Number, size and type of tumors in DMBA groups at 20th week.
\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5791",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",title:"Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:'This monograph focuses on the level of management culture development in organizations attempting to disclose it not only with the help of theoretical insights but also by the approach based on employees and managers. Why was the term "management culture" that is rarely found in literature selected for the analysis? We are quite often faced with problems of terminology. Especially, it often happens in the translation from one language to another. While preparing this monograph, the authors had a number of questions on how to decouple the management culture from organization\'s culture and from organizational culture, how to separate management culture from managerial culture, etc. However, having analysed a variety of scientific research, it appeared that there is no need to break down the mentioned cultures because they still overlap. Therefore, it is impossible to completely separate the management culture from the formal or informal part of organizational culture. Management culture inevitably exists in every organization, only its level of development may vary.',isbn:"978-1-78923-009-3",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-008-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-244-7",doi:"10.5772/65483",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility",numberOfPages:448,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a6be6376f37f454a42616dd3698b1966",bookSignature:"Pranas ?ukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitien?",publishedDate:"April 18th 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5791.jpg",numberOfDownloads:36348,numberOfWosCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitations:21,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:5,numberOfDimensionsCitations:38,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:6,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:70,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 5th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 26th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 23rd 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 23rd 2017",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 22nd 2017",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Authored by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"196006",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",middleName:null,surname:"Žukauskas",slug:"pranas-zukauskas",fullName:"Pranas Žukauskas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196006/images/7756_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Habil. Dr. Pranas Žukauskas is a professor and habilitated doctor of social sciences. Since 2002, he has been the Dean of the Faculty of Economics and Management\nof Vytautas Magnus University, the Professor at the Department of Management and the member of the VMU Council and Senate. Pranas Žukauskas is the author and co-author of 4 monographs and has published more than 120 scientific articles. He has read over 25 papers in the national and international scientific conferences: in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, India, the USA and others.\nHe takes part in international scientific research projects and conducts applied research in Lithuania and abroad. Pranas Žukauskas is the editor-in-chief of the scientific journal Taikomoji Ekonomika: Sisteminiai Tyrimai (Applied Economics: Systemic Research), as well as a member of editorial boards of four scientific periodicals.\nHe has supervised 10 successfully defended doctoral dissertations. He has served as a chair, member and opponent of over 30 doctoral dissertation defence councils. He is a member of the Management Research Field Joint Doctoral Committee at Vytautas Magnus University, Mykolas Romeris University, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Klaipėda University and Šiauliai University. The author did internship in more than 20 universities in Western Europe and the USA, is the professor of Torun (Poland) Higher\nBanking School, is a member of the European Management Association Board, is a member of the European University Foundation “Campus Europae” business and budget committee and is a permanent expert of the Science Council of Lithuania, the Centre for Quality Assessment in Higher Education. He has been invited to perform inspections in the Government of the Republic of Lithuania and in the Ministry of Economy.\nHe teaches international marketing and other subjects.\nHis main research interests are international economic relations, international business, international marketing and human resource management.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",middleName:null,surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/179629/images/system/179629.jpg",biography:"Prof. dr. Jolita Vveinhardt – a chief researcher of the Vytautas Magnus University, a professor at the Management Department of the Faculty of Economics and Management at the Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania). The scientist is heading three scientific groups: 'Neuro-Relationships” (Lithuanian Sports University (LSU)), 'Managerial Solutions to Violence in Sport” (LSU), 'The Group of Interdisciplinary Research on Working Environment” (Vytautas Magnus University (VMU)). Jolita Vveinhardt is the author and co-author of three monographs, four scientific studies, one textbook, and five educational books. The scientist is the editor of three books published by InTech publishing house 'Congruence of Personal and Organizational Values” 2017, 'Organizational Culture” 2018, 'Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility” 2018). For the past several years she explores the phenomena of mobbing and nepotism, climate of the organisation and other aspects related to human resource management. She has published more than 200 scientific articles, 90 of which were published in peer reviewed journals of Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics) database and read more than 50 papers in national and international scientific conferences. She is a member of editorial boards of 14 scientific periodicals. Prof. Dr. Jolita Vveinhardt is a member of 15 associations and societies. She teaches the following subjects for Master’s degree programme students: Contemporary Organization Theories (VMU) and Novelties of Management Science (LSU). Her main research interests are destructive relationships among employees (mobbing, bullying, nepotism, favouritism, social loafing, social ostracism, organizational cynicism, cronyism, protectionism), business ethics, organizational culture, management culture, organizational climate, personal and organizational values, value congruence, corporate social responsibility, decision-making, neuromanagement, etc.",institutionString:"Vytautas Magnus University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"22",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Vytautas Magnus University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Lithuania"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"196007",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",middleName:null,surname:"Andriukaitienė",slug:"regina-andriukaitiene",fullName:"Regina Andriukaitienė",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196007/images/7755_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Regina Andriukaitienė is an associate professor, and since 2001, she has been a lecturer at the Business and Economics Department of Marijampolė College; since 2012, she has been a lecturer at the Sport Management, Economics and Sociology Department of Faculty of Sports Education at the Lithuanian Sports University.\nRegina Andriukaitienė is a co-author of an educational book; she has published 19 scientific articles. She has read more than 15 papers in national and international scientific conferences.\nShe takes part in the national scientific research project and conducts applied research in Lithuania. She teaches business management, human resource management, personnel management and service ethics subjects. Her main research interests include corporate social responsibility, management culture, business ethics and human resource management",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1342",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility"}],chapters:[{id:"58869",title:"Introductory Chapter: The Level of Management Culture Development When Aiming for Implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70623",slug:"introductory-chapter-the-level-of-management-culture-development-when-aiming-for-implementation-of-c",totalDownloads:1112,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58869",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58869",authors:[{id:"196006",title:"Prof.",name:"Pranas",surname:"Žukauskas",slug:"pranas-zukauskas",fullName:"Pranas Žukauskas"},{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"},{id:"196007",title:"Dr.",name:"Regina",surname:"Andriukaitienė",slug:"regina-andriukaitiene",fullName:"Regina Andriukaitienė"}],corrections:null},{id:"58885",title:"The Theoretical Aspect of Management Culture as Part of Organizational Culture",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70624",slug:"the-theoretical-aspect-of-management-culture-as-part-of-organizational-culture",totalDownloads:1828,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter introduces the theoretical concept of the management culture. The management culture is discussed as an integral element of organizational culture, which ensures a qualitative functionality of the processes within the organization and enables the changes in the organizational culture and the competitive advantage. Management culture is not identical to organizational culture, as it covers certain parts of formal and informal organizational culture. Management, educational, information, communication, standardization and regulatory, and other functions of the management culture and the categories comprising this phenomenon of the organization are distinguished.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58885",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58885",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58883",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility as the Organization’s Commitment against Stakeholders",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70625",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility-as-the-organization-s-commitment-against-stakeholders",totalDownloads:3093,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Depending on society culture, traditions, and era, understanding of companies’ social responsibility might vary. In this part, we distinguish definitions of companies’ social responsibility and discuss the roles of stakeholders. Relations between the stakeholders are discussed in the context of social capital development. We emphasize that commitment against the interested subjects can be a long-term company policy, dictated by values of an organization, rather than the strategy in the activity market. Often in the implementation practice of companies’ social responsibility, there can be attention focus on one or even several very significant activities, which indicated that the organization has not yet assimilated the valuable content of this idea and is developing its activity by ignoring a very important principle of inner maturity.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58883",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58883",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58889",title:"Regional Tendencies of Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70626",slug:"regional-tendencies-of-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:986,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Based on the theoretical and empirical studies carried out in eight countries (Estonia, Latvia, Finland, Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, the Ukraine, and Denmark), tendencies of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the region are presented. Similarities and differences in training of managerial personnel, ethics of activities of organizations, fostering of corporate social responsibility in the government policy, corporate involvement and expectations, communication with stakeholders, and in other aspects are highlighted. In spite of the different tendencies of political and social development, corporate social responsibility formed in the countries of the region and some common problematic tendencies are highlighted.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58889",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58889",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58905",title:"Integrating Role of the Values in the Context of Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70627",slug:"integrating-role-of-the-values-in-the-context-of-management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibil",totalDownloads:1119,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter defines an integrating role of values in the context of the management culture and corporate social responsibility (CSR). Although similar types of organizational culture predominate in the countries with similar historical, cultural, social and economic characteristics, three levels of values are highlighted, the significance of their integration and management standards oriented towards values congruence is substantiated. The developed axiological prerequisites of corporate social responsibility for managerial changes and the conditions of the formation of the value basis based on the idea of congruence are presented.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58905",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58905",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58890",title:"Philosophy and Paradigm of Scientific Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70628",slug:"philosophy-and-paradigm-of-scientific-research",totalDownloads:13789,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:17,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Before carrying out the empirical analysis of the role of management culture in corporate social responsibility, identification of the philosophical approach and the paradigm on which the research carried out is based is necessary. Therefore, this chapter deals with the philosophical systems and paradigms of scientific research, the epistemology, evaluating understanding and application of various theories and practices used in the scientific research. The key components of the scientific research paradigm are highlighted. Theories on the basis of which this research was focused on identification of the level of development of the management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility are identified, and the stages of its implementation are described.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58890",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58890",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58894",title:"Research Ethics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70629",slug:"research-ethics",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Research ethics is closely related to the ethical principles of social responsibility. This research covers a wide context of working with people, so the researchers raised a task not only to gain confidence in the respondents’ eyes, to receive reliable data, but also to ensure the transparency of the science. This chapter discusses the theoretical and practical topics of research, after evaluation of which ethical principles of organization and conducting the research are presented. There is a detailed description of how and what ethical principles were followed on the different stages of the research.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58894",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58894",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59034",title:"Structure of Research Design: Expert Evaluation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70630",slug:"structure-of-research-design-expert-evaluation",totalDownloads:1137,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter presents the research design/plan. Methodological choice of quantitative and qualitative research is substantiated, and principles of design and verification of the research instrument are described. Individual stages of the research are presented in detail by describing their consistency in respect of the main objective. Statistical calculations to substantiate the reliability of the research instrument are presented and key aspects of the organization of research are described.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59034",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59034",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58900",title:"Exploratory Research",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70631",slug:"exploratory-research",totalDownloads:1005,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The exploratory research examined the reliability of the research instrument and suitability for further research. When organizing the testing of the instrument, 159 employees of one organization were interviewed, when the necessary sample size is 155 employees with 95% probability and 5% variance. The obtained high values of Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman-Brown coefficient indicate that the items of the scales of the management culture and social responsibility included in the instrument are closely interrelated. In addition, it was found that most correlation relationships of criteria of the management culture and social responsibility are also closely related, which shows the reliability of the instrument. On the one hand, the exploratory research revealed the specific problems of management culture and corporate social responsibility, and on the other hand, it showed that there is a reliable, direct, and strong relationship between the management culture and corporate social responsibility, and the designed instrument can be used for further research.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58900",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58900",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58874",title:"Corrections of Research Instrument",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70632",slug:"corrections-of-research-instrument",totalDownloads:881,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The stages of formation of the research instrument and the corrections carried out after the expert evaluation, and the exploratory research are described. The purified research instrument consisting of two parts is presented. The part of the management culture of the questionnaire consists of four scales (culture of managerial staff, culture of organization of the management processes, management culture of working conditions, and culture of the documentation system); the part of the social responsibility of the questionnaire consists of two scales (behavior of the socially responsible organization and behavior of the socially responsible employee). At the start, the provision that the management culture and social responsibility are universal categories, including organizations in terms of size and classification of economic activities, is reasoned. The principles of evaluation of the level of management culture are introduced.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58874",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58874",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"58895",title:"Theoretical-Hypothetical Model of Management Culture Level Determination",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70633",slug:"theoretical-hypothetical-model-of-management-culture-level-determination",totalDownloads:932,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Management culture and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are not separate, but they are two complementary dimensions. This part introduces the theoretical model of evaluation of the level of management culture in order to implement corporate social responsibility. It is constructed after the analysis of the concepts proposed by various authors, focusing on factors determining the effectiveness of implementation of corporate social responsibility, the quality of the relationship with stakeholders. The steps of the implementation in companies using internal and external resources are described. By offering a new conceptual model, it is emphasized that the management culture is a deliberately constructed and developed system that can have a significant impact on the quality of organizational performance, providing both an instrumental and an ethical framework for addressing corporate social responsibility objectives given a clear value decision of the majority of the company shareholders.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/58895",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/58895",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59031",title:"Methodological and Psychometric Characteristics of the Research Instrument: Retest",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70634",slug:"methodological-and-psychometric-characteristics-of-the-research-instrument-retest",totalDownloads:822,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter describes testing of the key research instrument, by identifying the individual steps, comprised of adaptation and testing of the questionnaire, by using statistical analysis. The selected sample of the research by surveying the employees of the groups of companies operating in Eastern Europe is not only minimal, but also sufficient (error is not greater than 1%), allowing to make sound conclusions of the research. After adaptation of the questionnaire for the larger and multilingual sample, high psychometric characteristics, which confirmed the reliability of the instrument and its suitability for the research, have been found. This shows that the developed questionnaire is appropriate, and it can also be used to measure management culture and corporate social responsibility not only in this research.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59031",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59031",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59023",title:"Sociodemographic Indicators: Employee Attitude",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70635",slug:"sociodemographic-indicators-employee-attitude",totalDownloads:840,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"By presenting the respondents’ sociodemographic data (age, sex, education, etc.) and based on them, multilayer sections of the management culture and corporate social responsibility are carried out. The results of the research show that both social and demographic indicators, as well as respondents’ positions in various companies have a significant impact on the evaluations of both the management culture and corporate social responsibility. In addition, the trends of evaluation of the respondents working in different divisions of companies were highlighted, related to the psychological climate and weak feedback in the management policy. This emphasizes especially the wide range of factors, which the companies implementing corporate social responsibility should pay attention to.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59023",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59024",title:"Determining the Level of Management Culture Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70636",slug:"determining-the-level-of-management-culture-development",totalDownloads:1e3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This part presents the detailed results obtained while determining the level of development of the management culture and presenting the respondents’ evaluations not only in respect of subscales but also in relation to individual items. It has highlighted significant limitations in managerial competence, as well as the differences in declaration of values and the application of the values in practice, especially in relationships with subordinates, with the emphasis on leadership, interpersonal relationships, communication, sharing of knowledge and responsibility. Competition of managerial staff could be positive while striving for the goals of the organization, but when it is focused on the subjective aspirations, it reduces cooperation and confidence of the employees and disturbs the functionality of the management processes. In addition, uncertainty in regulation of processes due to which the opportunities provided by information technology are underused has been revealed.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59024",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59024",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59035",title:"Determination of Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70637",slug:"determination-of-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:1094,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This part describes the evaluation of corporate social responsibility according to such structural elements as behavior of a socially responsible organization and behavior of a socially responsible employee, splitting into smaller components in accordance with the criteria corporate social responsibility consists of. The chosen approach to the analysis of reactions of the employees of companies allows distinguishing the approach to corporate social responsibility in accordance with opinions of external stakeholders which are influenced by the communication strategies, often applied in the studies. This method of approach enables a more sensitive evaluation of the internal processes of the companies when carrying out the internal cuts in order to understand why the staff contributes or does not contribute to corporate social responsibility. This provides valuable knowledge on how to correct the strategy of the company.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59035",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59467",title:"Establishment of Expression of Management Culture as a Formal Part of the Organizational Culture, Aiming to Implement Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70680",slug:"establishment-of-expression-of-management-culture-as-a-formal-part-of-the-organizational-culture-aim",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In order to establish the factors of occurrence of the management culture as a part of formal organizational culture, which have an influence on the implementation of corporate social responsibility, the survey of managerial staff of the companies was carried out. Corporate policy of formulation of strategic goals, visions, organizational structures, etc. as well as how corporate social responsibility is realised in practice was evaluated. Attention is drawn to the inconsistencies because of which corporate social responsibility, as a concept, is not fully realised in the corporate strategy, but only focused on individual goals. Therefore, there remains a wide untapped field of the managerial potential and the development of structure of the organization.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59467",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59467",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59027",title:"Statistical Verification of Management Culture and Corporate Social Responsibility Correlation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70638",slug:"statistical-verification-of-management-culture-and-corporate-social-responsibility-correlation",totalDownloads:820,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The links of management culture and corporate social responsibility in this part are verified and substantiated by statistical calculations. The connections were verified according to such categories as the culture of managerial staff, the culture of organisation of the management processes, the management culture of working conditions, the culture of documentation system, the behaviour of a socially responsible organisation and the behaviour of a socially responsible employee. The results of the research showed the different strength of the relationships of the management culture and corporate social responsibility, which may be significant when organising the changes in the management culture, oriented to the implementation of corporate social responsibility.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59027",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59027",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59022",title:"Management Solutions to Determine the Level of Management Culture Aiming to Implement Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70639",slug:"management-solutions-to-determine-the-level-of-management-culture-aiming-to-implement-corporate-soci",totalDownloads:789,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Based on the results of the research, this part describes the possible management solutions, divided into five conditional steps, each of which consists of solutions of the individual tasks. Three conditions are emphasized as the starting condition. First, it is the shareholders’ decisions, which turn into organization of goal-oriented processes on the following stages, by providing the necessary resources. Second, resulting from the first there is the evaluation (analysis) of the management culture of the organization, the results of which are enacted by organizing the changes. Third, the processes must be described in internal documents, and their control is associated with a continuous monitoring.",signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59022",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59022",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null},{id:"59021",title:"Summary and Discussion",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.70640",slug:"summary-and-discussion",totalDownloads:854,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Pranas Žukauskas, Jolita Vveinhardt and Regina Andriukaitienė",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59021",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59021",authors:[{id:"179629",title:"Prof.",name:"Jolita",surname:"Vveinhardt",slug:"jolita-vveinhardt",fullName:"Jolita Vveinhardt"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"3",title:"Monograph",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6630",title:"Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2f6cc315119ed59e44cce41a717d6316",slug:"social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Ingrid Muenstermann",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6630.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77112",title:"Dr.",name:"Ingrid",surname:"Muenstermann",slug:"ingrid-muenstermann",fullName:"Ingrid Muenstermann"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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The magnitude of the effect of interventions that modify one Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) will be compared, and the transferability of these interventions globally will be investigated by comparison between different socio-economic countries with different government structures (from socialist to autocratic). The reproducibility and cost of the lifestyle interventions (e.g., exercise, sleep, nutritious diet, national child care, pollution limitations) on QALYs will also be documented. The ratio of (QALY/Cost) weighted by reproducibility and transferability should give a rank-ordered list of actions humans can take to increase the quality years of human consciousness. Differences in the optimized list of rank-ordered interventions to maximize the quality of life between nation-states with varying GDP and government types (i.e., the lack of transferability) will be discussed. These local maximums for QALY optimization will be discussed in light of possible avenues that allow countries to overcome national hurdles that allow them to reach greater QALY global maximums.
\r\n\r\n\tThis book welcomes topics related to the quality of life measurements (QALYs) both within a community and between disparate societies, as well as the transferability/durability of these QALY gains.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-609-2",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-608-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-610-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",bookSignature:"Ph.D. Sage Arbor",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",keywords:"Health, Lifespan, Obesity, Pollution, Culture, Government, Demographics, Race, GDP, Age, Rate of Change, Automation",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 5th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 7th 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 5th 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 24th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 23rd 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"7 days",secondStepPassed:!1,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A computational biologist that has worked across a broad biomedical spectrum to optimize human health, Dr. Arbor combines research from academia (Duke, Washington University) and companies (Pfizer, Dupont) to deliver datasets to the wider scientific community. His recent focus includes quality of life modifiers and bioethical versus religious standards.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",middleName:null,surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/245319/images/system/245319.png",biography:"Sage Arbor is a computational biologist whose research includes fields ranging from drug design, systems biology, and epigenetic database creation to fitness app development. His work spans a broad biomedical spectrum from drug design to clinical trial analysis, including being a medical school professor and researcher, project management of developers/analysts of globally distributed labs, electronic medical record data mining (SQL and NoSQL), Python/pandas coding, data segmentation, 6σ improvement, pathway mapping, and computational drug design and synthesis. Having worked at multiple academic institutions (Duke, Marian University) and companies (e.g., Pfizer and Dupont), his research has been on both proprietary and open-access datasets for publication to the wider scientific community. 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From chapter submission and review to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"61068",title:"Factors Affecting the Yield of Solar Distillation Systems and Measures to Improve Productivities",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75593",slug:"factors-affecting-the-yield-of-solar-distillation-systems-and-measures-to-improve-productivities",body:'The demand for clean water for domestic use has increased rapidly, especially in certain water-scarce areas located in rural, remote and border areas, islands, arid areas or places with polluted and saline water sources. Therefore, the development and the production of devices to distil water from alkaline, brackish or saline water sources and thus supply fresh water to people in affected areas are a critical issue for many countries whether clean water shortages are periodic or permanent.
There are many research and review papers that focus on solar stills and the factors that affect the output of solar distillation. Manchanda and Kumar [1] comprehensively reviewed and analyzed the designs and performance parameters of passive solar stills, while Sampathkumar et al. [2] reviewed in detail different types of active distillation systems. Velmurugan and Srithar [3] appraised certain modifications to solar still systems and their resulting respective performance enhancement. Focusing on the single-basin passive solar still, Murugavel et al. [4] evaluated the progress in improving the effectiveness of this type of still. Similarly, Kabeel and El-Agouz [5] examined single-type passive solar stills, with emphasis on performance enhancing modifications. Badran [6] studied another aspect experimentally—the performance of a single-slope solar still using different operational parameters. Other researches by Kaushal and Varun [7] evaluated the effect of different designs and methods on solar still output. Muftah et al. [8] comprehensively reviewed the performance of existing active and passive basin-type solar stills and investigated the effects of climatic, operational and design parameters on the output of these stills. Recently, Sharshir et al. [9] reviewed in details factors affecting solar still productivity and improvement techniques, while Kabeel et al. [10] introduced, explained and discussed the effectiveness of different solar stills into which different condenser arrangements were integrated.
All the above-mentioned papers, although comprehensive and thorough, have the same drawbacks that all previous researches and papers reviewed had, namely, they were from countries with different climatic conditions and different levels of technology and manufacturing expertise. This would lead to inconsistencies and differences in improvements to the named stills’ output and performance as compared to those outputs and performances claimed or reported. Furthermore, there has been very little information relating to factors affecting forced circulation solar stills with enhanced water recovery.
Therefore this chapter will present the results of the numerical and experimental research carried out in one location so that there is consistency in the factors affecting solar stills’ production as well as the gains of the stills’ outputs due to the measures taken to optimize these factors. In addition, there will be a focus on the factors affecting the performance of forced circulation solar stills with enhanced water recovery improvement techniques.
Dunkle [11] was the first to investigate the heat and mass transfer relationships in a solar still under steady-state conditions. Based on the widely used relations from Dunkle, this study has analyzed the transient performance of the solar still in which all coefficients and still parameters are calculated using equations within the model. The weather data used for simulation will be either from actual measured data or data generated from the computer program developed by Nguyen [12].
The heat and mass transfer processes in the still are shown in Figure 1. The following assumptions are made in order to develop the equations for the energy balances in the still:
The amount of water lost through evaporation is small compared to the amount of saline water in the basin.
The heat required to heat the water from the ambient (before adding to the basin) temperature to the temperature of water in the basin is negligible as compared to that required to evaporate the same quantity of water that means
There is no vapor leakage in the still, assuming a well-designed still.
The areas of the cover, the water surface and the basin are considered to be equal.
The temperature gradients along the cover thickness and the water depth are absent.
The heat and mass transfer processes in a conventional solar still.
Based on these assumptions and from Figure 1, the energy balances for the glass, for the basin water, and for the basin are:
where
with
with
where
where
where
where
Equations (1a), (2a) and (3a) can be rewritten as:
It is convenient to present all solar components
In this study, the heat and mass transfer relationships in the forced circulation solar still with enhanced water recovery will be developed. Then, this numerical modeling will be validated by comparing its results with those from the experimental model.
The forced circulation solar still has been chosen in this study for several reasons. Compared with other types of solar powered distillation systems such as the solar multistage flash distillation, solar vapor compression, solar powered reverse osmosis, solar powered electrodialysis and solar membrane distillation systems, solar stills represent simple, yet mature technology.
The low efficiencies of a conventional solar still may be overcome by changing the principle of operation as follows:
Using air as an intermediate medium and substituting forced convection for natural convection to increase the heat coefficients in the still, resulting in increased evaporation of water
Replacing saturated air in the standard still by “drier” air to increase the potential for mass transfer in the still, leading to higher outputs
Circulating the air-vapor mixture from the standard still to external water-cooled condensers to gain efficiency from a lower condensing temperature. The cooler the cooling water available, the more effective this condensing process will be
Recovering some of the heat extracted in the condensing process and using it to preheat the air-vapor mixture entering the still
Substituting the condensing area of the flat sheet covers in the standard still by the external condenser with much larger heat exchange areas to increase condensation efficiencies
Figure 2 shows a schematic diagram of the forced circulation solar still with enhanced water recovery. The air flow having a temperature of Tfin and moisture content win enters the still and is heated up. It absorbs the vapor from the basin water and exits the still at a temperature of Tfout and moisture content wout. This air flow goes through the dehumidifying coil, which acts a condenser. The hot air-vapor mixture from the still is passed over the coil and attached fins, while the cooling water runs inside the coil.
Schematic diagram of a forced circulation solar still with enhanced water recovery.
The hot air-vapor mixture losses heat to the cooling water and subsequently cools down. When the temperature of the mixture falls below its dew point temperature, the condensation process starts. The air exits the condenser at a temperature of Tc-out and a moisture content of wc-out. Some of the heat extracted from the air flow will be recovered in the preheater, since the air flow goes through it before going back to the still.
The heat and mass transfer relationships in this still can be seen from Figure 3. From this figure, the energy and mass balances for the glass, for the flow in the still, for the basin water and for the basin are
qcwf is the convective heat transfer rate between the basin water and the flow (in W/m2). In principle, the blower used to transport the air should have the lowest possible energy consumption. The heat transfer process in the still may be natural convection or combined natural and forced convection. In this model, the heat coefficient in the still is calculated by using the forced and natural convection relations separately, and the larger one is chosen. The Grashof and the Reynolds number are first calculated [13]:
where:
L = average spacing between the water surface and the cover, in m.
g = gravitational constant, 9.81 m/s2.
β’ = volumetric coefficient of expansion, in K−1; for air
∆T = temperature difference between the water and the cover, in K.
v = kinematic viscosity, in m/s2.
V = air flow velocity, in m/s.
Dh = the hydraulic diameter of the still, defined as Dh =
The heat and mass transfer process in a forced circulation solar still.
Then, if the natural convection dominates, the convective heat transfer rate between the basin water and the flow can be derived from
where
to achieve a similar equation to Dunkle’s expression [2] with Tg replaced by Tf:
where pw and pf are partial pressures (in Pa) of water vapor at the temperatures of the basin water and the flow, respectively.
If the forced convection dominates, the relation between Nu and Re is given by [4]
Considering Tw = 50°C and Tf = 40°C and introducing the corresponding air properties into (20a), the convective heat transfer rate between the basin water and the flow can be computed by
qew is the evaporative heat transfer and the radiative heat transfer rates (in W/m2) between the basin water and the air flow and can be approximated by (5) with Tg and pg replaced by Tf and pr.
qrw is the radiative heat transfer rates (in W/m2) between the basin water and the cover and can be calculated by (6).
qcfg is the convective heat transfer rate (W/m2) between the flow and the cover given by
where V is the air flow velocity (m/sec) and Ls is the still length (m).
qca and qra are the convective and radiative heat transfer rates (in W/m2) between the cover and the ambient surroundings, computed from by using Eqs. (7) and (8), respectively.
qw-b and qb are the heat transfer rates (in W/m2) between the water and the basin and between the basin and the ambient surroundings and can be calculated from Eqs. (9) and (10), respectively.
QT is the total horizontal solar radiation incident on the still, in W/m2.
Q′T is the total solar radiation incident on the water surface, after transmittance through the cover, in W/m2.
Q″T is the total solar radiation incident on the basin, after transmittance through the basin water, in W/m2.
mf is the mass rate of the air flow, in kg/s.
mew is the mass rate pf the evaporation from the basin water to the air flow, in kg/s.
Mg, Mw, Mf and Mb are the heat capacities of the unit area of the cover, of the water, of the air in the still and of the basin, in J/m2 °C.
Tg, Tw, Tf and Tb are, respectively, the temperatures of the cover, water, air in the still and the basin, in °C.
Hfg is the latent heat of vaporization of water at the temperature Tf, in J/kg.
win and wout are the moisture contents of the air-vapor mixture at the inlet and outlet of the still, in kg/kg.
hin and hout are the enthalpies of the still inlet and outlet air, in J/kg. Assuming that the air in the still is reasonably well mixed, the enthalpy of the still outlet hout can be calculated as a function of the temperature Tf as follows:
The amount of the distillate water collected inside the still will depend on the temperatures of the air and the cover. Water will condense on the cover surface only when the dew point temperature of the air flow, Tfd, is higher than the cover temperature, Tg. In this case, the amount of the distillate water collected from the cover, mew-g (in kg/s.m2), can be calculated from
hfg is the latent heat of vaporization of water at the temperature, Tf, in J/kg.
qcon-g = hcon-g(Tf–Tg) is the condensate heat transfer rate between the flow and the cover (in W/m2). Using the Nusselt number in condensing:
where:
Lc = the length of the cover, in m; Lc = Ls
k = thermal conductivity, in W/m K
g = gravitational constant, 9.81 m/s2
β = the slope of the cover, in degree
ρ = the air density, in kg/m3
∆T = the difference between the dew point temperature of the flow and the cover temperature, in °K
μ = absolute viscosity, in Pa.s
Using the properties of the air at Tf = 40°C, one can achieve
Therefore, using the five equations from Eqs. (11) and (12), the five unknown parameters, Tg, Tw, Tf, wout and Tb, can be solved.
The theory of the performance of dehumidifying and of heating coils has been developed and is presented in [14, 15]. However, an explicit procedure for calculating the performance of dehumidifying coils was not available in these references. Therefore, the modeling of the performance of the condenser and the preheater in this simulation program was derived from the handbook and the standard. The calculation procedures for the psychrometric properties of humid air were given in [14]. A detailed description of the procedures for modeling the performance of the preheater and dehumidifying coils in solar still is described in [15].
The procedure for modeling the performance of the preheating coil involves (i) calculating the overall coefficient of heat transfer for the coil, (ii) calculating the effectiveness of the coil and then (iii) computing the temperatures of the air and cooling water leaving the coil.
The procedure for modeling the performance of the dehumidifying coil involves using an iterative process to find a consistent set of temperature and humidity values, subject to the constraints imposed by the performance characteristics of the dehumidifying coil.
The important factors affecting the output of a solar still can be summarized in Figure 4.
Factors affecting the outputs of solar distillation systems.
Solar radiation is the main and the most important factor to yield distilled water. The greater the radiation received, the greater the volume of distilled water produced and vice versa. However, the greater the radiation, the greater the heat loss of the still. Therefore, the insulation of the still needs to be carefully considered.
Wind speed values were varied from 0 to 6 m/s when inputted into SOLSTILL [12]. Hourly solar radiation data and ambient temperature data are included in the software.
The results showed that as the wind speed increased from 0 to 3 m/s, the higher wind speeds gave greater water output. This can be explained by noting that high wind speeds will cool the glass cover faster, leading to an increased temperature difference between the water and the cover layer. However, when the wind speed increased from 3 to 6 m/s, the distilled water output increased only 1.6%. As noted above, the wind speed is too high and leads to heat loss, so that the gain in water output is almost negligible. This result is consistent with Cooper’s survey [16]. In his research, as Cooper increased wind speeds from 0 to 2.15 m/s, the output of the still rose by 11.5%; when wind speed was increased from 2.15 to 8.81 m/s, the output of distilled water increased by only 1.5%.
The influence of ambient temperature on (i) insulated distillation devices and (ii) uninsulated distilling equipment was studied, and the results are shown in Figure 5. In case (i), the decrease in ambient temperature leads to a higher distilled water output, while in the case of (ii), the opposite is observed. This can be explained as follows: for the distillation equipment with good insulation, lower temperature will help cool the glass cover faster, thereby increasing the temperature difference between the water layer and cover sheet. However, when the distillation equipment is not insulated, low ambient temperature increases heat loss of the device, leading to a reduction in water temperature in the equipment. Low-temperature still cools the glass cover, but the results in Figure 5 show that the impact of increased heat loss is more important than the impact of lower glass temperature.
Effect of temperature on the output of solar stills [
The change of ±5°C in well-insulated distillation systems will make the average distilled water output change ±4.5%. This result is consistent with the results of the Khalifa and Hamood [17]. Their research has shown that when the ambient temperature rose from 26.7 to 37.8°C, the outputs may rise 11% and when temperatures are reduced from 26.7 to 15.6°C, the outputs fall 14%.
The change of ±5°C ambient temperature for insulated distillation devices make the distilled water output ±2.5% change, as a result of SOLSTILL [12].
Solar stills, being placed outdoors to receive direct solar radiation, cannot avoid dust on the surface of coated glass. This reduces the coefficient of radiation incidents, thus reducing the efficiency of the distillation equipment. Additionally, if dust enters the inside surface of the glass, it can affect the condensation flow down to the collecting gutters with the distilled water dripping halfway down the glass. So, it is necessary to regularly check and clean the inside and outside of the cover to achieve the highest efficiency.
The simulation results of SOLSTILL show very clearly the dependence of distilled water output to the intensity of solar radiation that the distillation equipment receives [12].
Distilled water output depends very much on the elements of the cover’s angle and tilt direction. To ensure the distilled water will not drip while halfway down to the collecting gutters, the tilt of the covers must be more than 15°. On the other hand, it is necessary to reduce the average distance between the water surface and the tilted covers; the tilt of the covers must be not more than 20° [17]. The SOLSTILL program also produces similar results, with the still output dropping rapidly when the cover slope angles are greater than 30° [12].
SOLSTILL can also be used to simulate the distillation equipment using one cover (single sloped) and two covers (double sloped, also known as roof type); the tilt is 15° in both cases. This assumes that the coverings the two types of devices have are the same and their axes lie along the east-west direction. The yields of the two distillation devices are shown in Figure 6.
The output of distilled water per month single roof and roof-type double.
The results show that the distillation device with double-sloped cover works better in late spring and summer while the distilling equipment with single-sloped cover works better in other seasons. This can be explained by the fact that in the late spring and summer, sunrise and sunset are to the south of the east-west axis. Therefore the kind of roof-type cover will benefit from having the second roof (that means a south heading) in the early morning and late afternoon. At other times of the year, the still with single-sloped cover will get all the available solar radiation and over a year; this still performs a little better. This is consistent with the experimental results of Garg and Mann [18].
Therefore, theoretically, one sloped cover should give a little more output than those having two slopes. In practice, however, the use of single slope introduces additional difficulties during system construction, requiring additional materials, and has more problems in terms of structural stability in high winds than the roof-type still. This may be the reason why the roof-type stills are still more favored.
Cooper, Khalifa and Hamood, Garg and Mann [16, 17, 18] showed that the glass covers can absorb approximately 4.75% of solar radiation energy, leading to an increase of the cover’s temperature. On the other hand, the condensation of water below the glass surface creates a condensation water film, leading to a partially opaque glass surface and an increase in the glass’ temperature. As a result, the temperature difference between the surface of the water and condensation glass cover will be reduced. Therefore, seeking to reduce the surface temperature of the glass is important in order to improve the water productivity (output) of the device [17].
To reduce the temperature of the glass cover, one can speed up the wind outside as mentioned in Section 4.1.2. However the wind is also a natural factor, and it is difficult to control this. So Husham [19] proposed a different approach—use a water cooling membrane on a piece of glass using tap sprays on the glass surface every 30 s with the time interval for the spray test of 10 and 20 min, respectively. Results of regular sprinkling helped increase productivity to 31.8 and 15.7%, respectively.
In the next section, the measures taken to reduce the temperature of covers and results achieved by this will be presented.
To take advantage of the latent heat of water vapor in the condensation, numerous studies have used distillation device models with two flat tanks (double basin) and three flat tanks (triple basin) [20]. This is a useful way to increase production of distilled water. However this device is complicated and costly. In Section 5 of this chapter, the results of experiments to take advantage of the latent heat of evaporation will also be shown.
The distance between the water surface coverings can affect the effectiveness of the solar distillation systems. As discussed in Section 4.2.1, if the distance between the water surface and coverings is small, the convective resistance of wet air flow inside the device is smaller, so that efficiency will be improved. But this gap is influenced by the inclination of coated glass. If the tilt of the cover is increased, then the average distance between the water surface and coverings is widened, so the output of the still will decrease. In the latter part of this paper, the measures on a stepped solar still to achieve the smallest distance between the water level and the glass in order to achieve highest distilled water output will be presented.
The water temperatures in the equipment greatly affect the output of distilled water. As mentioned in Section 4.2.3, water on the cover as a thin film cools down the glass before running into the still. By using the latent heat of steam in the steam condensation under the glass covers, water can be heated and fed into the device. This approach can be applied to both passive and active solar stills.
In Section 5 of this chapter, the use of glass vacuum tubes to heat up the water in the basin of the still will be presented.
The depth of water in the device greatly affects the yield of distilled water. Due to thermal inertia, the deep water layers will make the absorption process of solar energy take longer, thus slowing the increase of water temperature and affecting the amount of distilled water. The experimental results of a single-basin solar still coupled with evacuated glass tubes [21] show that a test with a 1 cm depth of water in the basin produces 5.265 l/m2, which is 13.4% higher than a test using a 2 cm depth of water which produces only 4.555 l/m2, as shown in Figure 7. This agrees with the theoretical and experimental results in other researches [17, 22, 23].
Experimental distillate output with 1 and 2 cm water depth in the single-basin solar still coupled with evacuated glass tubes [
In traditional solar basin distillation systems, the glass covers are used to condense distilled water. This method enables the device to have a simple structure, but it also has two disadvantages:
Latent heat of vaporization released during condensation makes the temperature of the coated glass increase, resulting in increasing water vapor pressure near the coverings. This reduces the pressure difference between the water evaporative layer and the condensation surface.
The condensation of distilled water under the glass surface creates a film or droplet layer, reducing the ability of solar radiation penetrating the glass cover and reaching the bottom of the absorbing surface.
The use of an external condenser and a recovery heat exchanger to take advantage of moist air stream with high temperature and humidity returned to the distillation system was also proposed and tested [12]. The results showed that the use of an external condenser could increase output by 25% (average daily output of 3.87 l/m2 compared to 3.10 l/m2) and the use of a recovery heat exchanger to circulate the moist air can increase by nearly 54% the output of distilled water (average daily output of 4.76 l/m2 compared to 3.10 l/m2).
In Section 5 of this chapter, the results of theoretical and empirical research on the use of an external condenser for a solar passive (or natural convective) still will be presented.
The process of heat and mass transfer inside a conventional solar still is a natural convective process. The low efficiencies of a conventional solar still may be overcome by changing the operation principles as follows:
Using air as an intermediate medium and substituting forced convection for natural convection to increase the heat coefficients in the still, resulting in increased evaporation of water
Replacing saturated air in the standard still by “drier” air to increase the potential for mass transfer in the still, leading to higher outputs
Circulating the air-vapor mixture from the standard still to external water-cooled condensers to gain efficiency from a lower condensing temperature. The cooler the cooling water available, the more effective this condensing process will be
Recovering some of the heat extracted in the condensing process and using it to preheat the air-vapor mixture entering the still
Substituting the condensing area of the flat sheet covers in the standard still by the external condenser with much larger heat exchange areas to increase condensation efficiencies
In Section 5 of the chapter, this issue will be presented in greater detail.
As analyzed above, the elements of the environment are the objective factors and cannot change. In this section we focus on the main measures taken in the design of the still.
In the experiments on a stepped solar still [22], a cooling water flow is sprayed with 5 l/min for 30 s on the cover with the time between two injections being 10 and 20 min. The schematic diagram of the experimental stepped solar still is shown in Figure 8. Experimental results show that, for a day with average solar radiation of 600 W/m2, the distilled water obtained is 4.45 and 4.35 l/m2 corresponding to a period of 10 and 20 min between two injections, compared with 4.08 l/m2 in the case with no cooling water spray to the coverings, which rises to 9 and 6.6%, respectively, as can be seen in Figure 9.
The schematic diagram of the experimented stepped solar still [
Distillate outputs in the case of no cooling water on the still cover (VS) with cooling water sprayed on the cover.
Similarly, in the active (forced circulated) solar still [12], the forced convection also helps to cool the covering surface, increasing the production of distilled water. When the speed of air flow in the distillation system reached 0.005 m/s, the output of distilled water was 3.53 compared to 3.05 l/m2 in the case of traditional devices, with an increase of 15.7%. This result is consistent with results of Husham [19], as stated in Section 4.2.3.
In this study, a double-basin solar still (DBSS) combined with evacuated glass tubes has been fabricated and tested to compare it with a single-basin solar still (SBSS) with evacuated glass tubes. Figures 10 and 11, respectively, show the schematic diagrams of these two types of stills. Experimental results are shown in Figure 12. The outputs of distilled water of the two types are 6.49 and 4.99 l/m2, respectively, on a day with 529 W/m2 of radiation. Thus by utilizing the latent heat of evaporation, the yield of the solar double basin still was increased by 30%.
Single-basin solar still coupled with evacuated glass tubes.
Double-basin solar still coupled with evacuated glass tubes.
Experimental distillate outputs of the single-basin solar still versus the double-basin solar still.
In a study on improvement of the Carocell solar distillation equipment [23], a heat exchanger with a coil size of 760 × 220 × 13 (mm) and a total length of pipe Φ8 of 6.5 m was fabricated and mounted just below the distillation equipment to utilize the heat of evaporation. On a good sunny day (700 W/m2), the amount of water collected using this heat exchanger was 6.8 compared to 5 l/m2 in the case of the original Carocell still where an increase of 36% can be seen in Figure 13.
Distillate outputs of 2 m2 Carocell solar still, with versus without a heat exchanger.
In the solar active still [12], taking advantage of latent heat of steam is achieved by circulating air flow through the recovery heat exchanger back to the distillation system. When the speed of air flow in the distillation equipment reached 0.005 m/s, the output of distilled water obtained was 5.94 compared to 3.53 l/m2 in the case of no circulation, which rose to 68%.
In order to reduce the gap between the glass and the water level in the still, a stepped solar distillation equipment was designed, fabricated and tested, as shown in Figure 8 [22]. Some advantages of this device:
Over a full year, the total energy radiation projected onto the tilted surface was larger than the horizontal surface.
The stepped still maintains the distance between the water and the cover at only 1 cm, reducing natural convective obstacles.
Creating good conditions for condensation to flow into the gutters as well as reducing thermal condensation resistance of the water condensing on coverings.
The experimental results for distilled water output reached 4.9 l/m2 with average radiation 635 W/m2 compared to 3.05 l/m2 in the case of traditional equipment, which rose about 60%, as shown in Figure 14.
Distillate outputs of a stepped solar still versus a conventional solar still.
Section 4.4.1 presented the use of an external condenser and a heat recovery to take advantage of moist air stream at high temperature and humidity returning to the still (forced convection).
For a traditional (natural convective) still, the research group manufactured and tested a still with additional external condenser [21]. The schematic diagram of the experiment is shown in Figure 15, and the experimental results of the solar still with external condenser in comparison with the still without the external condenser are shown in Figure 16. The use of the external condenser resulted in the distilled water output reaching 6 l/day, almost 15% higher than the output of a still without external condenser, which achieved 5.23 l/day on a day with an average radiation intensity of 517.54 W/m2.
Single-basin solar still coupled with evacuated glass tubes and external condenser.
Experimental distillate output of single-basin solar still without external condenser versus with external condenser.
Theoretical and empirical research was conducted to assess the impact of forced convection on the solar distillation equipment [12]. The schematic diagram of the experiment is shown in Figure 2. A conventional solar still with a collecting area of 2,67m2 (2,44 m × 1095 m), with an inside fan to change the speed of air flow, was made to measure parameters and process experimental data. Results for a typical day is shown in Figure 17 where the water output increased 30–100% compared to a conventional solar still.
The effect of forced convection in the device to produce distilled water. (1) Data empirical forced convection. (2) The data forced convection theory. (3) Data empirical natural convection. (4) Data natural convection theory.
The simulation results of SOLSTILL for the production of distilled water for a whole year and the device performance in three cases—(i) forced convection with external condenser and no moist air circulated back to the still, (ii) forced convection with external condenser and moist air circulated back to the still, and (iii) traditional distillation equipment (natural convection)—show that the outputs and still efficiencies in the three cases are, respectively, 3.87, 4.76 and 3.10 l/m2 and 42.9, 53.9 and 34.1% [12].
To increase the working temperature of the water in the equipment in order to increase the production of distilled water, the research group used vacuum tubes to heat the water in the basin [21]. Experimental results corresponding to the day with solar radiation of 514 W/m2 for the production and performance of the device were, respectively, 5.86 l/m2 and 50.3%, compared with production of 3.10 l/m2 and efficiency of 34.1% of a conventional solar still.
This chapter presented a numerical model to estimate the performance of solar basin-type distillation systems, both for conventional passive solar stills and active (forced circulation) stills with enhanced heat recovery. It also analyzed the factors affecting the distillate outputs of the still, including environmental factors (external factors or natural) and elements of the design and operation (subjective factors). The subjective elements as well as the measures taken to optimize these factors were thoroughly analyzed. With these measures, the distillate yield of solar stills was increased from 30 to 68% compared with traditional distillation systems. This has scientific significance and practicality enabling the application of this technology to solar water distillation using a source of clean and renewable energy. It provides a viable way to alleviating the problem of the availability of clean water, especially in those areas and communities in countries where water resources are increasingly polluted and salty.
One of the first models of experimental carcinogenesis in animals was carried out by Salley in 1954 [1]. After applying various carcinogens, including 9,10-dimethyl-1,2 benzanthracene on the oral epithelium of Syrian hamsters for 3 months, Salley was able to verify the existence of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and lymphatic metastases. Subsequently, several authors have standardized this model and repeated it in order to achieve new knowledge about DMBA and the process of experimentally induced carcinogenesis [2, 3].
7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon which may, on its own, induce premalignant lesions and carcinomas within a few weeks after it is administered in mucosae [4, 5]. Commonly, it has been used in combination with ethanol as a promoter. DMBA is released after the combustion of tobacco -especially with cigarettes- or from animal fat when meat is grilled, and is also found in smoked meat and fish. This substance is, therefore, strongly involved in the carcinogenesis of oral, bronchiopulmonary and digestive tract malignancies [6, 7, 8, 9].
In order to discover new drugs with cancer preventive effects, some authors have obtained promising outcomes at basic research level, specifically with substances such as salvinolic acid B [10] -derived from
To experimentally test the inhibitory effect on the carcinogenesis process of
Forty-four male hamsters (
Experimental DMBA-PO group (DMBA from Sigma Chemical Co.), 12 animals. The oral pouches were brushed daily with paraffin oil (PO) in the first two weeks. Then, a solution of 0.5% DMBA and PO was administered on Mondays and Fridays for five weeks; alternatively, PO was applied on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays at the same time. Thereafter, animals received daily PO until the twentieth week. All hamsters were fed with standard feed, and
Experimental DMBA-OO group (DMBA from Sigma Chemical Co.), 12 animals. The oral pouches were brushed daily with OO in the first two weeks. Then, a solution of 0.5% DMBA and OO was administered on Mondays and Fridays every two days, for five weeks. Thereafter, animals received daily OO until the twentieth week. These hamsters were fed with standard feed,
Control DMBA-PO group, 10 hamsters. The oral pouches were brushed daily with PO for twenty weeks.
Control DMBA-OO group, 10 hamsters. The oral pouches were brushed daily with extra virgin OO. Also, animals received diet with standard feed,
The hamsters.
The animals in each group were sacrificed after twenty weeks. Then, a macroscopic description and histological analysis of the induced tumors in the oropharynx, esophagus and stomach were performed.
A carcinogenic effect of 100% was assigned to the total number of induced tumors in hamsters who received DMBA-PO. The inhibitory effect in the DMBA-OO group was established by the percentage difference over 100. An inhibitory effect >50% was considered significant in the DMBA-OO group.
This research work was examined and approved by the Ethical Committee for Animal Experimentation of the University of Seville (November 7, 2005). It met the requirements for experimentation with animals and was in accordance with the regulations in force in Spain and elsewhere the European Union.
The groups exposed to DMBA showed tumors of different characteristics. Nonspecific lesions and others more suggestive of malignancy were found in the oral pouches of the DMBA-OO group, with a predominance of the former. These findings included leukoplakia, denudation of the mucosa, ulcerations or tumors with a benign appearance. However, tumors in DMBA-OO group were less common and smaller than in DMBA-PO (Figure 2A and B).
Macroscopic comparison of the digestive tract of two animals belonging to the DMBA-OO group (A) and DMBA-PO group (B). (A) The oral pouches, esophagus and stomach showed few small lesions and benign appearance. (B) The oral pouches, esophagus, and stomach showed tissue retractions, larger tumors and apparently more malignant lesions.
On the other hand, the DMBA-PO group mostly showed malignant-looking neoplastic formations in the oral mucosa, such as ulcerated nodules, necrosis areas, exophytic and verrucous tumors, and areas with abundant vascularization.
In addition to the oral pouches, both DMBA groups presented tumors in the esophagus and stomach. Maximum and minimum measures of all lesions are shown in Table 1.
Histological lesion | Location | Number of lesions | Mean diameter (Ø mm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral epithelium | 1 | 11 | 1 | 0.14 (0.1-0.2) | |
Esophagus | 9 | 19 | 0.6 (0.2-1.2) | 0.34 (0.2-1) | |
Stomach | 14 | 21 | 0.7 (0.3-1.2) | 0.5 (0.2-1) | |
Oral epithelium | 20 | 2 | 0.2 (0.1-0.4) | 0.3 (0.3) | |
Esophagus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.3 | |
Stomach | 1 | 0 | 0.6 | 0 | |
Oral epithelium | 1 | 2 | 1.7 | 4 (1-7) | |
Esophagus | 3 | 0 | 0.9 (0.8-1) | 0 | |
Stomach | 5 | 2 | 1.5 (0.8-2) | 1.5 (1.2-1.8) | |
Oral epithelium | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | |
Esophagus | 2 | 0 | 3 (2-4) | 0 | |
Stomach | 2 | 0 | 5.3 (1.5-9) | 0 |
Number, size and type of tumors in DMBA groups at 20th week.
No visible lesions were found in the control groups which only received paraffin oil or olive oil.
The histological study at 20 weeks evidenced different types of lesions, demonstrating a complete carcinogenesis process in both DMBA groups: Squamous papillomas, intraepithelial carcinomas, verrucous carcinomas and invasive SCC.
SQUAMOUS PAPILLOMAS: Papillary projections lined with squamous epithelium were noted, showing hyperkeratosis and epithelial thickening. No atypia or mitotic activity was observed (Figure 3). Twelve papillomas were found among the groups exposed to DMBA (one in the DMBA-PO group and eleven in the DMBA-OO group). The differences regarding incidence of this kind of lesion were statistically significant (p .004).
Squamous papilloma is an exophytic lesion which shows typically papillary growth and highly differentiated epithelium.
INTRAEPITHELIAL CARCINOMAS (Figure 4): Twenty four intraepithelial carcinomas were identified. Twenty one occurred in the DMBA-PO group, and three in the DMBA-OO group. The differences observed between both groups were statistically significant (p .003).
Intraepithelial carcinoma is classically characterized by full-thickness with hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis, hypercellurality, nuclear atypia and mitotic figures. The epithelium-stroma interface is preserved.
VERRUCOUS CARCINOMAS: Several exophytic lesions with papillomatosis and infiltrative growth (Figure 5). Thirteen verrucous carcinomas were found, nine in the in the DMBA-PO group and four in the DMBA-OO group. This was not statistically significant (p .523).
SCC, verrucous carcinoma. Verrucous carcinoma is warty-appearing, highly differentiated, and shows hyperkeratosis. There is minimal atypia, abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and normal mitotic figures. No invasion of the stroma by isolated neoplastic cells was observed.
INVASIVE CARCINOMAS (Figure 6): Light microscopy revealed epithelial proliferations that, like cords, invaded the adjacent stroma. In addition, the proliferating cells showed marked atypia and mitotic activity. Five invasive carcinomas were found in the DMBA-PO group.
Invasive SCC (A). The SCC is composed of infiltrating islands or nets of malignant cells, which form an irregular growth pattern (B).
The carcinogenic effect in the DMBA-PA group (35 carcinomas) corresponded to 100%, while in the DMBA-OO group (7 carcinomas), it was of 20%. According to the observed results, inhibitory effect seen in the DMBA-OO group was 86% for intraepithelial carcinoma, 56% for verrucous carcinoma, and 100% for SCC (Table 2).
Lesion | DMBA-PA (%) | DMBA-OO (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Carcinogenic effect | 21 (100) | 3 (14.3) | |
Inhibitory effect | (85.7) | ||
Carcinogenic effect | 9 (100) | 4 (44.4) | |
Inhibitory effect | (55.6) | ||
Carcinogenic effect | 5 (100) | 0 | |
Inhibitory effect | (100) | ||
Carcinogenic effect | 35 (100) | 7 (20) | |
Inhibitory effect | (80) |
Carcinogenic and inhibitory effects of DMBA-PO/DMBA-OO, according to lesion subtypes.
No tumors were observed in the control animals.
This research work about carcinogenesis is based on an experimental model of induced SCC after the administration of DMBA at 0.5% -dissolved in mineral oil- into the oral pouches of the hamster. We think, like Nagini and Kowshik [3], that the DMBA carcinogenesis model in hamster oral pouches is characteristic and highly representative of the “cancer induction”. In addition, it is advantageous for the reproducibility of lesions, facilitates experimental research, and can be used as a test for chemotherapy and preventive agents. Also, in this work, the olive oil inhibitory effect on carcinogenesis has been studied alone -extra virgin olive oil applied before, during, and after DMBA, and
The carcinomas produced in the upper gastrointestinal tract were SCC, similar to SCC of the oral mucosa in humans. These results coincide with those obtained in other experimental works [17, 18].
In oral carcinogenesis, using DMBA in hamsters, some authors have described the development of precancerous lesions and, subsequently, their progression towards intraepithelial carcinoma and invasive carcinoma after a few months. At 8 weeks, precancerous lesions usually appear. At 12 weeks, these evolve to intraepithelial carcinoma; eventually developing into invasive carcinomas at 18 weeks. This phenomenon, although slower, also occurs in humans [19]. The results obtained in our work resemble those of oral cancer progression described in the literature.
As in the field of experimental carcinogenesis, research on cancer prevention has continued to grow in recent decades, focusing on agents proposed for this purpose, although with few results yet. This is the case of the mediterranean diet, which is largely based on extra virgin olive oil, and that has been explored in the prevention of breast cancer [11, 13], and colorrectal cancer [9]. In the present work, the combination of olive oil as dissolvent, extra virgin olive oil applied before, during, and after DMBA application, and
Menéndez et al. have shown that extra virgin olive oil polyphenols can inhibit erbB-2 malignant transformation of human breast cancer epithelial cells [14]. Owen et al. pointed out the importance of phenolic compounds isolated from olive oil as antioxidants and their anticancer potential [20].
In this sense, olive oil is composed of 99% different fatty acids, the most important being oleic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, with a richness of 60-80%, and other fatty acids -palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, linoleic, and linolenic-. The remaining 1% is made up of vitamin E and natural antioxidants. The most important antioxidants are phenolic compounds, present in the mesocarp of the olive and in extra virgin olive oil, which are mainly responsible for the antioxidant properties and which are not present in any other vegetable oil. For this reason, the diet added to the standard feed that the hamsters received was ripe olives from the tree, recently harvested and not spoiled. The variety of olive richest in phenolic compounds is the
Keys et al. demonstrated an inversely proportional relationship between the incidence of cardiovascular diseases and the adoption of eating habits established in seven countries in the Mediterranean area [21]. It seems that this “cardiovascular protection” resides in the creation of an anti-atherosclerotic plasma profile, which is defined by a decrease in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, as well as by an increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Some studies have attributed these properties to the high content of oleic acid -monounsaturated grade acid of the omega-9 series- of olive oil [22].
Analyzing our results, we can affirm that the combination of olive oil as a solvent for DMBA, extra virgin olive oil applied before, during, and after DMBA administration, and
It is possible that in the DMBA-OO group, -COOH groups and unsaturated bonds of the vegetable oil could absorb or react with carcinogen, decreasing the effective concentration of the carcinogen. The antioxidant effect and anticancer properties of extra virgin olive oil expressed by some authors are reinforced [18, 19].
The study of the lesions at 20 weeks showed a total of 59 neoplasms in the DMBA-PO group and 58 in the DMBA-OO group, so there were no differences in the absolute incidence of tumors. However, clear differences were observed regarding the type of neoplasms and malignancy. Eighty-eight percent of the tumors in the DMBA-OO group corresponded to benign squamous papilloma-type tumors, compared to 41% that developed in the DMBA-PO group; the rest were carcinomas.
In addition, hamsters that did not eat ripe olives and did not receive extra virgin olive oil, developed 21 intraepithelial carcinomas, 9 verrucous carcinomas, and 5 invasive carcinomas; while animals that received the olive oil as a solvent for DMBA, extra virgin olive oil -before, during, and after DMBA-, and
The inhibitory effect of extra virgin olive oil (
Furthermore, the tumors originated in animals who received DMBA mixed with olive oil were predominantly benign, specifically of the squamous papilloma subtype.
Therefore, these data suggest that the extra virgin olive oil and the diet with ripe olives extracted from the harvesting of the tree may modulate the experimental carcinogenesis with DMBA, originating very well differentiated and not very aggressive tumors.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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