\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9923",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering - Selected Problems",title:"Modeling and Simulation in Engineering",subtitle:"Selected Problems",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'The general aim of this book is to present selected chapters of the following types: chapters with more focus on modeling with some necessary simulation details and chapters with less focus on modeling but with more simulation details. This book contains eleven chapters divided into two sections: Modeling in Continuum Mechanics and Modeling in Electronics and Engineering. We hope our book entitled "Modeling and Simulation in Engineering - Selected Problems" will serve as a useful reference to students, scientists, and engineers.',isbn:"978-1-83968-250-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-249-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-251-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87734",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"modeling-and-simulation-in-engineering-selected-problems",numberOfPages:240,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"4b0bacd0e1184b17d25ee58e03fadb6a",bookSignature:"Jan Valdman and Leszek Marcinkowski",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9923.jpg",numberOfDownloads:6094,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:4,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:7,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:12,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"November 19th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"February 26th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"April 26th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"July 15th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"September 13th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"177759",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",middleName:null,surname:"Valdman",slug:"jan-valdman",fullName:"Jan Valdman",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177759/images/system/177759.jpg",biography:"Dr. Jan Valdman is an associate professor of applied mathematics at the Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice and a researcher at the Institute of Information Theory and Automation of the Czech Academy of Sciences in Prague. He obtained his MSc degrees from the Mathematical Research Institute in Utrecht, the Netherlands, and the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Czech Republic in 1998. He graduated from the University of Kiel, Germany with his PhD thesis on modeling of elastoplasticity in 2002. After spending further years at several foreign institutions (Linz, Bergen, Reykjavik, and Leipzig), he returned to Czech Republic and finished his habilitation at the Technical University of Ostrava in 2011. His areas of interest include computational nonlinear mechanics of solids and aposteriori error estimates for nonlinear problems. He has published several vectorized finite element codes in MATLAB.",institutionString:"University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"311809",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Marcinkowski",slug:"leszek-marcinkowski",fullName:"Leszek Marcinkowski",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311809/images/10147_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Leszek Marcinkowski is an associate professor of applied mathematics at the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics, and Mechanics, University of Warsaw. He obtained his MSc degree in 1994, his Ph.D. degree in 2000, and his habilitation in 2010 from the University of Warsaw. All degrees were obtained with distinctions. His Ph.D. thesis was on parallel solvers for partial differential equations discretizations. Later he was a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Computer Science of the University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. He visited many foreign institutions, including the University of Colorado, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the University of Bergen, for shorter research visits. His research areas are focused on discretization methods and parallel solvers for partial differential equations. In particular, he is interested in discretizations built on nonmatching grids and domain decomposition methods.",institutionString:"University of Warsaw",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"University of Warsaw",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"607",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"numerical-analysis-and-scientific-computing-mathematical-modeling"}],chapters:[{id:"72052",title:"Cohesive Elements or Phase-Field Fracture: Which Method Is Better for Dynamic Fracture Analyses?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92180",slug:"cohesive-elements-or-phase-field-fracture-which-method-is-better-for-dynamic-fracture-analyses-",totalDownloads:660,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Numerical techniques to simulate crack propagation can roughly be divided into sharp and diffuse interface methods. Two prominent approaches to quantitative dynamic fracture analysis are compared here. Specifically, an adaptive cohesive element technique and a phase-field fracture approach are applied to simulate Hopkinson bar experiments on the fracture toughness of high-performance concrete. The experimental results are validated numerically in the sense of an inverse analysis. Both methods allow predictive numerical simulations of crack growth with an a priori unknown path and determine the related material parameter in a quantitative manner. Reliability, precision, and numerical costs differ however.",signatures:"Tim Dally, Carola Bilgen, Marek Werner and Kerstin Weinberg",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72052",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72052",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72784",title:"Methods of Nonequilibrium Statistical Mechanics in Models for Mixing Bulk Components",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93137",slug:"methods-of-nonequilibrium-statistical-mechanics-in-models-for-mixing-bulk-components",totalDownloads:396,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"When describing the mechanics of the behavior of bulk materials during their mixing, a theoretical basis for the design of the specified equipment is formed. In recent years, the most well-known methods of modeling this process include the stochastic approach, in the framework of which models of the following types are actively developing: cell, managerial, with time series, energy, etc. Moreover, as a rule, predicting the quality of the finished mixture according to the selected criterion is achieved by using numerical calculation methods based on the generated cyber system. Of particular interest is the use of the energy method from the statistical mechanics of nonequilibrium processes due to the possibility of obtaining analytical simulation results. The paper describes the motion models of bulk components in rarefied flows, which are built on the basis of the energy method and take into account the main characteristics of the studied mixing process.",signatures:"Anna Kapranova, Daria Bahaeva, Dmitry Stenko, Ivan Verloka, Anton Lebedev and Mikhail Tarshis",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72784",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72784",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"73480",title:"Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Simulation of Diffusive Processes in Slow Changing Domains",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93788",slug:"mathematical-modelling-and-numerical-simulation-of-diffusive-processes-in-slow-changing-domains",totalDownloads:335,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Nowadays, diffusion and heat conduction processes in slow changing domains attract great attention. Slow-phase transitions and growth of biological structures can be considered as examples of such processes. The main difficulty in numerical solutions of correspondent problems is connected with the presence of two time scales. The first one is time scale describing diffusion or heat conduction. The second time scale is connected with the mentioned slow domain evolution. If there is sufficient difference in order of the listed time scale, strong computational difficulties in application of time-stepping algorithms are observed. To overcome the mentioned difficulties, it is proposed to apply a small parameter method for obtaining a new mathematical model, in which the starting parabolic initial-boundary-value problem is replaced by a sequence of elliptic boundary-value problems. Application of the boundary element method for numerical solution of the obtained sequence of problems gives an opportunity to solve the whole considered problem in slow time with high accuracy specific to the mentioned algorithm. Besides that, questions about convergence of the obtained asymptotic expansion and correspondence between initial and obtained formulations of the problem are considered separately. The proposed numerical approach is illustrated by several examples of numerical calculations for relevant problems.",signatures:"Dmytro V. Yevdokymov and Yuri L. Menshikov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73480",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73480",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72770",title:"Modeling of the Two-Dimensional Thawing of Logs in an Air Environment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93177",slug:"modeling-of-the-two-dimensional-thawing-of-logs-in-an-air-environment",totalDownloads:392,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A two-dimensional mathematical model has been created, solved, and verified for the transient nonlinear heat conduction in logs during their thawing in an air environment. For the numerical solution of the model, an explicit form of the finite-difference method in the computing medium of Visual FORTRAN Professional has been used. The chapter presents solutions of the model and its validation towards own experimental studies. During the validation of the model, the inverse task of the heat transfer has been solved for the determination of the logs’ heat transfer coefficients in radial and longitudinal directions. This task has been solved also in regard to the logs’ surface temperature, which depends on the mentioned coefficients. The results from the experimental and simulative investigation of 2D nonstationary temperature distribution in the longitudinal section of poplar logs with a diameter of 0.24 m, length of 0.48 m, and an initial temperature of approximately –30°C during their many hours thawing in an air environment at room temperature are presented, visualized, and analyzed.",signatures:"Nencho Deliiski, Ladislav Dzurenda and Natalia Tumbarkova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72770",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72770",authors:[{id:"43040",title:"Prof.",name:"Nencho",surname:"Deliiski",slug:"nencho-deliiski",fullName:"Nencho Deliiski"},{id:"184902",title:"Prof.",name:"Ladislav",surname:"Dzuranda",slug:"ladislav-dzuranda",fullName:"Ladislav Dzuranda"},{id:"284649",title:"Dr.",name:"Natalia",surname:"Tumbarkova",slug:"natalia-tumbarkova",fullName:"Natalia Tumbarkova"}],corrections:null},{id:"72997",title:"Innovations in Heat Pump Design Using Computational Fluid Dynamics with Control Volume Method",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93191",slug:"innovations-in-heat-pump-design-using-computational-fluid-dynamics-with-control-volume-method",totalDownloads:475,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Mathematical modeling of the heat pump as a result of continuity, momentum, and energy equations is obtained. To solve these equations numerically, the problem is divided by a finite number of control volumes. Then the differential equations in these control volumes integrated and converted into algebraic equations. The importance of computational fluid dynamics in Industry 4.0 applications is to make current applications more efficient in heat pump applications. In this study, the book section is composed of the application of computational fluid dynamics by the control volume method using Ansys fluent program, which will benefit readers from industry 4.0 perspective, especially in energy efficiency issues according to the volume method of controlling correct heat pump designs.",signatures:"Cemil Koyunoğlu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72997",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72997",authors:[{id:"282057",title:"Dr.",name:"Cemil",surname:"Koyunoğlu",slug:"cemil-koyunoglu",fullName:"Cemil Koyunoğlu"}],corrections:null},{id:"73385",title:"A Robust and Oblivious Watermarking Method Using Maximum Wavelet Coefficient Modulation and Genetic Algorithm",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93832",slug:"a-robust-and-oblivious-watermarking-method-using-maximum-wavelet-coefficient-modulation-and-genetic-",totalDownloads:380,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"An image watermarking method using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented for applications like content authentication and copyright protection. This method is robust to various image attacks. For watermark detection/extraction, the cover image is not essential. Gray scale images of size 512 × 512 as cover image and binary images of size 64 × 64 as watermark are used in the simulation of the proposed method. Watermark embedding is done in the DWT domain. 3rd and 2nd level detail sub-band coefficients are selected for further processing. Selected coefficients are arranged in different blocks. The size of the block and the number blocks depends on the size of the watermark. One watermark bit is embedded in each block. Then, inverse DWT operation is performed to get the required watermarked image. This watermarked image is used for transmission and distribution purposes. In case of any dispute over the ownership, the hidden watermark is decoded to solve the problem. Threshold-based method is used for watermark extraction. Control parameters are identified and optimized based on GA for targeted performance in terms of PSNR and NCC. Performance comparison is done with the existing works and substantial improvement is witnessed.",signatures:"Surya Prasada Rao Borra, Kongara Ramanjaneyulu and K. Raja Rajeswari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/73385",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/73385",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"72991",title:"A New BEM for Modeling and Simulation of Laser Generated Ultrasound Waves in 3T Fractional Nonlinear Generalized Micropolar Poro-Thermoelastic FGA Structures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93376",slug:"a-new-bem-for-modeling-and-simulation-of-laser-generated-ultrasound-waves-in-3t-fractional-nonlinear",totalDownloads:372,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, we introduce a new theory called acoustic wave propagation of three-temperature fractional nonlinear generalized micropolar poro-thermoelasticity and we propose a new boundary element technique for modeling and simulation of laser-generated ultrasonic wave propagation problems of functionally graded anisotropic (FGA) structures which are linked with the proposed theory. Since it is very difficult to solve general acoustic problems of this theory analytically, we need to develop and use new computational modeling techniques. So, we propose a new boundary element technique for solving such problems. The numerical results are shown graphically to depict the effects of three temperatures on the thermal stress waves propagation. The validity, accuracy, and efficiency of our proposed theory and the technique are examined and demonstrated by comparing the obtained outcomes with those previously reported in the literature as special cases of our general study.",signatures:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72991",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72991",authors:[{id:"233766",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Abdelsabour",surname:"Fahmy",slug:"mohamed-abdelsabour-fahmy",fullName:"Mohamed Abdelsabour Fahmy"}],corrections:null},{id:"72532",title:"Interactions between Terrestrial Cosmic-Ray Neutrons and III–V Compound Semiconductors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92774",slug:"interactions-between-terrestrial-cosmic-ray-neutrons-and-iii-v-compound-semiconductors",totalDownloads:548,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This work explores by numerical simulation the impact of high-energy atmospheric neutrons and their interactions with III–V binary compound semiconductors. The efforts have focused on eight III–V semiconductors: GaAs, AlAs, InP, InAs, GaSb, InSb, GaN, and GaP. For each material, extensive Geant4 numerical simulations have been performed considering a bulk target exposed to a neutron source emulating the atmospheric neutron spectrum at terrestrial level. Results emphasize in detail the reaction rates per type of reaction (elastic, inelastic, nonelastic) and offer a classification of all the neutron-induced secondary products as a function of their atomic number, kinetic energy, initial stopping power, and range. Implications for single-event effects (SEEs) are analyzed and discussed, notably in terms of energy and charge deposited in the bulk material and in the first nanometers of particle range with respect to the critical charge for modern complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies.",signatures:"Daniela Munteanu and Jean-Luc Autran",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72532",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72532",authors:[{id:"14152",title:"Prof.",name:"Jean-Luc",surname:"Autran",slug:"jean-luc-autran",fullName:"Jean-Luc Autran"},{id:"14602",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniela",surname:"Munteanu",slug:"daniela-munteanu",fullName:"Daniela Munteanu"}],corrections:null},{id:"71601",title:"Modeling and Simulation in Microwave-Photonics Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91940",slug:"modeling-and-simulation-in-microwave-photonics-applications",totalDownloads:712,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, with the goal to recover an optimal mean for computer-aided modeling and simulating a newer class of microwave-photonics-based radio electronic apparatuses, a number of comparative simulation experiments for the basic microwave band electronic devices and systems using well-known software tools referred to photonic design automation or upgraded electronic design automation platforms are carried out. As a result, it is shown that exploiting the software of upgraded electronic design automation platform provides significantly better accuracy of calculations for the devices and systems of this class.",signatures:"Mikhail E. Belkin, Tatiana Bakhvalova, Vladislav Golovin, Yuriy Tyschuk and Alexander S. Sigov",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71601",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71601",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71801",title:"Machine Health Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis Techniques Review in Industrial Power-Line Network",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92044",slug:"machine-health-monitoring-and-fault-diagnosis-techniques-review-in-industrial-power-line-network",totalDownloads:765,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The machinery arrangements in industrial environment normally consist of motors of diverse sizes and specifications that are provided power and connected with common power-bus. The power-line could be act as a good source for travelling the signal through power-line network and this can be leave a faulty symptom while inspection of motors. This influence on other neighbouring motors with noisy signal that may present some type of fault condition in healthy motors. Further intricacy arises when this type of signal is propagated on power-line network by motors at different slip speeds, power rating and many faulty motors within the network. This sort of convolution and diversification of signals from multiple motors makes it challenging to measure and accurately relate to a certain motor or specific fault. This chapter presents a critical literature review analysis on machine-fault diagnosis and its related topics. The review covers a wide range of recent literature in this problem domain. A significant related research development and contribution of different areas regarding fault diagnosis and traceability within power-line networks will be discussed in detail throughout this chapter.",signatures:"Saud Altaf and Shafiq Ahmad",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71801",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71973",title:"Semiconductor Device Modeling and Simulation for Electronic Circuit Design",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92037",slug:"semiconductor-device-modeling-and-simulation-for-electronic-circuit-design",totalDownloads:1059,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter covers different methods of semiconductor device modeling for electronic circuit simulation. It presents a discussion on physics-based analytical modeling approach to predict device operation at specific conditions such as applied bias (e.g., voltages and currents); environment (e.g., temperature, noise); and physical characteristics (e.g., geometry, doping levels). However, formulation of device model involves trade-off between accuracy and computational speed and for most practical operation such as for SPICE-based circuit simulator, empirical modeling approach is often preferred. Thus, this chapter also covers empirical modeling approaches to predict device operation by implementing mathematically fitted equations. In addition, it includes numerical device modeling approaches, which involve numerical device simulation using different types of commercial computer-based tools. Numerical models are used as virtual environment for device optimization under different conditions and the results can be used to validate the simulation models for other operating conditions.",signatures:"Samira Shamsir, Md Sakib Hasan, Omiya Hassan, Partha Sarathi Paul, Md Razuan Hossain and Syed K. Islam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71973",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71973",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5141",title:"Applications from Engineering with MATLAB Concepts",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bdc44a3ab8aa8a9b5d9a2b62b6e09c67",slug:"applications-from-engineering-with-matlab-concepts",bookSignature:"Jan Valdman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177759",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Valdman",slug:"jan-valdman",fullName:"Jan Valdman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6577",title:"Optimization Algorithms",subtitle:"Examples",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d38cfd898b85237638ab1cdeba85a8c5",slug:"optimization-algorithms-examples",bookSignature:"Jan Valdman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6577.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"177759",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Valdman",slug:"jan-valdman",fullName:"Jan Valdman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1362",title:"Numerical Simulations of Physical and Engineering Processes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cd4c772ac313082f094190ade16e150",slug:"numerical-simulations-of-physical-and-engineering-processes",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1362.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3746",title:"Fuzzy Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"91145b2a9dac88653c1e608e5f75918f",slug:"fuzzy-systems",bookSignature:"Ahmad Taher Azar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3746.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6666",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmad Taher",surname:"Azar",slug:"ahmad-taher-azar",fullName:"Ahmad Taher Azar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3758",title:"Simulated Annealing",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"93d0c8c3b499d3150a080a9890a69f41",slug:"simulated_annealing",bookSignature:"Cher Ming Tan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3758.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"218918",title:"Prof.",name:"Cher Ming",surname:"Tan",slug:"cher-ming-tan",fullName:"Cher Ming Tan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2309",title:"Principal Component Analysis",subtitle:"Engineering Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1ff906c829e05ef07235415309a10e30",slug:"principal-component-analysis-engineering-applications",bookSignature:"Parinya Sanguansat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2309.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110312",title:"Dr.",name:"Parinya",surname:"Sanguansat",slug:"parinya-sanguansat",fullName:"Parinya Sanguansat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2310",title:"Principal Component Analysis",subtitle:"Multidisciplinary Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deccffe6521a2568e05dcd17bc875cf0",slug:"principal-component-analysis-multidisciplinary-applications",bookSignature:"Parinya Sanguansat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2310.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110312",title:"Dr.",name:"Parinya",surname:"Sanguansat",slug:"parinya-sanguansat",fullName:"Parinya Sanguansat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2985",title:"Smoothing, Filtering and Prediction",subtitle:"Estimating The Past, Present and Future",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e671ee8b4750b45627825d577f9fde43",slug:"smoothing-filtering-and-prediction-estimating-the-past-present-and-future",bookSignature:"Garry A. Einicke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2985.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"147649",title:"Dr.",name:"Garry",surname:"Einicke",slug:"garry-einicke",fullName:"Garry Einicke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"3",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"1867",title:"Numerical Modelling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2599b8ac8189b5b84556e825e9030422",slug:"numerical-modelling",bookSignature:"Peep Miidla",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1867.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"53706",title:"Dr.",name:"Peep",surname:"Miidla",slug:"peep-miidla",fullName:"Peep Miidla"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1917",title:"Principal Component Analysis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f4e1f70e05e715125ecf4d35805a800f",slug:"principal-component-analysis",bookSignature:"Parinya Sanguansat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1917.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"110312",title:"Dr.",name:"Parinya",surname:"Sanguansat",slug:"parinya-sanguansat",fullName:"Parinya Sanguansat"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",title:"Corrigendum to: Eating Disorders as New Forms of Addiction",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/66065.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66065",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66065",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/66065",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/66065",chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"52200",slug:"eating-disorders-as-new-forms-of-addiction",signatures:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal, María I. Ramos-Fuentes, Laura Rodríguez-\nSantos and M. Cristina Álvarez-Mateos",dateSubmitted:"June 28th 2016",dateReviewed:"August 12th 2016",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2017",book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"188555",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco J.",middleName:null,surname:"Vaz-Leal",fullName:"Francisco J. Vaz-Leal",slug:"francisco-j.-vaz-leal",email:"fjvazleal@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"188719",title:"Dr.",name:"María Cristina",middleName:null,surname:"Álvarez Mateos",fullName:"María Cristina Álvarez Mateos",slug:"maria-cristina-alvarez-mateos",email:"cristinaalvarezmateos@gmail.com",position:null,institution:null},{id:"195142",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Rodríguez Santos",fullName:"Laura Rodríguez Santos",slug:"laura-rodriguez-santos",email:"laura@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"195143",title:"Dr.",name:"María I",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos Fuentes",fullName:"María I Ramos Fuentes",slug:"maria-i-ramos-fuentes",email:"miramos@unex.es",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},book:{id:"5372",title:"Eating Disorders",subtitle:"A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",fullTitle:"Eating Disorders - A Paradigm of the Biopsychosocial Model of Illness",slug:"eating-disorders-a-paradigm-of-the-biopsychosocial-model-of-illness",publishedDate:"February 1st 2017",bookSignature:"Ignacio Jauregui-Lobera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5372.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"323887",title:"Prof.",name:"Ignacio",middleName:null,surname:"Jáuregui-Lobera",slug:"ignacio-jauregui-lobera",fullName:"Ignacio Jáuregui-Lobera"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"7978",leadTitle:null,title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book is the most up-to-date research on vitamin A. It is designed for scientists and researchers to deepen their knowledge in this critical knowledge field, and it is a solid resource that brings together multidisciplinary research, development and innovation for a varied analysis of vitamin A.",isbn:"978-1-78923-946-1",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-945-4",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-654-5",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77808",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"vitamin-a",numberOfPages:116,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:8648,numberOfWosCitations:6,numberOfCrossrefCitations:15,numberOfDimensionsCitations:26,numberOfTotalCitations:47,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 5th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 22nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 21st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 11th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 10th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"8",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],coeditorOne:{id:"254031",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254031/images/system/254031.jpg",biography:"Professor Eduardo Jacob-Lopes is currently an Associate Professor at the Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Maria. He has more than 18 years of teaching and research experience. He is a technical and scientific consultant of several companies, agencies and scientific journals. Professor Jacob-Lopes has 500 publications/communications, which include 8 books, 30 book chapters, 85 original research papers, 360 research communications in international and national conferences, and 15 registered patents. His research interest includes food biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgal biotechnology.",institutionString:"Federal University of Santa Maria",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:{id:"257718",title:"Dr.",name:"Veridiana",middleName:null,surname:"Vera De Rosso",slug:"veridiana-vera-de-rosso",fullName:"Veridiana Vera De Rosso",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/257718/images/system/257718.jpg",biography:"Prof. Veridiana Vera de Rosso is currently an associate professor at the department of biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo. She has more than 18 years of teaching and research experience. She is a technical and scientific consultant of several agencies and scientific journals. She has 175 publications and communications which include 2 book, 6 book chapters, 65 original research papers, 100 research communications in international and national conferences and has registered 1 patent. Her research interest includes food chemistry with emphasis on natural pigments.",institutionString:"Federal University of São Paulo",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Federal University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"379",title:"Vitaminology",slug:"alimentology-vitaminology"}],chapters:[{id:"65753",title:"Introductory Chapter: A Global Perspective on Vitamin A",slug:"introductory-chapter-a-global-perspective-on-vitamin-a",totalDownloads:974,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"},{id:"254031",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduardo",surname:"Jacob-Lopes",slug:"eduardo-jacob-lopes",fullName:"Eduardo Jacob-Lopes"},{id:"257717",title:"MSc.",name:"Tatiele",surname:"Casagrande Do Nascimento",slug:"tatiele-casagrande-do-nascimento",fullName:"Tatiele Casagrande Do Nascimento"},{id:"278113",title:"Dr.",name:"Veridiana",surname:"De Rosso",slug:"veridiana-de-rosso",fullName:"Veridiana De Rosso"}]},{id:"66221",title:"Vitamin A in Health and Disease",slug:"vitamin-a-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:1231,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"275218",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Fairulnizal",surname:"Md Noh",slug:"mohd-fairulnizal-md-noh",fullName:"Mohd Fairulnizal Md Noh"},{id:"275219",title:"Ms.",name:"Rathi Devi Nair",surname:"Gunasegavan",slug:"rathi-devi-nair-gunasegavan",fullName:"Rathi Devi Nair Gunasegavan"},{id:"288825",title:"MSc.",name:"Suraiami",surname:"Mustar",slug:"suraiami-mustar",fullName:"Suraiami Mustar"}]},{id:"65060",title:"The Role of Vitamin A-Storing Cells (Stellate Cells) in Inflammation and Tumorigenesis",slug:"the-role-of-vitamin-a-storing-cells-stellate-cells-in-inflammation-and-tumorigenesis",totalDownloads:1042,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"277234",title:"Prof.",name:"Isao",surname:"Okayasu",slug:"isao-okayasu",fullName:"Isao Okayasu"},{id:"277245",title:"Dr.",name:"Mutsunori",surname:"Fujiwara",slug:"mutsunori-fujiwara",fullName:"Mutsunori Fujiwara"},{id:"277248",title:"Prof.",name:"Tsutomu",surname:"Yoshida",slug:"tsutomu-yoshida",fullName:"Tsutomu Yoshida"}]},{id:"65845",title:"Retinoic Acid in Ocular Growth Regulation",slug:"retinoic-acid-in-ocular-growth-regulation",totalDownloads:843,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"281310",title:"Prof.",name:"Jody",surname:"Summers",slug:"jody-summers",fullName:"Jody Summers"}]},{id:"66680",title:"From Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Powerful Sources of Vitamin A: Three Case Studies of Mozambican Cultivated Tacca leontopetaloides, Cowpea, and Cassava",slug:"from-neglected-and-underutilized-crops-to-powerful-sources-of-vitamin-a-three-case-studies-of-mozamb",totalDownloads:1171,totalCrossrefCites:2,authors:[{id:"274545",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Virgílio",surname:"Uarrota",slug:"virgilio-uarrota",fullName:"Virgílio Uarrota"},{id:"275217",title:"Ms.",name:"Gisiane",surname:"De Andrade",slug:"gisiane-de-andrade",fullName:"Gisiane De Andrade"},{id:"278016",title:"Prof.",name:"Angela De Fatima Moreira",surname:"De Bairros",slug:"angela-de-fatima-moreira-de-bairros",fullName:"Angela De Fatima Moreira De Bairros"},{id:"278018",title:"Dr.",name:"Diego",surname:"Gindri",slug:"diego-gindri",fullName:"Diego Gindri"},{id:"278020",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniele",surname:"Nerling",slug:"daniele-nerling",fullName:"Daniele Nerling"},{id:"278021",title:"Dr.",name:"Deivid",surname:"Stefen",slug:"deivid-stefen",fullName:"Deivid Stefen"},{id:"278022",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Rocha",slug:"miguel-rocha",fullName:"Miguel Rocha"},{id:"288759",title:"Mr.",name:"Mhanuel",surname:"Arijama",slug:"mhanuel-arijama",fullName:"Mhanuel Arijama"},{id:"288760",title:"Dr.",name:"Emilio",surname:"Razão",slug:"emilio-razao",fullName:"Emilio Razão"},{id:"289849",title:"MSc.",name:"Lucieli",surname:"Leolato",slug:"lucieli-leolato",fullName:"Lucieli Leolato"}]},{id:"66098",title:"Golden Rice: To Combat Vitamin A Deficiency for Public Health",slug:"golden-rice-to-combat-vitamin-a-deficiency-for-public-health",totalDownloads:3387,totalCrossrefCites:12,authors:[{id:"273220",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Adrian",surname:"Dubock",slug:"adrian-dubock",fullName:"Adrian Dubock"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"185543",firstName:"Maja",lastName:"Bozicevic",middleName:null,title:"Mrs.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185543/images/4748_n.jpeg",email:"maja.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7018",title:"Progress in Carotenoid Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"14ba5fb24fd6a28556e5b496fc87e9c8",slug:"progress-in-carotenoid-research",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and Veridiana Vera De Rosso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10290",title:"Bioactive Compounds",subtitle:"Biosynthesis, Characterization and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3038c0754a98f17e043af911c375ec08",slug:"bioactive-compounds-biosynthesis-characterization-and-applications",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Tatiele Casagrande do Nascimento and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10290.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5940",title:"Vitamin C",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e23e79359167bb9d4a53edd78c7b5038",slug:"vitamin-c",bookSignature:"Amal H. Hamza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188326",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amal",surname:"Hamza",slug:"amal-hamza",fullName:"Amal Hamza"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5169",title:"Vitamin K2",subtitle:"Vital for Health and Wellbeing",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b2f9f024939ddc4f5da2a8afa3fcd9c9",slug:"vitamin-k2-vital-for-health-and-wellbeing",bookSignature:"Jan Oxholm Gordeladze",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5169.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36345",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Gordeladze",slug:"jan-gordeladze",fullName:"Jan Gordeladze"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7263",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6bd8e547b4f3ad7f1675a36b8dbde8f2",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease",bookSignature:"Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7263.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"109774",title:"Dr.",name:"Jose Antonio",surname:"Morales-Gonzalez",slug:"jose-antonio-morales-gonzalez",fullName:"Jose Antonio Morales-Gonzalez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6709",title:"B Group Vitamins",subtitle:"Current Uses and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f34959a0fcc33a2c6fb3d03e9ec544bf",slug:"b-group-vitamins-current-uses-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Jean Guy LeBlanc and Graciela Savoy de Giori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6709.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67023",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean Guy",surname:"LeBlanc",slug:"jean-guy-leblanc",fullName:"Jean Guy LeBlanc"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7038",title:"Vitamin D Deficiency",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ba24f0913341357b0779ff9529c4bbfc",slug:"vitamin-d-deficiency",bookSignature:"Julia Fedotova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"269070",title:"Prof.",name:"Julia",surname:"Fedotova",slug:"julia-fedotova",fullName:"Julia Fedotova"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7033",title:"Vitamin C",subtitle:"an Update on Current Uses and Functions",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"719a5742e3271393fe43864e13e996cd",slug:"vitamin-c-an-update-on-current-uses-and-functions",bookSignature:"Jean Guy LeBlanc",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7033.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67023",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean Guy",surname:"LeBlanc",slug:"jean-guy-leblanc",fullName:"Jean Guy LeBlanc"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10631",title:"Vitamin D",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"34a58a10957f49842f0b13d78ccacb09",slug:"vitamin-d",bookSignature:"Öner Özdemir",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10631.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62921",title:"Dr.",name:"Öner",surname:"Özdemir",slug:"oner-ozdemir",fullName:"Öner Özdemir"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61770",title:"Emerging and Re-emerging Arboviral Diseases as a Global Health Problem",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77382",slug:"emerging-and-re-emerging-arboviral-diseases-as-a-global-health-problem",body:'\nArthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important cause of animal and human disease worldwide, infecting millions of individuals and causing a large social and economic burden. These viruses are generally transmitted by arthropod vectors to their vertebrate host and circulate among wild animals serving as reservoir in sylvatic life cycle. Through spillover transmission from enzootic amplification cycles, humans can be infected as incidental and dead-end hosts. By contrast, some arboviruses undergo urban cycle involving humans as amplifying hosts and causing several epidemics in urban areas [1, 2, 3].
\nBy definition, arboviruses require an arthropod vector in the transmission cycle, in which they must replicate prior to transmission [1]. Most common arthropods include mosquitoes, flies, and ticks along with others hematophagous arthropods [2, 3].
Most of the arboviruses that cause human/animal diseases belong to four virus families,
A high proportion of arboviruses associated with human and animal disease circulate in tropical and subtropical regions, where arthropods tend to be abundant. However, many arboviruses also circulate among wildlife species in temperate regions of the world. Despite the global distribution of viruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), DENV and now CHIKV, most other arboviruses are generally endemic but limited to specific regions of the world. Nevertheless, even within this relatively localized distribution, dispersion to distant locations can occur via animal or vector migration [4]. Global warming, deforestation, and urbanization have led to rapid expansion of the habitats of the vectors and caused enormous increase in vector-borne diseases throughout the world. Increase in international travel, shipping, and industrialization can lead to transport of infected mosquito and eggs to different new ecological niches facilitating the contact with naïve individuals causing outbreaks of high magnitude due to lower herd immunity [2]. The greatest health risk of arboviral emergence comes from extensive tropical urbanization and the colonization of this expanding habitat by the highly anthropophilic mosquito,
More than 500 species of viruses are registered in the International Catalog of Arboviruses and this estimate is continuously increasing. While many current arboviruses do not appear to be human or animal pathogens, this large number of widely different and highly adaptable arboviruses provides an immense resource for the emergence of new pathogens in the future [4].
\nRecent global changes in climate and human behavior are important determinants of arbovirus emergence. The viral transmission can be limited by the ecology of the host or of the virus itself; arboviruses frequently persist at low maintenance levels until changes in single or multiple factors disrupt the transmission cycle, facilitating rapid and widespread amplification [1, 6]. Arboviruses can therefore emerge at epidemic levels due to changes in viral genetics, in the composition or dynamics of the host or vector population and/or in the environmental structure that often are of anthropogenic origin [1].
\nAs arboviruses are virtually all RNA viruses lacking proofreading functions, a high frequency of mutations associated with fast replication allows them to rapidly adapt to different environments. The high rate of genetic mutations could lead to changes in virulence, epidemiology or competence of vectors, which can occur via simple point mutations [3, 5]. Often, outbreaks of emerging arboviruses may be related to relatively small changes in viral genetics or to the introduction of new strains that have increased virulence and viremia levels in vertebrate, thereby expanding the host range and increasing amplification potential. Alternatively, genetic changes can improve vector competence and therefore transmission rates [1].
\nZoonoses exploiting complex rural or suburban ecosystems may have multiple vectors and infect a variety of vertebrate host species. Arboviral amplification can progress rapidly to epidemic levels when competent vector and vertebrate host populations meet repeatedly within a permissive environment for viral transmission and replication. Moreover, humans may be exposed to arboviruses when they invade rural environments or when bridge vectors bring viruses into peridomestic environments [1]. Deforestation associated with urbanization process has contributed to increase the contact between humans and vectors [7]. Furthermore, the expansion of urbanization has led to high concentrations of susceptible human hosts, often living in socioeconomic conditions favorable to the expansion of the vector population, facilitating viral transmission and outbreaks of epidemics [1]. Furthermore, the feeding preferences (anthropophilic and/or ornithophilic) of arthropod vectors are of fundamental importance [8, 9, 10]. Arthropods frequently exposed to the human environment, domestic animals, and livestock can undertake an adaptive process defined as domestication [8, 11]. Moreover, many of the epidemic vectors are peridomestic, naturally existing in close association with humans. The vectors of CHIKV, YFV, and Zika virus (ZIKV) all use human habitat to maintain their populations [12, 13]; thus, general living conditions along with ineffective vector control programs, can contribute to providing one component necessary for arboviral transmission [5, 7].
\nChanges in the composition of vertebrate or vector host species may be related to environmental changes that expand old or create new ecological niches. Extensions of the vector range into permissive environments are often followed by invasion of the arboviruses they transmit. These invasions are generally facilitated by travel and commerce [1], constantly introducing new species of viruses and their arthropod vectors into new geographic areas. Most of these introductions are not detected until they cause an epidemic, when they are already well established and it is not possible to eliminate them from the new area [7]. An additional factor that plays a role in the generation of arboviral outbreaks is the immunity status of vertebrate hosts in the affected areas. Outbreaks registered for the first time in a new area usually involve immunologically naïve populations, exhibiting extremely high rates of attack. Even in areas where epidemics have previously occurred, rare epidemic events interspersed with significant interepidemic periods may render the younger generation susceptible to infection [5].
\nFollowing their recent local and global emergence, some arboviruses have acquired great importance in terms of public and veterinary health. The combinations of factors that led to their emergence are of fundamental importance to understand the risk associated and how this can be mitigated. Moreover, many other arboviruses are largely ignored despite their potential to emerge globally [1].
\nDENV (
CHIKV is an
ZIKV (
YFV is the type of species in the
WNV belongs to the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) serocomplex in the genus
JEV is the most frequent cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis globally. The public health significance and the global distribution of JEV have been progressively expanding; currently, more than 3 billion people in Asia reside in areas at risk of JE, with an estimated 50,000 symptomatic cases and 10,000 deaths occurring annually [46]. Taxonomically, JEV is placed within the genus
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is classified within the genus
Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) is an alphavirus (
Because they are not an essential part in the zoonotic arbovirus life cycle, arbovirus disease control based on humans and domestic animals cannot eradicate the arbovirus. Consequently, the reservoir in wild species places a limitation in the control disease emergence, and only understanding the interactions involved in the biology of the virus, hosts, and ecology will lead to effective control and prevention strategies [4, 5]. With effective vaccination and sustainable vector control programs, it is possible to control or even eliminate human transmission cycles. In fact, vaccination can increase herd immunity, making it easier to sustain reduced virus transmission with vector control. On the other hand, vector control can complement a vaccine by lowering the risk of infection, making vaccine delivery goals easier to achieve [75].
\nThe YF vaccine has been used extensively in West Africa and has been instrumental in eliminating the urban transmission cycle in South America. However, despite its efficacy and low-cost production, epidemics continue to occur due to inadequate vaccination coverage, as demonstrated by the recent YF outbreak in Angola and Democratic Republic of Congo [76]. Adequate and continuous vaccination programs along with high levels of herd immunity are of paramount importance for the control of YF. In Africa, together with childhood immunization, mass preventive vaccination campaigns to protect elderly people need to be implemented [77]. Moreover, in South America, people of coastal areas are largely unvaccinated and therefore exposed to the risk of YFV coming from the near enzootic regions [75]. Finally, YF cases reported from travelers from Angola to China highlight the need to implement the WHO International Health Regulations in order to protect travelers and to avoid the introduction of YFV in naïve areas of Asia where the vector is widely present [76]. Japanese encephalitis was controlled in Japan, Taiwan, and Korea using inactivated vaccines, which also contributed to control infection in China [10, 78]. A live attenuated JEV vaccine was used to reduce the risk of infection in children in China, as well as being part of the large children immunization campaign in India [10]. At the end of 2015, the first dengue vaccine was licensed (CYD-TDV vaccine Dengvaxia). The results of a large phase III study in 10 endemic countries in Asia and South America showed a complex performance of the vaccine with efficacy dependent on serotype, as well as previous immunity and age of the subject [79, 80]. Two other live dengue virus vaccines are in phase III trials and many other dengue vaccines are in phase I and II trials [75]. Research on vaccines against CHIKV has been slow, as CHIKV causes major epidemics only every 10–30 years, limiting the interest of the pharmaceutical industry for a financial return [75]. However, two vaccines against CHIKV have recently completed phase I clinical trials, both are strongly immunogenic after 2–3 doses and are currently in phase II trials [81, 82]. Among more than 40 Zika vaccines developed, DNA, RNA, and inactivated virus [83, 84, 85] versions started clinical trials and the first live-attenuated vaccine has been demonstrated to be safe and efficacious after a single dose in mice [86]. However, there are some concerns about potential interactions with immunity generated by other flavivirus natural infections or vaccines leading to more severe manifestations of the disease, as well as the immune trigger in the development of Guillain-Barre syndrome [87]. Currently, there is no specific licensed anti-arbovirus agent, and patient management is therefore mainly supportive. Passive immunotherapy is a promising approach for the management of newborns exposed to CHIKV. The anti-CHIKV human immunoglobulins purified from convalescent donors exhibit strong anti-CHIKV effects in vitro and animal models [88], and are now evaluated in the prevention of mother-to-child CHIKV transmission in newborns born to viremic mothers [87]. Novel antiviral therapies are also being investigated. Drug repurposing strategies have identified potential inhibitors of
The continued outbreaks of YFV and JEV demonstrate that even with a widely available and effective vaccine, it is difficult to control a vector-borne disease using only vaccination [6]. Overall, the best current perspectives for controlling the majority of vector-borne diseases rely on reducing the contact between the vector and susceptible humans and the most effective approach for this goal remains the elimination or reduction of mosquito populations [87]. Nowadays, many of the insecticides used in the mid-twentieth century eradication campaign are considered environmentally unacceptable, as well as being economically prohibitive and at risk of developing resistance in mosquito populations [87, 91]. Several alternative approaches are focused on reducing the abundance of mosquitoes or preventing the transmission of pathogens by the mosquito. Environmental management includes modification of the natural breeding habitat of mosquitoes and the adoption of human behaviors that reduce the incidence of the bite, such as the elimination of domestic oviposition and larval sites, the indoor residual spraying and fumigation, the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and screening windows together with lethal traps, which have been found to be effective in reducing
The implementation of localized arthropod control measures during epidemics, for example, in high-density urbanized areas, can play an important but transient role in reducing the impact on humans and animals of emerging arboviruses if these are supported from surveillance systems, which differ at regional level and in many areas are completely absent [4]. Furthermore, it is essential to characterize and understand viral genetics, antigenic properties, virulence patterns, vector associations, and maintenance mechanisms to identify and control future arboviral outbreaks. The next public health needs include communication to the population and physicians of vector-borne diseases, the guarantee of vector control programs, and the maintenance of adequate surveillance systems with trained personnel, together with the availability of drugs, vaccines, and rapid diagnostic testing [5].
\nArboviruses already have a well-known history of emergence and will undoubtedly continue to emerge in the future. There are many unidentified arboviruses that, due to their high mutation rates, may emerge as pathogens even if they are not yet present as epidemic strains in the wild environment. Recent progress in sequencing offers new opportunities to identify them during surveillance activities, especially in the tropics, where viral diversity is higher [3]. The greatest risk for humans derives from the ability of some arboviruses to adopt urban transmission cycles involving highly efficient and anthropophilic vectors, such as
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Scleractinian corals are complex key habitat-forming organisms that create biogenic reef structures from shallow to deep waters [1], and they are fundamental to the supporting of the biodiversity of the world’s oceans. They have evolved to thrive in conditions of optimal nutrient availability [2], seawater temperature, and oxygenation [3], and are in competition for space with other benthic taxa [4]. Mostly distributed along the tropics, corals can be found also in high-latitude subtropical areas and deep seas [5, 6, 7, 8], where they show adaptive capability to live in fluctuating environmental conditions [9]. Corals can develop several biological structures depending on their capacity to grow via vertical or horizontal extension (Figure 1). These biogenic habitats formed by coral reefs represent one of the worldwide hotspots of biodiversity in the ocean [11], hosting a great variety of organisms, such as fish, macroalgae, and microorganisms [12].
Major scleractinian coral morphologies and different colony growth modes, based on branch, vertical, and horizontal extension. Modified from Pratchett et al. [
Coral reefs can provide ecosystem goods and services, such as the provision of food, touristic activities, and protection of coastline from flooding and tidal movements [12, 13]. However, in the era of Anthropocene, coral reefs are among the habitats on Earth that are suffering the most and are dramatically degrading, since a multitude of factors are plaguing these marine ecosystems. Abiotic factors such as abnormally elevated or reduced temperatures, ocean acidification, high ultraviolet radiations, and fluctuation in salinity are increasing the occurrence of coral bleaching events [14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Additionally, industrial pollution, coastal development, and excessive nutrient input, as well as biotic stressors such as predation outbreaks, epizootic diseases, and bioerosion are leading to further coral reef degradation around the world [19, 20, 21, 22]. For all these reasons, corals are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions and therefore are considered good bioindicators of the health status of the marine environment [23, 24].
Corals are considered meta-organisms because of the complex biological interactions between the animal host and endosymbionts. Indeed, the concept of corals as holobiont encompasses the symbiotic relationship between dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodiniaceae [25]) and the animal host tissue (coral polyps), as well as the associated microorganisms found in coral tissue, gastric cavity, and coral skeleton. All components contribute to coral growth through the combined uptake of inorganic nutrients and food particles, photosynthesis, and deposition of calcium carbonate. In particular, the symbiotic relationship of corals is a mutual relationship between the coral polyps and the dinoflagellate endosymbionts. To gain metabolic energy, scleractinian corals are able to shift from heterotrophy (catching particulate food) [26, 27] to autotrophy (through photosynthesis by endosymbionts) [28]. Depending on the species-specific trophic strategy [29, 30], corals exhibit the ability to collect food particles (e.g. zooplankton) as a heterotrophic source of energy. On the other hand, they can rely on the autotrophic system of endosymbionts as an alternative source of oxygen and carbohydrates for aerobic respiration [31]. Oxygen availability determines the balance between the aerobic and anaerobic metabolic pathways, and therefore has significant implications for the energy budgets of corals [32]. These processes, however, are not perfectly balanced. Some species rely more on heterotrophy as an external source of energy, but some more on the photosynthetic system, while others are mixotrophic, meaning that they can increase the ability to modulate energy availability depending on the environmental conditions [30]. In all cases, the energy produced during the metabolic processes, which is stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is used for maintaining the cellular physiology and supporting the intracellular uptake of dissolved inorganic carbon to form calcium carbonate, which is necessary for building the skeleton and sustaining the growth of corals [33]. Energy reserves include proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates [27, 34] can be used when there is a high energy demand, e.g. under thermal stress [35].
Corals also harbor a large variety of microorganisms on their surface, which contribute to biogeochemical cycles and the provision of micronutrients. For instance, bacteria, archaea, and viruses play fundamental roles in the remineralization of organic matter into micronutrients [36]. The nutrition of corals is linked to the uptake of macro- and micronutrients that support the metabolic processes and growth [26]. The roles of micronutrients, such as nitrogen and iron, in enhancing the capacity of symbiosis have also been highlighted, in particular for the endosymbionts to resist abnormal conditions of surrounding waters [34]. The microorganisms living on the coral surface and in the tissue are also related to the probiotic diversity necessary for the general health of corals [37]. In case of disruption of the symbiotic equilibrium during extreme events (e.g. heatwaves or nutrient discharge) and prolonged disturbances (e.g. climate change or pollution), the microbial community can change from the symbiotic to commensal mode, a change that could reduce the capacity of the coral host to maintain the metabolic equilibrium [38].
In this context, the coral holobiont is capable of gaining metabolic energy from multiple sources and therefore has the capacity to modulate its physiology depending on nutrient availability and environmental conditions. The continuous pressures from anthropogenic activities are leading to substantial changes in the capability of corals to develop resistance mechanisms, which in turn define the characterization of coral species living in their specific environments. For instance, ocean warming and acidification are causing drastic changes that affect the sustainability of coral reef ecosystems, including food availability and services provided for humans [15, 39].
In this chapter, the nutrition in corals including recent advancements in the definition of coral health, energy budget, and performance under current environmental challenges of climate changes is explained, and the implications on the survival of corals are highlighted with the aim to define future reef habitats as refugia.
Corals are unique organisms capable of taking in nutrients and gaining energy for their metabolic processes, acting like nearly every trophic level in the marine ecosystem. For instance, it has been demonstrated that corals can behave simultaneously as:
The diet of corals, however, goes beyond a fixed trophic strategy based on the morphology of polyps and corallites [41]. There is a need to consider trophic plasticity as a critical factor of resistance to environmental stress [42]. The position of corals within the reef food web could be considered as the “
Trophic niches of the coral hosts (purple) and photosynthetic endosymbionts (green) analyzed with the stable isotope Bayesian analysis (SIBER). The overlapping of δ13C and δ15N indicates different trophic strategies between autotrophy, mixotrophy, and heterotrophy. From Conti-Jerpe et al. [
A substantial amount of energy in scleractinian corals is acquired through heterotrophy, which has become a key process to determine the resistance of corals to adverse conditions. Through heterotrophy, more energy for metabolic needs is available and therefore enhances the capability to resist stress events, which promotes bleaching resilience, raises protein levels, and in turn, supports the endosymbionts’ physiological status [46]. Trophic differences are recognizable in the feeding rates of different species of corals.
For these reasons, carbohydrates are also considered an indicator of the coral health status. Indeed, the levels of intracellular carbohydrates indicate the capacity of corals to modulate thermal stress, and therefore indicate the thermotolerance of corals [35]. These findings suggest that elevated levels of carbohydrates are related to higher adaptation to future climatic conditions and reduced bleaching susceptibility to extreme events [80, 81].
The coral holobiont is capable of modulating its metabolic processes to dissipate or gain energy from different sources depending on nutrient availability. However, corals need to adopt special measures to face climatic change which is modifying the physicochemical and nutrient environment.
Anthropogenic activities are increasing levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and more frequent heatwaves, which are apparently associated with reduced rates of growth, calcification, and other functional traits, such as skeletal density, volume, and size[82, 83, 84]. These changes may in turn induce coral bleaching and mass mortality, and in the longer term, decline in coral biodiversity [81]. About a quarter of the atmospheric CO2 dissolves in the ocean and reduces the seawater pH and carbonate saturation state, a process which is commonly known as ocean acidification. Ocean surface pH is expected to decrease by 0.3 units by 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario [85, 86]. This, accompanied by cellular oxidative stress, can reduce the capacity of scleractinian corals and other calcifying organisms to build their calcium carbonate skeletons [87]. Besides global changes, human activities are responsible for multiple local pressures on marine ecosystems, specifically on corals. Coastal water quality declines in overpopulated areas, where high levels of dissolved inorganic nutrients cause eutrophication, sedimentation, and turbidity events [88, 89, 90]. The alteration of water conditions in the surface layer results in changes in the nutrient equilibrium (e.g. in the Redfield stoichiometry of C:N:P elements), which have brought about imbalanced physiological status of corals and their symbionts, and consequently increased frequency and severity of mass coral bleaching events [91, 92].
Among the plethora of stress factors, the rising of sea surface temperature due to global warming is certainly recognized as the prominent cause of coral bleaching inducing mass coral mortality [93, 94]. However, variable spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching have been extensively observed and can be generated by several factors that, by operating in combination, can determine different sensitivities of coral taxa to stressors [93, 95, 96]. For example, the extent of bleaching can depend on the duration and frequency of thermal anomalies and on-site-specific environmental conditions [97, 98, 99, 100]. Nevertheless, several studies have pointed out that intrinsic factors of corals, including their morphological and physiological characteristics, play a fundamental role in determining the different levels of physiological resistance to environmental stress. In this context, the identity and clade of the Symbiodiniaceae partner may affect the coral susceptibility to unfavorable conditions [101, 102].
Attempts to understand the differences in the response of corals to stress have also focused on coral physical properties, such as the coral morphology and tissue thickness, which influence growth, metabolic rates, and metabolite exchange across boundary layers and host CO2 supply strategies [103, 104]. Therefore, faster growing branching taxa with thinner tissues appear more susceptible to elevated temperature than slower growing massive taxa with thicker tissues due to the latter’s lower photoprotective capacity and ability to remove oxygen radicals generated during metabolic stress [103, 105].
The cellular stress responses of corals are involved in driving spatial and temporal patterns of coral bleaching at both intra- and inter-specific levels. As sessile organisms, corals cannot easily migrate to new environmental optima. Therefore, in order to cope with perturbations, they rely mainly on the efficiency of their molecular and cellular mechanisms, which represent the first line of defense in reducing the harmful effects of unfavorable conditions [106, 107, 108]. The capacity of acquiring metabolic energy from autotrophy rather than heterotrophy, and vice versa, is the key to a successful symbiotic relationship in corals. However, decreased capacity to take in nutrient has been observed during thermal stress along with reduced levels of dissolved inorganic nutrients [109], impairing the assimilation of carbon and nitrogen from the hosts’ heterotrophy, and inducing starvation and parasitism [38]. Recent studies have identified positive correlation between the trophic status of host and endosymbionts in
At the cellular level, Hsps are expressed under normal physiological conditions for maintenance of normal protein folding, signal transduction, and/or normal development [112]. Moreover, their expression is upregulated as a consequence of exposure to conditions that perturb cellular protein structures [69]. The expression of Hsps, and in particular that of Hsp70 and Hsp60, has been extensively analyzed in corals subjected to extreme temperatures and bleaching conditions [113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118]. However, Hsp modulation has also been observed in corals exposed to elevated light intensity [119, 120], salinity change [121, 122], and xenobiotics/nutrient enrichments [62, 118, 123]. Recently, it has been observed that Hsps may also play a role in the immune system of corals in response to pathogen invasion [65, 124]. In most of these studies, higher Hsp levels in corals generally infer higher protection toward environmental stressors and bleaching. For instance, corals with different susceptibilities to bleaching differ in their Hsp expression levels, with the bleaching-tolerant corals exhibiting higher expression levels than the bleaching-susceptible ones [96, 119]. A recent field study showed that healthy coral colonies of
In addition, high Hsp levels also contribute to corals adaptation to extreme conditions, such as those characterizing the shallow lagoons of the Maldivian reefs. There, despite the remarkable daily fluctuations in temperature and light and the regular exposure to higher temperature/light regimes than surrounding waters, which can exceed their tolerance threshold and would ordinarily induce stress and bleaching, Hsp modulation seems to play a protective role to prevent the rupture of symbiosis of corals [120]. Likewise, the Hsp levels have been found to be significantly higher in bleaching-tolerant corals originating from highly variable environments compared to corals that live in more stable environments. On Ofu Island (American Samoa), colonies of
Metabolic performance, in particular the thermal performance curve (TPC) which defines the nonlinear relationship of organismal metabolism versus a given source of stress, is another parameter to consider when coral health is concerned. When the metabolic response of corals to low/high temperature is considered, the TPC can be applied to quantify the response of a coral species to thermal stress [132]. Moreover, through the TPC, it is possible to measure the maximum level of such performance, the optimal conditions of temperature, and the capacity of resistance to temperature variation (e.g. thermal breadth). The shape of such curve and its relative breadth will determine the metabolic plasticity of organisms (corals) to temperature variations. This can be used to define the physiological performance of corals and compare their specific responses in the subtropical area to indicate physiological adaptation of corals to living conditions and the challenges that subtropical corals face when optimizing their productivity in subtropical environments [133]. The heritability of coral traits must also be considered in the framework of coral adaptation to future conditions of climate change to better predict the evolution of corals in suboptimal conditions [134].
Coral reefs are often described as biogenic structures which provide nutriments and services to the marine ecosystems formed in oligotrophic areas (i.e. low dissolved nutrients and clear water) with stable environmental conditions. These features are usually optimal for bioconstruction, such as corals, to capture carbonates from seawater and sustain the metabolic energy needed for growth and reproduction [93, 135]. The capacity of corals to modulate their metabolism according to surrounding conditions is the key for their success. Scleractinian corals are thriving also in the so-called marginal reefs, where thermal and salinity anomalies, eutrophication, and elevated sedimentation rates are the causes of metabolic expenditures and, eventually, stress [136, 137, 138, 139].
Marginal reefs are located at high latitudes of subtropical areas and near megalopolis. Corals living in these areas receive multiple pressures from local stressors together with global changes, although the processes involved in these ecosystems operate at different spatial (i.e. geographical) and temporal (i.e. frequency of stress events) scales compared to tropical reefs. In this context, it is important to consider how natural evolution, affected by human pressures, has shaped the coral species living in these areas, and how the marginal reefs can act as refuge area for future conditions. Refugia are considered as those areas with the ability to provide protection from multiple stressors [140], and in this case coral refugia are identified as areas where long-term stressors are low that less likely to influence coral survival. For examples, considering the evolutionary timescales, the current marginal reefs are already serving as refugia due to their environmental conditions [9], although with reduced speciation, growth, and reproduction rates [141]. Moreover, most of the research works have focused on the short-term relief to environmental stressors, and there is a need to understand how the marginal reefs can act as refugia under the climatic scenarios of more frequent heatwave events and continuous development of coastal areas [142]. The understanding of the responses of corals in the adaptation and evolution in these areas is therefore a priority for devising conservation and restoration measures for the future coral reefs [3]. Recent studies have identified areas as future refugia from thermal stress. Corals living in environments with naturally high temperature fluctuation may have developed higher thermal tolerance to heat stress, and therefore these areas can be considered as refugia for future conditions. To represent refugia areas with a high potential to maintain the future coral biodiversity and ecosystem functions, the frequency of thermal stress events (e.g. 12-week sum of 1°C higher than the maximum monthly mean) should be less than one every 10 years [143]. Future warming conditions and more heatwaves might result in too frequent thermal stress events and leave no room for those corals and other marine organisms that live in thermal refugia to adapt. The biological responses to the chronic development of ocean warming will be critical to determine the effectiveness of high-latitude reefs as the thermal refugia [143].
Coral reefs have very high biodiversity values and provide important ecosystem services, with the capacity to resist anthropogenic stress by modulating their energetic budgets as described in this chapter. Current major threats to them are caused by increasing seawater temperature (ocean warming) and reduced pH level (ocean acidification), which cause reduction in survival, calcification, growth, and photosynthesis in several marine taxa [138, 144] with the levels of impacts depending on morphology and the feeding capacity of corals [45]. There are global consequences of this reduced capacity of reef ecosystems to provide crucial services, such as reduced fishing capacity and unsustainable management of marine reserves [145, 146]. A deep understanding of the multiple interactions between stressors and mitigators will be crucial to define the trophic plasticity and reef responses under the future environmental changes.
This study was partially funded by the Research Institute for Future Food, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
IntechOpen - where academia and industry create content with global impact
",metaTitle:"Team",metaDescription:"Advancing discovery in Open Access for the scientists by the scientist",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/team",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\\n\\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\\n\\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\\n\\nSara Uhac, COO
\\n\\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\\n\\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\\n\\nDr Alex Lazinica
\\n\\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Our business values are based on those any scientist applies to their research. We have created a culture of respect and collaboration within a relaxed, friendly and progressive atmosphere, while maintaining academic rigour.
\n\nCo-founded by Alex Lazinica and Vedran Kordic: “We are passionate about the advancement of science. As Ph.D. researchers in Vienna, we found it difficult to access the scholarly research we needed. We created IntechOpen with the specific aim of putting the academic needs of the global research community before the business interests of publishers. Our Team is now a global one and includes highly-renowned scientists and publishers, as well as experts in disseminating your research.”
\n\nBut, one thing we have in common is -- we are all scientists at heart!
\n\nSara Uhac, COO
\n\nSara Uhac was appointed Managing Director of IntechOpen at the beginning of 2014. She directs and controls the company’s operations. Sara joined IntechOpen in 2010 as Head of Journal Publishing, a new strategically underdeveloped department at that time. After obtaining a Master's degree in Media Management, she completed her Ph.D. at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. She holds a BA in Financial Market Management from the Bocconi University in Milan, Italy, where she started her career in the American publishing house Condé Nast and further collaborated with the UK-based publishing company Time Out. Sara was awarded a professional degree in Publishing from Yale University (2012). She is a member of the professional branch association of "Publishers, Designers and Graphic Artists" at the Croatian Chamber of Commerce.
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco
\n\nAdrian Assad De Marco joined the company as a Director in 2017. With his extensive experience in management, acquired while working for regional and global leaders, he took over direction and control of all the company's publishing processes. Adrian holds a degree in Economy and Management from the University of Zagreb, School of Economics, Croatia. A former sportsman, he continually strives to develop his skills through professional courses and specializations such as NLP (Neuro-linguistic programming).
\n\nDr Alex Lazinica
\n\nAlex Lazinica is co-founder and Board member of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his Ph.D. in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. There, he worked as a robotics researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group, as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and, most importantly, co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems, the world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career since it proved to be the pathway to the foundation of IntechOpen with its focus on addressing academic researchers’ needs. Alex personifies many of IntechOpen´s key values, including the commitment to developing mutual trust, openness, and a spirit of entrepreneurialism. Today, his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:13389},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:11661},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:4168},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:22334},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:2019},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:33642}],offset:12,limit:12,total:135275},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11632",title:"Updated Research on Bacteriophages",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d34dfa0d5d10511184f97ddaeef9936b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11632.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11616",title:"Foraging",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"955b60bb658c8d1a09dd4efc9bf6674b",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11616.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11697",title:"Scoliosis",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fa052443744b8f6ba5a87091e373bafe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11697.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11699",title:"Neonatal Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e52adaee8e54f51c2ba4972daeb410f7",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11699.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11730",title:"Midwifery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"95389fcd878d0e929234c441744ba398",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11730.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses Infection",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11794",title:"Coconut Cultivation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"48e1cb42a4162f64cae3a2e777472f21",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11794.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11773",title:"Archaeology - Challenges and Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"17d91462fa926279f65164ac0d5641cd",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11773.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11797",title:"Clostridium difficile",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"4cb066b44bb8d4a8b93a627de26e3ebf",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11797.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11858",title:"Terahertz Radiation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f08ee0bf20cd8b5fa772b4752081f2fe",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11858.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11776",title:"Fashion Industry",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"e8d53d1029a7bccf825aa55d43fecc68",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11776.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11809",title:"Lagomorpha",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1e8fd5779205c16e5797b05455dc5be0",slug:null,bookSignature:"",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11809.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:26},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:18},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:41},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:5},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:8},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:2}],offset:12,limit:12,total:489},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3737",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"Modelling, Programming and Simulations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"matlab-modelling-programming-and-simulations",bookSignature:"Emilson Pereira Leite",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3737.jpg",editors:[{id:"12051",title:"Prof.",name:"Emilson",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira Leite",slug:"emilson-pereira-leite",fullName:"Emilson Pereira Leite"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"1770",title:"Gel Electrophoresis",subtitle:"Principles and Basics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"279701f6c802cf02deef45103e0611ff",slug:"gel-electrophoresis-principles-and-basics",bookSignature:"Sameh Magdeldin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1770.jpg",editors:[{id:"123648",title:"Dr.",name:"Sameh",middleName:null,surname:"Magdeldin",slug:"sameh-magdeldin",fullName:"Sameh Magdeldin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4797},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7175,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1981,editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10796",title:"Extracellular Vesicles",subtitle:"Role in Diseases, Pathogenesis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb5407fcf93baff7bca3fae5640153a2",slug:"extracellular-vesicles-role-in-diseases-pathogenesis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Manash K. Paul",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10796.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2308,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1473,editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"95",title:"Applications and Experiences of Quality Control",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4bcb22b1eee68210a977a97d5a0f363a",slug:"applications-and-experiences-of-quality-control",bookSignature:"Ognyan Ivanov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/95.jpg",publishedDate:"April 26th 2011",numberOfDownloads:318571,editors:[{id:"22230",title:"Prof.",name:"Ognyan",middleName:null,surname:"Ivanov",slug:"ognyan-ivanov",fullName:"Ognyan Ivanov"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"2160",title:"MATLAB",subtitle:"A Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications - Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"dd9c658341fbd264ed4f8d9e6aa8ca29",slug:"matlab-a-fundamental-tool-for-scientific-computing-and-engineering-applications-volume-1",bookSignature:"Vasilios N. Katsikis",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2160.jpg",publishedDate:"September 26th 2012",numberOfDownloads:271836,editors:[{id:"12289",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasilios",middleName:"N.",surname:"Katsikis",slug:"vasilios-katsikis",fullName:"Vasilios Katsikis"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3560",title:"Advances in Landscape Architecture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a20614517ec5f7e91188fe8e42832138",slug:"advances-in-landscape-architecture",bookSignature:"Murat Özyavuz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3560.jpg",publishedDate:"July 1st 2013",numberOfDownloads:243450,editors:[{id:"93073",title:"Dr.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Ozyavuz",slug:"murat-ozyavuz",fullName:"Murat Ozyavuz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10739",title:"Global Decline of Insects",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"543783652b9092962a8fa4bed38eeb17",slug:"global-decline-of-insects",bookSignature:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10739.jpg",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1582,editors:[{id:"192142",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamadttu",middleName:null,surname:"Abdel Farag El-Shafie",slug:"hamadttu-abdel-farag-el-shafie",fullName:"Hamadttu Abdel Farag El-Shafie"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10911",title:"Higher Education",subtitle:"New Approaches to Accreditation, Digitalization, and Globalization in the Age of Covid",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"223a02337498e535e967174c1f648fbc",slug:"higher-education-new-approaches-to-accreditation-digitalization-and-globalization-in-the-age-of-covid",bookSignature:"Lee Waller and Sharon Waller",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10911.jpg",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2082,editors:[{id:"263301",title:"Dr.",name:"Lee",middleName:null,surname:"Waller",slug:"lee-waller",fullName:"Lee Waller"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"3568",title:"Recent Advances in Plant in vitro Culture",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"830bbb601742c85a3fb0eeafe1454c43",slug:"recent-advances-in-plant-in-vitro-culture",bookSignature:"Annarita Leva and Laura M. R. Rinaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3568.jpg",publishedDate:"October 17th 2012",numberOfDownloads:256294,editors:[{id:"142145",title:"Dr.",name:"Annarita",middleName:null,surname:"Leva",slug:"annarita-leva",fullName:"Annarita Leva"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11328",title:"Botulinum Toxin",subtitle:"Recent Topics and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7dd05a316001cef143e209eda51387a7",slug:"botulinum-toxin-recent-topics-and-applications",bookSignature:"Suna Sabuncuoglu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11328.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"270856",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Suna",middleName:null,surname:"Sabuncuoglu",slug:"suna-sabuncuoglu",fullName:"Suna Sabuncuoglu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11085",title:"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome",subtitle:"Functional Investigation and Clinical Application",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3066dd3ff29e1fac072fd60b08d4d3e7",slug:"polycystic-ovary-syndrome-functional-investigation-and-clinical-application",bookSignature:"Zhengchao Wang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11085.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"204883",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhengchao",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"zhengchao-wang",fullName:"Zhengchao Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10833",title:"Tumor Angiogenesis and Modulators",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f29b575c46128b2da061ef7f9bd1070b",slug:"tumor-angiogenesis-and-modulators",bookSignature:"Ke Xu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10833.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11356",title:"Molecular Cloning",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"671c629dd86e97f0fb467b9e70e92296",slug:"molecular-cloning",bookSignature:"Sadık Dincer, Hatice Aysun Mercimek Takcı and Melis Sumengen Ozdenef",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"188141",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadik",middleName:null,surname:"Dincer",slug:"sadik-dincer",fullName:"Sadik Dincer"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7827",title:"Interpersonal Relationships",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ebf41f4d17c75010eb3294cc8cac3d47",slug:"interpersonal-relationships",bookSignature:"Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7827.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10908",title:"Advances in Decision Making",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"126486f7f91e18e2e3539a32c38be7b1",slug:"advances-in-decision-making",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10908.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10669",title:"Corrosion",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Protection Mechanisms",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a76d54f8a40fc2e7002a8d13fd617c1",slug:"corrosion-fundamentals-and-protection-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Fahmina Zafar, Anujit Ghosal and Eram Sharmin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10669.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"89672",title:"Dr.",name:"Fahmina",middleName:null,surname:"Zafar",slug:"fahmina-zafar",fullName:"Fahmina Zafar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10677",title:"Advanced Topics of Topology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bf964c52f9e653fac20a7fcab58070e5",slug:"advanced-topics-of-topology",bookSignature:"Francisco Bulnes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10677.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"92918",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Bulnes",slug:"francisco-bulnes",fullName:"Francisco Bulnes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11195",title:"Recent Advances in Biometrics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d32e33e0f499cb5241734bb75dd2a83",slug:"recent-advances-in-biometrics",bookSignature:"Muhammad Sarfraz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11195.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editors:[{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"746",title:"Hydroacoustics",slug:"hydroacoustics",parent:{id:"116",title:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering",slug:"electrical-and-electronic-engineering"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:32,numberOfWosCitations:75,numberOfCrossrefCitations:56,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"746",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"218",title:"Sonar Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b4b44c225ec06480a9a6c0cc74cc6476",slug:"sonar-systems",bookSignature:"N. Z. Kolev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/218.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32698",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Kolev",slug:"nikolai-kolev",fullName:"Nikolai Kolev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"18868",doi:"10.5772/23122",title:"Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Sonar",slug:"introduction-to-synthetic-aperture-sonar",totalDownloads:19808,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:35,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Roy Edgar Hansen",authors:[{id:"50683",title:"Dr",name:"Roy-Edgar",middleName:null,surname:"Hansen",slug:"roy-edgar-hansen",fullName:"Roy-Edgar Hansen"}]},{id:"18872",doi:"10.5772/18286",title:"Passive Sonar Signal Detection and Classification Based on Independent Component Analysis",slug:"passive-sonar-signal-detection-and-classification-based-on-independent-component-analysis",totalDownloads:10586,totalCrossrefCites:15,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"N. N. de Moura, J. M. de Seixas and Ricardo Ramos",authors:[{id:"16962",title:"Dr.",name:"José M.",middleName:null,surname:"De Seixas",slug:"jose-m.-de-seixas",fullName:"José M. De Seixas"},{id:"30982",title:"MSc",name:"Natanael",middleName:null,surname:"Nunes de Moura",slug:"natanael-nunes-de-moura",fullName:"Natanael Nunes de Moura"},{id:"46122",title:"Mr",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Ramos",slug:"ricardo-ramos",fullName:"Ricardo Ramos"}]},{id:"18876",doi:"10.5772/17505",title:"SONAR Systems and Underwater Signal Processing: Classic and Modern Approaches",slug:"sonar-systems-and-underwater-signal-processing-classic-and-modern-approaches",totalDownloads:9129,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Hossein Peyvandi, Mehdi Farrokhrooz, Hossein Roufarshbaf and Sung-Joon Park",authors:[{id:"28536",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Peyvandi",slug:"hossein-peyvandi",fullName:"Hossein Peyvandi"},{id:"50748",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Farokhrooz",slug:"mehdi-farokhrooz",fullName:"Mehdi Farokhrooz"},{id:"50750",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Joon",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"sung-joon-park",fullName:"Sung-Joon Park"},{id:"105788",title:"Mr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Roufarshbaf",slug:"hossein-roufarshbaf",fullName:"Hossein Roufarshbaf"}]},{id:"18875",doi:"10.5772/19190",title:"SONAR Images Denoising",slug:"sonar-images-denoising",totalDownloads:3729,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Alexandru Isar, Ioana Firoiu, Corina Nafornita and Sorin Moga",authors:[{id:"33992",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandru",middleName:null,surname:"Isar",slug:"alexandru-isar",fullName:"Alexandru Isar"},{id:"43993",title:"Ms",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Firoiu",slug:"ioana-firoiu",fullName:"Ioana Firoiu"},{id:"46236",title:"Dr.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Nafornita",slug:"corina-nafornita",fullName:"Corina Nafornita"},{id:"46237",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Moga",slug:"sorin-moga",fullName:"Sorin Moga"}]},{id:"18881",doi:"10.5772/18375",title:"Side-Scan Sonar as a Tool for Seafloor Imagery: Examples from the Mediterranean Continental Margin",slug:"side-scan-sonar-as-a-tool-for-seafloor-imagery-examples-from-the-mediterranean-continental-margin",totalDownloads:5921,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Alessandra Savini",authors:[{id:"31297",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandra",middleName:null,surname:"Savini",slug:"alessandra-savini",fullName:"Alessandra Savini"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"18880",title:"Accuracy of Acoustic Methods in Fish Stock Assessment Surveys",slug:"accuracy-of-acoustic-methods-in-fish-stock-assessment-surveys",totalDownloads:4565,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"S. Georgakarakos, V. Trygonis and J. Haralabous",authors:[{id:"32068",title:"Prof.",name:"Stratis",middleName:null,surname:"Georgakarakos",slug:"stratis-georgakarakos",fullName:"Stratis Georgakarakos"},{id:"79334",title:"Dr.",name:"Vasilis",middleName:null,surname:"Trygonis",slug:"vasilis-trygonis",fullName:"Vasilis Trygonis"},{id:"85141",title:"Mr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Haralabous",slug:"john-haralabous",fullName:"John Haralabous"}]},{id:"18869",title:"Advances in Multistatic Sonar",slug:"advances-in-multistatic-sonar",totalDownloads:4863,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Danilo Orlando and Frank Ehlers",authors:[{id:"28096",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",middleName:null,surname:"Ehlers",slug:"frank-ehlers",fullName:"Frank Ehlers"},{id:"39713",title:"Dr.",name:"Danilo",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"danilo-orlando",fullName:"Danilo Orlando"}]},{id:"18875",title:"SONAR Images Denoising",slug:"sonar-images-denoising",totalDownloads:3728,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Alexandru Isar, Ioana Firoiu, Corina Nafornita and Sorin Moga",authors:[{id:"33992",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexandru",middleName:null,surname:"Isar",slug:"alexandru-isar",fullName:"Alexandru Isar"},{id:"43993",title:"Ms",name:"Ioana",middleName:null,surname:"Firoiu",slug:"ioana-firoiu",fullName:"Ioana Firoiu"},{id:"46236",title:"Dr.",name:"Corina",middleName:null,surname:"Nafornita",slug:"corina-nafornita",fullName:"Corina Nafornita"},{id:"46237",title:"Dr.",name:"Sorin",middleName:null,surname:"Moga",slug:"sorin-moga",fullName:"Sorin Moga"}]},{id:"18876",title:"SONAR Systems and Underwater Signal Processing: Classic and Modern Approaches",slug:"sonar-systems-and-underwater-signal-processing-classic-and-modern-approaches",totalDownloads:9128,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Hossein Peyvandi, Mehdi Farrokhrooz, Hossein Roufarshbaf and Sung-Joon Park",authors:[{id:"28536",title:"Dr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Peyvandi",slug:"hossein-peyvandi",fullName:"Hossein Peyvandi"},{id:"50748",title:"Mr.",name:"Mehdi",middleName:null,surname:"Farokhrooz",slug:"mehdi-farokhrooz",fullName:"Mehdi Farokhrooz"},{id:"50750",title:"Prof.",name:"Sung-Joon",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"sung-joon-park",fullName:"Sung-Joon Park"},{id:"105788",title:"Mr.",name:"Hossein",middleName:null,surname:"Roufarshbaf",slug:"hossein-roufarshbaf",fullName:"Hossein Roufarshbaf"}]},{id:"18873",title:"Sonar Model Based Matched Field Signal Processing",slug:"sonar-model-based-matched-field-signal-processing",totalDownloads:3611,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"218",slug:"sonar-systems",title:"Sonar Systems",fullTitle:"Sonar Systems"},signatures:"Nikolai Kolev and Georgi Georgiev",authors:[{id:"32698",title:"Prof.",name:"Nikolai",middleName:null,surname:"Kolev",slug:"nikolai-kolev",fullName:"Nikolai Kolev"},{id:"105619",title:"Dr.",name:"Georgi",middleName:null,surname:"Georgiev",slug:"georgi-georgiev",fullName:"Georgi Georgiev"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"746",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:3,paginationItems:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:12,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6692",title:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6692.jpg",slug:"medical-and-biological-image-analysis",publishedDate:"July 4th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Robert Koprowski",hash:"e75f234a0fc1988d9816a94e4c724deb",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Medical and Biological Image Analysis",editors:[{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",slug:"robert-koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7218",title:"OCT",subtitle:"Applications in Ophthalmology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7218.jpg",slug:"oct-applications-in-ophthalmology",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Michele Lanza",hash:"e3a3430cdfd6999caccac933e4613885",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"OCT - Applications in Ophthalmology",editors:[{id:"240088",title:"Prof.",name:"Michele",middleName:null,surname:"Lanza",slug:"michele-lanza",fullName:"Michele Lanza",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240088/images/system/240088.png",biography:"Michele Lanza is Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Università della Campania, Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy. His fields of interest are anterior segment disease, keratoconus, glaucoma, corneal dystrophies, and cataracts. His research topics include\nintraocular lens power calculation, eye modification induced by refractive surgery, glaucoma progression, and validation of new diagnostic devices in ophthalmology. \nHe has published more than 100 papers in international and Italian scientific journals, more than 60 in journals with impact factors, and chapters in international and Italian books. He has also edited two international books and authored more than 150 communications or posters for the most important international and Italian ophthalmology conferences.",institutionString:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institution:{name:'University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli"',institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7560",title:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods",subtitle:"Image Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7560.jpg",slug:"non-invasive-diagnostic-methods-image-processing",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mariusz Marzec and Robert Koprowski",hash:"d92fd8cf5a90a47f2b8a310837a5600e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Non-Invasive Diagnostic Methods - Image Processing",editors:[{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6843",title:"Biomechanics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6843.jpg",slug:"biomechanics",publishedDate:"January 30th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hadi Mohammadi",hash:"85132976010be1d7f3dbd88662b785e5",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Biomechanics",editors:[{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11453",title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",hash:"173e62fa4d7bf5508cec3bdd8e3cb32d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 16th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"222709",title:"Prof.",name:"Ziyad S.",surname:"Haidar",slug:"ziyad-s.-haidar",fullName:"Ziyad S. Haidar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11983",title:"Biomedical Signal and Image Processing - Advanced Imaging Technology and Application",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11983.jpg",hash:"81ebecb28b5cad564075e6f5b2dc7355",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11984",title:"Current Advances in Nanomedicine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11984.jpg",hash:"3d98881cc9e323438670710d3aaaf71d",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 6th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11452",title:"Cryopreservation - Applications and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11452.jpg",hash:"a6c3fd4384ff7deeab32fc82722c60e0",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"300385",title:"Dr.",name:"Marian",surname:"Quain",slug:"marian-quain",fullName:"Marian Quain"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{id:"83092",title:"Novel Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106255",signatures:"Pugalanthipandian Sankaralingam, Poornimadevi Sakthivel and Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel",slug:"novel-composites-for-bone-tissue-engineering",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biomimetics - Bridging the Gap",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11453.jpg",subseries:{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics"}}},{id:"82800",title:"Repurposing Drugs as Potential Therapeutics for the SARS-Cov-2 Viral Infection: Automatizing a Blind Molecular Docking High-throughput Pipeline",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105792",signatures:"Aldo Herrera-Rodulfo, Mariana Andrade-Medina and Mauricio Carrillo-Tripp",slug:"repurposing-drugs-as-potential-therapeutics-for-the-sars-cov-2-viral-infection-automatizing-a-blind-",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82582",title:"Protecting Bioelectric Signals from Electromagnetic Interference in a Wireless World",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105951",signatures:"David Marcarian",slug:"protecting-bioelectric-signals-from-electromagnetic-interference-in-a-wireless-world",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82586",title:"Fundamentals of Molecular Docking and Comparative Analysis of Protein–Small-Molecule Docking Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105815",signatures:"Maden Sefika Feyza, Sezer Selin and Acuner Saliha Ece",slug:"fundamentals-of-molecular-docking-and-comparative-analysis-of-protein-small-molecule-docking-approac",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Molecular Docking - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11451.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82392",title:"Nanomaterials as Novel Biomarkers for Cancer Nanotheranostics: State of the Art",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105700",signatures:"Hao Yu, Zhihai Han, Cunrong Chen and Leisheng Zhang",slug:"nanomaterials-as-novel-biomarkers-for-cancer-nanotheranostics-state-of-the-art",totalDownloads:23,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}},{id:"82184",title:"Biological Sensing Using Infrared SPR Devices Based on ZnO",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104562",signatures:"Hiroaki Matsui",slug:"biological-sensing-using-infrared-spr-devices-based-on-zno",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hiroaki",surname:"Matsui"}],book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82122",title:"Recent Advances in Biosensing in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104922",signatures:"Alma T. Banigo, Chigozie A. Nnadiekwe and Emmanuel M. Beasi",slug:"recent-advances-in-biosensing-in-tissue-engineering-and-regenerative-medicine",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82080",title:"The Clinical Usefulness of Prostate Cancer Biomarkers: Current and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103172",signatures:"Donovan McGrowder, Lennox Anderson-Jackson, Lowell Dilworth, Shada Mohansingh, Melisa Anderson Cross, Sophia Bryan, Fabian Miller, Cameil Wilson-Clarke, Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, Ruby Alexander-Lindo and Shelly McFarlane",slug:"the-clinical-usefulness-of-prostate-cancer-biomarkers-current-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Cancer Bioinformatics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10661.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"82005",title:"Non-Invasive Approach for Glucose Detection in Urine Quality using Its Image Analysis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104791",signatures:"Anton Yudhana, Liya Yusrina Sabila, Arsyad Cahya Subrata, Hendriana Helda Pratama and Muhammad Syahrul Akbar",slug:"non-invasive-approach-for-glucose-detection-in-urine-quality-using-its-image-analysis",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biosignal Processing",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11153.jpg",subseries:{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics"}}},{id:"81778",title:"Influence of Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials on the Reconstruction of Biomedical Parts via Additive Manufacturing Techniques: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104465",signatures:"Babatunde Olamide Omiyale, Akeem Abiodun Rasheed, Robinson Omoboyode Akinnusi and Temitope Olumide Olugbade",slug:"influence-of-mechanical-properties-of-biomaterials-on-the-reconstruction-of-biomedical-parts-via-add",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11405.jpg",subseries:{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",value:8,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",value:9,count:2,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",value:7,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10808",title:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology",subtitle:"From Science to Clinical Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10808.jpg",slug:"current-concepts-in-dental-implantology-from-science-to-clinical-research",publishedDate:"July 27th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Dragana Gabrić and Marko Vuletić",hash:"4af8830e463f89c57515c2da2b9777b0",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Current Concepts in Dental Implantology - From Science to Clinical Research",editors:[{id:"26946",title:"Prof.",name:"Dragana",middleName:null,surname:"Gabrić",slug:"dragana-gabric",fullName:"Dragana Gabrić",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/26946/images/system/26946.png",institutionString:"University of Zagreb",institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9493",title:"Periodontology",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Clinical Features",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9493.jpg",slug:"periodontology-fundamentals-and-clinical-features",publishedDate:"February 16th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Petra Surlin",hash:"dfe986c764d6c82ae820c2df5843a866",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Periodontology - Fundamentals and Clinical Features",editors:[{id:"171921",title:"Prof.",name:"Petra",middleName:null,surname:"Surlin",slug:"petra-surlin",fullName:"Petra Surlin",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institution:{name:"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9588",title:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9588.jpg",slug:"clinical-concepts-and-practical-management-techniques-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Aneesa Moolla",hash:"42deab8d3bcf3edf64d1d9028d42efd1",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Clinical Concepts and Practical Management Techniques in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"318170",title:"Dr.",name:"Aneesa",middleName:null,surname:"Moolla",slug:"aneesa-moolla",fullName:"Aneesa Moolla",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/318170/images/system/318170.png",institutionString:"University of the Witwatersrand",institution:{name:"University of the Witwatersrand",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8202",title:"Periodontal Disease",subtitle:"Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8202.jpg",slug:"periodontal-disease-diagnostic-and-adjunctive-non-surgical-considerations",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nermin Mohammed Ahmed Yussif",hash:"0aee9799da7db2c732be44dd8fed16d8",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations",editors:[{id:"210472",title:"Dr.",name:"Nermin",middleName:"Mohammed Ahmed",surname:"Yussif",slug:"nermin-yussif",fullName:"Nermin Yussif",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/210472/images/system/210472.jpg",institutionString:"MSA University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8837",title:"Human Teeth",subtitle:"Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8837.jpg",slug:"human-teeth-key-skills-and-clinical-illustrations",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan and Farid Bourzgui",hash:"ac055c5801032970123e0a196c2e1d32",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Human Teeth - Key Skills and Clinical Illustrations",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:{id:"52177",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid",middleName:null,surname:"Bourzgui",slug:"farid-bourzgui",fullName:"Farid Bourzgui",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52177/images/system/52177.png",biography:"Prof. Farid Bourzgui obtained his DMD and his DNSO option in Orthodontics at the School of Dental Medicine, Casablanca Hassan II University, Morocco, in 1995 and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is a professor of Orthodontics. He holds a Certificate of Advanced Study type A in Technology of Biomaterials used in Dentistry (1995); Certificate of Advanced Study type B in Dento-Facial Orthopaedics (1997) from the Faculty of Dental Surgery, University Denis Diderot-Paris VII, France; Diploma of Advanced Study (DESA) in Biocompatibility of Biomaterials from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2002); Certificate of Clinical Occlusodontics from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2004); University Diploma of Biostatistics and Perceptual Health Measurement from the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca (2011); and a University Diploma of Pedagogy of Odontological Sciences from the Faculty of Dentistry of Casablanca (2013). He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters, and books.",institutionString:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"7",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Hassan II Casablanca",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Morocco"}}},equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",value:2,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Oral Health",value:1,count:6}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:2},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"280338",title:"Dr.",name:"Yutaka",middleName:null,surname:"Tsutsumi",slug:"yutaka-tsutsumi",fullName:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/280338/images/7961_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fujita Health University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",biography:"Professor Nima Rezaei obtained an MD from Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran. He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. He has authored and reviewed a number of journal articles and book chapters.",institutionString:"National Veterinary Research Institute",institution:{name:"National Veterinary Research Institute",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"117248",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Macnab",slug:"andrew-macnab",fullName:"Andrew Macnab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"322007",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Elizbeth",middleName:null,surname:"Alvarez-Sánchez",slug:"maria-elizbeth-alvarez-sanchez",fullName:"Maria Elizbeth Alvarez-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"337443",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",slug:"juan-a.-gonzalez-sanchez",fullName:"Juan A. Gonzalez-Sanchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"8",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11404,editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",slug:"adriano-andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",biography:"Dr. Adriano de Oliveira Andrade graduated in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Goiás (Brazil) in 1997. He received his MSc and PhD in Biomedical Engineering respectively from the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU, Brazil) in 2000 and from the University of Reading (UK) in 2005. He completed a one-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship awarded by the DFAIT (Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada) at the Institute of Biomedical Engineering of the University of New Brunswick (Canada) in 2010. Currently, he is Professor in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering (UFU). He has authored and co-authored more than 200 peer-reviewed publications in Biomedical Engineering. He has been a researcher of The National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq-Brazil) since 2009. He has served as an ad-hoc consultant for CNPq, CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), FINEP (Brazilian Innovation Agency), and other funding bodies on several occasions. He was the Secretary of the Brazilian Society of Biomedical Engineering (SBEB) from 2015 to 2016, President of SBEB (2017-2018) and Vice-President of SBEB (2019-2020). He was the head of the undergraduate program in Biomedical Engineering of the Federal University of Uberlândia (2015 - June/2019) and the head of the Centre for Innovation and Technology Assessment in Health (NIATS/UFU) since 2010. He is the head of the Postgraduate Program in Biomedical Engineering (UFU, July/2019 - to date). He was the secretary of the Parkinson's Disease Association of Uberlândia (2018-2019). Dr. Andrade's primary area of research is focused towards getting information from the neuromuscular system to understand its strategies of organization, adaptation and controlling in the context of motor neuron diseases. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Modelling, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation Engineering, Neuroengineering and Parkinson's Disease.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",slug:"hitoshi-tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",slug:"marcus-vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",slug:"ramana-vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82112",title:"Comparative Senescence and Lifespan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105137",signatures:"Hassan M. Heshmati",slug:"comparative-senescence-and-lifespan",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Hassan M.",surname:"Heshmati"}],book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81796",title:"Apoptosis-Related Diseases and Peroxisomes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105052",signatures:"Meimei Wang, Yakun Liu, Ni Chen, Juan Wang and Ye Zhao",slug:"apoptosis-related-diseases-and-peroxisomes",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81723",title:"Peroxisomal Modulation as Therapeutic Alternative for Tackling Multiple Cancers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104873",signatures:"Shazia Usmani, Shadma Wahab, Abdul Hafeez, Shabana Khatoon and Syed Misbahul Hasan",slug:"peroxisomal-modulation-as-therapeutic-alternative-for-tackling-multiple-cancers",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81638",title:"Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103102",signatures:"Jelena Milić",slug:"aging-and-neuropsychiatric-disease-a-general-overview-of-prevalence-and-trends",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81290",title:"Musculoskeletal Abnormalities Caused by Cystic Fibrosis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104591",signatures:"Mark Lambrechts",slug:"musculoskeletal-abnormalities-caused-by-cystic-fibrosis",totalDownloads:29,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Advances in Skeletal Muscle Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11675.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"81226",title:"Computational Methods for the Study of Peroxisomes in Health and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103178",signatures:"Naomi van Wijk and Michal Linial",slug:"computational-methods-for-the-study-of-peroxisomes-in-health-and-disease",totalDownloads:32,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"The Metabolic Role of Peroxisome in Health and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10837.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"80326",title:"Anti-Senescence Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101585",signatures:"Raghad Alshadidi",slug:"anti-senescence-therapy",totalDownloads:110,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79828",title:"Cellular Senescence in Bone",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101803",signatures:"Danielle Wang and Haitao Wang",slug:"cellular-senescence-in-bone",totalDownloads:119,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79668",title:"Identification of RNA Species That Bind to the hnRNP A1 in Normal and Senescent Human Fibroblasts",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101525",signatures:"Heriberto Moran, Shanaz A. Ghandhi, Naoko Shimada and Karen Hubbard",slug:"identification-of-rna-species-that-bind-to-the-hnrnp-a1-in-normal-and-senescent-human-fibroblasts",totalDownloads:81,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}},{id:"79295",title:"Genetic and Epigenetic Influences on Cutaneous Cellular Senescence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101152",signatures:"Tapash Jay Sarkar, Maiko Hermsmeier, Jessica L. Ross and G. Scott Herron",slug:"genetic-and-epigenetic-influences-on-cutaneous-cellular-senescence",totalDownloads:135,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Mechanisms and Management of Senescence",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10935.jpg",subseries:{id:"11",title:"Cell Physiology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón Poggi",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon-poggi",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343",scope:"Biomedical Engineering is one of the fastest-growing interdisciplinary branches of science and industry. The combination of electronics and computer science with biology and medicine has improved patient diagnosis, reduced rehabilitation time, and helped to facilitate a better quality of life. Nowadays, all medical imaging devices, medical instruments, or new laboratory techniques result from the cooperation of specialists in various fields. The series of Biomedical Engineering books covers such areas of knowledge as chemistry, physics, electronics, medicine, and biology. This series is intended for doctors, engineers, and scientists involved in biomedical engineering or those wanting to start working in this field.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 3rd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfPublishedBooks:12,editor:{id:"50150",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Koprowski",fullName:"Robert Koprowski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTYNQA4/Profile_Picture_1630478535317",biography:"Robert Koprowski, MD (1997), PhD (2003), Habilitation (2015), is an employee of the University of Silesia, Poland, Institute of Computer Science, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems. For 20 years, he has studied the analysis and processing of biomedical images, emphasizing the full automation of measurement for a large inter-individual variability of patients. Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"profile.detail",path:"/profiles/101010",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"101010"},fullPath:"/profiles/101010",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()