluation, gender classification, fall detection in elderly humans, etc. Researchers’ primary focus is to develop surveillance system that can work in a dynamic environment, but there are major issues and challenges involved in designing such systems. These challenges occur at three different levels of pedestrian detection, viz. video acquisition, human detection, and its tracking. The challenges in acquiring video are, viz. illumination variation, abrupt motion, complex background, shadows, object deformation, etc. Human detection and tracking challenges are varied poses, occlusion, crowd density area tracking, etc. These results in lower recognition rate. A brief summary of surveillance system along with comparisons of pedestrian detection and tracking technique in video surveillance is presented in this chapter. The publicly available pedestrian benchmark databases as well as the future research directions on pedestrian detection have also been discussed.",signatures:"Ujwalla Gawande, Kamal Hajari and Yogesh Golhar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70785",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70785",authors:[{id:"312168",title:"Dr.",name:"Ujwalla",surname:"Gawande",slug:"ujwalla-gawande",fullName:"Ujwalla Gawande"},{id:"312350",title:"Mr.",name:"Kamal",surname:"Hajari",slug:"kamal-hajari",fullName:"Kamal Hajari"},{id:"312351",title:"Prof.",name:"Yogesh",surname:"Golhar",slug:"yogesh-golhar",fullName:"Yogesh Golhar"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6806",title:"Fuzzy Logic Based in Optimization Methods and Control Systems and Its Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fedf4479b910cbcee3025e391f073417",slug:"fuzzy-logic-based-in-optimization-methods-and-control-systems-and-its-applications",bookSignature:"Ali Sadollah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6806.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Sadollah",slug:"ali-sadollah",fullName:"Ali Sadollah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7607",title:"Recent Trends in Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"from Training to Prediction",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b7f92b054dddc49df32d4f9c9e71507c",slug:"recent-trends-in-artificial-neural-networks-from-training-to-prediction",bookSignature:"Ali Sadollah and Carlos M. Travieso-Gonzalez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7607.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"147215",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",surname:"Sadollah",slug:"ali-sadollah",fullName:"Ali Sadollah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"897",title:"Theory and New Applications of Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d7c48df7acdee1e198609c98c615049",slug:"theory-and-new-applications-of-swarm-intelligence",bookSignature:"Rafael Parpinelli and Heitor S. Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/897.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"23169",title:"Dr.",name:"Rafael",surname:"Parpinelli",slug:"rafael-parpinelli",fullName:"Rafael Parpinelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3765",title:"Computer Vision",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fc81a923de25eb06b36c6f06b7114cf2",slug:"computer_vision",bookSignature:"Xiong Zhihui",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3765.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"134278",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhihui",surname:"Xiong",slug:"zhihui-xiong",fullName:"Zhihui Xiong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1931",title:"Intelligent Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e6a8bfa3bc18a672a9cb2c28071618e1",slug:"intelligent-systems",bookSignature:"Vladimir Mikhailovich Koleshko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1931.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"114576",title:"Prof.",name:"Vladimir M.",surname:"Koleshko",slug:"vladimir-m.-koleshko",fullName:"Vladimir M. Koleshko"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"24",title:"Advances in Reinforcement Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"advances-in-reinforcement-learning",bookSignature:"Abdelhamid Mellouk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/24.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13633",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhamid",surname:"Mellouk",slug:"abdelhamid-mellouk",fullName:"Abdelhamid Mellouk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3761",title:"Theory and Novel Applications of Machine Learning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2703f4beb52021731818c16292070f66",slug:"theory_and_novel_applications_of_machine_learning",bookSignature:"Meng Joo Er and Yi Zhou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3761.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"121367",title:"Dr.",name:"Er",surname:"Meng Joo",slug:"er-meng-joo",fullName:"Er Meng Joo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3591",title:"Advances in Speech Recognition",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"898096fb5f805361fb323f5492cd9075",slug:"advances-in-speech-recognition",bookSignature:"Noam Shabtai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10114",title:"Mr.",name:"Noam",surname:"Shabtai",slug:"noam-shabtai",fullName:"Noam Shabtai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6346",title:"Machine Learning",subtitle:"Advanced Techniques and Emerging Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e5c5c718397cebeff96dcb7a35b88f4",slug:"machine-learning-advanced-techniques-and-emerging-applications",bookSignature:"Hamed Farhadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6346.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"171143",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamed",surname:"Farhadi",slug:"hamed-farhadi",fullName:"Hamed Farhadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"850",title:"Human-Centric Machine Vision",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb922d441849d97d0f39989c3437ba69",slug:"human-centric-machine-vision",bookSignature:"Manuela Chessa, Fabio Solari and Silvio P. Sabatini",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/850.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13366",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabio",surname:"Solari",slug:"fabio-solari",fullName:"Fabio Solari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"66068",slug:"addendum-an-overview-of-pet-radiopharmaceuticals-in-clinical-use-regulatory-quality-and-pharmacopeia",title:"Addendum - An Overview of PET Radiopharmaceuticals in Clinical Use: Regulatory, Quality and Pharmacopeia Monographs of the United States and Europe",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66068.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66068",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66068",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66068",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66068",chapter:{id:"62269",slug:"an-overview-of-pet-radiopharmaceuticals-in-clinical-use-regulatory-quality-and-pharmacopeia-monograp",signatures:"Ya-Yao Huang",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2018",dateReviewed:"May 31st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 24th 2019",book:{id:"7373",title:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",slug:"nuclear-medicine-physics",publishedDate:"July 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad and Sajid Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7373.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"247754",title:"Prof.",name:"Ya-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Ya-Yao Huang",slug:"ya-yao-huang",email:"careyyh@ntuh.gov.tw",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"62269",slug:"an-overview-of-pet-radiopharmaceuticals-in-clinical-use-regulatory-quality-and-pharmacopeia-monograp",signatures:"Ya-Yao Huang",dateSubmitted:"February 25th 2018",dateReviewed:"May 31st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"July 24th 2019",book:{id:"7373",title:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",slug:"nuclear-medicine-physics",publishedDate:"July 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad and Sajid Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7373.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"247754",title:"Prof.",name:"Ya-Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Ya-Yao Huang",slug:"ya-yao-huang",email:"careyyh@ntuh.gov.tw",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"7373",title:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Nuclear Medicine Physics",slug:"nuclear-medicine-physics",publishedDate:"July 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Aamir Shahzad and Sajid Bashir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7373.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",middleName:null,surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"11813",leadTitle:null,title:"RNA Therapeutics - History, Design, Manufacturing, and Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"
\r\n\tThe development of RNA therapeutics has been an intense journey, with numerous stories of success and failure. The potential, and suitability, of recently discovered RNAs (for therapeutics), stemmed from several Nobel Prize-winning discoveries. Currently, novel RNA drugs are entering clinical trials almost daily. RNA therapeutics are chemically synthesized biomolecules with broad clinical applications, ranging from correcting inherited mutations, to treating cancer, and chronic conditions, improving organ transplant outcomes, and infectious disease prophylaxes.
\r\n\tRNA therapies evolved as profitable and widely applicable individualized treatment solutions. Moreover, RNA-based therapeutic vaccines (e.g., against SARS-CoV-2 infection) have been proven to be safe and effective, and several of them are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
\r\n\tThis book aims to present distinct classes of RNA therapeutics, ranging from single-stranded antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), and subclasses of RNA interferences (miRNAs and other RNAi), to in vitro transcribed mRNAs and RNA vaccines. Also, it will present some of the challenges in RNA drug engineering, delivery, and specificity. Additionally, the improvement of pharmacological effectiveness will be discussed. Monumental breakthroughs in molecular biology, computational chemistry, bioinformatics, and individualized genomics, which undoubtedly propelled RNA therapeutics through the commercialization stage, will also be examined in this book.
\r\n\tRNA therapeutics have had a significant impact on medicine, the economy, and overall public health; they are becoming prescription drugs, and this holds great promise for modernizing healthcare.
The bridge between chemistry and the day-to-day human life is always growing wider and stronger, and acetic acid is one of the perfect examples. Acetic acid is a clear liquid with a pungent odour, sharp taste, melting point of 16.73°C and boils at 117.9°C. Acetic acid, traditionally known as ‘vinegar’ is widely used as a food preservative, first discovered (c. 5000 BC) when unattended grape juice turned into wine. A famous physician Hippocrates II (c. 420 BC) used acetic acid to clean the wounds [1]. With direct and indirect applications of acetic acid, it has diversified into several chemical sectors such as food, pharma, chemical, textile, polymer, medicinal, cosmetics etc. Since then, acetic acid is proven to be a multi-application chemical building block resulting in ever-increasing demand. The production of acetic acid is expected to reach 18 million ton with an average growth of 5% per year [2, 3].
The overall routes for production and the applications of acetic acid are shown in Figure 1. Currently, the manufacturing demand is fulfilled via two main production routes, which are chemical and fermentative. Among the chemical manufacturing processes, the key processes are Cavita process (carbonylation of methanol), oxidation of aldehyde and oxidation of ethylene. The major players are BP chemicals and BASF, which follow carbonylation route. The major consumption of acetic acid mainly comes from the preparation of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM), acetic anhydride and C1-C4 acetates and it is used as a solvent in synthesis of terephthalic acid (PET). VAM is one of the main ingredients used in polymer industry with application as emulsifier, resins, as intermediate in surface coating agent, acrylic fiber and polymer wires. It is also used in textile industry to generate synthetic fibers as a result of condensation reaction. The other condensation reaction of acetic acid produces acetic anhydride used as typical acetylation agent, which is subsequently utilized to produce cellulose acetate, used in synthetic textiles and for silver-based photographic films. Most derived esters of acetic acid are ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate and propyl acetate, which are frequently used as solvents for inks, paints and coatings. Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent that is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallization to purify organic compounds. Several researchers are working on developing a sustainable process with the simple design to produce acetic acid that meets current demand. Several homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalytic systems are reported for the production of acetic acid with carbonylation process [4].
Commercial routes for synthesis of acetic acid and applications.
Acetic acid produced via fermentation route is mainly utilized in the food industry in the form of vinegar. Use of vinegar is more diversified these days, with more innovative ways to adjust and suit the current lifestyle and food culture. The different concentrations of acetic acid are used to sharpen the taste of food with a longer shelf life period and as a food preservative. Some new applications have also come such as edible and non-edible antimicrobial coating [5, 6].
This chapter reviews the current commercial processes for the synthesis of acetic acid to meet an ever-increasing global demand. The chapter also gives insight into the pros and cons associated with the process available and then how should we design a sustainable strategy to develop a simple commercial process. Further, the state of art to produce vinegar is discussed with exploitation as a multiapplication tool in the modern food industry.
Acetic acid is mainly produced via chemical route that involves homogeneous as well as heterogeneous catalytic methods. The carbonylation of methanol via Monsanto process is the most adopted route, which further evolved as Cavita process with a choice of catalysts and process intensification. In the recent decade, the fermentative approach has also gained attention; however the commercial approach is not established yet. The current trends in sustainable manufacturing demand an urgent paradigm shift to develop and pursue more sustainable routes to reduce environmental burden. An approach is also made with the development of membrane-based technology, which offers a very simple design with eco-friendly production [7].
Carbonylation process is a most employed commercial route for synthesis of acetic acid, also known as Monsanto process (Figure 2). Methanol and carbon monoxide are reacted in liquid phase in the presence of rhodium (Rh)-based catalyst at 150–200°C temperature and 30–50 bar pressure to produce acetic acid with 95% selectivity and 5% side products such as formic acid and formaldehyde [8]. Hydrogen iodide is used as an alkali promoter in this process. The reaction proceeds in liquid phase with methyl acetate as solvent using homogeneous catalyst. Controlled amount of water is required for the reaction, which is generated
Production of acetic acid by carbonylation method.
The safety and the environmental hazards arising from the current methods are a serious concern. Acetic acid is highly corrosive, and the production processes need to be more sustainable and environmentally benign by reducing the amount of energy required in production and subsequent separation technologies as well as using heterogeneous catalysts. The Japanese firm Chiyodo developed a heterogeneous Rh catalysed process, wherein Rh metal was immobilized on the vinyl-pyridine resin. The use of heterogeneous catalyst prevails the loss of catalyst in the liquid phase and facilitates easy separation from the reaction mixture. The amount of water used in the reaction is very low and thus the separation of water from acetic acid is more energy-efficient compared to the other processes mentioned.
Acetaldehyde oxidation was the predominant process followed for the synthesis of acetic acid, wherein acetaldehyde is first prepared by oxidation of ethylene using palladium and copper chloride and it was further oxidized to form acetic acid (Figure 3). The same process is reported using cobalt and chromium-based catalyst at 55 bar pressure and 150°C temperature. The one-step process for conversion of ethylene to acetic acid is also practised using lead and lead-platinum based catalyst at high pressure compared to the acetaldehyde oxidation process with a low yield of acetic acid [9].
Production of acetic acid by acetaldehyde oxidation.
Hydrocarbons derived from petroleum stock such as butane and naphtha are utilized to generate acetic acid using cobalt acetate and chromium acetate catalyst (Figure 4). The reaction proceeds at a comparatively higher temperature range (150–230°C) and pressure (50–60 bar). The process involves petroleum feedstock, which contains hydrocarbon mixture, which leads to the formation of other by-products such as acetone, formic acid, propionic acid along with acetic acid. Thus, this process fails to give pure acetic acid. This process is more suitable for manufacturing a mixture of volatile fatty acids.
Production of acetic acid by hydrocarbon oxidation.
Fermentative route is mostly adapted for the generation of food-grade acetic acid that is vinegar. This process mainly involves the use of renewable carbon resources such as apple, grape, pears, honey, cane, coconut, date, syrup cereals, hydrolysed starch, beer and wine [10]. The fermentation process is mainly divided into two steps: the treatment with yeast followed by acetic acid bacteria (AAB). Commercial production of vinegar is done via oxidative fermentation using AAB.
This method is well established, traditional and preferred for low-volume production of acetic acid. Derived from the French word Orléans, wooden barrels are used to ferment the feed in this process. This method is followed to prepare exotic brands of vinegar in different regions of the world with specific raw material available in the specific season. The traditional balsamic vinegar is produced in different parts of the world such as sherry from Spain, oxos from Greece, and Modena in Italy.
This process was developed to overcome the slow rate of acetification in Orleans process [11]. The process intensification was done to improve the acetic acid bacteria and substrate interaction. The alcoholic substrate was sprayed over the fermentation in continuous loop to achieve the desired concentration of acetic acid. The heat of the reaction was controlled by passing the air through the system. The process has the drawback of accumulating gelatinous material on the surface the membrane, which reduces the rate of reaction over the period.
This modern fermentation method is followed to produce vinegar in masses. This is the most widely method and has a high yield along with a fast rate of oxidation as compared to the previous method. This method is 30 times faster than the Orleans method with higher efficiency for production of acetic acid. This process requires comparatively small space with higher yields. The Fringe fermenter is used for this process to increase the rate of the acetification. The yield of acetic acid is 98%. The pure substrates are required to achieve the high quality of acetic acid. This fermentation process is much economical, of simple design with easy process control.
The Fermentation process for acetic acid is economically feasible with comparatively simple operations. The application of this process is very limited to the present global demand. Whereas, the conventional process involves several steps such as fractional distillation, condensation and crystallization, which add to the high machinery cost. The operating conditions are harsh considering the process temperature and pressure along with the corrosive nature of acetic acid [12]. The purification of acetic acid from water is a multi-step process consuming a high amount of energy, which makes overall process complex and critical. In addition to this, the process requires huge manpower with stringent safety protocols and norms.
Looking at the ever-increasing threats of global warming and ever-increasing global demand of acetic leads to an urgent need to develop a novel technological approach and sustainable feedstock for the generation of acetic acid. Even though many processes and technological developments are reported recently, they fail to sustain the production cost to profit margins. The separation of acetic acid remains the key issue to overcome the economical and energy consumption barriers. The different operations such as distillation, evaporation, absorption, filtration crystallization and alkali neutralization are time and energy consuming. Even though these processes involve multiple steps, the ever-growing demand forces to follow this path. On the other hand, fermentation process is reliable but cannot match the scale of current demand. Thus, the development of a novel route for generation or process intensification in separation can drastically reduce the overall production cost of acetic acid. Utilization of CO and CO2 as feedstock generated from natural gas can offer long-term sustainability of acetic acid production. This technology offers high purity of acetic acid with eco-friendly production. Furthermore, membrane-based separation processes can provide efficient way to produce acetic acid. The pathways are discussed briefly.
Utilization of CO2 and syngas can offer sustainable alternatives to produce acetic acid. BP has announced the breakthrough process, wherein, acetic acid will be manufactured from syngas as a feedstock derived from natural gas. This will give an alternative to SaaBre process that produces acetic acid in three integrated steps. The production of acetic acid from syngas will avoid the purification of CO and purchase of methanol. Though the technology is not fully developed, it provides better alternatives in terms of sustainability. Similarly, acetic acid can be synthesized via reacting CO2 and H2 to give methanol followed by subsequent carbonylation step. This route gives liberty to utilize CO2 as value-added feedstock.
The membrane technology can offer the separation of liquid, vapour and gas selectively with controlled mass transfer rates. These processes are easy to operate and simple to design. The technology can offer development on energy intensification. Several types of processes are reported based on the pore size of the membrane for separation of different components. These are namely microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membrane. The operating pressure (varying from 1 to 20 bar) of the system varies according the pore size of the membrane are used. Reverse osmosis is another membrane technology with non-porous membrane. This process operates at pressure more than 20 bar. The membrane technologies collectively can be applied in downstream processing for separation of acetic acid in chemical process as well as fermentation processes. The combination of fermenter with acetic acid permeable membrane can help in separation of acetic acid to avoid the self-inhibition.
Direct applications of acetic acid are reported from ancient times. It was used as a medicine and food preservative. Over the period, applications of acetic have diversified as per the demands of modern life. Using different concentrations, it is utilized in food additives, food preservation, antimicrobial agent, acidulant, flavour and taste enhancer, edible packaging material, artificial food ripening agent, etc. Some of the applications such as acidulant and as acetification agents are described in detail here.
Acetification is simply the bacterial oxidation of ethanol to produce acetic acid and water (Figure 5). The process is also termed as oxidative fermentation. The rate of the reaction in acetification mainly depends on the type of microorganism used to catalyse and the concentration of available oxygen in the media [13].
Production of acetic acid by fermentative oxidation of alcohol.
There are different types of microorganisms that occur naturally in food and are responsible for the different natural processes such as acetification, alcoholism, proteolysis and enzymatic reactions, which alter the natural condition of the food. This bioprocess technology is studied and systematically utilized to improve the quality of food s in terms of texture, taste, mouthfeel, colour and prolonged shelf life. The overall concept has grown into generating different types of food and beverages produced in a cheap and sustainable way.
Acetification of different food categories using acetic acid bacteria (AAB) has led to the production of several food products [14]. AAB are naturally found on fruits, flowers, and plants, which naturally react and convert carbohydrate sugars into organic acids in the presence of oxygen. The same concept is biotechnologically utilized to prepare a diverse variety of food and beverages.
Different parts of the world have utilized the acetification process to generate a variety of foods and beverages. The famous Lambic beer is produced from malted barley, aged dry hops and unmalted wheat. The different AAB and yeast are responsible for the generation of this beer, which is matured for over a period of 3 years. The typical acidic flavour of the beer is achieved with the help AAB together with lactic acid. The sparkling water is another famous example, which gives typical acidic and fruity flavour via fermentation of water and natural sucrose. Water kefir is one of the examples of such type. Kombucha is another type of beverage produced by oxidative fermentation. It is prepared from Kombucha (tea fungus), water and sugar. Similarly, Cocoa is fermented from cocoa beans with the help of AAB and yeast, which is used as raw material for chocolate production.
Acidulants are essential ingredients or additives that are generally used to improve the taste of food and make it sharper. There are naturally occurring acidulants such as acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid etc. having different taste profiles. Many fruits such as orange, lemon, apples, tomatoes and yogurt contain natural acids with the most common example being citric acid. Citric acid comes with lemon flavour, acetic acid with strong familiar vinegar flavour, tartaric acid gives sharp taste and lactic acid comes with a smooth taste [10]. Apart from taste enhancement, acidulants also act as a food preservative. The choice of the acidulant is usually made based on its characteristic flavour and the physical state and solubility. Some food formulations require solid acidulants. In general, inorganic acids such as sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, monosodium orthophosphate and diphosphates are used as dry acidulants in controlled concentrations. The composition of the acidulants is based on their selection and different concentrations calculated by total titratable acid. Acetic acid is mainly used in the form of vinegar with the pungent smell. As it appears in the liquid state, it is used as a preservative in pickles. It is also used in the manufacture of cheese to improve the shelf life period, good mouthfeel and taste [15].
Acidulants are also used as food coating, which may be edible or non-edible to prevent food from contamination with the surrounding environment, to protect it from bacterial infection and to improve the shelf life of the food. These films are easily biodegradable. The water-soluble non-edible coating is used for the packing of food [16]. The edible coating is used for breath freshening agent, in drug delivery and as flavour. Acetic acid is used in edible films to enhance sour flavour. Various compositions of acetic acid are used to develop antimicrobial food coating to stop the outgrowth of bacterial and fungal cells. It is also used in meat coating and preservation of meat products. The chitosan-based edible food coatings along with aqueous acetic acid are used to enhance anti-listerial activity.
Acetic acid is commonly used in medicine since ancient times. The low concentrations (3%) of acetic acid can be used as a local antiseptic against various microorganisms. Acetic acid is always considered as an alternative. It can be utilized as
Acetic acid has remained one of the key chemical molecules associated with human life. It is one of the main building blocks for developing several chemical entities. Cavita process shares a major part of the production to meet the global demand. The process utilizes methanol as a raw material, which is obtained from biogas. Though the process utilizes bio-derived feedstock, it utilizes high energy and manpower with multiple separation steps. The innovative and simple technologies for separation of acetic acid can improve the overall process. The other well-known process, that is, fermentative route, is slow and commercially unsuitable to meet the global demand. The fermentation process is globally followed to generate the food-grade acetic acid commonly known as vinegar. The demand for acetic acid will always keep growing, which necessitates the development of an eco-friendly process. Utilization of CO2 and syngas may offer excellent alternatives as a sustainable feedstock to develop innovative technologies to develop commercial processes. This offers development of 100% bio-derived feedstock process. Further, the modern food industry has come up with different innovative applications of the acetic acid in food preservations and improved quality of food.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the UK Catalysis hub and EPSRC for the project, ‘Catalysis at the Water-Energy Nexus: Energy and Fuels from wastewater’, R1043CCE, for postdoctoral funding for GD.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
An Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is a type of aircraft that operates without a human pilot on-board. There are different types of UAVs employed for different purposes. Originally, the technology was employed by the military for anti-aircraft target practice, intelligence gathering and surveillance of some enemy territories. The technology has however grown beyond its initial purpose and in recent years has gained prominence in different spheres of human endeavor. Advancements in technology has allowed for the increased adaptation of unmanned aerial vehicles for various purposes. Without an on-board pilot, UAVs are controlled either remotely by a pilot at a ground station or autonomously, steered by a pre-programmed flight plan.
\nThere is a huge potential for the application of UAVs in Agriculture. One such application is in accurate and evidence-based forecasting of farm produce using spatial data collected by the UAV. UAVs also allow farmers to observe their fields from the sky. This sky-view can reveal many issues on the farm, common among which is irrigation related problems, soil variations, fungal and pest infestations. Further information relating to water access, changing climate, wind, soil quality, the presence of weeds and insects, variable growing seasons, and more can all be monitored with UAVs. From a livestock perspective, UAVs are being used to perform head counts, monitoring animals and also studying eating habits and health related patterns. Utilizing the information gathered, farmers can provide fast and efficient solutions to detected problems and issues, make better management decisions, improve farm productivity, and ultimately generate higher profit. In this chapter, various applications of UAVs in Agriculture are discussed both in commercial livestock farming and crop farming. This chapter also presents some of the open challenges to the application of UAVs in Agriculture.
\nImmediately following this introduction is a discussion of the various types of UAVs which is done in Section 2. This is followed by the applications of UAVs in crop farming and in livestock in sections 3 and 4 respectively. Advantages of UAVs and corresponding challenges are discussed in Section 5, the chapter ends with the 6th and concluding section.
\nUAVs can be classified based on usage, with some being used for photography, aerial mapping, surveillance, cinematography etc. However, a better classification can be made based on their feature sets. Vroegindeweij, et al. in their paper [1], presented an overview of the different types of UAVs applied in Agriculture and categorized them into three main groups – fixed-wing, Vertical Take Off and Landing (VTOL) and bird/insect. The authors identified the VTOL with its agility, great maneuverability and hovering ability as best suited for Agricultural application. In [2], the authors however argued in favor of the fixed-wing UAVs, stating that their long flight time and speed makes them better suited in comparison to the VTOL, which have comparatively shorter flight time and slow speed. In other works, authors have argued in favor of unmanned helicopters such as the monocopter or single-rotor UAV [3, 4]. These types of UAVs have long flight time, can fly at different altitudes and have good hovering abilities. However, they are much more complex to fly. A comprehensive survey of various UAVs was also done in [5]. From these literatures, four major types of UAVs are identified, which are:
Multi-rotor UAVs
Fixed-wing UAVs
Single-rotor Helicopter
Fixed-wing-multi-rotor Hybrid UAVs
These are the most common type of UAV, evident by their wide popularity among professionals and hobbyists alike. They find applications in photography, aerial video surveillance, recreational sports and games etc. They are the easiest to manufacture and also the cheapest type of UAV. Multi-rotor UAVs are further classified based on the number of rotors on the platform. There are those with three rotors called tricopter, with four rotors called quadcopter, with six rotors called hexacopters and those with eight rotors called octocopter. Flying a multi-rotor UAV does not require exceptional skill unlike the other types of UAVs.
\nMulti-rotor UAVs though cheap and easy to manufacture have a few drawbacks which include: limited flying time, endurance and speed. They can only sustain an average flying time of between 20 and 30 minutes. This is because a large percentage of their energy is expended fighting gravity and wind to remain stable in the air. Figure 1 shows an octocopter used for precision spraying of liquid pesticides and herbicides.
\nMulti-rotor UAV [
These types of UAVs have wings similar to normal aircrafts. Unlike the Multi-Rotor UAVs, they do not exert a lot of energy to stay afloat in the air, hence able to fly longer; having average flight times of over an hour. Longer flight time makes them most ideal for long distance operations. However, they cannot hover on a spot and are thus not suitable for aerial photography. Furthermore, they are more expensive and require exceptional flying skill to operate. Figure 2 shows a sample fixed wing UAV used for capturing images across large acres of farmland.
\nA fixed-wing UAV [
Single rotor UAVs are also called monocopters and look very much like helicopters in design and structure. Though they are called single rotor UAVs, they actually have two rotors - a large on top and a smaller one at the tail. The bigger rotor is for lift while the smaller is used for control. They have significantly longer flying time than their multi-rotor counterpart, as they are often powered by gas engines. These UAVs are also highly maneuverable and much more efficient than the multi-rotor types. Similar to the multi-rotor, they are also able to hover, hence useful for aerial photography and precision spraying. Despite these beneficial attributes, they come with higher operational risks as the large sized rotor blades usually pose a risk which is mostly fatal in nature. Like the fixed wing UAVs, these also require special flying training. Figure 3 shows a sample single-rotor UAV.
\nA single-rotor UAV [
These types of UAV combine features of the fixed-wing and the multi-rotor UAVs, with the hybridization gives these UAVs a best-of-both-worlds feature set. They are able to perform vertical take-off and land (VTOL) as well as hovering in place like the multi-rotor and single-rotor. Similar to the fixed-wing and single-rotor UAVs, these also benefits from long flight-time, but can stay in flight for much longer. Figure 4 shows an image of one such UAV that is versatile enough to be used for image capturing, surveillance as well as precision spraying.
\nA hybrid fixed-wing-multi-rotor UAV [
Though these are the four common types of UAVs, there is a unique type of UAV called the Flexible Membrane Wing (FMW) UAV [10]. The FMW has wings made from flexible membrane material, with the advantages of this being easy of storage (as the wings can simply be folded up) and better control and maneuverability in windy conditions (as the flexible wings dynamically adjust to cater for wind preventing “adaptive washout”). The FMW is a niche UAV, targeted flying in harsh and windy conditions. Flexible membrane also implies lighter weight and by extension the possibility of carrying larger payloads.
\n\nFigure 5 shows a comparison of the four different types of UAVs based on their average weights, payload size and flight time; Table 1 on the other hand summarizes their in-flight specifications. For each category, a model UAV was selected. The values shown were obtained from the respective manufacturer documentation and/or operator’s manual of each product. On Table 1, the advantage of the hybridization can clearly be seen, as it resulted in higher flying altitude, wider control range, increased speed and longer flight time compared to the other UAV types.
\nUAV weight and payload vs. flight time.
UAV type | \nAltitude (km) | \nAvg. control range (km) | \nAvg. airspeed (m/s) | \n
---|---|---|---|
Multi-rotor UAVs (DJI Agras MG-1P [6]) | \n2 | \n3–5 | \n7 | \n
Fixed-wing UAVs (AgEagle RX60 [7]) | \n0.125 | \n2 | \n18.8 | \n
Single-rotor (Alpha 800 [8]) | \n3 | \n30 | \n15.2 | \n
Fixed-wing-multi-rotor hybrid UAVs (Jump 20 [9]) | \n4 | \n500–1000 | \n30 | \n
Feature-based comparison of UAVs.
According to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), UAV technology will give the Agriculture industry a high-technology makeover, with planning and strategy based on real-time data gathering and processing. PwC put a $32.4 billion valuation on the UAV-powered Agriculture solutions market [11]. The application of UAV technology in Agriculture has become increasingly necessary with the increase in global population and the resultant pressure on agricultural consumption. The ever growing international population is not proportionately matched with crop growth; hence, there is a growing concern about food sustainability. In a bid to tackle this challenge, farmers around the globe have had to adapt modern and automated solutions in order to keep up with the agricultural needs of the world population that is in constant flux. UAVs are one such technology that could help improve crop yield. A number of UAV application areas are presented in the following subsections.
\nThe use of UAVs for soil information sourcing is helpful at the early start of a crop cycle. The data collected helps in early soil analysis, and is also useful in planning seed planting patterns. These data can also assists the farmer in making irrigation plans as well as determining the quantity of fertilizer needed on the soil or field after planting. Using a data-driven approach, the farmers can improve the overall yield quantity of agricultural produce, while significantly saving on fertilizers and pesticides. All these are made possible through the analysis of remote images captured with UAV. UAV imagery also has a huge potential in designing site-specific weed control treatments. With the high resolution images, farmers can quickly and precisely spot weeds almost immediately they spring up and apply minimal pesticide to contain them. The authors in [12] developed an Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) on a series of UAV images using six-band multi-spectral cameras on a maize field in Spain. While in [13] the technical specifications and configuration of a UAV which could be used to capture remote images for Early Season Site-Specific Weed Management (ESSWM) were given. The study also evaluated the image spatial and spectral properties necessary for weed seedling discrimination. They deployed an UAV equipped with multi spectral cameras and analyzed the technical specifications and configuration of the UAV to generate images at different attitudes; with the high spectral resolution required for the detection and location of weed seedlings in a sunflower field. The result of the study can be of help in the selection of an adequate sensor and configuration of the flight mission for ESSWM.
\nPlanting crops is a costly and cumbersome endeavor that has traditionally requires a lot of manpower. UAVs have simplified crop planting for farmers, with their abilities to cover large acres of land within a short period with utmost precision and accuracy. Today’s high-end UAV farming technology offers UAV-powered planting techniques that reduce planting costs by up to 85%. The reduction in planting costs is a result of the UAV’s capability of performing multiple tasks at the same time.
\nUAVs have become increasingly popular in recent years in agricultural research applications. They have been found to have capabilities of acquiring images with high spatial and temporal resolutions in Agriculture. Reference [14] evaluated the performance of a UAV-based remote sensing system for quantification of crop growth parameters of six sorghum hybrids. Factors such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), fractional vegetation (fc) and yields were considered. The evaluation was carried out using a fixed-wing UAV, equipped with a multi spectral sensor to collect images during the 2016 growing season with flight missions carried out 50 days after planting. The flight missions provided data covering the different growth periods of the sorghum hybrids. The authors inferred that high resolution images acquired using UAV can be effectively utilized for in-season data collection from the field. The results obtained proved the relationship between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LAI, and between NDVI and fc. It was thus possible to determine/estimate LAI and fc from UAV derived NDVI values. It was shown also that imagery taken at flowing stage could be better indicator of yield, rather than NDVI obtained at earlier growth stage of sorghum crop. Furthermore, it was also established that early season NDVI measurement is useful index for estimating plant population density of sorghum.
\nThe authors in [15] sought to develop a novel method to quantify the distance between maize plants at field scale using an UAV. The distance between roots and plants are essential in determining the final grain yield in row cops. An UAV-based image algorithm was developed to calculate maize plant distances. Knowledge of the exact number of plants per square meter is essential and helps to improve yields by deducing the fertilizer and pesticide application to match plant demand. Determining plant population is essential for several other processes such as soil-to-plant balance, nutrient recycling and resource use efficiency. The study demonstrated the possibility of quantifying the distance between maize plants and provided an innovative approach to quantify plant-to-plant variability and by extension crop yield estimates.
\nCrop spraying is usually a tough and onerous task for farmers and agricultural production companies. It involves covering extremely large expanses of land comprehensively to ensure proper growth of crops. Agricultural UAVs have simplified crop spraying for farmers; as they can cover large expanse of land within a very short time interval. Using sensors, UAVs can automatically adjust their height when spraying across uneven fields. This improves the spraying accuracy and conserves resources. The advantages of using UAVs for crop spraying include: time and cost savings for the farmer, efficient spraying as both the plants and the soil below can be reached, and protecting farmers from prolonged exposure to potentially harmful chemicals that are hitherto associated with manual spraying. Agricultural UAVs utilize state-of-the-art topographical scanning techniques to dispense the optimal amount of fluid required for proper crop growth. This ensures even coverage with limited wastage. Lv et al. [16] demonstrated the practicability of infrared thermal imaging in evaluating the droplet deposition in the field of aerial spraying. In the study, the effect of UAV flight speed on the spray droplets was investigated and the variable spray test was conducted by a UAV simulation platform, with airborne spray system under controllable environment. Several conclusions were drawn from the study among which were that deposition density decreases with the flight speed and droplet diameter (i.e. the distribution uniformity of particle size) decreases with an increased flight speed resulting in the worse uniformity of the sprayed droplets. The authors therefore provided a theoretical support for optimizing the spraying parameters of plant protection UAV, aimed at improving plant yield.
\nSpot spraying is similar to crop spraying but targets weeds. With the use of high resolution cameras, the UAV can identify weeds and precisely spray a jet of herbicide. Spot spraying can save up to 90% on chemical herbicides. Numerous research works [17, 18, 19] have been done in determining the efficacy of UAVs for spot spraying. Some factors considered were balancing UAV altitude and speed with spraying height and accuracy as well as droplet sizes, spray pressure and the possible effects of the UAVs’ propeller(s) airflow direction.
\nA combination of large farm fields and low efficiency in crop monitoring system are some of the greatest farming challenges. The challenge of monitoring is further aggravated by unpredictable weather conditions, which drive up risk and field maintenance costs. An agricultural UAV helps the farmer overcome some of these challenges. UAVs with thermal imaging cameras enable the farmer to monitor his farm. The farmer can check the state of crops in the farm, as well as areas that need urgent attention. The result is improved yield and greater profit. [20] demonstrated the possibility of generating quantitative mapping products such as crop stress maps from UAV images and highlighted the value of UAV remote sensory when applied in precision Agriculture. The study applied a single-rotor UAV (monocopter), equipped with multiple spectral cameras, and then developed a framework to process the UAV images and generate mosaic images which can be aligned with maps for GIS integration at a later stage.
\nAgricultural UAVs fitted with thermal imaging cameras have the capability to providing tremendous insights into specific troubled areas in the farm. Using the thermal cameras, the farmers are able to determine areas with low soil moisture, pinpoint crops that are dehydrated, locate areas that are water-logged and in general have a sense of the overall health status of crops in the field. Such precise and specific monitoring were either not possible with traditional farming, inefficiently done or extremely expensive as experts have to be contracted to carry out the task and proffer adequate solutions. UAVs now give the farmers that ability to do these themselves. In [21], the authors carried out a study on vineyard water status variability by thermal and multispectral imagery using an UAV. Assessment of the water status variability of a commercial rain-fed Tempranillo vineyard was done, and concluded that an UAV can be used to assess vine water status, and to map within vineyard variability which could be useful for irrigation practices. The work done in [22] focused on the application of thermal remote sensory in precision Agriculture, and some of the concerns relating to its application. Gonzalez-Dugo et al. [23] further dealt with the assessment of heterogeneity in water status in a commercial orchard as a prerequisite for precision irrigation margent. High resolution airborne thermal imagery was employed. A UAV with thermal camera on board was flown three times during the day over a commercial orchard; and the indicators derived from the thermal imagery described the spatial variability in crop water status and thus allows the mapping of an orchard on a tree by tree basis. It therefore becomes a valuable tool for water management in precision Agriculture.
\nFarm health assessment is crucial for detecting fungal and bacterial diseases on the farm. By scanning a crop using both visible and near-infrared light, UAV-carried devices can detect temporal and spatial reflectance variations and associate it to the farms health for early interventions, which ultimately saves the entire farm. These two possibilities increase a plant’s ability to overcome disease. And in the case of crop failure, the farmer will be able to document losses more efficiently for insurance claims. UAVs offer new and modern methods of accurately monitoring and assessing pest damage needs to be investigated. The authors in [24] explored the combination of UAVs, remote sensory and machine learning techniques as a promising technology to address the problem of agricultural pests in farmlands. UAV platform was deployed over a sorghum crop in South-East Queensland, Australia, to collect high resolution RGB images of certain areas which were severely damaged by white grub pest. An image processing pipeline was implemented prior to image analysis. The study demonstrates how UAV-based remote sensitivity and machine learning could be used to achieve biosecurity surveillance and pest management. The work presented in [25] also corroborated the use of UAV in crop health assessment, and outlined the benefits of deploying UAV remote sensing over the traditional methods. They developed a method that can quickly monitor crop pest, based on UAV remote sensing, which was deployed for inspection pests in Baiyangdian agricultural zone during the growth season. An improved SIFT Algorithm was adapted for image matching and mosaic with good result. The method adopted by [24] was used to check the status information of crop pest. Similarly, in the work done by Yinka-Banjo et al. [26], the authors proposed the use of UAVs for bird control in farmlands. Their solution combined the use of autonomous vehicles with bird scare tactics. The combination was reported to be more efficient than the traditional human-based manual approaches.
\nLivestock farming is the act of rearing animals for food and/or other uses such as medicine, leather, fur and fertilizer. The authors in [27, 28] showed that traditionally Livestock Production Systems (LPS) were grouped into three major classes, namely: livestock production integrated with crop, land based and agro-ecological. They further sub-divided LPS into 11 groups – solely livestock production, temperate and tropical highlands grassland-based, arid and subtropics grassland, humid and subtropical mixed-farming based, temperate and tropical highlands rain-fed mixed farming, humid and subtropics rain-fed mixed, temperate and highlands irrigated mixed farming, humid and subtropics irrigated mixed farming, arid and subtropics irrigated mixed farming, landless monogastrics and landless ruminant farming. Similarly, in [29], the authors reviewed five (5) types of livestock production systems in tropical areas based on factors such as agro-ecological zones, animal type, function and management. The identified classes were Pastoral Range, Crop-livestock (low and highlands), Ranching and landless.
\nWith respect to livestock, sheep and goats are the most farmed animals, followed by cattle. Table 2 shows a numerical distribution of global livestock produce adapted from [30].
\nAnimal type and/or produce | \nNumber/quantity (10^6) | \n
---|---|
Animal | \n\n |
Sheep and goats | \n1777 | \n
Cattle and buffaloes | \n1526 | \n
Animal produce | \n\n |
Milk | \n594.4 | \n
Pork | \n95.2 | \n
Poultry meat | \n73.7 | \n
Beef | \n60.7 | \n
Eggs | \n58.9 | \n
Mutton | \n11.9 | \n
Global livestock produce.
Livestock farming as with other aspects of Agriculture can be monotonous and laborious. Humans are however not well suited to such task over a prolonged period of time. Machines therefore can find practically applications in this arm of Agriculture, as they are designed to perform repeatable tasks, faster and possibly more efficiently (over a long period of time) than humans can. UAVs are therefore no exceptions and have found practical applications in livestock farming. Applications of UAVs in livestock farming are discussed as follows:
\nTo further put Table 2 in perspective, according to the National Development Agency of South Africa, there were over 13 million units of cattle, 30 million sheep and 6.6 million goats and 1.6 million pigs bred in each province annually between up on to 2003. The figures are even significantly higher in European countries according to Eurostat. These are staggering numbers, hence monitoring and daily head counts of these large number of animals can be challenging. UAVs can thus find application here and be used to perform headcounts of livestock across these large grazing areas [31, 32, 33]. Animal counting can be done either by using image recognition [31] or using heat detecting infra-red cameras [34]. For image processing, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has emerged in recent times as the most widely used [35]. In large grazing areas, the UAVs can also be used to detect and count the number of animals present. In most of these works, the UAVs fly across the field, and counting the number of animals present. In the work done by [33] however, the authors proposed an approach, wherein the number of goats are counted and tracked using fewer numbers of pictures, sometimes only one. The authors reported 73% count accuracy and 78% tracking accuracy.
\nIn contrast, in their book [34], the authors reviewed numerous methods of performing thermal imaging for monitoring animals in the wild. Among many other factors, the authors argued that thermal imagining is not dependent on time of the day unlike image processing. This therefore provides a unique opportunity to observe animals in their natural habitats without causing disturbances – which can lead to dispersion and possibly double or inaccurate counts.
\nBeyond counting, research work is underway at the Texas A&M University, to investigate the use of infra-red cameras mounted on UAVs to monitor the health of animals. The research is based on the premise that, animals with fever tend to have heightened temperature. This can easily be detected by the UAV and appropriate medication can be administered [36]. Similar research targeted at monitoring health has also been carried out in [37]. Figure 6 shows a sample heat map of a herd of cattle captured by a UAV.
\nHeat map of herd of cattle [
On an individual levels, animals can be tagged with RFIDs or similar sensors and can then be monitored using UAVs. With this, farmers can effectively monitor the movements and feeding behavior of a specific animal [38]. This has also been extensively used in monitoring endangered animals, raised in captivity and released into the wild. Similar to the two application areas discussed above, the identification can be carried out using UAVs fitted with normal cameras or IR cameras (which detect heat emissions from the animal) or RFID readers.
\nA major challenge to the application of RFID is that passive RFID tags have very short range, hence might be difficult to use. Potential solutions might include:
Painting QR codes on cattle, which the cameras fitted on the drone, can simply scan in order to identify the animal.
The use of a relay drone, such as the RFly being researched at MIT [39]. The RFly acts as a relay between the RFID tags and the reader. Using RFly, the authors recorded up to 50 meter range extension for passive RFID tags.
These technologies can be borrowed and used for animal identification and monitoring in Agriculture.
\n\nFigure 7 shows a potential use case of UAVs and RFID tags in animal identification.
\nAnimal identification using relay UAVs.
Mustering is the process of using aircraft to locate and gather animals across a large span of land. Dogs (sheep dogs) and human on horses (cow boys) or motorcycles have traditionally been used to direct livestock along specific paths. For larger expanse of land, small sized helicopters are used. These helicopters are often piloted by one person and have highly maneuverable and agile. The challenges with the use of helicopters are the need for extensive training, the cost of licenses and certifications, the cost of fuel and most especially the high level of risk exposure and casualties associated with it.
\nUAVs provide a unique opportunity for aerial mustering as they are comparatively risk free, cheaper to fly and require shorter training period, yet able to achieve similar results. UAVs have successfully been used in Australia and New Zealand to muster sheep and cattle [40]. According to [41], aerial mustering UAVs are fitted with sirens to herd sheep, deer and cattle. The UAVs can also be used to guide the animals to feeding, drinking and milking areas. Numerous case studies of the application of the DJI Phantom in Agriculture are given in [41]. Figure 8 shows a use case of UAVs for sheep mustering.
\nAerial mustering using a UAV.
Geo-fencing, virtual perimeter or geo-zoning simply means creating a virtual barrier or perimeter around a geographical area of interest [42, 43]. It has also been defined as an enclosure, or a boundary without the use of physical barriers. It can be accomplished by using a combination of RFID, LoRaWAN and GPS based location sensors for instance. Sensors obtain the location of the subject of interest relative to a map. Geo-fencing has been used in numerous fields such as fleet management and logistics – to monitor movement of vehicles, proximity marketing – which prompt users of products when they are close enough, asset management – which send alerts when an asset is moved without authorization, people monitoring – such as in monitoring movement of children and employees and in law enforcement – to restrict and/or monitor persons of interest.
\nGeo-fencing has also seen immense application in Agriculture, more specifically in free-range livestock farming. Sensors are placed on collars of cattle, goats etc. and these send location data to the farmer. There are two major forms of application of geo-fencing in agriculture: in the first, the sensors simply notify the farm owner when animals have grazed outside a pre-defined perimeter [44]. In this system, the farmer has to actively go muster the animals back into the perimeter. In the second approach, the animals are given subtle stimulations when they wonder outside set perimeter. Such simulations might include high frequency sounds or low voltage jolts – this approach depends on associative learning [45]. An illustration of a geo (virtual)-fence is shown in Figure 9, with the red boundary showing the grazing area and the blue circle showing an animal grazing outside the boundary.
\nA virtual fence around a grazing area.
Recent research work has focused on improving the efficiency of geo-fencing technologies. Low cost GPS being the most commonly used geo-fencing sensors have an error range of between 5 and 10 m and sometimes take long to locate and lock on to the required number of satellites. In a bid to improve on them, Assisted-GPS and WiFi have been used to respectively improve accuracies and reduce the time-to-first-fix [43]. LoRaWAN has recently been introduced as an alternative protocol for accurate location of animals [44, 46].
\nThough some arguments have been raised with respect to the effectiveness of geo-fencing, such as in the work of [47], rather than purely depending on stimuli, UAVs can be used to steer the animals back into range when they roam out of grazing perimeters. UAVs can therefore provide a cheap and effective way of getting animals back “inline” and are particularly useful when a number of animals stray outside different ends of the perimeter.
\n\n
Limited Constraints: Being air borne they are not hindered by physical constraints such as road/soil terrain, uneven paths and obstacles. They can simply fly over them all.
Shorter travel path: It is well known that the shortest distance between two points is a straight path. UAVs are best suited for this, as they can fly directly in straight paths. This is not always the case with land based vehicles.
Flying dark: In the case of autonomous UAVs, the UAVs can be programmed to fly in pitch darkness or at times with near zero visibility when it would be difficult for humans to manually control them.
Time and labor savings: Activities such as head count, monitoring and mustering often require the employment of more hands to help out. These can be both labor intensive and time consuming. With the use of UAVs, the number of extra laborers required is significantly cut down, while simultaneously saving time. Similarly in crop farming, UAVs can spray crops about 40–60 times faster than human laborers can.
Cost: Beyond savings in time, cutting down on laborers directly translates to cost savings. Though, capable UAVs are not cheap and there is also the added cost incurred in form of electricity to recharge the batteries; the cost savings and advantages of UAVs still significantly outweighs the manual and labor intensive processes of traditional/crude agriculture.
Aerial photography and imaging: With the use of UAVs, farmers can quickly obtain aerial images of their entire farm or select areas of interest. This can be useful in determining when fruits start to sprout or when pests and weeds are choking out crops.
UAVs have seen a wide range of applications in a smart city, all of which contributes greatly to the development of any smart city. In [48] the authors pointed out some of the challenges associated with the use of UAVs. Though these works focused on smart city applications, a number of these challenges are also applicable to the Agricultural space. The challenges were broadly classified into business and technical, and include:
Cost: The technology is perceived as expensive as a result of the technical nature of UAVs. Deployment, integration and training can be very expensive [48]. Similarly, in [49], the authors took a project management perspective to deployment of UAV related projects and highlighted cost as a key element that needs to be considered. It was also noted that proper estimations need to be using various technique prior to undertaking any such project.
Licensing and regulation issues: This is still a gray area with respect to UAVs. Regulations are either none-existent or a loose adaptation of aviation laws, which do not perfectly fit in with UAVs. There is therefore the need to draw up legislation to regulate the new possibilities and application areas of UAVs. Countries such as the USA, the UK, Germany and Spain [31] are leading the way in this direction by drafting guidelines for the use of UAVs and areas over which they can be flown. Other countries of the world are however still some way behind.
Business Adoption: From a business perspective, it might not be out rightly easy to justify the adaptation of UAVs into Agriculture. Though one might argue that there might be cost savings in the long run, counter arguments can be put forward regarding the actual acquisition cost of the UAVs, insurance / replacement of crashed UAVs, purchase of high resolution cameras for imagery as well as the accompanying software solutions and other running costs. When all these are added, it makes it a hard case to sell to farmers and Agriculture business owners.
Technical Challenges: These come in the form of system integration - integration of the middleware services with the UAV, high performance systems for data analytics, Net-centric infrastructure which enable any member of a team to control the UAV and retrieve imagery and sensor information in real time and application of machine learning / computation intelligence to identify and retrieve useful insights from the large pool of data.
Ethics and privacy: Some feel that the use of UAVs for monitoring and surveillance would lead to the invasion of their privacy. A lack of standard operational and technological procedures needed for safe performance of the UAVs is a great challenge. There could be GPS-jamming and hacking because of the vulnerabilities in the command and control of UAV operations.
\n
Limited flight time: UAV flight time is largely dependent on battery capacity. In most UAVs, particularly the multi-rotor, batteries can often times only sustain a flight time of between 10 and 30 minutes, and can be less when flown during high wind speeds. For activities such as crop spraying UAVs are only effective on hills, small areas, and in areas where other equipment cannot easily reach, for longer distance/range they are less efficient and even more costly than larger ground-based crop spraying equipment. The same challenge can be seen in the area of NDVI imaging, where farmers obtain NDVI images to assess the plant health. Alternative solutions are airplanes and satellites. While UAVs are the most cost-effective for small areas, they are currently not competitive against planes and satellites for larger areas.
There is the need to improve battery technology and find a way of using batteries with bigger capacity yet small footprint in UAVs. The use of solar photo-voltaic cells to power UAVs, such as [50] or the hybrid fixed-wing might be promising direction to be explored.
Limited payload size: Due to the small size of most UAVs, they are unable to carry a lot at once. This therefore limits their applications to basic aerial photography and observation. Though there are large-size UAVs such as [51], these are still limited in terms of flight time which is even further shortened when they are fully loaded. This limitation is prominent in application of UAVs in crop dusting (spraying pest/weed controlling chemicals or fertilizer on crops). Large gas powered monocopters might be a potential solution to this challenge.
Autonomy of UAVs: The possibilities of UAVs in Agriculture are numerous. However, most are currently being manually operated by humans. This limits their applications to certain times of the day when there is clear visibility. Advancements in computational intelligence specifically in areas of navigation, obstacle avoidance automatic sensing and actuation (performing pre-programmed tasks) can further accelerate the acceptance and usage of UAVs in livestock Agriculture.
Data Processing: Recent research works have shown the importance of data and information in almost all areas of human endeavor. Agriculture is certainly no exception. The use of UAVs as data gathering tools is still very much in its infancy. There is the need to develop effective techniques for data acquisition, data muling and most importantly converting these data to useful information. For instance, by observing the movement and body temperature of cows, farmers might be able to detect possible health related issues early on before they become fatal.
Empowering Farmers: In an article titled “on Drone technology as a tool for improving agricultural productivity”, in [2] the authors identified empowering farmers as a vital process in improving agriculture. They concluded that it’s one thing to have the technology and have the ability to gather billions of data for analysis, however all these are of no use, if they cannot be properly integrated and applied into agricultural business processes; where it can bring the much needed improvement. This can only be done by empowering the farmers themselves – either through formal class room education or informal practical demonstrations.
Cost: The ideal UAV for agriculture applications is one that has a good balance of durability, long flight time, stability and optional ability to fly autonomously. Such a device would cost much more than an average farmer might be able to afford. Most especially for farmers in developing countries. For those in much developed countries, there might also be the challenge of justifying how the purchase of such expensive devices can directly translate to measureable profit. To this end Farmers are still largely depend on manual ways of carrying out their farm operations.
Safety: There are also safety concerns with the use of UAV in Agriculture. One such is the UAVs’ inability to recognize and avoid other airborne aircrafts and objects within the same airspace. This could result in collisions. Though obstacle avoidance is not too far-fetched, incorporating such features into basic UAVs would further drive up the already expensive cost of the UAVs.
Availability: There is also the problem of manufacturing, and meeting up with the demands for UAVs by farmers. This is largely expected since the industry is still exploring and testing Agricultural use cases. Manufacturing is being done on a small scale and the fixed costs remain high. In [22], it was pointed out that despite the numerous potential advantages of thermal remote sensing has over the optical RS in crop and soil monitory, there are a number of practical difficulties in its use. These include but not limited to atmospheric attenuation and absorption, calibration, climate conditions, crop growth stages as well as complex soil and plant interaction that have thus far limited its use in the agricultural sector.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles or UAVs are essentially flying robots. Though initially designed for military use, they have are now widely used in various areas, from recreational sports, fire-fighting, flight simulations / trainings to toys for children. In this chapter we presented an application of UAVs to commercial Agriculture. We presented four major types of UAVs, and though the multi-rotor UAV with its ability to hover on spot and take-off and landing vertical may seem well suited for agriculture, its limited flight time is a major limitation. The hybrid-fixed-wing-motor-rotor might be a better fit. A detailed insight into the applications of UAVs in crop production and livestock farming was also presented. A prominent requirement for most UAV application in Agriculture is an integrated camera, as it allows images to be taken. Images are used in weed identification and control, soil analysis, animal monitoring, animal head counts, geo-fencing, mustering among others. Like most machines, UAVs have the advantage of doing repetitive and monotonous works better and more efficiently when compared to humans. Some advantages of applying UAVs in Agriculture were presented, some of which include limited path constraints, time saving and reduction in manual labor. However, there are a number of challenges limiting UAVs, most prominent among which is cost. UAVs that are well suited for Agriculture use are expensive. Operation and maintenance also come at a cost. It is therefore often difficult to convince farmers and Agriculture related stakeholders to integrate UAVs into their business. Beyond cost, battery limitations, safety and legal related issues are still major hurdles that need to be scaled before UAVs can find a strong foothold in agriculture.
\nconvolutional neural network
Mearly season site-specific weed management
geographic information system
global positioning system
leaf area index
long range wide area network
livestock production systems
normalized difference vegetation index
object-based image analysis
codequick response code
radio frequency identification
scale-invariant feature transformation
unmanned aerial vehicle
vertical take off and landing
Customer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{regionId:"4",sort:"featured,name"},profiles:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",middleName:null,surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58592/images/1664_n.jpg",biography:"Arun K. Shanker is serving as a Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture in Hyderabad, India. He is working with the ICAR as a full time researcher since 1993 and has since earned his Advanced degree in Crop Physiology while in service. He has been awarded the prestigious Member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC), by the Royal Society of Chemistry, London in 2015. Presently he is working on systems biology approach to study the mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance in crops. His main focus now is to unravel the mechanism of drought and heat stress response in plants to tackle climate change related threats in agriculture.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Council of Agricultural Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",middleName:"P",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4782/images/system/4782.jpg",biography:"Bishnu P. Pal is Professor of Physics at Mahindra École\nCentrale Hyderabad India since July 1st 2014 after retirement\nas Professor of Physics from IIT Delhi; Ph.D.’1975 from IIT\nDelhi; Fellow of OSA and SPIE; Senior Member IEEE;\nHonorary Foreign Member Royal Norwegian Society for\nScience and Arts; Member OSA Board of Directors (2009-\n11); Distinguished Lecturer IEEE Photonics Society (2005-\n07).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Delhi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"69653",title:"Dr.",name:"Chusak",middleName:null,surname:"Limsakul",slug:"chusak-limsakul",fullName:"Chusak Limsakul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Prince of Songkla University",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"23804",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah",middleName:null,surname:"Arof",slug:"hamzah-arof",fullName:"Hamzah Arof",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/23804/images/5492_n.jpg",biography:"Hamzah Arof received his BSc from Michigan State University, and PhD from the University of Wales. Both degrees were in electrical engineering. His current research interests include signal processing and photonics. Currently he is affiliated with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Malaysia.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"41989",title:"Prof.",name:"He",middleName:null,surname:"Tian",slug:"he-tian",fullName:"He Tian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"East China University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"33351",title:null,name:"Hendra",middleName:null,surname:"Hermawan",slug:"hendra-hermawan",fullName:"Hendra Hermawan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/33351/images/168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Institut Teknologi Bandung",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"11981",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroshi",middleName:null,surname:"Ishiguro",slug:"hiroshi-ishiguro",fullName:"Hiroshi Ishiguro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRglaQAC/Profile_Picture_1626411846553",biography:"Hiroshi Ishiguro is an award-winning roboticist and innovator. As the Director of the Intelligent Robotics Laboratory, which is part of the Department of Systems Innovation in the Graduate School of Engineering Science at Osaka University, Japan, Ishiguro concentrates on making robots that are similar as possible to humans to understand the human species. A notable project of his laboratory is the Actroid, a humanoid robot with a lifelike appearance and observable behavior such as facial movements. (Sources: http://www.geminoid.jp/en/index.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishiguro)",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Osaka University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"45747",title:"Dr.",name:"Hsin-I",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",slug:"hsin-i-chang",fullName:"Hsin-I Chang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Chiayi University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"61581",title:"Dr.",name:"Joy Rizki Pangestu",middleName:null,surname:"Djuansjah",slug:"joy-rizki-pangestu-djuansjah",fullName:"Joy Rizki Pangestu Djuansjah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61581/images/237_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"94249",title:"Prof.",name:"Junji",middleName:null,surname:"Kido",slug:"junji-kido",fullName:"Junji Kido",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Yamagata University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"12009",title:"Dr.",name:"Ki Young",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"ki-young-kim",fullName:"Ki Young Kim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12009/images/system/12009.jpg",biography:"Http://m80.knu.ac.kr/~doors",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Cheng Kung University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"132595",title:"Prof.",name:"Long",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"long-wang",fullName:"Long Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Peking University",country:{name:"China"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6583},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5888},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2381},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12511},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1006},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17529}],offset:12,limit:12,total:12511},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5,6,12,13,18"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11807",title:"Advances in Diptera - Insight, Challenges and Management Tools",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"530031c8ad9b3661090e69f0561e31f0",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Sarita Kumar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11807.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"177117",title:"Prof.",name:"Sarita",surname:"Kumar",slug:"sarita-kumar",fullName:"Sarita Kumar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11609",title:"Fungicides - Application, Technologies, and Materials for the Future of Plant Disease Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3a8c9d55c21ce8d69d2edc94f9e592f3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mizuho Nita",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11609.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"98153",title:"Dr.",name:"Mizuho",surname:"Nita",slug:"mizuho-nita",fullName:"Mizuho Nita"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11648",title:"Current Status and Ecological Aspects of Seabirds",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"7754b354f7deebdb8576189aefbdbc5c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11648.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"183095",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Nawaz",surname:"Rajpar",slug:"muhammad-nawaz-rajpar",fullName:"Muhammad Nawaz Rajpar"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11620",title:"Tomato - From Cultivation to Processing Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cdc23b5aad5d52bc0f0327c453ac7a1b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Pranas Viskelis, Dr. Dalia Urbonaviciene and Dr. Jonas Viskelis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11620.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"83785",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",surname:"Viskelis",slug:"pranas-viskelis",fullName:"Pranas Viskelis"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11020",title:"Dietary Supplements - Challenges and Future Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2283ae2d0816c17ad46cbedbe4ce5e78",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Venketeshwer Rao and Dr. Leticia Rao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11020.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"82663",title:"Dr.",name:"Venketeshwer",surname:"Rao",slug:"venketeshwer-rao",fullName:"Venketeshwer Rao"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11627",title:"Oilseed Crops - Biology, Production and Processing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"010cdbbb6a716d433e632b350d4dcafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mirza Hasanuzzaman and MSc. Kamrun Nahar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11627.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11615",title:"Humus and Humic Substances - Recent Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a9b75be6b30278fca930c4dd560a8b2b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Abdelhadi Makan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11615.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247727",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdelhadi",surname:"Makan",slug:"abdelhadi-makan",fullName:"Abdelhadi Makan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11802",title:"Honey - Composition and Properties",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"60482dae5e08f5b22b0c7a2749cdfc02",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Imran, Dr. Muhammad Haseeb Ahmad and Dr. Rabia Shabir Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11802.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"208646",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Imran",slug:"muhammad-imran",fullName:"Muhammad Imran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10744",title:"Astrocytes in Brain Communication and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8b6a8e2bb5f070305768945fdef8eed2",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Denis Larrivee",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10744.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"206412",title:"Prof.",name:"Denis",surname:"Larrivee",slug:"denis-larrivee",fullName:"Denis Larrivee"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11667",title:"Marine Pollution - Recent Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e524cd97843b075a724e151256773631",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Monique Mancuso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11667.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"318562",title:"Dr.",name:"Monique",surname:"Mancuso",slug:"monique-mancuso",fullName:"Monique Mancuso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11619",title:"Root Vegetables",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2c5535e66fed5abd8f80ee521b51b2d3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Prashant Kaushik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11619.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311935",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"prashant-kaushik",fullName:"Prashant Kaushik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11644",title:"Structural and Molecular Aspects of DNA Repair",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"83dfefc2400d2d037281f1e25bbc544b",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Subrata Kumar Dey",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11644.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"31178",title:"Prof.",name:"Subrata",surname:"Dey",slug:"subrata-dey",fullName:"Subrata Dey"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:42},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:21},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:20},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:15},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:27},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:122},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:72},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10351",title:"Enhanced Liposuction",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f08ed6de16da357614586c5b58ed4dfa",slug:"enhanced-liposuction-new-perspectives-and-techniques",bookSignature:"Diane Irvine Duncan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10351.jpg",editors:[{id:"279869",title:"Dr.",name:"Diane Irvine",middleName:null,surname:"Duncan",slug:"diane-irvine-duncan",fullName:"Diane Irvine Duncan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10779",title:"21st Century Nanostructured Materials",subtitle:"Physics, Chemistry, Classification, and Emerging Applications in Industry, Biomedicine, and Agriculture",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72c67f97f9bef68200df115b5fd79884",slug:"21st-century-nanostructured-materials-physics-chemistry-classification-and-emerging-applications-in-industry-biomedicine-and-agriculture",bookSignature:"Phuong V. Pham",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10779.jpg",editors:[{id:"236073",title:"Dr.",name:"Phuong",middleName:"Viet",surname:"Pham",slug:"phuong-pham",fullName:"Phuong Pham"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4386},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3665,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10222",title:"Demyelination Disorders",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b6c26ceccacdde70c41c587361bd5558",slug:"demyelination-disorders",bookSignature:"Stavros J. Baloyannis, Fabian H. Rossi and Welwin Liu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10222.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1713,editors:[{id:"156098",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Stavros J.",middleName:"J.",surname:"Baloyannis",slug:"stavros-j.-baloyannis",fullName:"Stavros J. Baloyannis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2481,editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10979",title:"Parenting",subtitle:"Challenges of Child Rearing in a Changing Society",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6f345ebcf4fd61e73643c69063a12c7b",slug:"parenting-challenges-of-child-rearing-in-a-changing-society",bookSignature:"Sayyed Ali Samadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10979.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1107,editors:[{id:"52145",title:"Dr.",name:"Sayyed Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Samadi",slug:"sayyed-ali-samadi",fullName:"Sayyed Ali Samadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3307,editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3266,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10764",title:"Antenna Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2fbf1c7a5d92723f08198fc9b526a8ad",slug:"antenna-systems",bookSignature:"Hussain Al-Rizzo and Said Abushamleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10764.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1868,editors:[{id:"153384",title:"Prof.",name:"Hussain",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Rizzo",slug:"hussain-al-rizzo",fullName:"Hussain Al-Rizzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10668",title:"Sustainability of Concrete With Synthetic and Recycled Aggregates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"55856c6a8bc3a5b21dae5a1af09a56b6",slug:"sustainability-of-concrete-with-synthetic-and-recycled-aggregates",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10668.jpg",publishedDate:"May 4th 2022",numberOfDownloads:856,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-saleh",fullName:"Hosam Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1704,editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7489,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10861",title:"Furan Derivatives",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fdfc39cecd82f91b0effac994f75c877",slug:"furan-derivatives-recent-advances-and-applications",bookSignature:"Anish Khan, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, M. Ramesh, Salman Ahmad Khan and Abdullah Mohammed Ahmed Asiri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10861.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"293058",title:"Dr.",name:"Anish",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"anish-khan",fullName:"Anish Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10870",title:"Ultrasound Imaging",subtitle:"Current Topics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f0bc3733ab226d67fa73759ef0e12ad",slug:"ultrasound-imaging-current-topics",bookSignature:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10870.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"68312",title:"Prof.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Okechukwu Erondu",slug:"felix-okechukwu-erondu",fullName:"Felix Okechukwu Erondu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10400",title:"The Application of Ant Colony Optimization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4fdfd07ee1ab99fb7c740d6d0c144c6",slug:"the-application-of-ant-colony-optimization",bookSignature:"Ali Soofastaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10400.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"257455",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Soofastaei",slug:"ali-soofastaei",fullName:"Ali Soofastaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10683",title:"Technological Innovations and Advances in Hydropower Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ce7ad8768bd2cad155470fe1fd883f4",slug:"technological-innovations-and-advances-in-hydropower-engineering",bookSignature:"Yizi Shang, Ling Shang and Xiaofei Li",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10683.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"349630",title:"Dr.",name:"Yizi",middleName:null,surname:"Shang",slug:"yizi-shang",fullName:"Yizi Shang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",slug:"pneumonia",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"197",title:"Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation",slug:"physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation",parent:{id:"16",title:"Medicine",slug:"medicine"},numberOfBooks:37,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:859,numberOfWosCitations:834,numberOfCrossrefCitations:565,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1212,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"197",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"10615",title:"Contemporary Advances in Sports Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"725573ecd45f3f984f173d7d6dba0433",slug:"contemporary-advances-in-sports-science",bookSignature:"Redha Taiar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10615.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"81693",title:"Prof.",name:"Redha",middleName:null,surname:"Taiar",slug:"redha-taiar",fullName:"Redha Taiar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8413",title:"Chronic Pain",subtitle:"Physiopathology and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d516dbd23858e7406faf0aad6f03da7",slug:"chronic-pain-physiopathology-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Vicente Vanaclocha and Nieves Saiz-Sapena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8413.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"199099",title:"Dr.",name:"Vicente",middleName:null,surname:"Vanaclocha",slug:"vicente-vanaclocha",fullName:"Vicente Vanaclocha"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10323",title:"Osteoporosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"08e07eb8b6c4997a39a2d04b99ac2ffc",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10323.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9483",title:"Pain Management",subtitle:"Practices, Novel Therapies and Bioactives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"864679ec29988a68364151a4df2511a0",slug:"pain-management-practices-novel-therapies-and-bioactives",bookSignature:"Viduranga Yashasvi Waisundara, Ines Banjari and Jelena Balkić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9483.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10192",title:"Background and Management of Muscular Atrophy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eca24028d89912b5efea56e179dff089",slug:"background-and-management-of-muscular-atrophy",bookSignature:"Julianna Cseri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10192.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"135579",title:"Dr.",name:"Julianna",middleName:null,surname:"Cseri",slug:"julianna-cseri",fullName:"Julianna Cseri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9839",title:"Outdoor Recreation",subtitle:"Physiological and Psychological Effects on Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5f5a0d64267e32567daffa5b0c6a6972",slug:"outdoor-recreation-physiological-and-psychological-effects-on-health",bookSignature:"Hilde G. Nielsen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9839.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"158692",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Hilde",middleName:"Dorthea Grindvik",surname:"Nielsen",slug:"hilde-nielsen",fullName:"Hilde Nielsen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9153",title:"Sports, Health and Exercise Medicine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"366cfd9d5b01961dff4e4172896b1955",slug:"sports-health-and-exercise-medicine",bookSignature:"Samuel Honório, Marco Batista, João Serrano and Maria-Raquel G. Silva",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9153.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230170",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Honório",slug:"samuel-honorio",fullName:"Samuel Honório"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7375",title:"Medical Robotics",subtitle:"New Achievements",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f24f06bf5980967a1ea36afe23fc0b02",slug:"medical-robotics-new-achievements",bookSignature:"Serdar Küçük and Abdullah Erdem Canda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7375.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"5424",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Küçük",slug:"serdar-kucuk",fullName:"Serdar Küçük"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8335",title:"Effective Prevention and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders for Racial and Ethnic Minorities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ca6c7d5d975b1fa9ce320b1162b0dad6",slug:"effective-prevention-and-treatment-of-substance-use-disorders-for-racial-and-ethnic-minorities",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero and Tenie Khachikian",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8335.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7178",title:"Prosthesis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"87ab135eeaa8424520cff806439e32a2",slug:"prosthesis",bookSignature:"Ramana Vinjamuri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7178.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7949",title:"Cardiorespiratory Fitness",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fd6d8d7ee62bc8d443de2c5150c00535",slug:"cardiorespiratory-fitness",bookSignature:"Hasan Sözen",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7949.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161402",title:"Dr.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Sözen",slug:"hasan-sozen",fullName:"Hasan Sözen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7701",title:"Assistive and Rehabilitation Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4191b744b8af3b17d9a80026dcb0617f",slug:"assistive-and-rehabilitation-engineering",bookSignature:"Yves Rybarczyk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7701.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72920",title:"Prof.",name:"Yves",middleName:"Philippe",surname:"Rybarczyk",slug:"yves-rybarczyk",fullName:"Yves Rybarczyk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:37,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"28453",doi:"10.5772/28383",title:"The Application of Medical Infrared Thermography in Sports Medicine",slug:"the-application-of-medical-infrared-thermography-in-sports-medicine",totalDownloads:11030,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:69,abstract:null,book:{id:"996",slug:"an-international-perspective-on-topics-in-sports-medicine-and-sports-injury",title:"An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury",fullTitle:"An International Perspective on Topics in Sports Medicine and Sports Injury"},signatures:"Carolin Hildebrandt, Karlheinz Zeilberger, Edward Francis John Ring and Christian Raschner",authors:[{id:"73700",title:"Dr.",name:"Carolin",middleName:null,surname:"Hildebrandt",slug:"carolin-hildebrandt",fullName:"Carolin Hildebrandt"},{id:"119056",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Raschner",slug:"christian-raschner",fullName:"Christian Raschner"},{id:"119058",title:"Dr.",name:"Karlheinz",middleName:null,surname:"Zeilberger",slug:"karlheinz-zeilberger",fullName:"Karlheinz Zeilberger"},{id:"119059",title:"Prof.",name:"Edward Francis John",middleName:null,surname:"Ring",slug:"edward-francis-john-ring",fullName:"Edward Francis John Ring"}]},{id:"19652",doi:"10.5772/20931",title:"Drilling of Bone: Practicality, Limitations and Complications Associated with Surgical Drill-Bits",slug:"drilling-of-bone-practicality-limitations-and-complications-associated-with-surgical-drill-bits",totalDownloads:13421,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:61,abstract:null,book:{id:"917",slug:"biomechanics-in-applications",title:"Biomechanics in Applications",fullTitle:"Biomechanics in Applications"},signatures:"Nicky Bertollo and William Robert Walsh",authors:[{id:"32461",title:"Prof.",name:"William",middleName:null,surname:"Walsh",slug:"william-walsh",fullName:"William Walsh"},{id:"41089",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicky",middleName:null,surname:"Bertollo",slug:"nicky-bertollo",fullName:"Nicky Bertollo"}]},{id:"44692",doi:"10.5772/55461",title:"Iron Supplementation and Physical Performance",slug:"iron-supplementation-and-physical-performance",totalDownloads:3279,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:null,book:{id:"3398",slug:"current-issues-in-sports-and-exercise-medicine",title:"Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine"},signatures:"Chariklia K. Deli, Ioannis G. Fatouros, Yiannis Koutedakis and\nAthanasios Z. Jamurtas",authors:[{id:"74567",title:"Dr.",name:"Athanasios",middleName:null,surname:"Jamurtas",slug:"athanasios-jamurtas",fullName:"Athanasios Jamurtas"},{id:"136569",title:"Dr.",name:"Ioannis",middleName:null,surname:"Fatouros",slug:"ioannis-fatouros",fullName:"Ioannis Fatouros"},{id:"161217",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Chariklia",middleName:"K",surname:"Deli",slug:"chariklia-deli",fullName:"Chariklia Deli"},{id:"167822",title:"Prof.",name:"Yiannis",middleName:null,surname:"Koutedakis",slug:"yiannis-koutedakis",fullName:"Yiannis Koutedakis"}]},{id:"40393",doi:"10.5772/52931",title:"The Epidemiology of Shoulder Pain: A Narrative Review of the Literature",slug:"the-epidemiology-of-shoulder-pain-a-narrative-review-of-the-literature",totalDownloads:4526,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:34,abstract:null,book:{id:"2238",slug:"pain-in-perspective",title:"Pain in Perspective",fullTitle:"Pain in Perspective"},signatures:"Mario Pribicevic",authors:[{id:"141285",title:"Dr.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Pribicevic",slug:"mario-pribicevic",fullName:"Mario Pribicevic"}]},{id:"44614",doi:"10.5772/54234",title:"The Physiology of Sports Injuries and Repair Processes",slug:"the-physiology-of-sports-injuries-and-repair-processes",totalDownloads:7086,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:29,abstract:null,book:{id:"3398",slug:"current-issues-in-sports-and-exercise-medicine",title:"Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine",fullTitle:"Current Issues in Sports and Exercise Medicine"},signatures:"Kelc Robi, Naranda Jakob, Kuhta Matevz and Vogrin Matjaz",authors:[{id:"159013",title:"Dr.",name:"Robi",middleName:null,surname:"Kelc",slug:"robi-kelc",fullName:"Robi Kelc"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"36705",title:"Stabilization Exercise for the Management of Low Back Pain",slug:"exercise-therapy-for-the-management-of-low-back-pain",totalDownloads:47535,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2817",slug:"low-back-pain",title:"Low Back Pain",fullTitle:"Low Back Pain"},signatures:"A. Luque-Suárez, E. Díaz-Mohedo, I. Medina-Porqueres and T. Ponce-García",authors:[{id:"100874",title:"Dr.",name:"Alejandro",middleName:null,surname:"Luque Suarez",slug:"alejandro-luque-suarez",fullName:"Alejandro Luque Suarez"},{id:"158736",title:"Ms.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Diaz",slug:"esther-diaz",fullName:"Esther Diaz"},{id:"158737",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Medina-Porqueres",slug:"ivan-medina-porqueres",fullName:"Ivan Medina-Porqueres"},{id:"158738",title:"Mr.",name:"Tomas",middleName:null,surname:"Ponce",slug:"tomas-ponce",fullName:"Tomas Ponce"}]},{id:"63594",title:"Physical Rehabilitation in the Management of Symptomatic Adult Scoliosis",slug:"physical-rehabilitation-in-the-management-of-symptomatic-adult-scoliosis",totalDownloads:2193,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Scoliosis is prevalent in elderlies over the age of 60. Of the different curve types, the thoracolumbar curve is the most common curve type operated upon, as it is associated with marked trunk shift and disability. Current physiotherapy treatments consist of electrotherapy, aquatic exercises, core-strengthening exercises, and dry needling. Outcome of these treatments has not been satisfactory. Long-term successful rate of conservative treatment of symptomatic adult scoliosis is low, as the treatment addresses symptoms but not the biomechanics involved in adult scoliosis. Recent studies have shown that physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises (PSSE) and bracing stabilized the curves in 80% of the subjects. Thus PSSE and bracing should be added to the standard physiotherapy care in the management of symptomatic adult scoliosis. For asymptomatic patients with thoracolumbar curve that has an increased risk of progression, PSSE should be considered as preventative exercises. Patients who do not respond to conservative treatments and have significant spinal stenosis should be referred for surgery.",book:{id:"7540",slug:"different-areas-of-physiotherapy",title:"Different Areas of Physiotherapy",fullTitle:"Different Areas of Physiotherapy"},signatures:"Shu-Yan Ng, Tsz-Ki Ho and Yin-Ling Ng",authors:[{id:"204673",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu Yan",middleName:null,surname:"Ng",slug:"shu-yan-ng",fullName:"Shu Yan Ng"}]},{id:"62969",title:"Non-Pharmacological Pain Management",slug:"non-pharmacological-pain-management",totalDownloads:2838,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"Non-pharmacological pain therapy refers to interventions that do not involve the use of medications to treat pain. The goals of non-pharmacological interventions are to decrease fear, distress and anxiety, and to reduce pain and provide patients with a sense of control. When deciding the most effective non-pharmacological technique, take into consideration the patient’s age, developmental level, medical history and prior experiences, current degree of pain and/or anticipated pain. The advantage of non-pharmacological treatments is that they are relatively inexpensive and safe.",book:{id:"7289",slug:"pain-management-in-special-circumstances",title:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances",fullTitle:"Pain Management in Special Circumstances"},signatures:"Ahmed El Geziry, Yasser Toble, Fathi Al Kadhi, Muhammad Pervaiz\nand Mohammad Al Nobani",authors:null},{id:"63463",title:"Clinical Classification of Cerebral Palsy",slug:"clinical-classification-of-cerebral-palsy",totalDownloads:2575,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"The classification of cerebral palsy (CP) remains a challenge; hence the presence of so many classifications and a lack of consensus. Each classification used alone is incomplete. Therefore, a multiaxial classification gives a more comprehensive description of a child with CP. The recent WHO International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) emphasizes the importance of focusing on the functional consequences of various states of health and has stimulated the development of newer functional scales in CP. It is widely accepted that the functional classification is the best classification for the patient because it guides management. The objectives of this chapter are to review the various classifications of CP, to highlight the clinical features used in the various classifications, to outline the recent functional classifications of CP and to highlight how these recent classifications guide current management. It is expected that at the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to understand the difficulties in classifying CP, enumerate and discuss the various classifications of CP, understand the merits and shortcomings of each classification scheme, clinically evaluate and classify a child with CP multiaxially and understand how functional scales predict current and future needs of children with CP.",book:{id:"7072",slug:"cerebral-palsy-clinical-and-therapeutic-aspects",title:"Cerebral Palsy",fullTitle:"Cerebral Palsy - Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects"},signatures:"Christian Chukwukere Ogoke",authors:[{id:"250398",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:"Chukwukere",surname:"Ogoke",slug:"christian-ogoke",fullName:"Christian Ogoke"}]},{id:"70770",title:"Ambulatory Devices: Assessment and Prescription",slug:"ambulatory-devices-assessment-and-prescription",totalDownloads:1136,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"Injuries or disabilities associated with the lower extremities and aging frequently result in ambulation difficulty and this usually necessitates the prescription of ambulatory assistive device (e.g., cane, crutch and walker) in an attempt to restore locomotory function. Ambulatory devices are orthotic devices that provide support, stability and balance for users to able to move from one point to another. Users can progress or retrogress from one ambulatory device to another while some are permanently fit on a particular device throughout lifetime. The progression is dependent on the medical condition, user’s abilities, user’s anthropometric and environment. Physiotherapist prescribes ambulatory device to users and helps with the fitting and proper use of the ambulatory device. A correct prescription and well fitted ambulatory device minimize functional limitation and promote functional ability and improve quality of life. Incorrect prescription, fitting and use of ambulatory device may result in early fatigue, frustration, fall and damage to blood vessels, muscles or nerves.",book:{id:"7178",slug:"prosthesis",title:"Prosthesis",fullTitle:"Prosthesis"},signatures:"Daniel Olufemi Odebiyi and Caleb Adewumi Adeagbo",authors:[{id:"268146",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Odebiyi",slug:"daniel-odebiyi",fullName:"Daniel Odebiyi"},{id:"268254",title:"Mr.",name:"Caleb",middleName:"Adewumi",surname:"Adeagbo",slug:"caleb-adeagbo",fullName:"Caleb Adeagbo"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"197",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",issn:"2632-0517",scope:"Paralleling similar advances in the medical field, astounding advances occurred in Veterinary Medicine and Science in recent decades. These advances have helped foster better support for animal health, more humane animal production, and a better understanding of the physiology of endangered species to improve the assisted reproductive technologies or the pathogenesis of certain diseases, where animals can be used as models for human diseases (like cancer, degenerative diseases or fertility), and even as a guarantee of public health. Bridging Human, Animal, and Environmental health, the holistic and integrative “One Health” concept intimately associates the developments within those fields, projecting its advancements into practice. This book series aims to tackle various animal-related medicine and sciences fields, providing thematic volumes consisting of high-quality significant research directed to researchers and postgraduates. It aims to give us a glimpse into the new accomplishments in the Veterinary Medicine and Science field. By addressing hot topics in veterinary sciences, we aim to gather authoritative texts within each issue of this series, providing in-depth overviews and analysis for graduates, academics, and practitioners and foreseeing a deeper understanding of the subject. Forthcoming texts, written and edited by experienced researchers from both industry and academia, will also discuss scientific challenges faced today in Veterinary Medicine and Science. In brief, we hope that books in this series will provide accessible references for those interested or working in this field and encourage learning in a range of different topics.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/13.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",biography:"Rita Payan Carreira earned her Veterinary Degree from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. She obtained her Ph.D. in Veterinary Sciences from the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal. After almost 32 years of teaching at the University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, she recently moved to the University of Évora, Department of Veterinary Medicine, where she teaches in the field of Animal Reproduction and Clinics. Her primary research areas include the molecular markers of the endometrial cycle and the embryo–maternal interaction, including oxidative stress and the reproductive physiology and disorders of sexual development, besides the molecular determinants of male and female fertility. She often supervises students preparing their master's or doctoral theses. She is also a frequent referee for various journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/91.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/181603/images/system/181603.jpg",biography:"Antonella Petrillo is a Professor at the Department of Engineering of the University of Naples “Parthenope”, Italy. She received her Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Cassino. Her research interests include multi-criteria decision analysis, industrial plant, logistics, manufacturing and safety. She serves as an Associate Editor for the International Journal of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. She is a member of AHP Academy and a member of several editorial boards. She has over 160 Scientific Publications in International Journals and Conferences and she is the author of 5 books on Innovation and Decision Making in Industrial Applications and Engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Parthenope University of Naples",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"92",title:"Health and Wellbeing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/92.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"348225",title:"Prof.",name:"Ann",middleName:null,surname:"Hemingway",slug:"ann-hemingway",fullName:"Ann Hemingway",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035LZFoQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-11T14:55:40.jpg",biography:"Professor Hemingway is a public health researcher, Bournemouth University, undertaking international and UK research focused on reducing inequalities in health outcomes for marginalised and excluded populations and more recently focused on equine assisted interventions.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bournemouth University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"93",title:"Inclusivity and Social Equity",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/93.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"210060",title:"Prof. Dr.",name:"Ebba",middleName:null,surname:"Ossiannilsson",slug:"ebba-ossiannilsson",fullName:"Ebba Ossiannilsson",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6LkBQAU/Profile_Picture_2022-02-28T13:31:48.png",biography:'Professor Dr. Ebba Ossiannilsson is an independent researcher, expert, consultant, quality auditor and influencer in the fields of open, flexible online and distance learning (OFDL) and the "new normal". Her focus is on quality, innovation, leadership, and personalised learning. She works primarily at the strategic and policy levels, both nationally and internationally, and with key international organisations. She is committed to promoting and improving OFDL in the context of SDG4 and the future of education. Ossiannilsson has more than 20 years of experience in her current field, but more than 40 years in the education sector. She works as a reviewer and expert for the European Commission and collaborates with the Joint Research Centre for Quality in Open Education. Ossiannilsson also collaborates with ITCILO and ICoBC (International Council on Badges and Credentials). She is a member of the ICDE Board of Directors and has previously served on the boards of EDEN and EUCEN. Ossiannilsson is a quality expert and reviewer for ICDE, EDEN and the EADTU. She chairs the ICDE OER Advocacy Committee and is a member of the ICDE Quality Network. She is regularly invited as a keynote speaker at conferences. She is a guest editor for several special issues and a member of the editorial board of several scientific journals. She has published more than 200 articles and is currently working on book projects in the field of OFDL. Ossiannilsson is a visiting professor at several international universities and was recently appointed Professor and Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ. Ossiannilsson has been awarded the following fellowships: EDEN Fellows, EDEN Council of Fellows, and Open Education Europe. She is a ICDE OER Ambassador, Open Education Europe Ambassador, GIZ Ambassador for Quality in Digital Learning, and part of the Globe-Community of Digital Learning and Champion of SPARC Europe. On a national level, she is a quality developer at the Swedish Institute for Standards (SIS) and for ISO. She is a member of the Digital Skills and Jobs Coalition Sweden and Vice President of the Swedish Association for Distance Education. She is currently working on a government initiative on quality in distance education at the National Council for Higher Education. She holds a Ph.D. from the University of Oulu, Finland.',institutionString:"Swedish Association for Distance Education, Sweden",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"94",title:"Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/94.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:null,editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"95",title:"Urban Planning and Environmental Management",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/95.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"181079",title:"Dr.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Lüthi",slug:"christoph-luthi",fullName:"Christoph Lüthi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHSqQAO/Profile_Picture_2022-04-12T15:51:33.png",biography:"Dr. Christoph Lüthi is an urban infrastructure planner with over 25 years of experience in planning and design of urban infrastructure in middle and low-income countries. He holds a Master’s Degree in Urban Development Planning from the University College of London (UCL), and a Ph.D. in Urban Planning & Engineering from TU Berlin. He has conducted applied research on urban planning and infrastructure issues in over 20 countries in Africa and Asia. In 2005 he joined Eawag-Sandec as Leader of the Strategic Environmental Sanitation Planning Group. Since 2015 he heads the research department Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Research and Technology (Eawag).",institutionString:"Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Switzerland",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290571/images/system/290571.jpg",biography:"Rui Alexandre Castanho has a master\\'s degree in Planning, Audit, and Control in Urban Green Spaces and an international Ph.D. in Sustainable Planning in Borderlands. Currently, he is a professor at WSB University, Poland, and a visiting professor at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Dr. Castanho is a post-doc researcher on the GREAT Project, University of Azores, Ponta Delgada, Portugal. He collaborates with the Environmental Resources Analysis Research Group (ARAM), University of Extremadura (UEx), Spain; VALORIZA - Research Center for the Enhancement of Endogenous Resources, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre (IPP), Portugal; Centre for Tourism Research, Development and Innovation (CITUR), Madeira, Portugal; and AQUAGEO Research Group, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Brazil.",institutionString:"University of Johannesburg, South Africa and WSB University, Poland",institution:{name:"University of Johannesburg",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{id:"81493",title:"Rust Disease Classification Using Deep Learning Based Algorithm: The Case of Wheat",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104426",signatures:"Shivani Sood, Harjeet Singh and Suruchi Jindal",slug:"rust-disease-classification-using-deep-learning-based-algorithm-the-case-of-wheat",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81428",title:"Observatory of Sustainable Development in Postgraduate Study Programs in Baja California",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104641",signatures:"Rodolfo Martinez-Gutierrez, Maria Marcela Solis-Quinteros, Maria Esther Ibarra-Estrada and Angel Ernesto Jimenez-Bernardino",slug:"observatory-of-sustainable-development-in-postgraduate-study-programs-in-baja-california",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Globalization and Sustainability - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Emerging Issues",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11476.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"81235",title:"Global Food System Transformation for Resilience",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102749",signatures:"Jasper Okoro Godwin Elechi, Ikechukwu U. Nwiyi and Cornelius Smah Adamu",slug:"global-food-system-transformation-for-resilience",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}},{id:"80749",title:"Analysis of the Nexus Between Coping Strategies and Resilience to Food Insecurity Shocks: The Case of Rural Households in Boricha Woreda, Sidama National Regional State, Ethiopia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102613",signatures:"Adane Atara Debessa, Degefa Tolossa and Berhanu Denu",slug:"analysis-of-the-nexus-between-coping-strategies-and-resilience-to-food-insecurity-shocks-the-case-of",totalDownloads:45,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Food Systems Resilience",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10897.jpg",subseries:{id:"91",title:"Sustainable Economy and Fair Society"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"11671",title:"Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11671.jpg",hash:"2bd98244cd9eda2107f01824584c1eb4",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:4,submissionDeadline:"March 17th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11669",title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",hash:"9117bd12dc904ced43404e3383b6591a",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"415310",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Erik",surname:"Froyen",slug:"erik-froyen",fullName:"Erik Froyen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11674",title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",hash:"5d7d49bd80f53dad3761f78de4a862c6",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"238047",title:"Dr.",name:"Gaia",surname:"Favero",slug:"gaia-favero",fullName:"Gaia Favero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11670",title:"Chitin-Chitosan - Isolation, Properties, and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11670.jpg",hash:"69f009be08998711eecfb200adc7deca",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"May 26th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"176093",title:"Dr.",name:"Brajesh",surname:"Kumar",slug:"brajesh-kumar",fullName:"Brajesh Kumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 8th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"81793",title:"Canine parvovirus-2: An Emerging Threat to Young Pets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104846",signatures:"Mithilesh Singh, Rajendran Manikandan, Ujjwal Kumar De, Vishal Chander, Babul Rudra Paul, Saravanan Ramakrishnan and Darshini Maramreddy",slug:"canine-parvovirus-2-an-emerging-threat-to-young-pets",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"81271",title:"The Diversity of Parvovirus Telomeres",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102684",signatures:"Marianne Laugel, Emilie Lecomte, Eduard Ayuso, Oumeya Adjali, Mathieu Mével and Magalie Penaud-Budloo",slug:"the-diversity-of-parvovirus-telomeres",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Recent Advances in Canine Medicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11580.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"80187",title:"Potential Utilization of Insect Meal as Livestock Feed",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101766",signatures:"Sipho Moyo and Busani Moyo",slug:"potential-utilization-of-insect-meal-as-livestock-feed",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79909",title:"Cryopreservation Methods and Frontiers in the Art of Freezing Life in Animal Models",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101750",signatures:"Feda S. Aljaser",slug:"cryopreservation-methods-and-frontiers-in-the-art-of-freezing-life-in-animal-models",totalDownloads:160,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79866",title:"Ruminal Microbiome Manipulation to Improve Fermentation Efficiency in Ruminants",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101582",signatures:"Yosra Ahmed Soltan and Amlan Kumar Patra",slug:"ruminal-microbiome-manipulation-to-improve-fermentation-efficiency-in-ruminants",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"79782",title:"Avian Reproduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101185",signatures:"Kingsley Omogiade Idahor",slug:"avian-reproduction",totalDownloads:149,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kingsley O.",surname:"Idahor"}],book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"78802",title:"Intraovarian Gestation in Viviparous Teleosts: Unique Type of Gestation among Vertebrates",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100267",signatures:"Mari-Carmen Uribe, Gabino De la Rosa-Cruz, Adriana García-Alarcón and Juan Carlos Campuzano-Caballero",slug:"intraovarian-gestation-in-viviparous-teleosts-unique-type-of-gestation-among-vertebrates",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Reproduction",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",subseries:{id:"28",title:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology"}}},{id:"79209",title:"Virtual Physiology: A Tool for the 21st Century",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99671",signatures:"Carmen Nóbrega, Maria Aires Pereira, Catarina Coelho, Isabel Brás, Ana Cristina Mega, Carla Santos, Fernando Esteves, Rita Cruz, Ana I. Faustino-Rocha, Paula A. Oliveira, João Mesquita and Helena Vala",slug:"virtual-physiology-a-tool-for-the-21st-century",totalDownloads:136,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10665.jpg",subseries:{id:"19",title:"Animal Science"}}},{id:"78849",title:"Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100326",signatures:"Sonnia Nzilani Musyoka and Rita Nairuti",slug:"application-of-vermicompost-fertilizer-in-aquaculture-nutrition-review",totalDownloads:67,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Nutrition - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11416.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}},{id:"78998",title:"Effect of Various Feed Additives on the Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle Based on an Ammoniated Palm Frond Feeds",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100142",signatures:"Mardiati Zain, Rusmana Wijaya Setia Ningrat, Heni Suryani and Novirman Jamarun",slug:"effect-of-various-feed-additives-on-the-methane-emissions-from-beef-cattle-based-on-an-ammoniated-pa",totalDownloads:143,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",subseries:{id:"20",title:"Animal Nutrition"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:7,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:11,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Dr.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]}},subseries:{item:{id:"12",type:"subseries",title:"Human Physiology",keywords:"Anatomy, Cells, Organs, Systems, Homeostasis, Functions",scope:"Human physiology is the scientific exploration of the various functions (physical, biochemical, and mechanical properties) of humans, their organs, and their constituent cells. The endocrine and nervous systems play important roles in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. Integration, which is the biological basis of physiology, is achieved through communication between the many overlapping functions of the human body's systems, which takes place through electrical and chemical means. Much of the basis of our knowledge of human physiology has been provided by animal experiments. Because of the close relationship between structure and function, studies in human physiology and anatomy seek to understand the mechanisms that help the human body function. The series on human physiology deals with the various mechanisms of interaction between the various organs, nerves, and cells in the human body.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/12.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11408,editor:{id:"195829",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Sakuma",slug:"kunihiro-sakuma",fullName:"Kunihiro Sakuma",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195829/images/system/195829.jpg",biography:"Professor Kunihiro Sakuma, Ph.D., currently works in the Institute for Liberal Arts at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a physiologist working in the field of skeletal muscle. He was awarded his sports science diploma in 1995 by the University of Tsukuba and began his scientific work at the Department of Physiology, Aichi Human Service Center, focusing on the molecular mechanism of congenital muscular dystrophy and normal muscle regeneration. His interest later turned to the molecular mechanism and attenuating strategy of sarcopenia (age-related muscle atrophy). His opinion is to attenuate sarcopenia by improving autophagic defects using nutrient- and pharmaceutical-based treatments.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Tokyo Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:{id:"331519",title:"Dr.",name:"Kotomi",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",slug:"kotomi-sakai",fullName:"Kotomi Sakai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000031QtFXQA0/Profile_Picture_1637053227318",biography:"Senior researcher Kotomi Sakai, Ph.D., MPH, works at the Research Organization of Science and Technology in Ritsumeikan University. She is a researcher in the geriatric rehabilitation and public health field. She received Ph.D. from Nihon University and MPH from St.Luke’s International University. Her main research interest is sarcopenia in older adults, especially its association with nutritional status. Additionally, to understand how to maintain and improve physical function in older adults, to conduct studies about the mechanism of sarcopenia and determine when possible interventions are needed.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ritsumeikan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"213786",title:"Dr.",name:"Henrique P.",middleName:null,surname:"Neiva",slug:"henrique-p.-neiva",fullName:"Henrique P. Neiva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/213786/images/system/213786.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Beira Interior",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"39275",title:"Prof.",name:"Herbert Ryan",middleName:null,surname:"Marini",slug:"herbert-ryan-marini",fullName:"Herbert Ryan Marini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39275/images/9459_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Messina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"196218",title:"Dr.",name:"Pasquale",middleName:null,surname:"Cianci",slug:"pasquale-cianci",fullName:"Pasquale Cianci",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196218/images/system/196218.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Foggia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:19,paginationItems:[{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:46,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:33,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80777",title:"Starch: A Veritable Natural Polymer for Economic Revolution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102941",signatures:"Obi P. Adigwe, Henry O. Egharevba and Martins O. Emeje",slug:"starch-a-veritable-natural-polymer-for-economic-revolution",totalDownloads:43,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80673",title:"Teucrium ramosissimum Derived-Natural Products and Its Potent Effect in Alleviating the Pathological Kidney Damage in LPS-Induced Mice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102788",signatures:"Fatma Guesmi and Ahmed Landoulsi",slug:"teucrium-ramosissimum-derived-natural-products-and-its-potent-effect-in-alleviating-the-pathological",totalDownloads:35,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80600",title:"Essential Oil as Green Preservative Obtained by Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103035",signatures:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy",slug:"essential-oil-as-green-preservative-obtained-by-ecofriendly-extraction-techniques",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Nashwa",surname:"Morsy"}],book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79875",title:"Comparative Study of the Physiochemical Composition and Techno-Functional Properties of Two Extracted Acorn Starches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101562",signatures:"Youkabed Zarroug, Mouna Boulares, Dorra Sfayhi and Bechir Slimi",slug:"comparative-study-of-the-physiochemical-composition-and-techno-functional-properties-of-two-extracte",totalDownloads:49,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80395",title:"History, Evolution and Future of Starch Industry in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102712",signatures:"Obi Peter Adigwe, Judith Eloyi John and Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"history-evolution-and-future-of-starch-industry-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80168",title:"Benzimidazole: Pharmacological Profile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102091",signatures:"Mahender Thatikayala, Anil Kumar Garige and Hemalatha Gadegoni",slug:"benzimidazole-pharmacological-profile",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80122",title:"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102037",signatures:"Ishrat Nazir and Sajad Ahmad Gangoo",slug:"pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-potentials-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:123,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80130",title:"Exploring the Versatility of Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Medicinal Agents: A Brief Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101942",signatures:"Gopakumar Kavya and Akhil Sivan",slug:"exploring-the-versatility-of-benzimidazole-scaffolds-as-medicinal-agents-a-brief-update",totalDownloads:55,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80018",title:"Potato Starch as Affected by Varieties, Storage Treatments and Conditions of Tubers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101831",signatures:"Saleem Siddiqui, Naseer Ahmed and Neeraj Phogat",slug:"potato-starch-as-affected-by-varieties-storage-treatments-and-conditions-of-tubers",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80023",title:"Binary Interactions and Starch Bioavailability: Critical in Limiting Glycemic Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101833",signatures:"Veda Krishnan, Monika Awana, Debarati Mondal, Piyush Verma, Archana Singh and Shelly Praveen",slug:"binary-interactions-and-starch-bioavailability-critical-in-limiting-glycemic-response",totalDownloads:73,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79964",title:"The Anticancer Profile of Benzimidazolium Salts and their Metal Complexes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101729",signatures:"Imran Ahmad Khan, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Sana Aslam and Matloob Ahmad",slug:"the-anticancer-profile-of-benzimidazolium-salts-and-their-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:90,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79835",title:"Advances of Benzimidazole Derivatives as Anticancer Agents: Bench to Bedside",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101702",signatures:"Kashif Haider and Mohammad Shahar Yar",slug:"advances-of-benzimidazole-derivatives-as-anticancer-agents-bench-to-bedside",totalDownloads:105,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79856",title:"Starch-Based Hybrid Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101697",signatures:"Ashoka Gamage, Thiviya Punniamoorthy and Terrence Madhujith",slug:"starch-based-hybrid-nanomaterials-for-environmental-remediation",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"9959",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9959.jpg",slug:"biomedical-signal-and-image-processing",publishedDate:"April 14th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yongxia Zhou",hash:"22b87a09bd6df065d78c175235d367c8",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing",editors:[{id:"259308",title:"Dr.",name:"Yongxia",middleName:null,surname:"Zhou",slug:"yongxia-zhou",fullName:"Yongxia Zhou",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259308/images/system/259308.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Southern California",institution:{name:"University of Southern California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9973",title:"Data Acquisition",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9973.jpg",slug:"data-acquisition-recent-advances-and-applications-in-biomedical-engineering",publishedDate:"March 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",hash:"75ea6cdd241216c9db28aa734ab34446",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Data Acquisition - Recent Advances and Applications in Biomedical Engineering",editors:[{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9905",title:"Biometric Systems",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9905.jpg",slug:"biometric-systems",publishedDate:"February 10th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",hash:"c730560dd2e3837a03407b3a86b0ef2a",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Biometric Systems",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kuwait"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8622",title:"Peptide Synthesis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8622.jpg",slug:"peptide-synthesis",publishedDate:"December 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jaya T. Varkey",hash:"de9fa48c5248dbfb581825b8c74f5623",volumeInSeries:0,fullTitle:"Peptide Synthesis",editors:[{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7497",title:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7497.jpg",slug:"computer-vision-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Monika Elzbieta Machoy",hash:"1e9812cebd46ef9e28257f3e96547f6a",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Computer Vision in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8633",title:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8633.jpg",slug:"novel-diagnostic-methods-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Anna Nowinska",hash:"da2c90e8db647ead30504defce3fb5d3",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Novel Diagnostic Methods in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"261466",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:"Karolina",surname:"Nowińska",slug:"anna-nowinska",fullName:"Anna Nowińska",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261466/images/system/261466.jpeg",institutionString:"Medical University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.jpg",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:98,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:286,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:101,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",scope:"Fungi are ubiquitous and there are almost no non-pathogenic fungi. Fungal infectious illness prevalence and prognosis are determined by the exposure between fungi and host, host immunological state, fungal virulence, and early and accurate diagnosis and treatment. \r\nPatients with both congenital and acquired immunodeficiency are more likely to be infected with opportunistic mycosis. Fungal infectious disease outbreaks are common during the post- disaster rebuilding era, which is characterised by high population density, migration, and poor health and medical conditions.\r\nSystemic or local fungal infection is mainly associated with the fungi directly inhaled or inoculated in the environment during the disaster. The most common fungal infection pathways are human to human (anthropophilic), animal to human (zoophilic), and environment to human (soilophile). Diseases are common as a result of widespread exposure to pathogenic fungus dispersed into the environment. \r\nFungi that are both common and emerging are intertwined. In Southeast Asia, for example, Talaromyces marneffei is an important pathogenic thermally dimorphic fungus that causes systemic mycosis. Widespread fungal infections with complicated and variable clinical manifestations, such as Candida auris infection resistant to several antifungal medicines, Covid-19 associated with Trichoderma, and terbinafine resistant dermatophytosis in India, are among the most serious disorders. \r\nInappropriate local or systemic use of glucocorticoids, as well as their immunosuppressive effects, may lead to changes in fungal infection spectrum and clinical characteristics. Hematogenous candidiasis is a worrisome issue that affects people all over the world, particularly ICU patients. CARD9 deficiency and fungal infection have been major issues in recent years. Invasive aspergillosis is associated with a significant death rate. Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. It will provide significant opportunities and support for scientists, clinical doctors, mycologists, antifungal drug researchers, public health practitioners, and epidemiologists from all over the world to share new research, ideas and solutions to promote the development and progress of medical mycology.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",keywords:"Emerging Fungal Pathogens, Invasive Infections, Epidemiology, Cell Membrane, Fungal Virulence, Diagnosis, Treatment"},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",scope:"Parasitic diseases have evolved alongside their human hosts. In many cases, these diseases have adapted so well that they have developed efficient resilience methods in the human host and can live in the host for years. Others, particularly some blood parasites, can cause very acute diseases and are responsible for millions of deaths yearly. Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 7th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:96,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/101356",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"101356"},fullPath:"/profiles/101356",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()