\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Milestone",originalUrl:"/media/original/124"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"980",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Organ Donation and Transplantation - Public Policy and Clinical Perspectives",title:"Organ Donation and Transplantation",subtitle:"Public Policy and Clinical Perspectives",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Transplantation has succeeded in prolonging the lives of those fortunate enough to have received the gift of a body organ. Alongside this life-saving development, there lies another sadder side to the story - there are not enough organs to meet the ever increasing demand. This not only places an increasing emotional and physical burden among the waiting patients and families but heaps a great financial burden upon health services. \nThis book provides an analysis and overview of public policy developments and clinical developments that will hopefully ensure an increased availability of organs and greater graft survival. Medical, policy, and academic experts from around the world have contributed chapters to the book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0039-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6813-3",doi:"10.5772/1486",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"organ-donation-and-transplantation-public-policy-and-clinical-perspectives",numberOfPages:296,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"591607d84f802684beb4660893273004",bookSignature:"Gurch Randhawa",publishedDate:"February 8th 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/980.jpg",numberOfDownloads:36222,numberOfWosCitations:23,numberOfCrossrefCitations:10,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:2,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:64,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 23rd 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"April 20th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 25th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"September 24th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 22nd 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"83650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurch",middleName:null,surname:"Randhawa",slug:"gurch-randhawa",fullName:"Gurch Randhawa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/83650/images/3533_n.jpg",biography:"Gurch is Professor of Diversity in Public Health and Director of the Institute for Health Research at the University of Bedfordshire, UK. He has an extensive research track-record related to social, cultural and religious issues in organ donation and transplantation. He is Co-Chair of the European Working Party on Organ Donation & Public Issues. He was a Member of the UK\\'s NICE Guidelines Development Group on Organ Donation and a Member of the UK Department of Health’s Organ Donation Taskforce. Currently he is a Member of the UK Donation Ethics Committee; and a Non-Executive Director of the Human Tissue Authority.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"University of Bedfordshire",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1155",title:"Vascular Surgery",slug:"vascular-surgery"}],chapters:[{id:"27725",title:"Transplant Inequalities – A United Kingdom Perspective",doi:"10.5772/38964",slug:"transplant-inequalities-a-united-kingdom-perspective",totalDownloads:2163,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Gurch Randhawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27725",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27725",authors:[{id:"83650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurch",surname:"Randhawa",slug:"gurch-randhawa",fullName:"Gurch Randhawa"}],corrections:null},{id:"27726",title:"An Examination of Organ Donation in the News: A Content Analysis From 2005-2010 of the Barriers to Becoming an Organ Donor",doi:"10.5772/32665",slug:"an-examination-of-organ-donation-in-the-news-a-content-analysis-from-2005-2010-of-the-barriers-to-be",totalDownloads:2731,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Brian L. Quick, Nicole R. LaVoie and Anne M. Stone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27726",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27726",authors:[{id:"92277",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian L.",surname:"Quick",slug:"brian-l.-quick",fullName:"Brian L. Quick"},{id:"135363",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nicole R.",surname:"LaVoie",slug:"nicole-r.-lavoie",fullName:"Nicole R. LaVoie"},{id:"135365",title:"Dr.",name:"Anne M.",surname:"Stone",slug:"anne-m.-stone",fullName:"Anne M. Stone"}],corrections:null},{id:"27727",title:"European Living Donation and Public Health (EULID Project)",doi:"10.5772/34544",slug:"european-living-donation-and-public-health-eulid-project-",totalDownloads:2627,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Martí Manyalich, Assumpta Ricart, Ana Menjívar, Chloë Ballesté, David Paredes, Leonídio Días, Christian Hiesse, Dorota Lewandowska, George Kyriakides, Pål-Dag Line, Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm, Danica Asvec, Alessandro Nanni Costa, Andy Maxwell and Rosana Turcu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27727",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27727",authors:[{id:"100631",title:"Dr.",name:"Martí",surname:"Manyalich",slug:"marti-manyalich",fullName:"Martí Manyalich"},{id:"150239",title:"Dr.",name:"Assumpta",surname:"Ricart",slug:"assumpta-ricart",fullName:"Assumpta Ricart"},{id:"150240",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana",surname:"Menjívar",slug:"ana-menjivar",fullName:"Ana Menjívar"},{id:"150241",title:"Dr.",name:"Chloë",surname:"Ballesté",slug:"chloe-balleste",fullName:"Chloë Ballesté"},{id:"150242",title:"Dr.",name:"David",surname:"Paredes",slug:"david-paredes",fullName:"David Paredes"},{id:"150243",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonídio",surname:"Días",slug:"leonidio-dias",fullName:"Leonídio Días"},{id:"150244",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Hiesse",slug:"christian-hiesse",fullName:"Christian Hiesse"},{id:"150245",title:"Dr.",name:"Dorota",surname:"Lewandowska",slug:"dorota-lewandowska",fullName:"Dorota Lewandowska"},{id:"150246",title:"Dr.",name:"George",surname:"Kyriakides",slug:"george-kyriakides",fullName:"George Kyriakides"},{id:"150247",title:"Dr.",name:"Pål-Dag",surname:"Line",slug:"pal-dag-line",fullName:"Pål-Dag Line"},{id:"150248",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingela",surname:"Fehrman-Ekholm",slug:"ingela-fehrman-ekholm",fullName:"Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm"},{id:"150249",title:"Dr.",name:"Danica",surname:"Asvec",slug:"danica-asvec",fullName:"Danica Asvec"},{id:"150250",title:"Dr.",name:"Alessandro",surname:"Nanni Costa",slug:"alessandro-nanni-costa",fullName:"Alessandro Nanni Costa"},{id:"150251",title:"Dr.",name:"Andy",surname:"Maxwell",slug:"andy-maxwell",fullName:"Andy Maxwell"},{id:"150252",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosana",surname:"Turcu",slug:"rosana-turcu",fullName:"Rosana Turcu"}],corrections:null},{id:"27728",title:"Action Taken to Boost Donor Rate in Croatia",doi:"10.5772/33502",slug:"action-taken-to-boost-donor-rate-in-croatia",totalDownloads:1917,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mirela Busic and Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27728",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27728",authors:[{id:"91420",title:"Prof.",name:"Arijana",surname:"Lovrencic-Huzjan",slug:"arijana-lovrencic-huzjan",fullName:"Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan"},{id:"132152",title:"Dr.",name:"Mirela",surname:"Busic",slug:"mirela-busic",fullName:"Mirela Busic"}],corrections:null},{id:"27729",title:"Doctors’ Attitudes Towards Opting-Out and the Implication of This Legislation for a Small Island State",doi:"10.5772/32375",slug:"doctors-attitudes-towards-opting-out-and-the-implication-of-this-legislation-for-a-small-island-stat",totalDownloads:3200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Mary Anne Lauri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27729",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27729",authors:[{id:"91212",title:"Prof.",name:"Mary Anne",surname:"Lauri",slug:"mary-anne-lauri",fullName:"Mary Anne Lauri"}],corrections:null},{id:"27730",title:"Organizations as Communities: Creating Worksite Campaigns to Promote Organ Donation",doi:"10.5772/31842",slug:"organizations-as-communities-creating-worksite-campaigns-to-promote-organ-donation",totalDownloads:1791,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Susan E. Morgan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27730",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27730",authors:[{id:"88925",title:"Dr.",name:"Susan",surname:"Morgan",slug:"susan-morgan",fullName:"Susan Morgan"}],corrections:null},{id:"27731",title:"Increasing the Likelihood of Consent in Deceased Donations: Point-of-Decision Campaigns, Registries, and the Law of Large Numbers",doi:"10.5772/30978",slug:"increasing-the-likelihood-of-consent-in-deceased-donations-point-of-decision-campaigns-registries-an",totalDownloads:1858,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Tyler R. Harrison",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27731",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27731",authors:[{id:"85087",title:"Prof.",name:"Tyler",surname:"Harrison",slug:"tyler-harrison",fullName:"Tyler Harrison"}],corrections:null},{id:"27732",title:"Social Capital and Deceased Organ Donation",doi:"10.5772/38887",slug:"social-capital-and-deceased-organ-donation",totalDownloads:2845,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chloe Sharp and Gurch Randhawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27732",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27732",authors:[{id:"83650",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurch",surname:"Randhawa",slug:"gurch-randhawa",fullName:"Gurch Randhawa"},{id:"120445",title:"Dr.",name:"Chloe",surname:"Sharp",slug:"chloe-sharp",fullName:"Chloe Sharp"}],corrections:null},{id:"27733",title:"Live Donor Kidney Transplants: Psychological Aspects of the Donor-Receiver Relationship",doi:"10.5772/31009",slug:"live-donor-kidney-transplants-psychological-aspects-of-the-donor-receiver-relationship",totalDownloads:2782,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Elisa Kern de Castro, Evelyn Soledad Reyes Vigueras and Caroline Venzon Thomas",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27733",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27733",authors:[{id:"85198",title:"Prof.",name:"Elisa",surname:"De Castro",slug:"elisa-de-castro",fullName:"Elisa De Castro"},{id:"94702",title:"MSc.",name:"Caroline",surname:"Venzon Thomas",slug:"caroline-venzon-thomas",fullName:"Caroline Venzon Thomas"},{id:"94703",title:"MSc.",name:"Evelyn",surname:"Reyes Vigueras",slug:"evelyn-reyes-vigueras",fullName:"Evelyn Reyes Vigueras"}],corrections:null},{id:"27734",title:"Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders Following Solid Organ Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/34635",slug:"posttransplant-lymphoproliferative-disorders-following-solid-organ-transplantation",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Laura Rodriguez and Angela Punnett",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27734",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27734",authors:[{id:"101027",title:"Dr.",name:"Angela",surname:"Punnett",slug:"angela-punnett",fullName:"Angela Punnett"},{id:"126603",title:"Dr.",name:"Laura",surname:"Rodriguez-Romo",slug:"laura-rodriguez-romo",fullName:"Laura Rodriguez-Romo"}],corrections:null},{id:"27735",title:"Ischaemia Reperfusion Injury in Kidney Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/31544",slug:"ischaemia-reperfusion-injury-in-kidney-transplantation",totalDownloads:2159,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Siddharth Rajakumar and Karen Dwyer",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27735",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27735",authors:[{id:"87655",title:"Dr.",name:"Karen",surname:"Dwyer",slug:"karen-dwyer",fullName:"Karen Dwyer"},{id:"100512",title:"Dr.",name:"Siddharth",surname:"Rajakumar",slug:"siddharth-rajakumar",fullName:"Siddharth Rajakumar"}],corrections:null},{id:"27736",title:"Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Transplanted Kidney Based on Purine Metabolism Markers and Activity of the Antioxidant System",doi:"10.5772/32075",slug:"ischemia-reperfusion-injury-in-the-transplanted-kidney-based-on-purine-metabolism-markers-and-activi",totalDownloads:1914,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Leszek Domański, Karolina Kłoda and Kazimierz Ciechanowski",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27736",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27736",authors:[{id:"90049",title:"Prof.",name:"Leszek",surname:"Domanski",slug:"leszek-domanski",fullName:"Leszek Domanski"},{id:"92735",title:"Dr.",name:"Karolina",surname:"Kłoda",slug:"karolina-kloda",fullName:"Karolina Kłoda"},{id:"92737",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazimierz",surname:"Ciechanowski",slug:"kazimierz-ciechanowski",fullName:"Kazimierz Ciechanowski"}],corrections:null},{id:"27737",title:"Chemical Oxygenation of Pancreatic Tissue Prior to Islet Isolation and Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/33175",slug:"chemical-oxygenation-of-pancreatic-tissue-prior-to-islet-isolation-and-transplantation",totalDownloads:2029,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Heide Brandhorst, Paul R. V. Johnson and Daniel Brandhorst",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27737",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27737",authors:[{id:"94343",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Brandhorst",slug:"daniel-brandhorst",fullName:"Daniel Brandhorst"},{id:"137564",title:"Dr.",name:"Heide",surname:"Brandhorst",slug:"heide-brandhorst",fullName:"Heide Brandhorst"},{id:"137565",title:"Prof.",name:"Paul",surname:"Johnson",slug:"paul-johnson",fullName:"Paul Johnson"}],corrections:null},{id:"27738",title:"Bioartificial Pancreas: Evaluation of Crucial Barriers to Clinical Application",doi:"10.5772/32648",slug:"bioartificial-pancreas-evaluation-of-crucial-barriers-to-clinical-application",totalDownloads:2370,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Rajesh Pareta, John P. McQuilling, Alan C. Farney and Emmanuel C. Opara",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27738",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27738",authors:[{id:"92233",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",surname:"Opara",slug:"emmanuel-opara",fullName:"Emmanuel Opara"}],corrections:null},{id:"27739",title:"Transcranial Doppler as an Confirmatory Test in Brain Death",doi:"10.5772/32413",slug:"transcranial-doppler-as-an-confirmatory-test-in-brain-death",totalDownloads:3705,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/27739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/27739",authors:[{id:"91420",title:"Prof.",name:"Arijana",surname:"Lovrencic-Huzjan",slug:"arijana-lovrencic-huzjan",fullName:"Arijana Lovrencic-Huzjan"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"363",title:"Gangrene",subtitle:"Current Concepts and Management Options",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b66b0835c5a8c7c89c0daaf4e7dc0644",slug:"gangrene-current-concepts-and-management-options",bookSignature:"Alexander Vitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/363.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46555",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2703",title:"Vascular Surgery",subtitle:"Principles and Practice",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e1d45158df7b8e62946961a0e551e0f",slug:"vascular-surgery-principles-and-practice",bookSignature:"Dai Yamanouchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2703.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68673",title:"Dr.",name:"Dai",surname:"Yamanouchi",slug:"dai-yamanouchi",fullName:"Dai Yamanouchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5155",title:"Frontiers in Transplantology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f358194cd9d33671b03808b346f354dc",slug:"frontiers-in-transplantology",bookSignature:"Hesham Abdeldayem, Ahmed F. El-Kased and Ahmed El-Shaarawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5155.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72383",title:"Prof.",name:"Hesham",surname:"Abdeldayem",slug:"hesham-abdeldayem",fullName:"Hesham Abdeldayem"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1002",title:"Vascular Surgery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1b12f3c85c6e19555f03e8c53e2af7fa",slug:"vascular-surgery",bookSignature:"Dai Yamanouchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1002.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68673",title:"Dr.",name:"Dai",surname:"Yamanouchi",slug:"dai-yamanouchi",fullName:"Dai Yamanouchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3282",title:"Gangrene Management",subtitle:"New Advancements and Current Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2addd66f1300faca3348977f1a1916ef",slug:"gangrene-management-new-advancements-and-current-trends",bookSignature:"Alexander Vitin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3282.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"46555",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Vitin",slug:"alexander-vitin",fullName:"Alexander Vitin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1165",title:"Novel Strategies in Lymphedema",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d219d4509ab19a62d7dc15b39ac8ec9",slug:"novel-strategies-in-lymphedema",bookSignature:"Alberto Vannelli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1165.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"34524",title:"Dr.",name:"Alberto",surname:"Vannelli",slug:"alberto-vannelli",fullName:"Alberto Vannelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10302",title:"Aortic Aneurysm",subtitle:"Clinical Findings, Diagnostic, Treatment and Special Situations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"edb4662797c08616dc42b7796f1d17fe",slug:"aortic-aneurysm-clinical-findings-diagnostic-treatment-and-special-situations",bookSignature:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon and Daniel Emilio Dalledone Siqueira",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10302.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"251226",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezinha",surname:"Guillaumon",slug:"ana-terezinha-guillaumon",fullName:"Ana Terezinha Guillaumon"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9585",title:"Advances in Complex Valvular Disease",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef64f11e211621ecfe69c46e60e7ca3d",slug:"advances-in-complex-valvular-disease",bookSignature:"Michael S. Firstenberg and Imran Khan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9585.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64343",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael S.",surname:"Firstenberg",slug:"michael-s.-firstenberg",fullName:"Michael S. Firstenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7925",title:"Embolic Disease",subtitle:"Evolving Diagnostic and Management Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70a90d1a07cc875f7eda4641fbf32339",slug:"embolic-diseases-evolving-diagnostic-and-management-approaches",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki, Michael S. Firstenberg and Mamta Swaroop",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7925.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7141",title:"Carotid Artery",subtitle:"Gender and Health",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"191250d58c3cf7c8496de3525f1106e7",slug:"carotid-artery-gender-and-health",bookSignature:"Rita Rezzani and Luigi Fabrizio Rodella",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175171",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",surname:"Rezzani",slug:"rita-rezzani",fullName:"Rita Rezzani"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"79356",slug:"corrigendum-to-review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",title:"Corrigendum to Review of Liquid-Filled Optical Fibre-Based Temperature Sensing",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/65367.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/65367",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/65367",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/65367",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/65367",chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"63471",slug:"review-of-liquid-filled-optical-fibre-based-temperature-sensing",signatures:"Fintan McGuinness, Gabriel Leen, Elfed Lewis, Gerard Dooly, Daniel Toal\nand Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",dateSubmitted:"May 22nd 2018",dateReviewed:"August 1st 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"April 24th 2019",book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"27036",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Toal",fullName:"Daniel Toal",slug:"daniel-toal",email:"daniel.toal@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"85846",title:"Prof.",name:"Elfed",middleName:null,surname:"Lewis",fullName:"Elfed Lewis",slug:"elfed-lewis",email:"Elfed.Lewis@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"259703",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh Babu",middleName:null,surname:"Duraibabu",fullName:"Dinesh Babu Duraibabu",slug:"dinesh-babu-duraibabu",email:"dineshbabu.duraibabu@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269578",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",middleName:null,surname:"Leen",fullName:"Gabriel Leen",slug:"gabriel-leen",email:"Gabriel.Leen@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269579",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Fintan",middleName:null,surname:"McGuinness",fullName:"Fintan McGuinness",slug:"fintan-mcguinness",email:"Fintan.McGuinness@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}},{id:"269580",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerard",middleName:null,surname:"Dooly",fullName:"Gerard Dooly",slug:"gerard-dooly",email:"Gerard.Dooly@ul.ie",position:null,institution:{name:"University of Limerick",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}]},book:{id:"8271",title:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Applications of Optical Fibers for Sensing",slug:"applications-of-optical-fibers-for-sensing",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8271.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"220902",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"5533",leadTitle:null,title:"The Role of the Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiologist in the Management of Congestive Heart Failure",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The world of clinical cardiac electrophysiology continues to evolve with newer and more advanced technologies to better serve our patients. In this book, titled The Role of the Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiologist in the Management of Congestive Heart Failure, authors from around the world have contributed their thoughts. Various chapters describing the use of biventricular pacing devices (CRT) in the management of patients suffering from systolic heart failure are included, with a chapter dedicated to management of CRT. A chapter describing the role of CRT in patients with Chagas disease is included. Authors describe the newer pharmaceuticals in the management of this disease and the role of catheter ablation in the management of atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias. These topics are of great interest to clinicians at the various levels of training, and I believe this textbook gives a flavor of the expanding role of the electrophysiologist in the management of an ever-expanding patient population.",isbn:"978-953-51-2948-6",printIsbn:"978-953-51-2947-9",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-7339-7",doi:"10.5772/63292",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"the-role-of-the-clinical-cardiac-electrophysiologist-in-the-management-of-congestive-heart-failure",numberOfPages:168,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"72992f70d4e3ffcae4aa03439ea54954",bookSignature:"John Kassotis",publishedDate:"February 15th 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5533.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:12318,numberOfWosCitations:1,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:3,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 17th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 7th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 3rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 2nd 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 31st 2017",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"6 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"146888",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Kassotis",slug:"john-kassotis",fullName:"John Kassotis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/146888/images/system/146888.png",biography:"Dr. John Kassotis received his doctorate in chemical engineering from the Columbia University, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, in 1985 and earned his MD degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1990. After completing his residency, cardiovascular fellowship, and electrophysiology fellowship at the Presbyterian Hospital, Dr. Kassotis began the Arrhythmia Service at New York Methodist Hospital (clinical affiliate of the NY Presbyterian Hospital Network) where he served as the director. In 2005, Dr. Kassotis was appointed the director of the Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology Section and Fellowship Programs at SUNY Downstate Medical Center. He has authored or coauthored over 70 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and patents. He is the recipient of multiple teaching awards and serves as associate editor of the journal Cardiology.",institutionString:"Rutgers University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"986",title:"Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology",slug:"clinical-cardiac-electrophysiology"}],chapters:[{id:"54032",title:"Role of New Therapies in Reducing Mortality and Major Morbidity in Patients with Systolic Heart Failure",slug:"role-of-new-therapies-in-reducing-mortality-and-major-morbidity-in-patients-with-systolic-heart-fail",totalDownloads:1949,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"195160",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeffrey",surname:"Borer",slug:"jeffrey-borer",fullName:"Jeffrey Borer"},{id:"195161",title:"Dr.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Yurevich",slug:"oleg-yurevich",fullName:"Oleg Yurevich"}]},{id:"53990",title:"Sympathetic Blockade for Dysrhythmia Management in Heart Failure: Rationale and Therapeutic Progression to Intervention",slug:"sympathetic-blockade-for-dysrhythmia-management-in-heart-failure-rationale-and-therapeutic-progressi",totalDownloads:1182,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"191972",title:"Dr.",name:"Daryl",surname:"Smith",slug:"daryl-smith",fullName:"Daryl Smith"},{id:"195361",title:"Dr.",name:"Albert",surname:"Duah",slug:"albert-duah",fullName:"Albert Duah"}]},{id:"53558",title:"The Impact of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in the Treatment of Heart Failure",slug:"the-impact-of-cardiac-resynchronization-therapy-in-the-treatment-of-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1310,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"192448",title:"Dr.",name:"Takashi",surname:"Murashita",slug:"takashi-murashita",fullName:"Takashi Murashita"}]},{id:"53765",title:"Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Advanced Heart Failure: Predictors of Response and Optimization of Therapy",slug:"cardiac-resynchronization-therapy-in-advanced-heart-failure-predictors-of-response-and-optimization-",totalDownloads:1415,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"192810",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel Ángel",surname:"García García",slug:"miguel-angel-garcia-garcia",fullName:"Miguel Ángel García García"}]},{id:"53928",title:"Utility of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices in Patients with Chagas Disease and Systolic Heart Failure",slug:"utility-of-cardiac-implantable-electronic-devices-in-patients-with-chagas-disease-and-systolic-heart",totalDownloads:1401,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"192796",title:"Prof.",name:"Guillermo",surname:"Mora",slug:"guillermo-mora",fullName:"Guillermo Mora"}]},{id:"53821",title:"Transcatheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure",slug:"transcatheter-ablation-of-atrial-fibrillation-in-patients-with-chronic-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1546,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"192460",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Massimo",surname:"Grimaldi",slug:"massimo-grimaldi",fullName:"Massimo Grimaldi"},{id:"195372",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Di Monaco",slug:"antonio-di-monaco",fullName:"Antonio Di Monaco"},{id:"195373",title:"Dr.",name:"Federico",surname:"Quadrini",slug:"federico-quadrini",fullName:"Federico Quadrini"},{id:"195374",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",surname:"Vitulano",slug:"nicola-vitulano",fullName:"Nicola Vitulano"}]},{id:"53423",title:"Role of the Electrophysiologist in the Treatment of Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy",slug:"role-of-the-electrophysiologist-in-the-treatment-of-tachycardia-induced-cardiomyopathy",totalDownloads:1547,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"191888",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Cismaru",slug:"gabriel-cismaru",fullName:"Gabriel Cismaru"},{id:"195419",title:"Dr.",name:"Lucian",surname:"Muresan",slug:"lucian-muresan",fullName:"Lucian Muresan"},{id:"195420",title:"Dr.",name:"Mihai",surname:"Puiu",slug:"mihai-puiu",fullName:"Mihai Puiu"},{id:"195421",title:"Dr.",name:"Radu",surname:"Rosu",slug:"radu-rosu",fullName:"Radu Rosu"},{id:"195422",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriel",surname:"Gusetu",slug:"gabriel-gusetu",fullName:"Gabriel Gusetu"},{id:"195423",title:"Prof.",name:"Dana",surname:"Pop",slug:"dana-pop",fullName:"Dana Pop"},{id:"195424",title:"Prof.",name:"Dumitru",surname:"Zdrenghea",slug:"dumitru-zdrenghea",fullName:"Dumitru Zdrenghea"}]},{id:"52978",title:"Impact of Thyroid Disease on Heart Failure",slug:"impact-of-thyroid-disease-on-heart-failure",totalDownloads:1970,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"193244",title:"Dr.",name:"Adina Elena",surname:"Stanciu",slug:"adina-elena-stanciu",fullName:"Adina Elena Stanciu"},{id:"195352",title:"Dr.",name:"Adina",surname:"Zamfir-Chiru-Anton",slug:"adina-zamfir-chiru-anton",fullName:"Adina Zamfir-Chiru-Anton"},{id:"195355",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcel",surname:"Stanciu",slug:"marcel-stanciu",fullName:"Marcel Stanciu"},{id:"195356",title:"Dr.",name:"Dan-Cristian",surname:"Gheorghe",slug:"dan-cristian-gheorghe",fullName:"Dan-Cristian Gheorghe"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177816",firstName:"Ana",lastName:"Simcic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177816/images/4735_n.png",email:"ana.s@intechopen.com",biography:"As a Commissioning Editor at InTech, I work closely with our collaborators in the selection of book topics for the yearly publishing plan and in preparing new book catalogues for each season. This requires extensive analysis of developing trends in scientific research in order to offer our readers relevant content. Creating the book catalogue is also based on keeping track of the most read, downloaded and highly cited chapters and books and relaunching similar topics. I am also responsible for consulting with our Editorial Advisory Board members on which book topics to add to our catalogue and sending possible book proposal topics to them for evaluation. Once the catalogue is complete, I contact leading researchers in their respective fields and ask them to become possible book editors for each book project. Once a book editor is appointed, I prepare all necessary information required for them to begin their work, as well as guide them through the editorship process. I also assist editors in inviting suitable authors to contribute to a specific book project and each year, I identify and invite exceptional editors to join InTech\\'s Editorial Advisory Board. I am responsible for developing and maintaining strong relationships with all collaborators to ensure an effective and efficient publishing process and support other departments in developing and maintaining such relationships."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"997",title:"Tachycardia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1a5908b405f4ffb028f51f29863469d0",slug:"tachycardia",bookSignature:"Takumi Yamada",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/997.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68148",title:"Prof.",name:"Takumi",surname:"Yamada",slug:"takumi-yamada",fullName:"Takumi Yamada"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4584",title:"Abnormal Heart Rhythms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"81532d7ef92dec2fed90a8c7ea7a051c",slug:"abnormal-heart-rhythms",bookSignature:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4584.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63299",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco R.",surname:"Breijo-Marquez",slug:"francisco-r.-breijo-marquez",fullName:"Francisco R. Breijo-Marquez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5216",title:"Update on Essential Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7f462a8fbbf6a1af402d2689a50a9670",slug:"update-on-essential-hypertension",bookSignature:"Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5216.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"73775",title:"Dr.",name:"Lizbeth",surname:"Salazar-Sanchez",slug:"lizbeth-salazar-sanchez",fullName:"Lizbeth Salazar-Sanchez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3528",title:"Cardiac Surgery",subtitle:"A Commitment to Science, Technology and Creativity",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95973b4f0e34524407c79ddb123a0d09",slug:"cardiac-surgery-a-commitment-to-science-technology-and-creativity",bookSignature:"Miguel Angel Maluf and Paulo Roberto Barbosa Evora",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3528.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"106872",title:"Prof.",name:"Miguel",surname:"Maluf",slug:"miguel-maluf",fullName:"Miguel Maluf"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3815",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:"Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Treatment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fe6dad804d0257a3922593b7861a1b74",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias-mechanisms-pathophysiology-and-treatment",bookSignature:"Wilbert S. Aronow",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3815.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164597",title:"Dr.",name:"Wilbert S.",surname:"Aronow",slug:"wilbert-s.-aronow",fullName:"Wilbert S. Aronow"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3289",title:"Cardiac Defibrillation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"37b5f2758b30dc35fb41750fa68d2725",slug:"cardiac-defibrillation",bookSignature:"Damir Erkapic, Tamas Bauernfeind",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3289.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156236",title:"Dr.",name:"Damir",surname:"Erkapic",slug:"damir-erkapic",fullName:"Damir Erkapic"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6536",title:"Cardiac Arrhythmias",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"60225e652fdad9957fb2bad71795510f",slug:"cardiac-arrhythmias",bookSignature:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"13913",title:"Dr.",name:"Umashankar",surname:"Lakshmanadoss",slug:"umashankar-lakshmanadoss",fullName:"Umashankar Lakshmanadoss"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3259",title:"Pulmonary Hypertension",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"30532bf64aeb50b027e54b102bfeae6c",slug:"pulmonary-hypertension",bookSignature:"Jean M. Elwing and Ralph J. Panos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3259.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"165463",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",surname:"Elwing",slug:"jean-elwing",fullName:"Jean Elwing"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"20083",title:"Genetics of Uveal Melanoma",doi:"10.5772/20253",slug:"genetics-of-uveal-melanoma",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/20083.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/20083",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/20083",totalDownloads:3906,totalViews:89,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,introChapter:null,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:45,impactScoreQuartile:2,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2010",dateReviewed:"April 10th 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"September 22nd 2011",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/20083",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/20083",book:{id:"524",slug:"advances-in-malignant-melanoma-clinical-and-research-perspectives"},signatures:"Thomas van den Bosch, Jackelien van Beek, Emine Kiliç, Nicole Naus, Dion Paridaens and Annelies de Klein",authors:[{id:"38088",title:"Dr.",name:"Annelies",middleName:null,surname:"de Klein",fullName:"Annelies de Klein",slug:"annelies-de-klein",email:"a.deklein@erasmusmc.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Erasmus University Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"52103",title:"MSc.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Van Den Bosch",fullName:"Thomas Van Den Bosch",slug:"thomas-van-den-bosch",email:"T.vandenBosch@oogziekenhuis.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Rotterdam Eye Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"52104",title:"MSc",name:"Jackelien",middleName:"G.M.",surname:"Van Beek",fullName:"Jackelien Van Beek",slug:"jackelien-van-beek",email:"j.vanbeek@erasmusmc.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Erasmus University Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"52105",title:"Dr.",name:"Emine",middleName:null,surname:"Kilic",fullName:"Emine Kilic",slug:"emine-kilic",email:"e.kilic@erasmusmc.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Erasmus University Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"52106",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Naus",fullName:"Nicole Naus",slug:"nicole-naus",email:"n.naus@erasmusmc.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Erasmus University Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}},{id:"52107",title:"Prof.",name:"Dion",middleName:null,surname:"Paridaens",fullName:"Dion Paridaens",slug:"dion-paridaens",email:"D.Paridaens@oogziekenhuis.nl",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"Rotterdam Eye Hospital",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Netherlands"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"524",type:"book",title:"Advances in Malignant Melanoma",subtitle:"Clinical and Research Perspectives",fullTitle:"Advances in Malignant Melanoma - Clinical and Research Perspectives",slug:"advances-in-malignant-melanoma-clinical-and-research-perspectives",publishedDate:"September 22nd 2011",bookSignature:"April W. Armstrong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/524.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-575-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6492-0",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:16,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"32510",title:"Dr.",name:"April",middleName:"Wang",surname:"Armstrong",slug:"april-armstrong",fullName:"April Armstrong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1077"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"20077",type:"chapter",title:"Melanoma Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Phenotypes",slug:"melanoma-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-clinical-phenotypes",totalDownloads:4425,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Elena B. Hawryluk and David E. Fisher",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"51459",title:"Prof.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Fisher",fullName:"David Fisher",slug:"david-fisher"},{id:"87892",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Hawryluk",fullName:"Elena Hawryluk",slug:"elena-hawryluk"}]},{id:"20078",type:"chapter",title:"Increasing Incidences of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma by Region Around the World",slug:"increasing-incidences-of-cutaneous-malignant-melanoma-by-region-around-the-world",totalDownloads:1748,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dianne E. Godar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37160",title:"Dr.",name:"Dianne",middleName:"E",surname:"Godar",fullName:"Dianne Godar",slug:"dianne-godar"}]},{id:"20079",type:"chapter",title:"Skin Pigmentation and Melanoma Risk",slug:"skin-pigmentation-and-melanoma-risk",totalDownloads:5281,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"John A. D’Orazio, Amanda Marsch, James Lagrew and W. Brooke Veith",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32219",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"D'Orazio",fullName:"John D'Orazio",slug:"john-d'orazio"},{id:"104406",title:"Ms.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Marsch",fullName:"Amanda Marsch",slug:"amanda-marsch"},{id:"104407",title:"Mr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Lagrew",fullName:"James Lagrew",slug:"james-lagrew"},{id:"104410",title:"Ms.",name:"Brooke",middleName:null,surname:"Veith",fullName:"Brooke Veith",slug:"brooke-veith"}]},{id:"20080",type:"chapter",title:"Desmoplastic Melanoma",slug:"desmoplastic-melanoma",totalDownloads:5595,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lily S. Cheng and April W. Armstrong",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32510",title:"Dr.",name:"April",middleName:"Wang",surname:"Armstrong",fullName:"April Armstrong",slug:"april-armstrong"},{id:"38030",title:"Ms.",name:"Lily",middleName:"Shuang",surname:"Cheng",fullName:"Lily Cheng",slug:"lily-cheng"}]},{id:"20081",type:"chapter",title:"Melanoma During Pregnancy",slug:"melanoma-during-pregnancy",totalDownloads:2551,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Lazar Popovic, Zorka Grgic and Milica Popovic",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"42849",title:"Dr.",name:"Zorka",middleName:null,surname:"Grgić",fullName:"Zorka Grgić",slug:"zorka-grgic"},{id:"50333",title:"Dr.",name:"Lazar",middleName:"S.",surname:"Popovic",fullName:"Lazar Popovic",slug:"lazar-popovic"},{id:"50334",title:"Dr.",name:"Milica",middleName:null,surname:"Popovic",fullName:"Milica Popovic",slug:"milica-popovic"}]},{id:"20082",type:"chapter",title:"Familial Melanoma in Italy: A Review",slug:"familial-melanoma-in-italy-a-review",totalDownloads:2146,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Gloria Funari, Chiara Menin, Lisa Elefanti, Emma D'Andrea and Maria Chiara Scaini",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"44889",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Scaini",fullName:"Maria Chiara Scaini",slug:"maria-chiara-scaini"},{id:"51744",title:"Dr.",name:"Gloria",middleName:null,surname:"Funari",fullName:"Gloria Funari",slug:"gloria-funari"},{id:"51745",title:"Dr.",name:"Chiara",middleName:null,surname:"Menin",fullName:"Chiara Menin",slug:"chiara-menin"},{id:"51746",title:"Dr.",name:"Lisa",middleName:null,surname:"Elefanti",fullName:"Lisa Elefanti",slug:"lisa-elefanti"},{id:"51747",title:"Prof.",name:"Emma",middleName:null,surname:"D Andrea",fullName:"Emma D Andrea",slug:"emma-d-andrea"}]},{id:"20083",type:"chapter",title:"Genetics of Uveal Melanoma",slug:"genetics-of-uveal-melanoma",totalDownloads:3906,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Thomas van den Bosch, Jackelien van Beek, Emine Kiliç, Nicole Naus, Dion Paridaens and Annelies de Klein",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"38088",title:"Dr.",name:"Annelies",middleName:null,surname:"de Klein",fullName:"Annelies de Klein",slug:"annelies-de-klein"},{id:"52103",title:"MSc.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Van Den Bosch",fullName:"Thomas Van Den Bosch",slug:"thomas-van-den-bosch"},{id:"52104",title:"MSc",name:"Jackelien",middleName:"G.M.",surname:"Van Beek",fullName:"Jackelien Van Beek",slug:"jackelien-van-beek"},{id:"52105",title:"Dr.",name:"Emine",middleName:null,surname:"Kilic",fullName:"Emine Kilic",slug:"emine-kilic"},{id:"52106",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicole",middleName:null,surname:"Naus",fullName:"Nicole Naus",slug:"nicole-naus"},{id:"52107",title:"Prof.",name:"Dion",middleName:null,surname:"Paridaens",fullName:"Dion Paridaens",slug:"dion-paridaens"}]},{id:"20084",type:"chapter",title:"Melanoma Immunotherapy",slug:"melanoma-immunotherapy",totalDownloads:1811,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"HT Duc",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"50372",title:"Dr.",name:"Guy Huynh Thien",middleName:null,surname:"Duc",fullName:"Guy Huynh Thien Duc",slug:"guy-huynh-thien-duc"}]},{id:"20085",type:"chapter",title:"Melanin Hyperpigmentation Inhibitors from Natural Resources",slug:"melanin-hyperpigmentation-inhibitors-from-natural-resources",totalDownloads:10948,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Hideaki Matsuda, Kazuya Murata, Kimihisa Itoh, Megumi Masuda and Shunsuke Naruto",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"36759",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsuda",fullName:"Hideaki Matsuda",slug:"hideaki-matsuda"},{id:"49679",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazuya",middleName:null,surname:"Murata",fullName:"Kazuya Murata",slug:"kazuya-murata"},{id:"49680",title:"Dr.",name:"Kimihisa",middleName:null,surname:"Itoh",fullName:"Kimihisa Itoh",slug:"kimihisa-itoh"},{id:"49681",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Megumi",middleName:null,surname:"Masuda",fullName:"Megumi Masuda",slug:"megumi-masuda"},{id:"86424",title:"Dr.",name:"Shunsuke",middleName:null,surname:"Naruto",fullName:"Shunsuke Naruto",slug:"shunsuke-naruto"}]},{id:"20097",type:"chapter",title:"Caveolin-1 in Melanoma Progression",slug:"caveolin-1-in-melanoma-progression",totalDownloads:2333,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lorena Lobos-González, Lorena Aguilar, Gonzalo Fernández, Carlos Sanhueza and Andrew F.G Quest",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"45022",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Quest",fullName:"Andrew Quest",slug:"andrew-quest"}]},{id:"20098",type:"chapter",title:"IMP3 and Malignant Melanoma",slug:"imp3-and-malignant-melanoma",totalDownloads:2287,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mark J. Mentrikoski and Haodong Xu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"37877",title:"Prof.",name:"Haodong",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Haodong Xu",slug:"haodong-xu"},{id:"50469",title:"Dr.",name:"Mark",middleName:null,surname:"Mentrikoski",fullName:"Mark Mentrikoski",slug:"mark-mentrikoski"}]},{id:"20099",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Social Stress on Immunomodulation and Tumor Development",slug:"effects-of-social-stress-on-immunomodulation-and-tumor-development",totalDownloads:2201,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Oscar Vegas, Larraitz Garmendia, Amaia Arregi and Arantza Azpiroz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"32674",title:"Prof.",name:"Arantza",middleName:null,surname:"Azpiroz",fullName:"Arantza Azpiroz",slug:"arantza-azpiroz"},{id:"45424",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Vegas",fullName:"Oscar Vegas",slug:"oscar-vegas"},{id:"45425",title:"Dr.",name:"Larraitz",middleName:null,surname:"Garmendia",fullName:"Larraitz Garmendia",slug:"larraitz-garmendia"},{id:"45426",title:"Dr.",name:"Amaia",middleName:null,surname:"Arregi",fullName:"Amaia Arregi",slug:"amaia-arregi"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3314",title:"Recent Advances in the Biology, Therapy and Management of Melanoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84012ed89a4be2c8ab72efb9d5041cc6",slug:"recent-advances-in-the-biology-therapy-and-management-of-melanoma",bookSignature:"Lester M. Davids",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"156528",title:"Dr.",name:"Lester",surname:"Davids",slug:"lester-davids",fullName:"Lester Davids"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"42734",title:"Melanoma — Epidemiology, Genetics and Risk Factors",slug:"melanoma-epidemiology-genetics-and-risk-factors",signatures:"John A. D’Orazio, Stuart Jarrett, Amanda Marsch, James Lagrew and Laura Cleary",authors:[{id:"32219",title:"Dr.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"D'Orazio",fullName:"John D'Orazio",slug:"john-d'orazio"},{id:"104406",title:"Ms.",name:"Amanda",middleName:null,surname:"Marsch",fullName:"Amanda Marsch",slug:"amanda-marsch"},{id:"104407",title:"Mr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Lagrew",fullName:"James Lagrew",slug:"james-lagrew"},{id:"165710",title:"Dr.",name:"Stuart",middleName:null,surname:"Jarrett",fullName:"Stuart Jarrett",slug:"stuart-jarrett"},{id:"165711",title:"Ms.",name:"Laura",middleName:null,surname:"Cleary",fullName:"Laura Cleary",slug:"laura-cleary"}]},{id:"42573",title:"Aberrant Death Pathways in Melanoma",slug:"aberrant-death-pathways-in-melanoma",signatures:"Nicholas D. Panayi, Erin E. Mendoza, Elliot S. Breshears and Randy Burd",authors:[{id:"157592",title:"Dr.",name:"Randy",middleName:null,surname:"Burd",fullName:"Randy Burd",slug:"randy-burd"},{id:"167484",title:"Dr.",name:"Erin",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",fullName:"Erin Mendoza",slug:"erin-mendoza"},{id:"167485",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicholas",middleName:null,surname:"Panayi",fullName:"Nicholas Panayi",slug:"nicholas-panayi"},{id:"167486",title:"Mr.",name:"Elliot",middleName:null,surname:"Breshears",fullName:"Elliot Breshears",slug:"elliot-breshears"}]},{id:"42737",title:"Interaction Between the Immune System and Melanoma",slug:"interaction-between-the-immune-system-and-melanoma",signatures:"Norma E. Herrera-Gonzalez",authors:[{id:"157174",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Norma E.",middleName:null,surname:"Herrera",fullName:"Norma E. Herrera",slug:"norma-e.-herrera"}]},{id:"41851",title:"MITF: A Critical Transcription Factor in Melanoma Transcriptional Regulatory Network",slug:"mitf-a-critical-transcription-factor-in-melanoma-transcriptional-regulatory-network",signatures:"Jiri Vachtenheim and Lubica Ondrušova",authors:[{id:"161188",title:"Dr.",name:"Jiri",middleName:null,surname:"Vachtenheim",fullName:"Jiri Vachtenheim",slug:"jiri-vachtenheim"}]},{id:"42738",title:"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Melanoma Development, Progression and Treatment",slug:"the-role-of-oxidative-stress-in-melanoma-development-progression-and-treatment",signatures:"Fabiana Henriques Machado de Melo, Fernanda Molognoni and Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis",authors:[{id:"39866",title:"Prof.",name:"Miriam",middleName:null,surname:"Jasiulionis",fullName:"Miriam Jasiulionis",slug:"miriam-jasiulionis"},{id:"49406",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernanda",middleName:null,surname:"Molognoni",fullName:"Fernanda Molognoni",slug:"fernanda-molognoni"},{id:"159108",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabiana",middleName:null,surname:"Melo",fullName:"Fabiana Melo",slug:"fabiana-melo"}]},{id:"42739",title:"Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Theirs Tissue Inhibitors in Fibroblast Cultures and Colo-829 and SH-4 Melanoma Cultures After Photodynamic Therapy",slug:"expression-of-matrix-metalloproteinases-and-theirs-tissue-inhibitors-in-fibroblast-cultures-and-colo",signatures:"Aleksandra Zielińska, Małgorzata Latocha, Magdalena Jurzak and Dariusz Kuśmierz",authors:[{id:"50805",title:"Dr.",name:"Małgorzata",middleName:null,surname:"Latocha",fullName:"Małgorzata Latocha",slug:"malgorzata-latocha"},{id:"51802",title:"Dr.",name:"Aleksandra",middleName:null,surname:"Zielińska",fullName:"Aleksandra Zielińska",slug:"aleksandra-zielinska"},{id:"51803",title:"Dr.",name:"Dariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Kuśmierz",fullName:"Dariusz Kuśmierz",slug:"dariusz-kusmierz"},{id:"159162",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena",middleName:null,surname:"Jurzak",fullName:"Magdalena Jurzak",slug:"magdalena-jurzak"}]},{id:"42742",title:"MMP-2 and MMP-9 Expression in Canine Cutaneous Melanocytic Tumours: Evidence of a Relationship with Tumoural Malignancy",slug:"mmp-2-and-mmp-9-expression-in-canine-cutaneous-melanocytic-tumours-evidence-of-a-relationship-with-t",signatures:"Isabel Pires, Joana Gomes, Justina Prada, Dinora Pereira and Felisbina L. Queiroga",authors:[{id:"47145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felisbina",middleName:"Luisa",surname:"Queiroga",fullName:"Felisbina Queiroga",slug:"felisbina-queiroga"},{id:"57946",title:"Prof.",name:"Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Pires",fullName:"Isabel Pires",slug:"isabel-pires"},{id:"57947",title:"Prof.",name:"Justina",middleName:null,surname:"Prada",fullName:"Justina Prada",slug:"justina-prada"},{id:"167085",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Joana",middleName:"Almeida",surname:"Gomes",fullName:"Joana Gomes",slug:"joana-gomes"},{id:"167086",title:"MSc.",name:"Dinora",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",fullName:"Dinora Pereira",slug:"dinora-pereira"}]},{id:"42745",title:"Glutamate Signaling in Human Cancers",slug:"glutamate-signaling-in-human-cancers",signatures:"Brian A. Wall, Seung-Shick Shin and Suzie Chen",authors:[{id:"161876",title:"Dr.",name:"Brian",middleName:null,surname:"Wall",fullName:"Brian Wall",slug:"brian-wall"}]},{id:"42746",title:"Current Therapies and New Pharmacologic Targets for Metastatic Melanoma",slug:"current-therapies-and-new-pharmacologic-targets-for-metastatic-melanoma",signatures:"Claudriana Locatelli, Fabíola Branco Filippin-Monteiro and Tânia Beatriz Creczynski-Pasa",authors:[{id:"167038",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Tania",middleName:null,surname:"Creczynski-Pasa",fullName:"Tania Creczynski-Pasa",slug:"tania-creczynski-pasa"}]},{id:"42747",title:"Targeted Agents for the Treatment of Melanoma: An Overview",slug:"targeted-agents-for-the-treatment-of-melanoma-an-overview",signatures:"Hsiang-Wen Tseng, Wen-Tai Li+ and Jung-Feng Hsieh+",authors:[{id:"49922",title:"Prof.",name:"Jung-Feng",middleName:null,surname:"Hsieh",fullName:"Jung-Feng Hsieh",slug:"jung-feng-hsieh"},{id:"158377",title:"Prof.",name:"Wen-Tai",middleName:null,surname:"Li",fullName:"Wen-Tai Li",slug:"wen-tai-li"},{id:"158378",title:"Prof.",name:"Hsiang-Wen",middleName:null,surname:"Tseng",fullName:"Hsiang-Wen Tseng",slug:"hsiang-wen-tseng"}]},{id:"42748",title:"Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers as PDT Agents: A New Modality for the Treatment of Melanoma",slug:"porphyrin-and-phthalocyanine-photosensitizers-as-pdt-agents-a-new-modality-for-the-treatment-of-mela",signatures:"Shawn Swavey and Matthew Tran",authors:[{id:"156671",title:"Dr.",name:"Shawn M.",middleName:null,surname:"Swavey",fullName:"Shawn M. Swavey",slug:"shawn-m.-swavey"}]},{id:"42750",title:"Gene Therapy for Melanoma: Progress and Perspectives",slug:"gene-therapy-for-melanoma-progress-and-perspectives",signatures:"Bryan E. Strauss and Eugenia Costanzi-Strauss",authors:[{id:"32179",title:"Dr.",name:"Bryan",middleName:"E.",surname:"Strauss",fullName:"Bryan Strauss",slug:"bryan-strauss"},{id:"51090",title:"Dr.",name:"Eugenia",middleName:null,surname:"Costanzi-Strauss",fullName:"Eugenia Costanzi-Strauss",slug:"eugenia-costanzi-strauss"}]},{id:"42754",title:"The Potential Importance of K Type Human Endogenous Retroviral Elements in Melanoma Biology",slug:"the-potential-importance-of-k-type-human-endogenous-retroviral-elements-in-melanoma-biology",signatures:"Jianli Dong, Gengming Huang, Rasheen Imtiaz and Fangling Xu",authors:[{id:"32259",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianli",middleName:null,surname:"Dong",fullName:"Jianli Dong",slug:"jianli-dong"},{id:"166782",title:"Dr.",name:"Gengming",middleName:null,surname:"Huang",fullName:"Gengming Huang",slug:"gengming-huang"},{id:"166783",title:"Ms.",name:"Rasheen",middleName:null,surname:"Imtiaz",fullName:"Rasheen Imtiaz",slug:"rasheen-imtiaz"},{id:"166784",title:"Dr.",name:"Fangling",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Fangling Xu",slug:"fangling-xu"}]},{id:"42761",title:"Emerging GM3 Regulated Biomarkers in Malignant Melanoma",slug:"emerging-gm3-regulated-biomarkers-in-malignant-melanoma",signatures:"Pu Wang*, Peipei Guan*, Su Xu, Zhanyou Wang, Sadako Yamagata and Tatsuya Yamagata",authors:[{id:"43736",title:"Prof.",name:"Tatsuya",middleName:null,surname:"Yamagata",fullName:"Tatsuya Yamagata",slug:"tatsuya-yamagata"},{id:"43817",title:"Dr.",name:"Pu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Pu Wang",slug:"pu-wang"},{id:"43818",title:"Prof.",name:"Sadako",middleName:null,surname:"Yamagata",fullName:"Sadako Yamagata",slug:"sadako-yamagata"},{id:"156997",title:"Dr.",name:"Peipei",middleName:null,surname:"Guan",fullName:"Peipei Guan",slug:"peipei-guan"}]},{id:"42756",title:"After Surgery: Follow-Up Guidelines of Melanoma Patients",slug:"after-surgery-follow-up-guidelines-of-melanoma-patients",signatures:"Paolo Fava, Pietro Quaglino, Maria Grazia Bernengo and Paola Savoia",authors:[{id:"34125",title:"Dr.",name:"Paola",middleName:null,surname:"Savoia",fullName:"Paola Savoia",slug:"paola-savoia"},{id:"166882",title:"Dr.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Fava",fullName:"Paolo Fava",slug:"paolo-fava"},{id:"166883",title:"Dr.",name:"Pietro",middleName:null,surname:"Quaglino",fullName:"Pietro Quaglino",slug:"pietro-quaglino"},{id:"166884",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria Grazia",middleName:null,surname:"Bernengo",fullName:"Maria Grazia Bernengo",slug:"maria-grazia-bernengo"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6078",title:"Human Skin Cancers",subtitle:"Pathways, Mechanisms, Targets and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb972353fcf2ce19dfbd460010d13803",slug:"human-skin-cancers-pathways-mechanisms-targets-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6078.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7866",title:"Cutaneous Melanoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"20e2bb07cb5983230e8a271d46400393",slug:"cutaneous-melanoma",bookSignature:"Paweł Pietkiewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7866.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"164394",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Paweł",surname:"Pietkiewicz",slug:"pawel-pietkiewicz",fullName:"Paweł Pietkiewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10338",title:"Melanoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"911948e45d7c681a350a511fd44bb4b3",slug:"melanoma",bookSignature:"Ahmed Lasfar and Karine Cohen-Solal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10338.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32546",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Lasfar",slug:"ahmed-lasfar",fullName:"Ahmed Lasfar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"245",title:"Current Management of Malignant Melanoma",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d76e43a506d68b3062db243c8ad6495a",slug:"current-management-of-malignant-melanoma",bookSignature:"Ming Y. Cao",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/245.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"47032",title:"Dr.",name:"Ming Yu",surname:"Cao",slug:"ming-yu-cao",fullName:"Ming Yu Cao"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"273",title:"Research on Melanoma",subtitle:"A Glimpse into Current Directions and Future Trends",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"03dcadf8ca228b0a39a14c7614a712f2",slug:"research-on-melanoma-a-glimpse-into-current-directions-and-future-trends",bookSignature:"Mandi Murph",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/273.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32293",title:"Prof.",name:"Mandi",surname:"Murph",slug:"mandi-murph",fullName:"Mandi Murph"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"524",title:"Advances in Malignant Melanoma",subtitle:"Clinical and Research Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"529a20a7c31a8caebb49d5ce7beb7eb8",slug:"advances-in-malignant-melanoma-clinical-and-research-perspectives",bookSignature:"April W. Armstrong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/524.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32510",title:"Dr.",name:"April",surname:"Armstrong",slug:"april-armstrong",fullName:"April Armstrong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"70801",title:"Mapping and Estimation of Nitrogen and Sulfur Atmospheric Deposition Fluxes in Central Region of the Mexican Bajio",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90878",slug:"mapping-and-estimation-of-nitrogen-and-sulfur-atmospheric-deposition-fluxes-in-central-region-of-the",body:'
Air pollution constitutes an important health risk not only for developed countries but also for developing countries. SO2 and NO2 are among primary pollutants commonly present in urban and industrial areas, whose main sources are combustion processes, and being both, acid rain precursors. The two main mechanisms responsible for pollutant removal in the atmosphere are dry and wet deposition. Gases and particulate matter are deposited in dry form, while completely soluble components are deposited by the rain action (wet deposition). Dry deposition of gases and particles occurs through complex processes such as sedimentation, impactation, and adsorption and can contribute in a significant way to local deposition of atmospheric components, being particularly important near urban and industrial areas, where particle concentration and dust can be relatively high [1]. On the other hand, wet deposition occurs as rain, fog or snow and plays an important role in the removal processes of soluble wastes in the atmosphere [2]. Some of components of atmospheric deposit (as nitrate and sulfate) are precursors of acidification, being able to harm the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems not only in the surroundings of sources but also in nearby regions.
Thus, it is necessary to measure the total atmospheric deposition of N and S, to estimate the inflows and outflows, their effects on the balance of biogeochemical cycles, and to assess the biologic and ecologic response to the current atmospheric pollution levels and their relationship with emission patterns. Since the effective design of public politics requires of surveillance and monitoring programs to understand and to quantify the current conditions, by comparison with historical data and reference values, measurement chemical composition, and physical characteristics are required. This will allow to propose environmental politics focused to protect not only public health but also ecosystems and diagnose the real effects of N and S deposition as a result of the current emission patterns [3]. Deposition maps are very useful tools to carry out this kind of assessments, since they allow to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal variability of N and S deposition in a given area; likewise, they allow to visualize those areas in which exceedances to threshold values of critical loads are occurring. In this way, the decision makers can implement control strategies of regionalized emissions to protect different receptors. Several exceedance ranges can be established and be related to sensitivity categories, from which, it is possible to diagnose in a preliminary way, the vulnerability of ecosystems to the inputs of N and S. However, the main problem during this process is to have enough and reliable data of N and S deposition fluxes.
Dry deposition fluxes for ecosystems are obtained from theoretical models, due in part to the lack of monitoring standardized methods. On the other hand, in the case of wet deposition, the estimation depends on the occurrence of rain events, resulting in the case of arid or semiarid regions in insufficient data to study the spatial and temporal variability at long-term. In addition, atmospheric sampling devices for atmospheric deposition comprise manual and automatic collectors. Although the first choice in more economical, it is hard to implement in field in the case of remote sites, while in the case of automatic collectors, these are expensive and must meet specific criteria for installation and operation. Fenn and Bytnerowicz [4] proposed a collector based on ionic exchange resin (IER) to quantify atmospheric deposition in forests. In this regard, comparison between conventional collectors and passive sampling devices of atmospheric deposition have been carried out [5, 6], concluding that passive collectors can be used to quantify total sulfur deposition and report a strong correlation between N Deposition and the presence of nitrate in soils. From combined use of mapping and measurement of N and S deposition fluxes, it is possible to study the spatial and temporal variability of deposition. Therefore, this study was aimed to estimate N and S atmospheric deposition fluxes using passive collectors to assess their spatial distribution and temporal variability in Central Region of México known as “Bajío.”
Study area is located in Central México within an area known as “Bajío,” in metropolitan area of León, in Guanajuato. León City is the most populated in Guanajuato state with a population of 1,578,626 inhabitants [7]. Climate is semi-dry semi-warm [8].
The main economic activities in this region are shoe manufacturing, tanned skin, cardboard production, and chemical industry; however, economical activities are not only based on these sectors, but also building, plastics, mining, manufacturing, textile, and automotive industries. There were selected a total of 10 sampling sites considering in first place the site accessibility and the land use; as well as safety of sampling devices, preferring public buildings to safely house the equipment. In Figure 1, study area and sampling site location are shown.
Study area location.
Since passive sampling is defined as hydrologic flux to soil of ions and other compounds in solution, passive sampling provides a useful estimation of atmospheric inputs to a given site, because of it includes both, wet and dry deposition. Considering the high cost and the difficulty of measuring dry deposition fluxes, passive collectors constitute a useful alternative to measure annual atmospheric inputs at ground level [4, 9]. Additionally, automatic collectors are very expensive, for this reason, passive collectors constitute a good sampling choice in a given area, since they allow to increase the number of sampling sites at a low cost and take samples simultaneously in different locations in a specific region.
Therefore, it is possible to obtain complex spatial patterns of N and S atmospheric deposition in a given area by using monitoring equipment of low cost, easy to operate, and that does not require frequent field visits. Collectors based on IER beds have been used to measure atmospheric deposition in forest ecosystems with a high spatial resolution [10].
This type of passive collectors consists in a funnel connected to a column which contains 30 g of ionic exchange resin (IER) [11]. Glass wool is placed in both, bottom (as a support) and top (as a filter) sections. Samples are collected through the funnel, and hydrologic flux is channeled to resin mixed bed through the column where ions are retained. The funnel is connected to IER column by a PVC tube (1.27 cm × 35.6 cm), in addition, a double-wall shadow tube is placed around resin column to avoid that solar radiation damage the resin. Resin used for IER collectors was a mixed bed of polystyrene to exchange both, anions and cations (Amberlite IRN-150™). In the top of sampling devices, a fine mesh is placed to avoid the input of insects, leaves, and so on. The PVC column has a valve which must be open all time to let the pass of hydrologic flux through the collector.
The main advantage of this kind of collector is that can be used during long exposition periods (i.e., months), the equipment has a low cost, and let to display a great number of them to characterize deposition spatial patterns with a high resolution [12].
Sampling was carried out from January 1 to December 31 of 2018, with three sampling sub-periods considering three climatic seasons: cold dry, warm dry, and rains. At the end of each sampling sub-period, resin tubes were changed by tubes containing fresh resin. Later, retained ions (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) were extracted from resin tube by using an extraction solution (KCL 2N solution) and analyzed by turbidimetric and colorimetric methods, respectively.
Atmospheric deposition samples were sent and analyzed in Environmental Protection Laboratory of Chemistry Faculty of Autonomous University of Carmen. NH4+ was determined by molecular absorption spectrometry by using blue indophenol method [13]. SO42− was determined by turbidimetric method [14], whereas NO3− was analyzed by colorimetric method using the brucine method [15].
To identify possible natural and anthropogenic sources and to analyze transport processes which could influence on N and S levels in atmospheric deposition in the study area, a meteorological analysis was carried out at both, surface and altitude. For this, surface meteorological data were obtained from meteorological portable stations (Davies Vantage Pro II). Later, to carry out surface meteorological analysis, wind rose graphs were obtained by using WRPLOT View™ (Lakes Environmental), to identify prevailing wind direction in the study area.
For the altitude meteorological analysis, backward air-masses trajectories for 24 h were obtained from HYSPLIT model (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of United States) to identify the origin of air masses and to identify the main transport processes contributing to N and S deposition during the study period.
To obtain descriptive measurements, to analyze the morphology and symmetry of data, univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis was carried out by using XLSTAT 20016 program. Likewise, non-parametric tests (Friedman test) were applied to establish if, there were significant differences between treatments (sites and sampling seasons) [16].
To obtain deposition maps in the study area, a geo-statistical procedure was applied to interpolate field measurements (kriging interpolation) and to obtain a continuous spatial pattern for the variables (concentration iso-lines) to increase the number of points in the maps.
To assess the seasonal variability, deposition fluxes were analyzed for three climatic periods: cold dry, warm dry, and rainy. During the cold dry season, a mean flux of 10.89 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum of 17.14 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site VI, which corresponds to Zoológico, located at NE, whereas the minimum value of 6.58 Kg Ha−1 year−1 was obtained for site VII that corresponds to Universidad de León (Figure 2).
Sulfate atmospheric deposition fluxes by season.
On the other hand, the mean value obtained during warm dry season was 13.98 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum value of 25.82 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site IV (Instituto Tecnológico de León), located at SE, whereas the minimum value (1.81 Kg Ha−1 year−1) was found in site III, which corresponds to monitoring station IMSS T-21, located at downtown of the city (Figure 2).
Finally, during rainy season, the mean value obtained was 15.52 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum of 18.43 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in sites III and VI, located at NE and at downtown of the city, whereas the minimum value (11.77 Kg Ha−1 year−1) was obtained for site I (monitoring station CICEG-Bomberos) (Figure 2).
From Figure 2, it can be observed that mean deposition fluxes for sulfate were relatively higher during the rainy season and lower during cold dry season. With respect to extreme values, the highest values were observed during warm dry season, suggesting that the lack of dilution during this season could result in higher values in the region. Applying the Friedman tests, significant differences in sulfate atmospheric deposition fluxes were found between seasons.
To assess the spatial distribution, sulfate atmospheric deposition fluxes were analyzed by site. A mean value of 13.78 Kg Ha−1 year−1 was found, with a maximum value of 25.82 Kg Ha−1 year−1. From Figure 3, it can be observed that the highest mean value was found in site IV (Instituto Tecnológico de León) located at SE, whereas the minimum value (1.81 Kg Ha−1 year−1) was registered for site III, where monitoring station IMSS-T21 is located just at downtown of the city. Considering extreme values, the higher fluxes were found for site IV; however, when Friedman test was applied, significant differences were not found. It suggests a certain homogeneity in sulfate deposition levels in the study region, which confirms the regional character of sulfate precursor (SO2).
Sulfate atmospheric deposition fluxes by site.
To assess the variability of sulfate atmospheric deposition fluxes by land use, sampling sites were grouped according to the prevailing land use as follows:
Industrial land use: Sites I, II, III, IV, V.
Urban land use: Sites VI, VII, VIII, IX, X.
According to Figure 4, it can be observed that mean sulfate deposition fluxes were slightly higher in sites with an urban land use; however, sites with an industrial land use showed extreme values. When Friedman tests was applied, significant differences between land use were not found. It demonstrates a spatial homogeneity that suggests the regional origin of sulfate as a result of long-range transport mainly during the rainy season.
Sulfate atmospheric deposition fluxes by land use.
In the case of sites grouped with an urban land use, the mean value found was 14.05 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum and minimum values of 20.70 and 6.58 Kg Ha−1 year−1, respectively, observed in sites VI (Zoológico at NE) and site VII (Universidad de León) (Figure 4).
On the other hand, in the case of sites grouped with an industrial land use, the mean value found was 13.51 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum value of 25.82 Kg Ha−1 year−1. Considering extreme values, the highest values were found in site IV (Instituto Tecnológico de León at SE), whereas the lowest value (1.81 Kg Ha−1 year−1) was registered in site III (monitoring station IMSS-T21 at downtown of the city).
From Figure 5, it can be observed that the higher nitrate deposition fluxes were obtained during cold dry season, with a mean value of 2.93 Kg Ha−1 year−1 and a maximum value of 3.93 Kg Ha−1 year−1, which corresponds to site X (Loma Blanca, at SW). On the other hand, the mean value obtained for warm dry season was 0.78 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum of 1.47 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site X (Loma Blanca at SW). Finally, during the rainy season, a mean value of 1.13 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum value of 2.84 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site X (Loma Blanca at SW) and a minimum value of 0.22 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site V (Instituto de la Mujer at SE) were found (Figure 5).
Nitrate atmospheric deposition fluxes by season.
Applying Friedman tests, significant differences were found between cold dry season and the other two sampling seasons.
From the analysis by sampling site, a mean nitrate atmospheric deposition flux of 1.61 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum value of 3.93 Kg Ha−1 year−1 was found. The highest value was observed in site X (Loma Blanca at SW) (Figure 6). However, when Friedman test was applied, differences found were not statistically significant, suggesting a certain uniformity in the distribution of sources (especially mobile sources) and nitrate levels around study area.
Nitrate atmospheric deposition fluxes by site.
To assess the variability of nitrate atmospheric deposition fluxes by land use, sampling sites were grouped according to the prevailing land use as follows:
Industrial land use: Sites I, II, III, IV, V.
Urban land use: Sites VI, VII, VIII, IX, X.
In the case of sites grouped with an urban land use, it was obtained a mean value of 1.62 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum of 3.93 Kg Ha−1 year−1. Regarding extreme values, the highest nitrate deposition fluxes were found in site X (Figure 7). On the other hand, in the case of sites grouped with an industrial land use, the mean value obtained was 1.50 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum of 3.26 Kg Ha−1 year−1. The highest flux was registered in site I, corresponding to monitoring station located at CICEG Bomberos (
Nitrate atmospheric deposition fluxes by land use.
According to Figure 7, it can be observed that nitrate deposition was slightly higher in sites with an urban land use; this agrees with the origin of nitrate, whose main source is mobile sources, which are uniformly distributed along metropolitan area of León. This hypothesis was confirmed by applying Friedman tests which demonstrated that there were not significant differences between sampling sites or land use.
From Figure 8, it can be observed that the mean ammonium deposition flux was higher during the cold dry season. During the cold dry season, the mean value obtained was 11.29 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum value of 15.78 Kg Ha−1 year−1 which corresponds to sites I and IV (CICEG Bomberos and Instituto Tecnológico de León, located at SE). On the other hand, during the other two seasons, nitrate deposition fluxes were significantly lower. The mean value obtained during warm dry season was 1.08 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum of 6.07 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site VI (Zoológico located at NE), whereas the mean value registered for rainy season was 0.25 Kg Ha−1 year−1 with a maximum value of 1.06 Kg Ha−1 year−1 in site III (IMSS-T21, at the downtown of the city) (Figure 8).
Ammonium atmospheric deposition fluxes by season.
The marked seasonality found in ammonium levels suggests two important aspects: first, the dilution effect is important since ammonium levels during the rainy season were considerably lower as a result of frequent and intense rains occurring during this season in comparison with the other two seasons of the year. Second, the temporality of sources could be important, since the use of agrochemicals can be intensive during the cold dry season, resulting in levels considerably high during this season. This was demonstrated applying Friedman test, whose results confirmed that differences between seasons were significant.
To assess the spatial variability and their distribution, ammonium deposition fluxes were analyzed by sampling site, finding a mean value of 4.29 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with the highest value registered in site X (Loma Blanca at SW) (Figure 9). However, applying Friedman test, it was concluded that there were not significant differences between sampling sites. It suggests that the differences found could be attributed only to sampling season as a result of agricultural activities and the effect of atmospheric dilution.
Ammonium atmospheric deposition fluxes by site.
To assess the variability of ammonium atmospheric deposition fluxes by land use, sampling sites were grouped according to the prevailing land use as follows:
Industrial land use: Sites I, II, III, IV, V.
Urban land use: Sites VI, VII, VIII, IX, X.
In the case of sites grouped with an urban land use, the mean value obtained was 3.97 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum of 14.04 Kg Ha−1 year−1. Regarding extreme values, the highest values were found in site VI (Zoológico at NE), whereas in the case of sites grouped with an industrial land use, the mean value obtained was 4.45 Kg Ha−1 year−1, with a maximum of 15.78 Kg Ha−1 year−1. The highest mean value was registered in site IV (Instituto Tecnológico de León at SE) (Figure 10). From Figure 10, it can be observed that the mean ammonium deposition flux did not show any variability or trend with respect to land use; however, the extreme values were higher in those sites with an industrial land use; however, when Friedman test was applied, any significant difference was found.
Ammonium atmospheric deposition fluxes by land use.
To carry out the meteorological analysis at regional level, 24-h backward air-masses trajectories at 500, 1000, and 1500 m of altitude were obtained (a total of 85 trajectories) from HYSPLIT Model (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), and choosing as representative site to CICEG-BOMBEROS, located at SE of the metropolitan area. In addition, meteorological surface data were obtained from SINAICA (National System of Air Quality Information) to estimate wind roses to identify the prevailing wind direction during the study period.
From surface analysis, it could be observed that wind direction showed a great variability between climatic seasons, for example, the prevailing wind direction during cold dry season was from SW (Figure 11a), during warm dry season was from NE (Figure 11b), and during rainy season was from E-NE (Figure 11c).
Frequency histogram for (a) cold dry season, (b) for warm dry season, and (c) for rainy season.
In Figure 12, it can be observed that during warm dry and rainy seasons, the lowest ammonium deposition fluxes were registered, unlike cold dry season, when the highest levels were observed. During all study period, the highest ammonium atmospheric deposition fluxes were found at the southeast of the city (CICEG-Bomberos and Instituto Tecnológico de León, both with an industrial land use). It is worth mentioning that both sites are influenced by the emissions released by a great vehicular fleet that circulates daily on the streets, especially near monitoring station CICEG-Bomberos which is located on the main route of entry to the city from Guanajuato and Silao.
Deposition map of NH4+ (kg ha−1 year−1) in León City, (a) cold dry season, (b) warm dry season, and (c) rainy season.
In the case of nitrate, from Figure 13, it can be observed that the highest nitrate deposition fluxes were found during the cold dry season. Regarding seasonal patterns, it can be observed that the highest nitrate deposition fluxes were registered at de Southwest of the city, specifically in site X, which corresponds to site of Loma Blanca. This zone has an urban land use with the highest altitude in the city (elevation of 1874 m), in which, there are many commercial areas and avenues with high vehicular traffic such as Miguel de Cervantes Av., Miguel Torres Landa Oriente Blvd. and Mariano Escobedo Oriente Blvd.
Deposition map of NO3− (kg ha−1 year−1) in León City, (a) cold dry season, (b) warm dry season, and (c) rainy season.
Since nitrate deposition fluxes were higher during the cold dry season, it suggests the origin of nitrate and its precursor in local sources. In addition, wind velocities are lower during the cold dry season in comparison with the other two seasons; therefore, there is a minor dispersion of pollutants in the region. Another important factor is the lack of rain, contributing to a minor dilution or washing of the atmosphere. Levels found were homogeneously distributed as a result of local sources, and it agrees with residence time in the atmosphere of NO2.
In the case of SO42−, its deposition fluxes were uniformly distributed in the metropolitan area of León (Figure 14a–c). In all seasons, the highest levels were found at NE (Site VI: Zoológico) and at SE (Sites I and IV corresponding to CICEG Bomberos and Instituto Tecnológico de León), all of them, with an industrial land use. On the other hand, the lowest sulfate deposition fluxes were found at North of the city.
Deposition map of SO42− (kg ha−1 year−1) in León city, (a) cold dry season, (b) warm dry season, and (c) rainy season.
The highest value for sulfate atmospheric deposition flux was found during the rainy season; however, this difference was not statistically significant in comparison with the other two seasons. Some hot spots were identified: at NE (Site VI), at SE (sites I and IV), and at SW (Site X).
It has been proposed a critical load value of 5 Kg N ha−1 year −1 for alpine ecosystems, which are more sensitive than ecosystems in lowlands [17], whereas in Nuevo México and California, a critical load value of 3–8 and 4–7 Kg N ha−1 year−1, respectively, has been proposed [18]. Regarding to Mexico, reference values to compare N and S atmospheric deposition fluxes are not available. On the other hand, for S, it has been proposed a critical load value of 3 Kg S ha−1 year−1 for sensitive areas in Europe, whereas for natural forests, values between 2 and 5 Kg S ha−1 year−1 have been proposed [18].
In this study, mean deposition fluxes for N (as N-NH4+ + N-NO3−) and S (as SO42−) in metropolitan area of León were 5.82 N and 13.77 Kg S ha−1 year−1, respectively. In the case of N, exceeds the value reported for alpine ecosystems, but is near the reference values for Nuevo México and California. N deposition levels found in metropolitan area of León were twice as that reported by Cerón et al. [19] in Carmen Island, Campeche (2.15 N Kg ha−1 year−1); by Cerón et al. [20] in Orizaba Valley, Veracruz (1.44 N Kg ha−1 year−1); and by López [21] in Mérida, Yucatán (2.7 N Kg ha−1 year−1); also exceeding those values reported by Cerón et al. [22] in metropolitan area of Monterrey (4.88 N Kg ha−1 year−1) and five times as that reported by Cerón et al. [23] in Atasta-Xicalango, Campeche (1.15 Kg ha−1 year−1).
With respect to S, deposition fluxes exceeded almost 4.5 times the critical load value proposed for sensitive areas in Europe, whereas for natural forests, reference value was exceeded almost three times those values reported by Cerón et al. [19] in Carmen Island, Campeche (4.7 S Kg ha−1 year−1) and by López [21] in Mérida, Yucatán (4.07 S Kg ha−1 year−1), and twice the value reported by Cerón et al. [23] in Atasta-Xicalango, Campeche (8.57 S Kg ha−1 year−1). However, values reported by Cerón et al. [20] in Orizaba Valley (55.16 S Kg ha−1 year−1) and by Cerón et al. [22] in metropolitan area of Monterrey (25.03 Kg ha−1 year−1) were not exceeded. Therefore, it can be inferred that, N and S atmospheric deposition fluxes constitute a potential risk of acidification for ecosystems in the region.
In general, a strong seasonality in both, N and S atmospheric deposition fluxes was observed. Regarding to spatial variability, it was found that, in each climatic season, fluxes stayed homogeneous and uniformly distributed as a result of meteorological conditions prevailing in each season, having a regional origin during the rainy season and a local origin during the rest of the year. NH4+ and NO3− showed a similar spatial and temporal pattern in their deposition fluxes. According to the analysis by season, the highest N deposition flux was found during the cold dry season, followed by warm dry season and rainy season, respectively. It could be explained due to the occurrence of a minor dispersion of pollutants resulting from lower wind velocities, and the frequent occurrence of thermal inversions during the cold dry season. On the other hand, dilution phenomena could play an important role during the rainy season, resulting in lower fluxes during this season. From spatial analysis of N deposition fluxes, it can be concluded that the site with the highest N deposition was Loma Blanca (Site X). In general, all sites where the highest N deposition fluxes were found are urban sites located in the suburbs of the city, with high vehicular traffic, where some agricultural sites are located. It suggests that the main sources of NO3− are vehicular emissions, whereas the main source of NH4+ is the intensive use of fertilizers in these agricultural zones. However, since significant differences were not found between sampling sites by land use, it can be concluded that fluxes could be uniformly distributed, confirming their local origin. It agrees with the residence time of NO2 in the atmosphere of 1 day, time in which, it is deposited as NO3− or NH4+ at ground level, being their concentrations higher in the surroundings of the emission point. Since in León city, there was not a territorial ecological order in the past, the city growth and development along the years was not planned, resulting in the coexistence of different type of land use in a given zone.
On the other hand, S deposition fluxes showed a different pattern, suggesting their regional origin. From seasonal analysis, it was found that the highest atmospheric deposition flux occurred during the rainy season, followed by warm dry and cold dry seasons. It agrees with the regional character of SO2 (sulfate precursor) which has a residence time in the atmosphere of 1–5 days [24, 25], being able to transport long distances before to be deposited finally at ground level. From air masses trajectories analysis, it could be concluded that, during the rainy season, this pollutant is long-range transported from the South of United States and from the North of Gulf of Mexico, explaining in this way, why during this season, a relative sulfate enrichment is observed in comparison with the other two seasons.
From analysis by sampling site, the site with the highest S atmospheric deposition flux was Instituto Tecnológico de León followed by Zoológico (sites IV and VI), these sites have an industrial and urban land use, suggesting that both vehicular and industrial emissions could contribute to background sulfate levels, which in turn were temporarily increased during the rainy season due to the long-range transport of air masses from distant sources (South of United States and North of Gulf of Mexico).
If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).
\n\nIMPORTANT: You must be a member or grantee of the listed funders in order to apply for their Open Access publication funds. Do not attempt to contact the funders if this is not the case.
",metaTitle:"List of Funders by Country",metaDescription:"If your research is financed through any of the below-mentioned funders, please consult their Open Access policies or grant ‘terms and conditions’ to explore ways to cover your publication costs (also accessible by clicking on the link in their title).",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/open-access-funding-funders-list",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Book Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nMonographs Only
\\n\\nLITHUANIA
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nSWITZERLAND
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\n\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\\n\\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nMonographs Only
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nMonographs Only
\n\n\n\nLITHUANIA
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nSWITZERLAND
\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\n\nBook Chapters and Monographs
\n\n\r\n\tThis book series will offer a comprehensive overview of recent research trends as well as clinical applications within different specialties of dentistry. Topics will include overviews of the health of the oral cavity, from prevention and care to different treatments for the rehabilitation of problems that may affect the organs and/or tissues present. The different areas of dentistry will be explored, with the aim of disseminating knowledge and providing readers with new tools for the comprehensive treatment of their patients with greater safety and with current techniques. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This series of books will focus on various aspects of the properties and results obtained by the various treatments available, whether preventive or curative.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/3.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 14th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"419588",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergio",middleName:"Alexandre",surname:"Gehrke",slug:"sergio-gehrke",fullName:"Sergio Gehrke",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038WgMKQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-06-02T11:44:20.jpg",biography:"Dr. Sergio Alexandre Gehrke is a doctorate holder in two fields. The first is a Ph.D. in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2010 and the other is an International Ph.D. in Bioengineering from the Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche/Alicante, Spain, obtained in 2020. In 2018, he completed a postdoctoral fellowship in Materials Engineering in the NUCLEMAT of the Pontificia Catholic University, Porto Alegre, Brazil. He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. In addition, he is also a Collaborating Professor in several Postgraduate programs at different universities all over the world.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"1",title:"Oral Health",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/1.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"173955",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",slug:"sandra-marinho",fullName:"Sandra Marinho",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRGYMQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-06-01T13:22:41.png",biography:"Dr. Sandra A. Marinho is an Associate Professor and Brazilian researcher at the State University of Paraíba (Universidade Estadual da Paraíba- UEPB), Campus VIII, located in Araruna, state of Paraíba since 2011. She holds a degree in Dentistry from the Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), while her specialization and professional improvement in Stomatology took place at Hospital Heliopolis (São Paulo, SP). Her qualifications are: a specialist in Dental Imaging and Radiology, Master in Dentistry (Periodontics) from the University of São Paulo (FORP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP), and Doctor (Ph.D.) in Dentistry (Stomatology Clinic) from Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (HSL-PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS). She held a postdoctoral internship at the Federal University from Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM, Diamantina, MG). She is currently a member of the Brazilian Society for Dental Research (SBPqO) and the Brazilian Society of Stomatology and Pathology (SOBEP). Dr. Marinho's experience in Dentistry mainly covers the following subjects: oral diagnosis, oral radiology; oral medicine; lesions and oral infections; oral pathology, laser therapy and epidemiological studies.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"State University of Paraíba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/2.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"179568",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Wen Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chai",slug:"wen-lin-chai",fullName:"Wen Lin Chai",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRHGAQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-05-23T14:31:12.png",biography:"Professor Dr. Chai Wen Lin is currently a lecturer at the Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Malaya. She obtained a Master of Dental Science in 2006 and a Ph.D. in 2011. Her Ph.D. research work on the soft tissue-implant interface at the University of Sheffield has yielded several important publications in the key implant journals. She was awarded an Excellent Exchange Award by the University of Sheffield which gave her the opportunity to work at the famous Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, under the tutelage of Prof. Peter Thomsen. In 2016, she was appointed as a visiting scholar at UCLA, USA, with attachment in Hospital Dentistry, and involvement in research work related to zirconia implant. In 2016, her contribution to dentistry was recognized by the Royal College of Surgeon of Edinburgh with her being awarded a Fellowship in Dental Surgery. She has authored numerous papers published both in local and international journals. She was the Editor of the Malaysian Dental Journal for several years. Her main research interests are implant-soft tissue interface, zirconia implant, photofunctionalization, 3D-oral mucosal model and pulpal regeneration.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorTwo:{id:"479686",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghee Seong",middleName:null,surname:"Lim",slug:"ghee-seong-lim",fullName:"Ghee Seong Lim",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003ScjLZQAZ/Profile_Picture_2022-06-08T14:17:06.png",biography:"Assoc. Prof Dr. Lim Ghee Seong graduated with a Bachelor of Dental Surgery from University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur in 2008. He then pursued his Master in Clinical Dentistry, specializing in Restorative Dentistry at Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK, where he graduated with distinction. He has also been awarded the International Training Fellowship (Restorative Dentistry) from the Royal College of Surgeons. His passion for teaching then led him to join the faculty of dentistry at University Malaya and he has since became a valuable lecturer and clinical specialist in the Department of Restorative Dentistry. He is currently the removable prosthodontic undergraduate year 3 coordinator, head of the undergraduate module on occlusion and a member of the multidisciplinary team for the TMD clinic. He has previous membership in the British Society for Restorative Dentistry, the Malaysian Association of Aesthetic Dentistry and he is currently a lifetime member of the Malaysian Association for Prosthodontics. Currently, he is also the examiner for the Restorative Specialty Membership Examinations, Royal College of Surgeons, England. He has authored and co-authored handful of both local and international journal articles. His main interest is in prosthodontics, dental material, TMD and regenerative dentistry.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. Molete, Maphefo D. Thekiso and Mzubanzi Mabongo",slug:"dental-and-orofacial-trauma-impacts-on-oral-health-related-quality-of-life-in-children-low-and-middl",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82938",title:"Trauma from Occlusion: Practical Management Guidelines",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105960",signatures:"Prashanth Shetty, Shweta Hegde, Shubham Chelkar, Rahul Chaturvedi, Shruti Pochhi, Aakanksha Shrivastava, Dudala Lakshmi, Shreya Mukherjee, Pankaj Bajaj and Shahzada Asif Raza",slug:"trauma-from-occlusion-practical-management-guidelines",totalDownloads:14,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Trauma",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11567.jpg",subseries:{id:"2",title:"Prosthodontics and Implant Dentistry"}}},{id:"82654",title:"Atraumatic Restorative Treatment: More than a Minimally Invasive Approach?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105623",signatures:"Manal A. Ablal",slug:"atraumatic-restorative-treatment-more-than-a-minimally-invasive-approach",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Dental Caries - The Selection of Restoration Methods and Restorative Materials",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11565.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"6668",title:"Dental Caries",subtitle:"Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6668.jpg",slug:"dental-caries-diagnosis-prevention-and-management",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Zühre Akarslan",hash:"b0f7667770a391f772726c3013c1b9ba",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Dental Caries - Diagnosis, Prevention and Management",editors:[{id:"171887",title:"Prof.",name:"Zühre",middleName:null,surname:"Akarslan",slug:"zuhre-akarslan",fullName:"Zühre Akarslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/171887/images/system/171887.jpg",biography:"Zühre Akarslan was born in 1977 in Cyprus. She graduated from Gazi University Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey in 2000. \r\nLater she received her Ph.D. degree from the Oral Diagnosis and Radiology Department; which was recently renamed as Oral and Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, from the same university. \r\nShe is working as a full-time Associate Professor and is a lecturer and an academic researcher. \r\nHer expertise areas are dental caries, cancer, dental fear and anxiety, gag reflex in dentistry, oral medicine, and dentomaxillofacial radiology.",institutionString:"Gazi University",institution:{name:"Gazi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7139",title:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7139.jpg",slug:"current-approaches-in-orthodontics",publishedDate:"April 10th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Belma Işık Aslan and Fatma Deniz Uzuner",hash:"2c77384eeb748cf05a898d65b9dcb48a",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Approaches in Orthodontics",editors:[{id:"42847",title:"Dr.",name:"Belma",middleName:null,surname:"Işik Aslan",slug:"belma-isik-aslan",fullName:"Belma Işik Aslan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/42847/images/system/42847.jpg",biography:"Dr. Belma IşIk Aslan was born in 1976 in Ankara-TURKEY. After graduating from TED Ankara College in 1994, she attended to Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry in Ankara. She completed her PhD in orthodontic education at Gazi University between 1999-2005. Dr. Işık Aslan stayed at the Providence Hospital Craniofacial Institude and Reconstructive Surgery in Michigan, USA for three months as an observer. She worked as a specialist doctor at Gazi University, Dentistry Faculty, Department of Orthodontics between 2005-2014. She was appointed as associate professor in January, 2014 and as professor in 2021. Dr. Işık Aslan still works as an instructor at the same faculty. She has published a total of 35 articles, 10 book chapters, 39 conference proceedings both internationally and nationally. Also she was the academic editor of the international book 'Current Advances in Orthodontics'. She is a member of the Turkish Orthodontic Society and Turkish Cleft Lip and Palate Society. She is married and has 2 children. Her knowledge of English is at an advanced level.",institutionString:"Gazi University Dentistry Faculty Department of Orthodontics",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"7572",title:"Trauma in Dentistry",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7572.jpg",slug:"trauma-in-dentistry",publishedDate:"July 3rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Serdar Gözler",hash:"7cb94732cfb315f8d1e70ebf500eb8a9",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Trauma in Dentistry",editors:[{id:"204606",title:"Dr.",name:"Serdar",middleName:null,surname:"Gözler",slug:"serdar-gozler",fullName:"Serdar Gözler",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204606/images/system/204606.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serdar Gözler has completed his undergraduate studies at the Marmara University Faculty of Dentistry in 1978, followed by an assistantship in the Prosthesis Department of Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry. Starting his PhD work on non-resilient overdentures with Assoc. Prof. Hüsnü Yavuzyılmaz, he continued his studies with Prof. Dr. Gürbüz Öztürk of Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry Department of Prosthodontics, this time on Gnatology. He attended training programs on occlusion, neurology, neurophysiology, EMG, radiology and biostatistics. In 1982, he presented his PhD thesis \\Gerber and Lauritzen Occlusion Analysis Techniques: Diagnosis Values,\\ at Istanbul University School of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics. As he was also working with Prof. Senih Çalıkkocaoğlu on The Physiology of Chewing at the same time, Gözler has written a chapter in Çalıkkocaoğlu\\'s book \\Complete Prostheses\\ entitled \\The Place of Neuromuscular Mechanism in Prosthetic Dentistry.\\ The book was published five times since by the Istanbul University Publications. Having presented in various conferences about occlusion analysis until 1998, Dr. Gözler has also decided to use the T-Scan II occlusion analysis method. Having been personally trained by Dr. Robert Kerstein on this method, Dr. Gözler has been lecturing on the T-Scan Occlusion Analysis Method in conferences both in Turkey and abroad. Dr. Gözler has various articles and presentations on Digital Occlusion Analysis methods. He is now Head of the TMD Clinic at Prosthodontic Department of Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul Aydın University , Turkey.",institutionString:"Istanbul Aydin University",institution:{name:"Istanbul Aydın University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7060",title:"Gingival Disease",subtitle:"A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7060.jpg",slug:"gingival-disease-a-professional-approach-for-treatment-and-prevention",publishedDate:"October 23rd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",hash:"b81d39988cba3a3cf746c1616912cf41",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Gingival Disease - A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention",editors:[{id:"240870",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Alaa Eddin Omar",middleName:null,surname:"Al Ostwani",slug:"alaa-eddin-omar-al-ostwani",fullName:"Alaa Eddin Omar Al Ostwani",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/240870/images/system/240870.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Al Ostwani Alaa Eddin Omar received his Master in dentistry from Damascus University in 2010, and his Ph.D. in Pediatric Dentistry from Damascus University in 2014. Dr. Al Ostwani is an assistant professor and faculty member at IUST University since 2014. \nDuring his academic experience, he has received several awards including the scientific research award from the Union of Arab Universities, the Syrian gold medal and the international gold medal for invention and creativity. Dr. Al Ostwani is a Member of the International Association of Dental Traumatology and the Syrian Society for Research and Preventive Dentistry since 2017. He is also a Member of the Reviewer Board of International Journal of Dental Medicine (IJDM), and the Indian Journal of Conservative and Endodontics since 2016.",institutionString:"International University for Science and Technology.",institution:{name:"Islamic University of Science and Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11673",title:"Stem Cell Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11673.jpg",hash:"13092df328080c762dd9157be18ca38c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"203598",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Diana",surname:"Kitala",slug:"diana-kitala",fullName:"Diana Kitala"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12215",title:"Cell Death and Disease",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12215.jpg",hash:"dfd456a29478fccf4ebd3294137eb1e3",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"59529",title:"Dr.",name:"Ke",surname:"Xu",slug:"ke-xu",fullName:"Ke Xu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"83000",title:"Purine and Pyrimidine Pathways as Antimalarial Targets",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106468",signatures:"Yacoba V.T. Minnow and Vern L. Schramm",slug:"purine-and-pyrimidine-pathways-as-antimalarial-targets",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"83065",title:"Interventions and Practical Approaches to Reduce the Burden of Malaria on School-Aged Children",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106469",signatures:"Andrew Macnab",slug:"interventions-and-practical-approaches-to-reduce-the-burden-of-malaria-on-school-aged-children",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Andrew",surname:"Macnab"}],book:{title:"Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11576.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82804",title:"Psychiatric Problems in HIV Care",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106077",signatures:"Seggane Musisi and Noeline Nakasujja",slug:"psychiatric-problems-in-hiv-care",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82827",title:"Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105170",signatures:"Célestin Kyambikwa Bisangamo",slug:"epidemiology-and-control-of-schistosomiasis",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"New Horizons for Schistosomiasis Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10829.jpg",subseries:{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82817",title:"Perspective Chapter: Microfluidic Technologies for On-Site Detection and Quantification of Infectious Diseases - The Experience with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105950",signatures:"Andres Escobar and Chang-qing Xu",slug:"perspective-chapter-microfluidic-technologies-for-on-site-detection-and-quantification-of-infectious",totalDownloads:3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82667",title:"Perspective Chapter: Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Indirect Spreading Routes and Possible Countermeasures",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105914",signatures:"Cesare Saccani, Marco Pellegrini and Alessandro Guzzini",slug:"perspective-chapter-analysis-of-sars-cov-2-indirect-spreading-routes-and-possible-countermeasures",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82559",title:"Perspective Chapter: Bioinformatics Study of the Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105915",signatures:"Črtomir Podlipnik, Radostina Alexandrova, Sebastian Pleško, Urban Bren and Marko Jukič",slug:"perspective-chapter-bioinformatics-study-of-the-evolution-of-sars-cov-2-spike-protein",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82521",title:"Challenges in Platelet Functions in HIV/AIDS Management",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105731",signatures:"Gordon Ogweno",slug:"challenges-in-platelet-functions-in-hiv-aids-management",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Future Opportunities and Tools for Emerging Challenges for HIV/AIDS Control",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11575.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82701",title:"Pathology of Streptococcal Infections",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105814",signatures:"Yutaka Tsutsumi",slug:"pathology-of-streptococcal-infections",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Yutaka",surname:"Tsutsumi"}],book:{title:"Streptococcal Infections",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10828.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}},{id:"82634",title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105747",signatures:"Lebeza Alemu Tenaw",slug:"bacterial-sexually-transmitted-disease",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Infections - New Findings, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11569.jpg",subseries:{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",value:4,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",value:3,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",value:5,count:5,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Viral Infectious Diseases",value:6,count:10,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:33,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10840",title:"Benzimidazole",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",slug:"benzimidazole",publishedDate:"July 13th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pravin Kendrekar and Vinayak Adimule",hash:"e28c770013e7a8dd0fc37aea6aa9def8",volumeInSeries:34,fullTitle:"Benzimidazole",editors:[{id:"310674",title:"Dr.",name:"Pravin",middleName:null,surname:"Kendrekar",slug:"pravin-kendrekar",fullName:"Pravin Kendrekar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310674/images/system/310674.jpg",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:14}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:9},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. She is a member of Indian Mathematical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"414880",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Vatankhah",slug:"maryam-vatankhah",fullName:"Maryam Vatankhah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Borough of Manhattan Community College",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"414879",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad-Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",slug:"mohammad-reza-akbarzadeh-totonchi",fullName:"Mohammad-Reza Akbarzadeh-Totonchi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"414878",title:"Prof.",name:"Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Fazel-Rezai",slug:"reza-fazel-rezai",fullName:"Reza Fazel-Rezai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Public University System",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"426586",title:"Dr.",name:"Oladunni A.",middleName:null,surname:"Daramola",slug:"oladunni-a.-daramola",fullName:"Oladunni A. Daramola",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Technology",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"357014",title:"Prof.",name:"Leon",middleName:null,surname:"Bobrowski",slug:"leon-bobrowski",fullName:"Leon Bobrowski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bialystok University of Technology",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"302698",title:"Dr.",name:"Yao",middleName:null,surname:"Shan",slug:"yao-shan",fullName:"Yao Shan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalian University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"354126",title:"Dr.",name:"Setiawan",middleName:null,surname:"Hadi",slug:"setiawan-hadi",fullName:"Setiawan Hadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Padjadjaran University",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"125911",title:"Prof.",name:"Jia-Ching",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"jia-ching-wang",fullName:"Jia-Ching Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Central University",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"332603",title:"Prof.",name:"Kumar S.",middleName:null,surname:"Ray",slug:"kumar-s.-ray",fullName:"Kumar S. Ray",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Statistical Institute",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"415409",title:"Prof.",name:"Maghsoud",middleName:null,surname:"Amiri",slug:"maghsoud-amiri",fullName:"Maghsoud Amiri",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Allameh Tabataba'i University",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"357085",title:"Mr.",name:"P. Mohan",middleName:null,surname:"Anand",slug:"p.-mohan-anand",fullName:"P. Mohan Anand",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"356696",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"P.V.",middleName:null,surname:"Sai Charan",slug:"p.v.-sai-charan",fullName:"P.V. Sai Charan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"357086",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandeep K.",middleName:null,surname:"Shukla",slug:"sandeep-k.-shukla",fullName:"Sandeep K. Shukla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"11",type:"subseries",title:"Cell Physiology",keywords:"Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease, Free Radicals, Tumor Metastasis, Antioxidants, Essential Fatty Acids, Melatonin, Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology",scope:"\r\n\tThe integration of tissues and organs throughout the mammalian body, as well as the expression, structure, and function of molecular and cellular components, is essential for modern physiology. The following concerns will be addressed in this Cell Physiology subject, which will consider all organ systems (e.g., brain, heart, lung, liver; gut, kidney, eye) and their interactions: (1) Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disease (2) Free Radicals (3) Tumor Metastasis (4) Antioxidants (5) Essential Fatty Acids (6) Melatonin and (7) Lipid Peroxidation Products and Aging Physiology.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/11.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11407,editor:{id:"133493",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/133493/images/3091_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Angel Catalá \r\nShort Biography Angel Catalá was born in Rodeo (San Juan, Argentina). He studied \r\nchemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where received aPh.D. degree in chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From\r\n1964 to 1974, he worked as Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of MedicineUniversidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. From 1974 to 1976, he was a Fellowof the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor oBiochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina. He is Member ofthe National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and Argentine Society foBiochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for manyears in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Professor Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, publishedover 100 papers in peer reviewed journals, several chapters in books andtwelve edited books. Angel Catalá received awards at the 40th InternationaConference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999: Dijon (France). W inner of the Bimbo PanAmerican Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South AmericaHuman Nutrition, Professional Category. 2006 award in pharmacology, Bernardo\r\nHoussay, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Angel Catalá belongto the Editorial Board of Journal of lipids, International Review of Biophysical ChemistryFrontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, World Journal oExperimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International, W orld Journal oBiological Chemistry, Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, Diabetes and thePancreas, International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, International Journal oNutrition, Co-Editor of The Open Biology Journal.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"10",title:"Physiology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",issn:"2631-8261"},editorialBoard:[{id:"186048",title:"Prof.",name:"Ines",middleName:null,surname:"Drenjančević",slug:"ines-drenjancevic",fullName:"Ines Drenjančević",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186048/images/5818_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Osijek",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"79615",title:"Dr.",name:"Robson",middleName:null,surname:"Faria",slug:"robson-faria",fullName:"Robson Faria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/79615/images/system/79615.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"84459",title:"Prof.",name:"Valerie",middleName:null,surname:"Chappe",slug:"valerie-chappe",fullName:"Valerie Chappe",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/84459/images/system/84459.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Dalhousie University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. Samim Al Azad and Slimane Ed-dafali",hash:"86a6d33cf601587e591064ce92effc02",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Leadership in a Changing World - A Multidimensional Perspective",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Canada"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:124,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Bacterial Infectious Diseases",scope:"