Average nucleotide identity (ANI) percentage among
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6950",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",title:"Education, Human Rights and Peace in Sustainable Development",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The aim of sustainable development is to balance our economic, environmental and social needs, allowing prosperity for current and future generations. Countries must be allowed to meet their basic needs of employment, food, energy, water and sanitation. There is a clear relationship between the three topics of the book: right to education has been recognized as a human right - education has a role in peace-building. Additionally, education, human rights and peace have a significant role in sustainable development. The United Nations have defined a broad range of internationally accepted rights, including civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. However, this book demonstrates that there are still people and nations not respecting the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Chapters from Brazil, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, Israel, Peru, Russia and South-Africa cover topics like civil war, human abuses, the vulnerability of indigenous people, abortion, epilepsy, food security, lack of health equities in maternal and child health, and democracy or lack of it. We sincerely hope that this book will contribute to the joint pursuit of humanity to make the world better after we all get over the coronavirus pandemic.",isbn:"978-1-83969-042-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-041-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-043-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73483",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"education-human-rights-and-peace-in-sustainable-development",numberOfPages:320,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"c506ccaf514e5544d61c96a601753ad9",bookSignature:"Maigul Nugmanova, Heimo Mikkola, Alexander Rozanov and Valentina Komleva",publishedDate:"November 19th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6950.jpg",numberOfDownloads:10807,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:5,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:1,numberOfDimensionsCitations:8,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 11th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 2nd 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 31st 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"290871",title:"Dr.",name:"Maigul",middleName:null,surname:"Nugmanova",slug:"maigul-nugmanova",fullName:"Maigul Nugmanova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/290871/images/system/290871.jpg",biography:"Maigul Nugmanova graduated from Byelorussian State University with a degree in Political Economy and from Karaganda Economic University with a PhD in Economic Sciences. Her dissertation focused on gender aspects in economic theory. She was a Fulbright Scholar at the American University, Washington, DC, where she focused on gender economics and food security. Currently she is Director of Gender Economics Research Center (GERC), co-financed by Soros Foundation Kazakhstan, at the Narxoz University (Kazakhstan). Dr. Nugmanova was a project leader/researcher of UN Women project on Women\\'s unpaid labor in Kazakhstan/modeling of the economic impact of care services institutionalization on women\\'s employment and the economy. Before she started working at GERC, Dr. Nugmanova was a Head of International Office of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations; Head of International Programs Department of Kazakh National Agrarian University; country coordinator of ERASMUS+ Quality Assurance in Higher Education and SSDS TEMPUS projects; and FAO Extension in Agriculture project coordinator in KazNAU. She was a UNDP national expert for assessment and analysis of the UN/UNDP programs/projects in gender mainstreaming, and elaborated UNDP CO Gender Mainstreaming Strategy. She was a national consultant-researcher on human trafficking in Central Asia with the IOM Technical Cooperation Center in Austria. Dr. Nugmanova was an expert for FIBAA European accreditation agency and Educational Advising Center Director in Astana of Soros Foundation Kazakhstan. She is a fellow of Knowledge Networking and Capacity Building on Gender, Macroeconomics and International Economics Program (USA). She is also a member of Central Eurasian Studies Society.",institutionString:"Narxoz University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Kazakhstan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/144330/images/system/144330.png",biography:"Heimo Mikkola obtained a Ph.D. from the University of Kuopio (now Eastern Finland University), where he also served as an adjunct professor in Applied Zoology. From 1974 to 2007, he worked with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, first in Colombia and then in Africa, where he served as the organization’s resident representative. After retiring from the FAO in Uruguay, Dr. Mikkola has worked as a part-time professor at three Kazakh universities and one Kyrgyz university. His work has taken him to 137 countries, and he has written almost 700 reports and scientific papers and books, mainly on owls and other birds, fish, insects, and food. He has studied bats for many years on almost all continents as they often share night-time activity and biotopes with owls. This is the second book on bats he has edited for IntechOpen.",institutionString:"University of Eastern Finland",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"10",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"9",institution:{name:"University of Eastern Finland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Finland"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"233092",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Rozanov",slug:"alexander-rozanov",fullName:"Alexander Rozanov",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233092/images/system/233092.jfif",biography:"Dr. Alexander S. Rozanov is a specialist in Global Security and a graduate of Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia). He is the author of more than 60 scientific publications. After graduating, Dr. Rozanov worked in the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Russian Government. In 2014 he received his Ph.D. in Politics from Lomonosov Moscow State University. From 2014 to 2017, Dr. Rozanov was invited as a guest lecturer in several well-known universities – University of California, Santa Barbara (USA), Paris-Sorbonne (France), and Wroclaw University (Poland). Dr. Rozanov specializes in the analysis of global and regional conflicts, as well as the global dynamics of world development. He is a member of the European International Studies Association (Great Britain). Dr. Rozanov is an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Regional Studies and International Cooperation at the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}},coeditorThree:{id:"295085",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:"V.",surname:"Komleva",slug:"valentina-komleva",fullName:"Valentina Komleva",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/295085/images/14847_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Komleva is a dean of the Faculty of Foreign Regional Studies and Regional Administration, as well as a head of Department of Foreign Studies and International Collaboration (Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia). She is a Doctor of Sociology and a general director of the Institute of Political Management. Since 2010, Dr. Komleva has been a member of the Coordination Council under the Chairman of the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation for Interaction with Civil Society Institutions. Dr. Komleva is the author of more than 200 publications.",institutionString:"Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"476",title:"Social Responsibility",slug:"social-responsibility"}],chapters:[{id:"72435",title:"Police Education in the United Kingdom: Challenges and Future Directions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92705",slug:"police-education-in-the-united-kingdom-challenges-and-future-directions",totalDownloads:1135,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter outlines the historical development of police education in the United Kingdom, more precisely in England and Wales, and highlights new strategies and planning for the professional development of the police. There is a plethora of research carried out regarding professionalism in policing to meet the needs and challenges of the twenty-first century. Considering the recent developments in police education and training, this chapter mainly discusses three newly introduced routes for recruitment and education of police constables under the Policing Education Qualifications Framework (PEQF), namely Police Constable Degree Apprenticeship (PCDA), Degree Holder Entry Programme (DHEP), and Pre-Join Degree (PJD). Higher education institutions (HEIs), in partnership with the police forces, are providing professional qualifications for policing as a graduate level profession. Though they have made remarkable progress in developing police education programmes, they are facing various challenges in implementing the qualification framework. This chapter also explores pedagogical aspects of police education including the effectiveness and contrast between different forms of teaching and learning. While featuring the challenges and prospects of the new police education programmes, this chapter also outlines different aspects of partnership for delivering these professional qualification programmes.",signatures:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel, Gias Uddin, Julian Parker-McLeod and Daniel Silverstone",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72435",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72435",authors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"},{id:"319810",title:"Mr.",name:"Gias",surname:"Uddin",slug:"gias-uddin",fullName:"Gias Uddin"},{id:"321004",title:"Dr.",name:"Julian",surname:"Parker-McLeod",slug:"julian-parker-mcleod",fullName:"Julian Parker-McLeod"},{id:"321005",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Silverstone",slug:"daniel-silverstone",fullName:"Daniel Silverstone"}],corrections:null},{id:"70278",title:"Enhancing Quality of Higher Education and Employability in Kazakhstan: Gender Aspects",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90340",slug:"enhancing-quality-of-higher-education-and-employability-in-kazakhstan-gender-aspects",totalDownloads:715,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"How can the higher education system of Kazakhstan be improved so that graduates are in demand in the labor market and are prepared for the challenges of a changing world? This chapter provides an analysis of the quality assurance (hereinafter the QA) systems of European universities, national QA system analysis of Kazakhstan, Belgium, France, and Sweden; and survey of internal QA systems in Kazakhstani Universities. This chapter examines the possibilities and acceptability of applying the best European practices in Kazakhstani Universities and argues that educational reforms successful in Europe may be ineffective in Kazakhstan due to the different starting conditions to reform. This chapter agrees that improvement of the internal standards of the QA and the quality culture contribute to improving the education quality and graduates employability, provided that all other areas such as economy, business, and living standards shall comply with international standards. The main aspects of this research deal with the interrelation between quality of education and employability of graduates, interconnection between gender discrimination and restricted employment opportunities of women. The chapter argues that the quality of higher education and training of highly qualified and employable specialists are the important prerequisites of sustainable social and economic development of society.",signatures:"Maigul Nugmanova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70278",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70278",authors:[{id:"290871",title:"Dr.",name:"Maigul",surname:"Nugmanova",slug:"maigul-nugmanova",fullName:"Maigul Nugmanova"}],corrections:null},{id:"72097",title:"Towards Global Peace and Sustainability: Role of Education in Peace-Building in the Great Lakes Region of Sub-Saharan Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92417",slug:"towards-global-peace-and-sustainability-role-of-education-in-peace-building-in-the-great-lakes-regio",totalDownloads:684,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Great Lakes Region of sub-Saharan Africa is well known for being volatile and turbulent in terms of peace and stability. For over 60 years, almost all countries in the region have experienced some kind of political and social turmoil such as civil war, coup de tat, and genocides. In 1960, the first democratically elected Congolese prime minister was assassinated. There were unprecedented social and political havoc in a nearby “other Congo” characterized by power struggle between various political and ethnic factions in the post-independence Congo Brazzaville. In Burundi and Rwanda, ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutu engulfed the developmental dreams of nationalist freedom fighters until 2015. Though arguably stable, Tanzania has experienced its own share of socio-political messy including the 1998 Mwembechai and 2001 Pemba massacres. Efforts to build a sense of sustainable peace and development based on mutual understanding and socio-political harmony has brought limited success. In all these countries, the missing link in building sustainable peace and security has been a lack of education. The chapter intends to fill this gap by critically analyzing the potential role of basic education, especially pre-primary and early grades education, in sustainable peace-building in the sub-Saharan context.",signatures:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye and Pambas Basil Tandika",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72097",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72097",authors:[{id:"301740",title:"Dr.",name:"Laurent Gabriel",surname:"Ndijuye",slug:"laurent-gabriel-ndijuye",fullName:"Laurent Gabriel Ndijuye"},{id:"319403",title:"Dr.",name:"Pambas Basilius",surname:"Tandika",slug:"pambas-basilius-tandika",fullName:"Pambas Basilius Tandika"}],corrections:null},{id:"72169",title:"Will Saudi Arabia Move toward Democracy as Socialism Falters?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91384",slug:"will-saudi-arabia-move-toward-democracy-as-socialism-falters-",totalDownloads:400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Saudi Arabia’s Global Goals stated in Vision 2030 are faltering under its current socialistic system. The military, the civil servants, and 35,000 royals with income assured, they have little incentive to want to work or to obtain education. However, in order to employ their citizens, the Saudi government is forcing businesses to hire 70% Saudi citizens to replace the expats who are being expelled under a mandated quota system. Their education system, which has prepared citizens to be loyal to the monarchy and Islam, has neglected secular, market place skills. Citizens continue to want to be paid in the socialistic manner of the past. Now technology skilled citizens and problems solvers are needed, as the monarchy builds two technology-based cities: NOME and Economic City to meet some of its 2030 Vision goals. Another Vision 2030 global goal is to advance Saudi Arabia as the Islamic and Arab Cultural leader of the world. To accomplish this ambition, Saudi Arabia must educate a workforce that wants to work and can help solve its problems and achieve its goals. As the number of citizens increases in order to obtain greater family stipends, the monarchy is moving its religious and mostly socialistic economy toward techno-economy. The prognosis for religious, socialistic country against a techno-economic future will be problematic.",signatures:"Judith Cochran and Hugh V. Murray",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/72169",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/72169",authors:[{id:"212403",title:"Prof.",name:"Judith",surname:"Cochran",slug:"judith-cochran",fullName:"Judith Cochran"},{id:"315527",title:"Mr.",name:"Hugh",surname:"Murray",slug:"hugh-murray",fullName:"Hugh Murray"}],corrections:null},{id:"68932",title:"Archaeological Sites, Cultural Heritage, and Sustainable Development in the Republic of Kazakhstan",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86916",slug:"archaeological-sites-cultural-heritage-and-sustainable-development-in-the-republic-of-kazakhstan",totalDownloads:685,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This paper addresses the problem of protecting and preserving archaeological sites from the Bronze Age through the Medieval Period (ca. 2500 BC–1500 CE) as part of sustainable development that includes such economic and social benefits as (1) promoting national status; (2) integrating archaeological sites into the Silk Route narrative; (3) developing tourism related to historic and cultural heritage; and (4) creating a citizenry that values its cultural and historic resources in the face of rapid economic development and changing natural and cultural landscapes. Two UNESCO World Heritage sites will be discussed briefly: Otrar and the surrounding oasis, a medieval complex of sites along the Great Silk Route, and Tamgaly, a petroglyph and archaeological reserve. These two UNESCO World Heritage archaeological sites or preserves will be contrasted with the Talgar Iron Age sites (400 BC–100 CE) situated in a rapidly changing landscape due to economic development and infrastructure (pipelines, railways, roads, and housing) about 12–15 km east of the major city of Almaty. The goal of this article is to discuss the complexity of the entangled sectors of cultural and historic preservation, economic development, tourism, and global transnational heritage within the framework of sustainability.",signatures:"Claudia Chang",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68932",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68932",authors:[{id:"296402",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Chang",slug:"claudia-chang",fullName:"Claudia Chang"}],corrections:null},{id:"69930",title:"A Human Rights-Based Approach to Maternal and Child Health in Ethiopia: Does it Matter to Promote Health Equities?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83513",slug:"a-human-rights-based-approach-to-maternal-and-child-health-in-ethiopia-does-it-matter-to-promote-hea",totalDownloads:664,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A rights-based approach to health helps to address health equity gaps. While several aspects of health as a human right exist, this chapter highlights particular indicators relevant to shaping a human rights approach to maternal and child health in Ethiopia. These indicators include recognition of the right to health; national health plan; accessible and acceptable health-care services; accountability; and a civil society that draws on the agency of vulnerable groups. Probing the extent to which the Ethiopian health system includes these features, this chapter identifies that the Federal Constitution does not adequately recognize maternal and child health as a human right. While identifying the positive developments of increased access to women’s and children’s health-care services in Ethiopia, the chapter also charts problems that limit further improvement, including health workers’ inability from making the right health-care decisions; extreme gaps in ensuring accountability; and a restrictive law that restrains social mobilization for a proper health rights movement. The chapter concludes by providing recommendations to the government of Ethiopia that addressing these problems using a rights-based approach offers an alternative pathway for the progressive realization of the right to health of women and children, and it thereby improves health inequities in the country.",signatures:"Solomon Tekle Abegaz",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69930",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69930",authors:[{id:"227463",title:"Dr.",name:"Solomon Tekle",surname:"Abegaz",slug:"solomon-tekle-abegaz",fullName:"Solomon Tekle Abegaz"}],corrections:null},{id:"70300",title:"Food Security in Kazakhstan: Do Gender Inequalities Affect?",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90339",slug:"food-security-in-kazakhstan-do-gender-inequalities-affect-",totalDownloads:467,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Kazakhstan has a large reserve of natural resources to provide the food self-sufficiency with domestic production. It could be three times more than population needs. However, Kazakhstan depends on food import and the agricultural sector accounts for 5% of GDP only. The actual poverty is higher than official data indicate, and it’s about four times more in rural areas where 46% of population resides and one-fifth of the working-age population is employed. Women represent the majority among the poor and unemployed and face unequal treatment in labor market and burden of larger unpaid household workload. All of this decreases women’s purchasing power, lowering economic access to quality food. This paper examines the interaction of gender inequality and food insecurity, applying the growth constraints analysis and engendering this approach and the empirical research on Karaganda oblast. It argues that gender inequality and rural poverty are linked to high economic costs and constraints in agriculture development and food security attainment.",signatures:"Maigul Nugmanova",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70300",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70300",authors:[{id:"290871",title:"Dr.",name:"Maigul",surname:"Nugmanova",slug:"maigul-nugmanova",fullName:"Maigul Nugmanova"}],corrections:null},{id:"68963",title:"Decolonizing Indigenous Law: Self-Determination and Vulnerability in the Mapuche Case",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89020",slug:"decolonizing-indigenous-law-self-determination-and-vulnerability-in-the-mapuche-case",totalDownloads:388,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In the present essay, the author—and Mapuche, at the same time—critically analyzes the construction of the Mapuche people as a “vulnerable human group” under the International Human Rights Law and then, according to decolonial option, proposes a hypothesis: if the indigenous people are vulnerable, by definition, to claim the right to self-determination, in the Mapuche case, it is an oxymoron.",signatures:"Jorge Aillapán Quinteros",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68963",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68963",authors:[{id:"262626",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",surname:"Aillapán Quinteros",slug:"jorge-aillapan-quinteros",fullName:"Jorge Aillapán Quinteros"}],corrections:null},{id:"71206",title:"Uprising and Human Rights Abuses in Southern Cameroon-Ambazonia",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91053",slug:"uprising-and-human-rights-abuses-in-southern-cameroon-ambazonia",totalDownloads:958,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"In 2016, lawyers, teachers and students in the two Anglophone regions initially led demonstrations and strikes, which eventually involved a wider section of the population. This mobilization was against their marginalization by the Francophone-dominated government in which they were chronically under-represented in all aspects of national life: political appointments and professional training and had been treated as second-class citizens since their reunification. They argued that their vibrant economic and political institutions had been completely erased, and their education and judicial systems had been undermined and degraded. Activists spread videos that show security forces abusing human rights (by suppressing peaceful gatherings, beating, harassing, arresting and killing protesters, burning their houses, schools and hospitals) in order to produce a counter-narrative to the ‘official story’ that main-stream media had been producing. We collected and analyzed 30 videos to better appreciate the human rights abuses. The videos provide information that cannot be provided by other types of data. They are used as ‘proofs of facts’ and they contain much more visual information on bodily movement and acoustic data. The videos show appalling images not just of how French-speaking soldiers tortured Anglophones but also their inability to communicate with them adequately although they share the same country.",signatures:"Nanche Billa Robert",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71206",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71206",authors:[{id:"285893",title:"Dr.",name:"Nanche Billa",surname:"Robert",slug:"nanche-billa-robert",fullName:"Nanche Billa Robert"}],corrections:null},{id:"68956",title:"Humans: The Biggest Barrier to Realising Human Rights - A South African Perspective",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88912",slug:"humans-the-biggest-barrier-to-realising-human-rights-a-south-african-perspective",totalDownloads:812,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In demarcating the law, human rights, and human behaviour, the objective is to explore the tension between safeguarding human rights and promoting individual autonomy. While international human rights law signifies the potential of creating dignified life experiences, the behaviour of humans, and, specifically, of those in government incited my focus on the effect of human behaviour on the realizsation of human rights. By studying human rights through a philosophical lens, a (a) conceptual clarification of human rights is provided, (b) the most prominent human rights are identified, (c) general and specific justifications of human rights discussed, and (d) the normative implications of human right claims explored. Focus is placed on South Africa although the value and potential generalisation generalization of the data for evaluating the effectiveness of human rights in achieving their social goal globally, are acknowledged. Reviewing literature, an overview is provided of the law and human rights; the different dimensions of human rights; and human behaviour. Persistent human rights violations, albeit legal protection, are delineated and the significant role played by human behaviour during such violations are highlighted. Given that human behaviour is influenced by various ethical, social, and legal principles, governments are urged to be mindful of the well-being of the humans they are ethically and legally obliged to serve.",signatures:"Erika Serfontein",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68956",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68956",authors:[{id:"196203",title:"Prof.",name:"Erika",surname:"Serfontein",slug:"erika-serfontein",fullName:"Erika Serfontein"}],corrections:null},{id:"70552",title:"Problems of Social Rights Enjoyment by Persons Diagnosed with Epilepsy: Legal Aspect",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89007",slug:"problems-of-social-rights-enjoyment-by-persons-diagnosed-with-epilepsy-legal-aspect",totalDownloads:510,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Epilepsy is a disease that creates many problems for people with such a diagnosis in the enjoyment of their social rights. Despite the existing regulatory legal acts governing the protection of health and the social rights enjoyment by citizens with epilepsy, there are many questions on this topic both regarding accessibility of these norms to people with epilepsy and in terms of compliance of the current legislation with the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. In this article, we tried to reflect the basic norms of the current legislation in the Russian Federation governing the provision of medical care to people with epilepsy, providing them with free medications, admission of patients with epilepsy and epileptic syndrome to various types of work, education, military service, possession of weapons, driving, and pay attention to the problems of people diagnosed with epilepsy.",signatures:"Anton Petrovich Gertsen and Vladimir Vladimirovich Rumyantsev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70552",authors:[{id:"263958",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Gertsen",slug:"anton-gertsen",fullName:"Anton Gertsen"},{id:"263960",title:"Mr.",name:"Vladimir",surname:"Rumyantsev",slug:"vladimir-rumyantsev",fullName:"Vladimir Rumyantsev"}],corrections:null},{id:"70394",title:"Abortion, Criminal Law and the Ten Thousand Women: Portraits of the Inquisition in Contemporary Brazil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89014",slug:"abortion-criminal-law-and-the-ten-thousand-women-portraits-of-the-inquisition-in-contemporary-brazil",totalDownloads:538,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The deleterious effects of the criminal law, which deals with abortion in Brazil, the restriction of reproductive rights and their impact on women’s health will be the subject discussed in this chapter from an analysis of the “case of the ten thousand,” as it became known the emblematic reproductive rights violation of a universe of almost ten thousand, women, occurred in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), in 2007, when a doctor’s office was invaded by the police after a television report denouncing the establishment for abortion practices. This chapter discusses this paradigmatic case of violation of privacy and disrespect to reproductive health by making critical considerations about the implications of the criminalization of abortion on the physical and emotional integrity of women, highlighting the discursive contradictions between the Brazilian law and the United Nations Documents that deal with the consequences of unsafe abortion in the female population worldwide.",signatures:"Alexandra Lopes da Costa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70394",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70394",authors:[{id:"425159",title:"M.A.",name:"Alexandra",surname:"Lopes da Costa",slug:"alexandra-lopes-da-costa",fullName:"Alexandra Lopes da Costa"}],corrections:null},{id:"68136",title:"Globalization of the Cruise Industry: A Tale of Ships Part II - Asia Post 1994",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88157",slug:"globalization-of-the-cruise-industry-a-tale-of-ships-part-ii-asia-post-1994",totalDownloads:926,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Cruising has grown over 7% a year since 1980. Sustained rapid expansion in North America, followed by local expansion in Europe and Asia, has made cruising a global industry, with 365 ships and estimated sales of $37.8 US billion (CIN, 2017). This global development has been fueled by innovation and introduction of market changing resident ships appealing to the mass traveler which were quickly matched by competitors, establishment of industry and port marketing organizations, awareness of cruising as a vacation option, and availability of suitable port and berthing facilities. When these four conditions coexisted the industry experienced rapid growth. Since 1966, the cruise industry has developed from a Miami-centered industry to a global industry centered in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia/New Zealand. Given the high cost of state-of-the-art ships, their deployment is a good indication of industry’s confidence in market growth. This chapter chronicles the development of the Asian cruise industry from 1994 through 2017. Data from Cruise Industry News Annual Reports (CIN) and Berlitz Complete Guide to Cruising and Cruise Ships (Ward) are examined and conclusions are drawn.",signatures:"Andrew O. Coggins",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68136",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68136",authors:[{id:"229658",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Coggins Jr",slug:"andrew-coggins-jr",fullName:"Andrew Coggins Jr"}],corrections:null},{id:"68098",title:"Treating the Enemy: Victims of the Syrian Civil War in Israel",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87936",slug:"treating-the-enemy-victims-of-the-syrian-civil-war-in-israel",totalDownloads:644,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Between February 2013 and December 2018, many thousands of victims of the Syrian civil war crossed the closed border between the two warring states and received, at no cost, high-level and extensive medical and humanitarian care in Israel. Overall mortality rates were very low, and more than 40 Syrian babies were born in Israel. All the patients returned to Syria after their treatment which extended in some cases into many months. Severe medical disease, surgical conditions and the major traumas of war injuries.were treated in in-patient and ambulatory settings. The story of this unique campaign contains many themes: military, legal, medical, social, humanitarian, ethical, media, personal and political. There have been very few, if any, precedents for a campaign of this nature involving two bitter enemies, over whose mutual border real and potential threats are constantly being played out.",signatures:"Anthony Luder",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68098",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68098",authors:[{id:"299178",title:"Prof.",name:"Anthony",surname:"Luder",slug:"anthony-luder",fullName:"Anthony Luder"}],corrections:null},{id:"70302",title:"Peace Revolution as a Three-Dimensional Process: The Israeli-Palestinian Case",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90246",slug:"peace-revolution-as-a-three-dimensional-process-the-israeli-palestinian-case",totalDownloads:630,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The Israeli-Palestinian struggle is a classic case of intractable conflict. Establishing a long-lasting change requires a revolutionary peace process. The paper describes peace revolution as a three-dimensional process—peacemaking, peacebuilding, and peacekeeping. Each of these three components is itself a three-level process. Peacemaking means involving different societal elements (leaders, elites, and people) in the struggle to reach a negotiated peace deal by using political-elite diplomacy, public diplomacy, and people-to-people diplomacy. Peacebuilding means constructing international, bilateral, and domestic frameworks for a stable peace. Peacekeeping means building political, militaristic, and civilian devices to maintain a stable social order.",signatures:"Sapir Handelman",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/70302",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/70302",authors:[{id:"298006",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sapir",surname:"Handelman",slug:"sapir-handelman",fullName:"Sapir Handelman"}],corrections:null},{id:"73702",title:"Approaches to Analysis of Interstate Cooperation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.93986",slug:"approaches-to-analysis-of-interstate-cooperation",totalDownloads:651,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"At the present day cultural diplomacy plays a rather important role in the development of international relations and world politics. This concept is receiving increasing attention from various countries, international and non-governmental organizations and other actors. This trend exists due to a number of reasons, such as the desire of states to create a positive image of their country, the expansion of international cooperation, changes in the global and domestic political situation, the protection of national interests, the prevention of conflicts between states, etc. Cultural diplomacy, beyond historical precedents, consists of a relatively new practice of a country’s foreign policy, which has traditionally focused on trade and security and defense issues. It is true that in European countries there are institutions of cultural foreign relations since the beginning of the century, but in the last decade the issues, related to the projection of the international image of countries, have become more important.",signatures:"Alexander Rozanov, Maria Ivanchenko, Alexandra Baranova, Elena N. 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It discusses how MUX is applied in free-space optics (FSO) applications and how 5G and 6G signals benefit from MUX, among other topics.",isbn:"978-1-80355-052-7",printIsbn:"978-1-80355-051-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80355-053-4",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95684",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"multiplexing-recent-advances-and-novel-applications",numberOfPages:140,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f7087bb097e43cc25997790b009fb77a",bookSignature:"Somayeh Mohammady",publishedDate:"July 20th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10990.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:490,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:0,numberOfTotalCitations:0,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 18th 2021",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 16th 2021",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 14th 2021",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"December 3rd 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 1st 2022",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"a year",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"Dr. Somayeh Mohammady obtained her Ph.D.from University Putra Malaysia and was previously a Research Fellow at CONNECT in Maynooth University. Dr. Mohammady is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"109280",title:"Dr.",name:"Somayeh",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammady",slug:"somayeh-mohammady",fullName:"Somayeh Mohammady",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109280/images/system/109280.jpg",biography:"Somayeh Mohammady holds a bachelor’s degree in Electronic Engineering (Robotics), as well as an MSc and Ph.D. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). She has industrial experience working at Teta, Tabesh Tablou Company, and Symmid Corporation Sdn. Bhd. She also worked as a postdoctoral researcher from 2012 to 2019. Dr. Mohammady is a lecturer at Technological University Dublin (TU Dublin). Her research interests include power amplifier linearization, signals processing for multicarrier signals, and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), also known as Crest Factor Reduction (CFR).",institutionString:"Technological University Dublin",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"Technological University Dublin",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Ireland"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1368",title:"Telecommunication",slug:"information-and-communication-telecommunication"}],chapters:[{id:"81932",title:"Waveguide Amplifier for Extended Reach of WDM/FSO",slug:"waveguide-amplifier-for-extended-reach-of-wdm-fso",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"424338",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Bentahar",surname:"Attaouia",slug:"bentahar-attaouia",fullName:"Bentahar Attaouia"},{id:"424459",title:"Prof.",name:"Kandouci",surname:"Malika",slug:"kandouci-malika",fullName:"Kandouci Malika"},{id:"424460",title:"Dr.",name:"Ghouali",surname:"Samir",slug:"ghouali-samir",fullName:"Ghouali Samir"},{id:"475618",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinar",surname:"Amina Elbatoul",slug:"dinar-amina-elbatoul",fullName:"Dinar Amina Elbatoul"}]},{id:"82443",title:"Phase Noise in OFDM",slug:"phase-noise-in-ofdm",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"275459",title:"Ms.",name:"Kamayani",surname:"Shrivastav",slug:"kamayani-shrivastav",fullName:"Kamayani Shrivastav"}]},{id:"79832",title:"Multiplexing, Transmission and De-Multiplexing of OAM Modes through Specialty Fibers",slug:"multiplexing-transmission-and-de-multiplexing-of-oam-modes-through-specialty-fibers",totalDownloads:13,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"202732",title:"Dr.",name:"Habib",surname:"Fathallah",slug:"habib-fathallah",fullName:"Habib Fathallah"},{id:"303356",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohsen",surname:"Machhout",slug:"mohsen-machhout",fullName:"Mohsen Machhout"},{id:"354712",title:"Dr.",name:"Alaaeddine",surname:"Rjeb",slug:"alaaeddine-rjeb",fullName:"Alaaeddine Rjeb"}]},{id:"81212",title:"Triple-Hop Hybrid FSO/mmW Based Backhaul Communication System for Wireless Networks Applications of 5G and beyond",slug:"triple-hop-hybrid-fso-mmw-based-backhaul-communication-system-for-wireless-networks-applications-of-",totalDownloads:26,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"227785",title:"Dr.",name:"Bharati",surname:"Bidikar",slug:"bharati-bidikar",fullName:"Bharati Bidikar"},{id:"227794",title:"Prof.",name:"Gottapu",surname:"Sasibhushana Rao",slug:"gottapu-sasibhushana-rao",fullName:"Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao"},{id:"435801",title:"Dr.",name:"Mogadala",surname:"Vinod Kumar",slug:"mogadala-vinod-kumar",fullName:"Mogadala Vinod Kumar"},{id:"448419",title:"Mrs.",name:"Yenneti",surname:"Laxmi Lavanya",slug:"yenneti-laxmi-lavanya",fullName:"Yenneti Laxmi Lavanya"}]},{id:"80194",title:"NOMA Transmission Systems: Overview of SIC Design and New Findings",slug:"noma-transmission-systems-overview-of-sic-design-and-new-findings",totalDownloads:117,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"42898",title:"Prof.",name:"Valeri",surname:"Kontorovich",slug:"valeri-kontorovich",fullName:"Valeri Kontorovich"},{id:"121596",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen Beatriz",surname:"Rodriguez Estrello",slug:"carmen-beatriz-rodriguez-estrello",fullName:"Carmen Beatriz Rodriguez Estrello"},{id:"214491",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Ramos-Alarcon",slug:"fernando-ramos-alarcon",fullName:"Fernando Ramos-Alarcon"}]},{id:"79928",title:"Multiplexing Techniques for Applications Based-on 5G Systems",slug:"multiplexing-techniques-for-applications-based-on-5g-systems",totalDownloads:312,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"427589",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nguyen",surname:"Huu Trung",slug:"nguyen-huu-trung",fullName:"Nguyen Huu Trung"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"278926",firstName:"Ivana",lastName:"Barac",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/278926/images/8058_n.jpg",email:"ivana.b@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. 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All organisms are inhabited by microbes that exert different effects on their hosts. In insects, there are many examples of beneficial associations with symbiotic microbes that have been linked to the insect ecological success. Symbionts that are vertically transmitted from mother to offspring and with an intrinsic interdependence with the insect host are considered as primary endosymbionts and they have reduced genomes [1, 2]; they do not grow on standard laboratory media. In theory, endosymbionts evolved from gut bacteria [3] that are largely more complex and may be determined by the diet and the environment. Primary endosymbionts may reside inside insect cells called bacteriocytes that may be found in specialized host structures called bacteriomes. Bacteriomes may be equivalent to plant-root nodules considering that they are host structures harboring particular bacterial species with specific roles [4]. But even in plants, cosymbionts have been encountered; for example, the slow-growing actinobacteria
In insects, cosymbiosis is not uncommon and there are cases in which two or more bacterial symbionts are found in the bacteriome [7, 8]. Additionally, other microbes including fungi may be found in the hemolymph or in different insect tissues [9–11]. Fungal symbionts may be found as well in specialized insect structures known as mycangia [12] or inside insect cells called mycetocytes [13].
\nIn insects, primary bacterial endosymbionts synthesize essential amino acids or vitamins for their hosts and reside intracellularly in bacteriomes. In some cases, complementation of metabolic pathways seems to occur among different insect symbionts [14–17]. Additionally, cosymbionts may have different roles, and some have been implicated in defense [18–21], tolerance to stress [22], resistance to high temperatures [23–25], to virus [26–28], or may manipulate sex differentiation [29]. There is an example in which a secondary endosymbiont substituted a lost primary
Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) feed on plant sap, which is a nutritionally poor diet that lacks most of the essential amino acids. Therefore, these insects have built up symbiotic associations with bacteria that can synthesize them. Most of the scale insect families that have been analyzed, such as Monophlebidae, Coelostomidiidae, Orthezidae, Phenacoccinae from Pseudococcidae, Coccidae, Lecanodiaspididae, Diaspididae, and a clade of Eriococcidae, harbor flavobacteria as primary symbionts and enterobacteria as secondary symbionts. [37–39]. It has been reported that the families from scale insects Dactylopiidae, some Eriococcidae, and Pseudococcinae from Pseudococcidae harbor different endosymbionts, which could indicate that they lost their flavobacteria and enterobacteria and acquired other endosymbionts [39]. Flavobacteria seem to be very ancient symbionts, perhaps starting symbiosis before the divergence of scale insects [39] (150–250 mya [40]). Although it has been suggested that Flavobacteria have cospeciated only within Monophlebidae, Coelostomidiidae, Ortheziidae, and Diaspididae [38–41], and host switches seem to have occurred in the other families [39]. Otherwise, enterobacteria have undergone more evolutionary events (losses, duplications, and host switches). Some scale insects have enterobacteria closely related to
The flavobacteria endosymbiont
DNA, sequencing, and assembly were performed from bacteriomes (Illumina HiSeq 2000) and from the homogenized of female adults (pyrosequencing) of
Comparative phylogenomic analysis was performed with 20 genomes of gammaproteobacteria from GeneBank. Gene calling of all genomes was performed using GeneMark version 2.5 [53]. The pangenome and core genome from orthologous genes of all strains were obtained by GET_HOMOLOGUES version 2.0 software [54] with -A -c -t 0 -M -n 35 and -A -c -t 0 -G -n 35 parameters. We selected a set of 143 unique single-copy orthologous genes from the core genome. Translated coding sequences of each gene were concatenated using BioEdit Version 7.2.5 and aligned with Clustal Omega version 1.2.1 [55]. Prottest3 version 3.4.2 [56] was used to select the best amino acid substitution model using the AICc correction. The edited alignment contained 47,803 amino acid positions. Maximum likelihood phylogeny was performed by PhyML software version 3.1 [57] using the CpREV model with the Shimodaira–Hasegawa-like procedure for internal branch support [58]. The genome of
Comparative genomics was carried out with the following
RNA was extracted from the bacteriome of
Dissected
To determine the uric acid and uricase activity,
We found gene sequences of an enterobacterium (gammaproteobacterium) related to
Maximum likelihood phylogeny of sequenced enterobacterial endosymbionts performed with 143 conserved genes.
TME1 was compared with the ANI (average nucleotide identity) metric to other
\n | Sodalis str. TME1 | \nSodalis pierantonius SOPE | \nSodalis praecaptivus HS1 | \nSodalis glossinidius str. morsitans | \nSodalis-like str. PSPU | \nSodalis-like str. SPI-1 | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | \n | |
\n | \n | \n | \n | \n | ||
\n | \n | \n | \n | |||
91.24 | \n91.04 | \n91.27 | \n\n | \n | \n | |
89.81 | \n89.67 | \n89.87 | \n\n | \n | ||
92.25 | \n91.94 | \n92.15 | \n89.91 | \n85.86 | \n\n |
Average nucleotide identity (ANI) percentage among
The draft assembly of the enterobacterial endosymbiont
Gene functional categories of
We obtained 11,042,037 and 11,042,428 reads from the cDNA sequence of the bacteriome and the ovaries, respectively. These two organs were selected for studying the differentially expressed genes because endosymbionts are transferred from bacteriomes to the ovaries for vertical transmission to their offspring. It was expected to find genes related to the migration of the endosymbionts from the bacteriome and the colonization of the ovaries. Reads mapped to the reference genomes are shown in Table 2. The number of genes that were statistically differentially expressed is shown in Table 3.
Reference genome | Bacteriome | Ovaries |
---|---|---|
2,019,585 | 2,008,381 | |
3,082,319 | 2,912,207 | |
1,052,077 | 87,502 | |
409,128 | 483,601 |
Number of reads mapped to the reference genomes.
Reference genome | Bacteriome | Ovaries |
---|---|---|
494 | 680 | |
244 | 280 | |
2 | 89 | |
66 | 50 |
Number of genes differentially expressed according to
Sodalis TME1 | Insect | ||
---|---|---|---|
Putative hydrolase | T3SS-secreted effector | Chaperon Hsp70 | |
Chaperones GroEL, GroES | Allantoinase | ABC transporters | |
Hypothetical proteins | Hypothetical proteins | Antiparasitic-like peptide | |
ATP synthase B subunit | NAD biosynthesis | Asparaginase | |
Amino acids biosynthesis genes | FtsE cell division gene | Unknown genes | |
Transcriptional regulation | Extracellular glutamate receptor channel | ||
Flagellum synthesis | Phospholipids synthesis | ||
Transcriptional regulation | |||
ATP synthase B and A subunits (pseudogenes) | Hypothetical proteins | ATPase subunit | |
AhpC oxidative stress gene | NAD biosynthesis | Transmembrane transporters of sugars and amino acids | |
Glycoprotease | Flagellum synthesis | Peptidoglycan-binding protein | |
Amino acids biosynthesis genes | FtsE cell division gene | Lysozyme | |
Cytochrome c oxydase | Glycolysis | Unknown genes | |
SecY translocase | Phage lysozyme | Transcriptional regulation | |
Hypothetical proteins | Transcriptional regulation | Phospholipids synthesis |
Highly expressed and differentially expressed genes in the bacteriome and the ovaries in the endosymbionts
From the ovary tissue, we found differential expression of
In the bacteriome, the enterobacterium TME1 showed very strong overexpression of a gene that codes an effector protein possibly secreted by the type III secretion system (TTSS), expressed 66.8-fold compared to its expression in the ovaries. Also, a gene that codes an allantoinase that participates in uric acid metabolism is highly overexpressed in the bacteriome, showing a 50-fold change. Other genes with overexpression in the bacteriome are four ABC transporters, a peroxidase, the heme synthase, two genes related to nucleotides biosynthesis, two genes related to lipid A biosynthesis, and two genes of the type III secretion system (Table 4).
\nIn the ovary, TME1-overexpressed genes were related to NAD synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, stress response, and some transporters and transcriptional regulators (Table 4).
\nAmong the insect differentially expressed genes in the bacteriome there were 19 putative transporters (for amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, drugs, or unknown substrates), five genes related to defense systems including an antiparasitic peptide with identity to Drosomycin, three from
On the other hand, we found that in the insect, in the ovaries there was overexpression of 15 transporters, 17 immune response genes, some genes related to heat shock, desiccation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia response, and genes related to lipids, vitamins, carbohydrates, nucleotides, amino acids, and chitin synthesis and metabolism (Table 4).
Due to the annual cycle of the wax cochineal, we are only able to collect insects once a year during the rainy season. It is worth mentioning that in 2015 and 2016, we did not find cochineals in many of the places where we had collected previously. Considering the menace of mosquitoes transmitting Zika, or Chikungunya, extensive fumigations with chemical insecticides have been carried out in many places in Mexico, especially in Chiapas. The relation to the diminished populations of cochineals remains to be established.
\nA previous survey of symbiotic bacteria from scale insects in Mexico revealed the prevalence of Flavobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria [39]. Some of the Gammaproteobacteria had 16S ribosomal gene sequences closely related to those of TME1, and thus they may be considered as
While Flavobacteria and insects showed a co-divergent pattern of evolution, the phylogenetic relationships of the Gammaproteobacteria and insects were not parallel, indicating multiple enterobacterial transfers among the different hosts, and a more recent and less dependent symbiosis. In agreement, the genome size of the gammaproteobacterium TME1 is much larger than that from the primary endosymbiont from wax cochineals, the Flavobacteria
The genome from the gammaproteobacterium TME1 (3.4 Mb) is within the range of those from other
TME1 has biosynthetic pathways for all essential amino acids and may supply the needs of the wax cochineal and of
In
Uric acid and uricase activity were detected in
By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers targeted to
Here, we used the term symbiome [27] to refer to the group of primary and secondary (cosymbionts) endosymbionts (and/or their genomes), residing in a host. We consider that the term symbiome is more adequate than the terms endosymbiotic community or consortium that are sometimes used instead.
\nThe cosymbionts of different Flavobacteria in scale insects are diverse lineages of related Gammaproteobacteria [39]. Similarly, the cosymbionts of
AVPL is a doctoral student from Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and received the 331625 fellowship from Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT).
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, irreversible, fibrotic lung disease with unidentifiable etiology. IPF is commonly seen in the elderly aged group [1]. IPF associates with high morbidity and mortality. It is crucial to diagnose IPF, as specific antifibrotic therapy may improve survival from 2 to 5 years to 6.9–7.9 years [2].
In 2000, the American Thoracic Society (ATS), the European Respiratory Society (ERS), and American College of Chest Physician (ACCP) first collaborated and published a consensus statement for IPF diagnosis and treatment based on an experts’ opinions. This initial definition of IPF included criteria such as usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) finding on thoracic or open lung biopsy, restrictive lung function in patients with chronic fibrosing interstitial pneumonia after excluding other causes [3].
Eleven years later, ATS, ERS, the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS), and the Latin American Thoracic Association (ALAT) updated the guidelines with clinical, imaging, and histopathological findings in IPF diagnostic criteria based on the international evidence-based data [4]. Among patients for whom IPF was suspected, three high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) pattens were reported; “UIP,” “possible UIP,” and “inconsistent with UIP” [4]. Surgical lung biopsy (SLB) was recommended in patients with suspected IPF who have the last two HRCT patterns [4]. SLB pattern is primarily divided into “UIP,” “probable UIP”, “possible UIP”, “unclassifiable fibrosis,” and “not UIP” [4]. Recommendations from French, German and Swiss have been proposed in 2013 and 2017, respectively [5].
In 2018, the consensus statement from Fleischner Society and clinical practice guideline ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT for UIP/IPF diagnosis were published with numbers of similar main components (Table 1) [6, 7]. With more support data from observational studies and randomized controlled trials than 2011 guidelines, diagnosis and treatment recommendations were improved from 2011. Recently, the German respiratory society updated the German guidelines for the diagnosis of IPF in 2021 [8].
Fleischner Society consensus statement | ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT 2018 CPG | ||
---|---|---|---|
HRCT findings | |||
Location | Subpleural & basal predominance | ||
Pattern | Honeycombing ± traction bronchiectasis | ||
Biopsy | Not recommended | ||
Location | Subplerual & basal prodominance | ||
Pattern | Traction bronchiectasis | ||
Biopsy | Not recommended | Recommended (conditional) | |
Location | Diffuse or variable | Subpleural & Basal predominant | |
Pattern | Non-UIP features | Distortion, groud glass opacity | |
Biopsy | Recommended | ||
Pattern | Feature of other diseases | ||
Biopsy | Recommended | ||
Location | Subplerual & paraseptal prodominance | ||
Pattern | Architecture remodeling, dense/patchy fibrosis, fibroblast foci | ||
Pattern | Honeycombing ± fibroblastic foci | ||
Pattern | Centrilobular injury/scarring foci Mild lymphoid hyperplasia/diffuse inflammation Diffuse homogenous fibosis | Fibrosis ± architectural distortion Some UIP | |
Pattern | UIP + finding highly suggestive of another diagnosis or non-UIP | Feature of other diseases |
Comparison of the 2018 Fleischner society consensus statement and clinical practice guideline from ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT 2018 for UIP/IPF diagnosis [6, 7].
ATS: American Thoracic Society; CPG: clinical practice gruidline, ERS: European Respiratory Society; IPF: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, JRS: Japanese Respiratory Society; ALAT: Latin American Thoracic Society; HRCT: high-resolution computed tomography; UIP: usual interstitial pneumonia.
Not only HRCT and SLB, but clinical manifestations, history, and other diagnostic modalities have also been proposed to help with IPF diagnosis. Multidisciplinary discussion is of utmost importance. Due to the rapidly growing of new data in the IPF field, guidelines from worldwide pulmonary societies consensus are necessary. We will discuss the current evidence that has been used to improve the diagnosis of IPF.
IPF is typically present at age above 50 years and is predominant in men [1, 9]. Lungs are the only organ involvement in IPF. Gradual onset of shortness of breath on exertion is the most common symptom that accounts for up to 86% of the patients with IPF, which can progress to shortness of breath at rest. Chronic nonproductive cough can be found in up to 75% of the cases [10]. Other symptoms include fatigue and decreased appetite. As IPF requires the diagnosis of exclusion, autoimmune diseases, connective tissue disease-related symptoms (e.g., arthralgia, dry eyes, Raynaud phenomenon), medications, radiation history, environment exposure (e.g., home, workplace, frequent visit places, hobbies), occupation, family history should be inquired in detailed to rule out any identifiable conditions. The physical exam is usually remarkable for bibasilar crackles and rales [6]. Digital clubbing was described in 20–30% of IPF cases [8].
Smoking is an undeniable risk factor of IPF in several studies [11]. Up to 70% of patients with IPF have a smoking history. Ever tobacco smoking or even secondhand smoking cases had a higher risk of developing IPF, although the latter had lower odds [9]. The pathogenesis of smoking as the risk factor of IPF is suggested to be due to oxidative stress [12].
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, co-morbidity that smoking is a potent risk factor, was found in one-third of the IPF cases. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was noted in 60–90% of the patients with IPF and was thought to cause micro-aspiration that may precipitate IPF and acute exacerbation. The majority of GERD in IPF patients are asymptomatic. Nonetheless, the relationship between GERD and IPF remains controversial as there was no significant relationship after controlling for smoking in meta-regression [13]. Diabetes was positively correlated with IPF, but causal relationships still cannot determinate [14]. The presence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with IPF was noted to be more than 50%, but true prevalence still cannot be concluded due to the small number of participants in those studies [15]. Chronic human herpes virus-7, human herpes virus-8, Ebstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus infection could increase the risk of IPF [2]. However, acute infection of these viruses did not associate with IPF [2].
The environmental exposure was reported in up to 27% [10]. Various occupational exposure has been revealed to be associated with IPF (Table 2). Silica, wood dust, metal dust/fumes, and vapors/gases/dust/fume had population attributable fractions of 3,4, 8, and 26%, respectively [16]. Deposition of dust and fumes from metal in the lung may give rise to the disturbance in the immune system. IPF risk has been reported to be increased with the longer duration of work exposure. In a meta-analysis of case–control studies by Park et al., metal dust, wood dust, pesticide had a high odds ratio (OR) in the IPF group [11]. However, textile dust, stone, and sand dust did not significantly increase the risk of IPF in this meta-analysis study [11]. The agriculture sector and farming workers showed an increased risk of IPF with an OR of 1.88 (95% CI 1.17–3.04). In contrast, demolition and building construction, and woodworker carpentry did not significantly increase the risk of IPF [11].
Tobacco Smoking |
Chronic viral infection (human herpes virus-7, human herpes virus-8, Ebstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus) |
Exposure (e.g., metal dust, wood dust, pesticide) |
Agriculture and farming worker |
Family history of pulmonary fibrosis |
Potential risk factors for IPF.
Although IPF cases occur sporadically, familial cases have been reported, such as familial pulmonary fibrosis (FPF), Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS), and telomere-related mutation (Table 3). Genetic testing is recommended in patients with early-onset (less than 50 years old) pulmonary fibrosis and positive family history.
Familial pulmonary fibrosis |
Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome |
Telomere-related mutation |
Family history related to IPF.
FPF is defined by two or more people in the family with a confirmed history of pulmonary fibrosis [17]. It accounts for less than five to up to 25 percent of IPF cases [18]. Pulmonary fibrosis in the family had a significant association with IPF cases with an OR of 12.6 (95% confidence interval 6.5–24.2) [9]. In addition to aiding diagnosis, family history helps predict survival. Transplant-free survival in patient-reported FPF is less in patients with IPF than patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) other than IPF [18].
HPS, an autosomal recessive disorder, was first described in 1959 by Frantisek Hermansky and Paulus Pudlak [19]. This syndrome is characterized by oculocutaneous albinism, inflammatory bowel disease, platelet dysfunction, and pulmonary fibrosis. Pulmonary fibrosis is commonly found in HPS-1, HPS-2, and HPS-4 genetic types and affected middle-aged (HPS-1 and HPS-4) or children (HPS-2) [19].
Telomere-related mutation in IPF includes TERT, TERC, TINF2, NAF1, PARN, DKC1, and RTEL1 [20]. Premature shortening of the telomere, a region at the ends of the chromosome with repetitive DNA sections, may lead to the accelerated aging process in IPF. Screening for short telomeres should be done in patients with extrapulmonary organ involvements associated with short telomere syndrome, especially patients considered for a lung transplant. Patients with shortened telomeres have decreased lung transplant-free survival and faster disease progression [20].
High-resolution CT scan (HRCT) plays a central role in the diagnosis of IPF. As described earlier, diagnosis of IPF requires exclusion of other known causes of ILD in addition to the presence of UIP pattern on HRCT. If HRCT shows a definitive UIP pattern, further surgical lung biopsy is not required for diagnosis. HRCT patterns in suspected IPF patients can be divided into four patterns: UIP, intermediate UIP, probable UIP, and alternative diagnosis (Table 4). All the patterns are characterized by their distribution and lung parenchymal appearance [6].
UIP | Probable UIP | Indeterminate UIP | Alternative diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
HRCT pattern categories.
UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia; GGO = ground glass opacities; CT = computed tomography; CTD = connective tissue disease; RA = rheumatoid arthritis.
UIP is the hallmark pattern of IPF. It has characteristic bilateral, peripheral, lower lobe predominance with parenchymal findings of honeycombing and traction bronchiectasis along with fine reticular opacities in the absence of extensive ground-glass opacities. Honeycombing is defined as a group of cystic airspaces 3 to 10 mm in diameter, with well-defined, thick walls. It is absent in intermediate and probable UIP patterns. Traction bronchiectasis or bronchiolectasis ranges from non-tapering of the bronchial wall to marked airway dilatation and varicosity in the presence of parenchymal distortion [6]. A typical UIP pattern is only observed in 50% of IPF patients. Thus, the IPF spectrum varies from typical UIP patterns to atypical findings such as ground-glass opacities, nodules, consolidation, or atypical distribution [21]. Mild ground glass opacities and the reticular pattern can be seen in UIP. However, presence of GGO out of proportion to the reticular pattern is inconsistent with UIP.
Acute exacerbation of IPF is characterized by acute onset dyspnea and hypoxemia and development of bilateral ground-glass opacities and/or consolidation on a UIP background. The clinical course of IPF can be correlated with progressive lung parenchymal changes seen on serial HRCT scans. However, there is no consensus on the role of serial HRCT scans in established patients to determine prognosis [22].
Serological testing is recommended in all patients with newly identified ILD to exclude identifiable connective tissue disease (CTD) [6]. CTD-associated ILD investigations include erythrocytes sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, anti-nuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factors, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, myositis panel, muscle enzymes, and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Other serologic testing may be obtained based on clinical signs and symptoms such as anti-U1 ribonucleoprotein, anti-PM/Scl75 (polymyositis/scleroderma 75), anti-PM/Scl100, anti-Ku, anti-nuclear matrix protein 2, anti-transcriptional intermediary factor 1-gamma, anti-signal recognition particle, anti-small ubiquitin-related modifier-activating enzyme, anti-3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (Table 5) [8].
Systemic sclerosis | anti–Scl70/topoisomerase-1, anti-centromere, anti-RNA polymerase III, anti-Th/To, U3 RNP (fibrillarin), and anti-Ku |
---|---|
anti-Ro and anti-La | |
Creatine phosphokinase, myoglobin, aldolase, antisynthetase antibodies (anti-Jo-1 and others), anti-MDA5, anti-PM/Scl75, anti-PM/Scl100, anti-TIF1- γ, anti-SEP, anti-HMGCR, anti NXP2, anti-U1RNP | |
Rheumatoid factor, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide | |
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, anti myeloperoxidase antibodies, antiproteinase 3 antibodies |
Laboratory workup for common connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung diseases.
Cellular analysis from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is suggested in suspected IPF cases with probable UIP, indeterminate UIP, or an alternative diagnosis pattern on HRCT. This work-up is not suggested for patients with HRCT patterns of UIP [6]. BAL is not used for the IPF diagnosis by itself but might support the detection of other conditions (Tables 6 and 7).
BAL | Macrophages | Lymphocytes | Neutrophils | Eosinophils | CD4/CD8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Healthy individual | >85% | 10–15% | <3% | ≤1% | 49–83% |
IPF | 49–83% | 7–27% | 6–22% | 2–8% | 1–3% |
Comparison of cellular analysis from bronchoalveolar lavage between a healthy individual and IPF [6].
Lymphocytic predominance | Sarcoidosis, HP, NSIP, Drug-induced, Radiation, COP, Lymphoproliferative disorders, CTD |
---|---|
CTD, IPF, aspiration, infection, bronchitis, asbestosis, ARDS/DAD | |
Eosinophilic pneumonia, Drug-induced, BM transplant, asthma, ABPA, Hodgkin, infection |
Cellular analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage in different conditions.
Multiple lung biopsies from few lobes are suggested in suspected IPF cases with probable UIP, indeterminate UIP, or alternative diagnosis patterns on HRCT. SLB is preferred over transbronchial lung biopsy and cryobiopsy. SLB be done by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgical (VATS) technique over open thoracotomy. When patients have a UIP pattern on HRCT, lung biopsy is not recommended in clinically suspected IPF patients after excluded other potential ILD etiologies. In these cases, diagnosis of IPF can be made without histopathology proof.
Similar to the HRCT pattern, histopathology patterns in suspected IPF individuals can be categorized into four groups; UIP, probable UIP, indeterminate UIP, and alternative diagnosis (Table 8) [6]. Classic “UIP” is the principal histopathologic feature of IPF. It frequently demonstrates dense fibrosis in paraseptal and subpleural areas of the lung with distortion of architecture, often resulting in microscopic honeycombing pattern accompanied by unaffected lung parenchyma in the low-magnification photomicrograph. For higher-magnification photomicrographs, fibroblast foci and patchy fibrosis are characteristics of UIP. The honeycombing pattern on biopsy is defined as fibrosed cystic airspace.
UIP | Probable UIP | Indeterminate UIP | Alternative diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|
|
No features of an alternative diagnosis |
Non-UIP pattern or Interstitial inflammation, chronic fibrous pleuritis, OP, granuloma, hyaline membraines, airway-centered
|
|
Histopathologic feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [6].
HP = hypersensitivity pneumonitis; IIPs = Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias; LAM = Lymphangioleiomyomatosis; OP = organizing pneumonia; UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia.
Accurate diagnosis of IPF requires the synopsis consideration of clinical manifestation, HRCT, and biopsy results (Table 9). When the HRCT pattern of clinically suspected IPF patients is not classic UIP or discordant with biopsy result, the multidiscipline decision from different subspecialties discussion such as pulmonologist, radiologist, and pathologist is suggested [6].
Biopsy result | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinically suspected IPF after exclusion of other ILD causes | UIP | Probable UIP | Indeterminate for UIP | Alternative diagnosis | |
IPF A biopsy is not recommended | |||||
IPF | IPF | Likely IPF | Not IPF | ||
IPF | Likely IPF | Not IPF | Not IPF | ||
Likely IPF | Not IPF | Not IPF | Not IPF |
Diagnosis of IPF using surgical lung biopsy result and high-resolution computed tomography finding [6].
HRCT = high-resolution computed tomography; IPF=Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; UIP = usual interstitial pneumonia.
Genetic factors affecting the susceptibility to IPF mainly depend on whether a patient has sporadic IPF or familial IPF. With the increase in the use of genome sequencing, multiple gene variants have been associated with IPF. Common variants with modest effects have been associated with sporadic IPF, whereas rare gene variants with more significant impact have been associated with a familial form of IPF.
Mucin 5B (MUC5B) variant is a common variant associated with sporadic IPF. It is a glycoprotein involved in mucociliary clearance. A MUC5B promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (rs35705950) increases the susceptibility to developing IPF four-fold [23]. Despite this, MUC5B promoter SNP is associated with decreased mortality in IPF patients. However, it is not associated with systemic scleroderma-related ILD can increase the risk of ILD in rheumatoid arthritis patients, especially in those having CT findings of UIP.
Toll interacting protein (TOLLIP) is a regulator of toll-like receptor (TLR), and variation in this gene leads to a decrease in TLR mRNA expression and increased risk of pulmonary infection [24]. TT TOLLIP genotype ((rs3750920) is associated with improved survival with N-acetyl cysteine treatment [25]. However, the other minor allele of TOLLIP (rs5743890) decreases the susceptibility to IPF development but is associated with increased mortality from IPF [26].
Desmoplakin (DSP) encodes for desmoplakin, an adhesion molecule between 2 cells and tethers the cytoskeleton to the cell membrane. Two variants in DSP have been identified in which one variant (rs2744371) is protective, whereas the other variant (rs2076295) increases the susceptibility to IPF [27].
A-kinase Anchoring protein 13 (AKAP13) is a regulator of rhoA, which is involved in the profibrotic signaling pathway. Single nucleotide polymorphism in AKAP13 has also been associated with an increased risk of IPF. AKAP 13 mRNA expression was higher in the lung biopsy section of IPF patients compared to controls [28].
Various surfactant-producing gene mutations have been identified, such as SFPT-C and SFPT-A2 associated with IPF in families. Transcription and translation of the SFPT-C gene leads to pro-SPC formation, which is further processed in the endoplasmic reticulum before being secreted in the alveolar space. SFPT-C mutation leads to the formation of pro-SPC. However, it cannot be further processed and folded, leading to protein accumulation within the endoplasmic reticulum and thus, activating unfolded protein response (UPR) within the cell. Unfolded protein response helps to protect the cell and also enhances protein folding chaperones. However, prolonged standing activation of UPR system leads to alveolar epithelial cell death through apoptosis [29]. Studies have shown markers for endothelium reticulum stress and UPR pathway activation even in the absence of SFPT-C mutation. These studies demonstrate that this pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of IPF [30]. Similarly, SFTP-A2 gene mutations have been identified in a family with 15 members who had familial IPF, bronchoalveolar carcinoma, or underlying lung disease. SFTP-A2 also accumulates mutant surfactant protein A within the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to stress and ultimate activation of the apoptotic pathway [31].
Telomerase complex mutations have been identified in families with UIP. Telomeres are the tandem repeats of TTAGGG found at both ends of chromosomes, protecting the end of chromosomes during cell division. Telomerase helps maintain these telomeres length. Telomerase mutation leads to the shortening of telomere in the alveolar epithelial cells, which was found to be involved in the disease process. Telomere shortening has also been observed in peripheral leukocytes in these patients. New studies have shown shortened telomere length in patients with sporadic IPF and non-telomerase complex mutation IPF, indicating it might play a role in the pathogenesis of IPF [32].
Other molecular biomarkers such as elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP 7), mucin 1 (KL-6), CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL 18), cancer antigen have also been associated with disease progression but have limited clinical value at present and requires further studies [33].
Thus, the use of genetic and biologic biomarkers can further help understand the pathogenesis of IPF and develop future targeted therapies. However, currently, more studies are required to use these markers for diagnostic purposes.
When encountering patients with clinical context and tempo of disease compatible with IPF, excluding identifiable causes by acquiring history and serology is recommended. Other investigations such as biomarkers may aid the defining of IPF. After that, IPF diagnosis can be made with the UIP pattern shown by HRCT. In patients with HRCT patterns of non-UIP, a surgical lung biopsy will assist the diagnosis. When a definite diagnosis cannot be concluded by UIP pattern from HRCT or biopsy result, the mutual agreement from the multidisciplinary discussion is recommended to help diagnose IPF.
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\n\nOut of all of the publishing options available to researchers, why choose to contribute your research to an IntechOpen Edited Volume? The reasons are simple. IntechOpen has worked exceptionally hard over the past years to fine tune the Open Access book publishing process and we continue to work hard to deliver the best for all of our contributors. The quality of published content is of utmost importance to us, followed closely by speed, and of course, availability and accessibility. To view current Open Access book projects that are Open for Submissions visit us here.
\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
\n\nOur books contain scientific content written by two Nobel Prize winners, two Breakthrough Prize winners and 73 authors who are in the top 1% Most Cited.
\n\nWith regular submission for coverage in the single most important database, the Book Citation Index in the Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI), and no rejected submissions to date, over 43% of all Open Access books indexed in the BKCI are IntechOpen published books.
\n\nIn addition to BKCI, IntechOpen covers a number of important discipline specific databases as well, such as Thomson Reuters’ BIOSIS Previews.
\n\nACCESS
\n\nThe need for up to date information available at the click of a mouse is one thing that sets IntechOpen apart. By developing our own technologies in order to streamline the publishing process, we are able to minimize the amount of time from initial submission of a manuscript to its final publication date, without compromising the rigor of the editorial and peer review process. This means that the research published stays relevant, and in this fast paced world, this is very important.
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On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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The focus has passed from the administrative management tasks to becoming a strategic partner of the overall organization strategy, largely with the strong support of information technologies’ evolution in this field of knowledge area. The extended use of information systems has a deep effect in the way HRM is managed nowadays. It boosted a major transformation of human resources (HR) processes and practices within organizations, namely on how they collect, store, use, and share information. Several HRM processes have become more efficient and the impact of this service level improvement allowed a greater involvement of HR in the business strategy. This new role in business strategy adds significant changes to HR function and to its professionals. Along this chapter, we discuss the effects of information systems in HRM, considering the existing literature on the topic, and describe the benefits and possible limitations of using them. 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Management Functions and Information System Components as an integration model are (1) to explain Management Functions, Information System Components, Goals and Benefit related to Information System and (2) to explain integration process of Management Functions with Information System Component to get goals and benefits as an integrated model. Research method using expert method has done an integration of management function, which includes the cycle of P, O, A, C, E and I, to run management process, must be step by step, and as a cycle. Information components include S, H, F, B, and T and must have minimum requirement. Management of Information System needs goals and benefits that can be calculated clearly and specifically. To get goals and benefits in excellence performance are needed the integrated process to coordinate management functions and information system components, as an Integrated Model with an example in applications of software in Nosocomial Infection Control for Hospital, as the figure below.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Boy Subirosa Sabarguna",authors:[{id:"200387",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Boy Subirosa",middleName:null,surname:"Sabarguna",slug:"boy-subirosa-sabarguna",fullName:"Boy Subirosa Sabarguna"}]},{id:"57870",title:"Information and Information Technologies in Conflict Management",slug:"information-and-information-technologies-in-conflict-management",totalDownloads:1259,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"This paper analyzes information and modern information technologies as applied in different organizational environment and considers the content and peculiarities of conflict management process based on implementation of communicative scenarios. Currently, the need for escalated organizational transformations has become imminent, taking into account the intensifying development of the differentiated information society, which requires properly interactive and transparent policy-making. Correct understanding of information and effective implementation of information technologies is a rational attempt to harmonize the modern organizational environment reducing the level of conflict and improving efficiency indexes.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Andrei Aleinikov, Daria Maltseva, Alexander Kurochkin and Tatiana\nKoulakova",authors:[{id:"212005",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrey",middleName:null,surname:"Aleynikov",slug:"andrey-aleynikov",fullName:"Andrey Aleynikov"},{id:"219746",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatiana",middleName:null,surname:"Koulakova",slug:"tatiana-koulakova",fullName:"Tatiana Koulakova"},{id:"219747",title:"Dr.",name:"Daria",middleName:null,surname:"Maltseva",slug:"daria-maltseva",fullName:"Daria Maltseva"},{id:"219748",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kurochkin",slug:"alexander-kurochkin",fullName:"Alexander Kurochkin"}]},{id:"59493",title:"Some Methods for Evaluating Performance of Management Information System",slug:"some-methods-for-evaluating-performance-of-management-information-system",totalDownloads:1356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Recently, several kinds of information systems are developed for purposes and needs of business and play an important role in business organizations and management operations. 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Its performance relates to many other information systems, for instance, DSS or decision support system, SIS or strategic information system, etc. Methods of testing statistical hypotheses concerning the performance of MIS are absolutely essential to support management activities and decision-making.",book:{id:"6259",slug:"management-of-information-systems",title:"Management of Information Systems",fullTitle:"Management of Information Systems"},signatures:"Khu Phi Nguyen and Hong Tuyet Tu",authors:[{id:"150274",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Khu",middleName:"Phi",surname:"Nguyen",slug:"khu-nguyen",fullName:"Khu Nguyen"}]},{id:"63078",title:"Decision Support Systems",slug:"decision-support-systems",totalDownloads:2378,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:"The current decision-making problems is more complex than it was in the past, prompting the need for decision support. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. 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He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. 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