Radiative forcing as per representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of IPCC AR5.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1189",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Neuroendocrinology and Behavior",title:"Neuroendocrinology and Behavior",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Understanding of the neuroendocrine system provides an insight into a wide range of bodily and mental processes. 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\r\n\tWith this rapid transformation of the computing and communication world, information-system security has moved from a largely self-contained bounded environment interacting with a generally known and disciplined user community to a worldwide scope with a body of users that may not be known and are not necessarily trusted. Importantly, security control now must deal with circumstances over which there is largely no control or expectation of avoiding their impact. Computer security, as it has evolved, shares a similarity with liability assurance: they each face a threat environment that is known in a very general way and can face attacks over a broad spectrum of sources. However, the exact details or even time or certainty of an attack are unknown until an incident occurs.
\r\n\tThe purpose of this book is to discuss some of the critical security challenges in today’s computing world and to discuss mechanisms for defending against those attacks by using classical and modern approaches to cryptography and other security solutions. With this objective, the book invites contributions from researchers in the field of cryptography and its applications in network security. Some illustrative topics of interest (but not limited to) are cryptography algorithms, authentication, authorization, integrity, confidentiality, privacy, security in wireless networks, security in wireless local area networks, wireless sensor networks, wireless ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hoc networks, security and privacy in the Internet of Things. Privacy of information, Blockchains, and Machine Learning in Security are three additional topics that the book will also deal with.
The Earth’s climate has changed throughout history; however, the current warming trend is of particular connotation because most of it is very likely human-induced and proceeding at a rate that is unprecedented in the past 1300 years [1]. Over the period 1951–2012, global mean surface temperature increased approximately by 0.12°C per decade [2, 3]. The considerable coastal threats include shoreline erosion and inundation of coastal areas. Various global models and forecasts are warning of the loss of critical habitats along the coast due to this global issue. India’s Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) act of 1991 was revised and reissued in 2011 to incorporate such threats. It has seriously taken into consideration the impact of future sea level changes with more of a management approach rather than a regulatory approach. Additionally, the Disaster Management (DM) act of 2005 and DM policy of 2009 stress that developing contemporary forecasting and early warning systems are prerogative of every State in India. These form part of ensuring efficient response and relief to the vulnerable sections of the society. It is reported that global sea level rose about 17 cm (6.7 inches) in the twentieth century. The rate in the last decade, however, is nearly double than that of the last century [4]. It has also recently been reported by Kopp that global sea levels have risen faster from the late twentieth century than in any of the previous 27 centuries [5]. It is certain that the mean sea level would continue to rise all over the globe in the years to come [2]. Gitay et al. [6] projected that 20% of the coastal wetlands could be lost due to sea level rise by the end of this century. Natural and cultural ecosystems along the coasts are highly susceptible to the consequences of sea level rise and resultant impacts [7, 8, 9]). According the IPCC fourth assessment report, SLR would be in the range of 18–59 cm from 1990 to 2090 [10].
Church and White revealed that there is a considerable variability in the rate of rise in sea level during the twentieth century, but there has been statistically significant acceleration of 0.009 ± 0.003 and 0.009 ± 0.004 mm year-2 since 1880 and 1900 [11].
Understanding the local changes with respect to climate and sea level rise warrants better adaptation and future management especially for the vulnerable low-lying coastal areas in the developing countries [11, 12]. Although it is highly exigent, downscaling high-resolution data at the local scale using the regional climate and sea level rise simulation models are the best available tools that provide huge potential for further impact assessments and adaptation planning [13].
Projections on sea level rise are highly important especially from the point of view of Asia, as plenty of natural resources and ecosystems are already vulnerable to climate variations [14]. Noteworthy progress has been made during the last decade in estimating and understanding historical sea level rise. However, much work remains to be done in the future. Of particular importance is the maintenance and continuation of the observing network such as the permanent service for mean sea level (PSMSL) archive. Thus, the objective of this chapter is also to provide hands-on information to facilitate coastal manager and adaptation planners to frame location-specific and time-based adaptation strategies to sea level rise. The state of Andhra Pradesh has long coastline of 930 km. A climate simulator model based sea level rise data based on IPCC Assessment Report 5 (Special Report on Emission Scenarios-AR5) has been used to project the sea level rise at local level under different scenarios. The global SLR data were downloaded separately for the selected study areas such as Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Chennai and Cochin were processed (Source: https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/&http://www.psmsl.org/data) to understand the mean changes by the end of twenty-first century [15]. The sea level rise projection is employed based on GHG emission trajectories as per the below-mentioned Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) of IPCC AR5 (Table 1). Box and whisker plots were used to make visual regional comparisons of projected sea level rise.
Name | Radiative forcing | CO2 equiv (p.p.m) |
---|---|---|
RCP 8.5 | 8.5 wm2 in 2100 | 1370 |
RCP 4.5 | 4.5 Wm2 post in 2100 | 650 |
RCP2.6 (RCP3PD) | 3 Wm2 before 2100, declining to 2.6 Wm2 by 2100 | 490 |
Radiative forcing as per representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of IPCC AR5.
India owns 6100 km of mainland coastline and coastline of 1197 Indian islands constituting a total coastal length of 7516.6 km touching 13 States and Union Territories (UTs) (Figure 1). The eastern coastal area lies between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal and extends from the Ganges delta to Kanyakumari. Chilika Lake and the Pulicat Lake (lagoon) are the important geographical features of east coast. The western coastal strip encompasses from the Gulf of Cambay (Gulf of Khambhat) in the north to Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari) in the south. It is divided into three parts: (1) the Konkan Coast, (2) the Karnataka Coast and (3) the Kerala Coast.
Locations of the study area.
It is obvious from the results that the study area may experience sea level rise in future. The state of Andhra Pradesh, located at south-east coastal areas of India, has long coastline of 930 km. The outcomes from the climate simulator model based on IPCC AR5 (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) emission trajectories projects rise in sea level at local level under different scenarios.. The results reveal that sea level may increase by 1.16 m under the high-emission carbon pollution scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Under moderately strong emission reduction scenario, that is, RCP 4.5, the sea level is projected to be 0.89 m above MSL. It can be noted that with aggressive cuts in the carbon pollution, we can further limit the undesirable rise in sea level to be around 0.77 m as per RCP 2.6 (Figure 2).
Sea level changes till the end of twenty-first century for Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh coast.
The state of Tamil Nadu has the second largest coastline of India with 1076 km. It is a part of Coromandel Coast of Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean. In the northernmost part of the coast, Chennai is located, which is not only the capital of the state but it is an important commercial and industrial centre in the country, with Kanyakumari forming the southern tip where the Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea meets. Pulicat Lake, which has a rich and fragile ecosystem, is the second largest brackish water lake in India and is located in the northern part of the coast. A climate simulator model based on IPCC AR4 (Special Report on Emission Scenarios) has been used to project the sea level rise at local level under different scenarios. The results from the simulation reveal that sea level of Chennai coasts may rise 1.19 m under the high-emission carbon pollution scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Under moderately strong emission reduction scenario under RCP 4.5, the sea level is projected to be 0.92 m above MSL. It can be noted that under RCP 2.6 with aggressive cuts in the carbon pollution, we can further reduce/limit the undesirable rise in sea level to be around 0.79 m for Chennai (Figure 3).
Sea level changes till the end of twenty-first century for Chennai, Tamil Nadu coast.
The state of Kerala has long coastline of 569.7 km. The usage of the climate simulator model helped in projecting sea level rise at local level under different emission pathways. The results reveal that sea level of Cochin coasts may rise 1.34 m under the high-emission carbon pollution scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5. Under moderately strong emission reduction scenario under RCP 4.5, the sea level is projected to be 1.04 m above MSL. It can be noted that under RCP 2.6 with aggressive cuts in the carbon pollution, we can further reduce/limit the undesirable rise in sea level to be around 0.91 m for Cochin (Figure 4). It shows the highest rate of sea level rise among all other three locations chosen for study. As a next step forward, inundation impact study needs to be conducted as Cochin has a group of islands that form part of the city like Vypin which is not only a fishing harbor but an industrial hub, which may be under high risk.
Sea level changes till the end of twenty-first century for cochin, Kerala coast.
The coastline of the state of Maharashtra is 652.6 km long. The climate simulator model has been employed to predict the sea level rise at local level for Mumbai coast under different scenarios. The results reveal that under the high-emission carbon pollution scenario Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 is 1.24 m. Under moderately strong emission reduction scenario under RCP 4.5, the sea level is projected to be 0.94 m above MSL. It can be noted that under RCP 2.6 with aggressive cuts in the carbon pollution, we can further reduce/limit the undesirable rise in sea level to be around 0.81 m (Figure 5).
Sea level changes till the end of twenty-first century for Mumbai, Maharashtra coast.
The CRZ 2011 notification has been a new addition to the list of policies using bottom-up approach as a good governance tool. A modelling study carried out by (Aggarwal & Lal SLR rise of 30–80 cm had been projected for Indian coast over the twenty-first century [16]. All these study areas Mumbai, Chennai, Cochin and Visakhapatnam are not only thickly populated but also intensively used zone with significant harbour activities such as travel and trade. These coastal tracts do possess historical heritage sites as well.
Natesan and Parthasarathy observed in their study that about 13 km2 of the land area would be inundated permanently due to SLR in Kanyakumari [17]. Khan et al. carried out sea level rise simulation study using SimCLIM for the coasts of Tamil Nadu, South India [18]. Researchers reported that studies involving SLR projections are highly useful to find susceptible areas to SLR and to minimize its potential impacts on coastal area [19, 20, 21]. Rising ocean heat content (and hence ocean thermal expansion) is an important element of climate change and sea level rise [22, 23, 24, 11]. Sea levels are rising now and are expected to continue rising for centuries, even if greenhouse gas emissions are curbed and their atmospheric concentrations are stabilized. In this case, ecosystem- and community-based adaptation is the need of the hour. As mentioned by Adger et al., it is the citizen’s responsibility to identify three mechanisms: altering (human) exposure to climate change-induced sea levels, reducing sensitivity (sometimes called ‘climate proofing’) and increasing the resilience of the coastal eco systems [25]. Coastal agriculture is also going to be hit. Apart from several biotic and abiotic factors, salt water intrusions into coastal wetlands would also negatively affect the growth and yield of cultivated plant species, especially in potential arable land in our coastal states, where food production is already considered a critical issue. Even though India has strengthened its potential in coastal management, disaster management and several community-based field projects to enhance the participation of stakeholders, and much work needs to be done in the future [26].
Accurate sea level predictions are vital for planning coastal infrastructure development within the buffer zone in low-lying coastal areas anticipating predicted sea level rises of almost a meter by 2100. Hybrid approaches consisting of empirical and semi-empirical models and process-based models have also been undertaken to reduce uncertainties in the projections [27]. Projecting accurately the population growth per locations, especially in a rapidly growing Asian coastal city, adds to additional uncertainty [28]. Forecasting sea level rise does not just depend on how much sea water rises, but also how land levels change due to tectonics, natural compaction of soft soils as well as human influences [29]. Hence it is the responsibility of the research team to communicate and sensitize about integrated coastal zone management for minimizing the impacts of future sea level rise to all the stakeholders.
Site-to-site differences in LSL projections may be attributed to varying non-climatic background uplift or subsidence, oceanographic effects and spatially variable responses of the geoid and the lithosphere to shrinking land ice. Thus, the objective of this chapter is to provide sea level projections to facilitate coastal manager and adaptation planners to frame location-specific and time-based adaptation strategies to sea level rise. This chapter also recommends Chennai Metropolis, Greater Visakhapatnam Smart City Corporation, Mumbai Corporation and Cochin development Corporation to conceptualize the future sea level rise scenario while preparing the city developmental plans to incorporate adaptation and enhanced disaster risk reduction. Metro City Development Corporation may include this matter while preparing plans for developing smart city master plans to deal with enhanced disaster risk reduction proactively. Futuristic coastal zone land use planning, construction of dykes, afforestation programmes using bamboo, mangrove, bamboo fencing, adapting coastal agriculture to salt tolerant species, strengthening the existing coastal regulation zone (CRZ) policies, and so on would help in conserving critical ecosystem services and infrastructure.
The present-day world is focusing on sustainable development. The key solution for it would be, using available local resources through participatory management. In this context, organic manures vermicompost and vermiwash are essential. They replace chemical manures and this is placing an important argument in favor of sustainable development through green practices.
Evidence from history indicates that way back in 1905, the movement for an organic method of agriculture practices was realized.1 However, the yield from organic manure was less, and there was a need for more yields. This urge for more yield molded the Agri-system in the world to shift towards the chemical fertilizers. However, soon the ill effects of the chemical fertilizers emerged from all spheres. Chemical pesticides not only deplete the nutritional value of the food but also contaminate it. Research has consistently found pesticide residues in one-third of food consumed by a human. The results also indicated that the pesticides are also linked to more fatal diseases like—cancer, diseases linked to malfunctioning of both the nervous system and reproductive system. Owing to the deadly side-effects of chemical pesticides, the world community is slowly and surely moving towards the option of a “Green production system”.2 Different data throughout the world reflect the facts, and the tiltation is more visible after the 1990s. Until 2011, 162 countries practiced organic agriculture in 37 m Ha with Oceania, Europe and, Latin America are ranging from 12.1, 10.6 and 6.8 m Ha respectively (courtesy-ICAR). The data of business from organic farming is also not lagging. In the year 2011, the global sale of organic food and drink reached 62.9 billion US dollars.3
In terms of the Indian context, the story is quite different. At the time of independence, the country’s agricultural infrastructure was not organized and so was the food yield. So, India concentrated on more food yield to feed its large population and at the same time decrease the food import level to a minimum level. Research in the direction of more food yield brought “Green Revolution” in the 1960s, and there was an upsurge in the production of food in India. However, this development enhanced the use of chemical fertilizers in India, but the story of other parts of the world also prevailed in India [1]. It killed the beneficial soil organisms and destroyed their natural fertility, impaired the power of ‘biological resistance’ in crops making them more susceptible to pests and diseases. Chemically grown foods have adversely affected human health. In this position second green revolution came at the hands of organic farming, keeping in mind a new vermiwash model [2]. Its use showed significant positive effects on the betterment of humans and animals through the growth of good quality crops and fruits.
Based on the discussion above, the introduction of vermiculture, vermicompost and vermiwash are essential. Vermicompost is the excreta of earthworms, which are capable of improving soil health and nutrient status. Vermiculture is a process by which all types of biodegradable wastes such as farm wastes, kitchen wastes, market wastes, bio-wastes of agro-based industries, live-stock wastes, etc. are converted while passing through the worm-gut to nutrient-rich vermicompost. Vermi worms used here act as biological agents to consume those wastes and to deposit excreta in the process called vermicompost [1]. Vermiwash is the liquid extract of the earthworms [3].
The current discussion showed how organic farming is steadily arriving into the world and in the Indian agricultural arena siding the use of chemical fertilizers. However, the present study does not concentrate on the utility of the vermi-products (vermicompost and vermiwash) in providing good health of the soil, plants, animals, human beings and other living beings. It mainly focuses on the fact that vermi-products based (mainly-vermicompost and vermiwash) products have great employment-generating potentiality apart from their traditional green utility. The employment-generating potentiality is mainly necessary for India because a large population (even educated) is under the grip of unemployment [4].
The main objectives of the current study are the following:
To study different employment and entrepreneurship generation possibilities and the employment already generated the through use of vermi-products in different research works.
To study different employment and entrepreneurship generation possibilities and the employment already generated through the use of vermi-products in different corporate and organizational reports.
To explore the possible research works to be carried out on vermi-products by going through different research works of the researchers, and corporate and organizational reports.
The present study contributes to the existing literature in several ways. First, it investigates the employment generation and entrepreneurial idea generation paths by the use of vermiproducts. Although, several studies gave them ideas of employment and entrepreneurship through the use of vermin-products but the ideas are not presented collectively. The same thing could be spelled about the research avenues on Vermiculture. The present paper places a collection of researches that are carried out and that could be checked shortly. The study has therefore both academic and practical importance for the entrepreneurs, the existing organizations working on vermi-products, and also the policy makers. The research work is important for the existing organizations working on vermiculture because the work will guide them in capacity expansion, grow their business, and finally generate employment.
The study is divided into five sections. The present Section 1 is on introduction that is followed by Section 2 takes the present literature of vermiculture (i.e., vermicompost and vermiculture) into consideration. Section 2 is followed by Section 3 that discusses the research methodology. The Section 4 captures employment generation opportunities in four parts that is followed by the final Section 5 which is the conclusion part.
The utility of earth-worm-based manure vermicompost and vermiwash is felt from all spheres. Different union governments, scientists, environmentalists, and researchers have advocated for organic manure in place of chemical manures. This urge is being reflected in different literary and research works throughout the globe. Wani and Lee [5], Selden et al. [6], Yarger [7], Chakrabarty et al. [8], Adhikari [1], and Srinivasrao et al. [9] voiced for the utility of vermicompost. On the other hand, the usefulness of vermiwash is raised by Prabha and Varghese [10], Sundararasu and Jeyasankar [11], Khachi et al. [12], and Esakkiammal et al. [3].
Considering the international arena, the utility of vermicompost was well addressed by Wani and Lee [5], Selden et al. [6], and Yarger [7]. The more significant scenario of vermiculture is reflected in the research work carried out by Wani and Lee [5]. They felt that global productivity and environmental protection could be achieved by adopting ecological and sustainable farming practices. In this context, Selden et al. [6] said that vermicomposting is beneficial because of the benefits attached with it. According to them, it is faster than other traditional methods, and less space is required, and it has good positive environmental impacts. It reduces the number of green wastes that pollute landfills and sometimes different water bodies. The end product is rich in nutrients and boosts the productivity of the soil. The use of worms for organic matter production and application in small firms was examined by Yarger [7]. According to the author, vermiculture is having high utility from small firms’ point of view. It recycles kitchen and livestock wastes into rich organic fertilizer and produces high-protein feed for poultry. Moreover, the worms and worm castings are sold, generating business options. Worms help to build the soil in the garden.
In line with the international researches, good numbers of research works are carried out by the Indian academic community. However, the research works of Chakrabarty et al. [8], Adhikari [1], and Srinivasrao et al. [9] are worth mentioning in this context. In terms of the Indian scenario, Adhikari [1] focused on the fact that chemical fertilizers became an inseparable part of the Indian Agriculture system. Following the author, it could be said that the Green Revolution in 1960s has increased India’s agricultural output. However, at the same time, it has enhanced the use of chemical fertilizers. On its part, the chemical fertilizers have adversely affected the health of Indians. In this scenario, the author felt that there should be more and more vermicompost type organic manure, which firmly places the author’s favor for vermicompost and vermiculture that are promoters and protectors for crop plants. In this context, Srinivasrao et al. [9] in the Research Report for Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (CRIDA)4 felt that as vermicomposting is being practiced for over two decades, such agricultural practices should come at the center stage of crop residue management and soil fertility enhancement. The research works also placed some bulletin documents useful for running different vermicompost production models and are useful for students, entrepreneurs, practitioners and field functionaries of the several development departments. Vermicompost and vermiproducts are not only for the growth of plants and good natural manure for the soil but have significant use in aquaculture was advocated by Chakrabarty [8]. Based on Chakrabarty and co-authors, there is an urgent needed to enhance the culture of earthworms. The food is highly nutritious as they contain iron and amino acid.
Some worth-mentioning works on vermiwash as utility manure came in the works of Prabha and Varghese [10], Sundararasu and Jeyasankar [11], Khachi et al. [12], and Esakkiammal et al. [3]. The physicochemical characteristics, followed by the presence of micronutrients and macronutrients, proteins, and carbohydrates in vermiwash before and after inoculation of earthworm species were tested by Prabha and Varghese [10]. Further, they conducted a comparative study on the effect of vermiwash upon
So, on totality, the result reflects those extracts from earthworms offer a valuable resource that could be effectively used for increasing the agricultural production, quality of agricultural output, and efficacy of the soil. Also, vermicompost and vermiwash can be economically and environmentally suitable for the soil environment.
However, there is a group of research works by different scholars that asserted towards linkage of vermiculture (i.e., vermicompost and vermiwash) in generating entrepreneurial opportunity and employment. The works indicated the linkages in three different ways. The researches of Tacon et al. [13], Stafford and Tacon [14, 15, 16], Nandeesha et al. [17], Mahajan et al. [18], Cruz [19], Khwairakpam and Bhargava [20], Joshi and Aga [31], Kesavan and Swaminathan [21], Chakrabarty et al. [22], Charyulu and Biswas [23], Sinha et al. [24], Adhikary [1], Srinivasrao et al. [9], Tah [25], Bhat et al. [26], and Basu and Sahoo [27] gave ideas of direct, indirect and composite initiative (i.e., after adding other ways with vermiculture) in generating entrepreneurial opportunity and employment subsequently. The present study captures the avenues through the works of the scholars.
The paper presents the employment generation avenues by the use of vermi-products mainly through three ways. First, analysis of the existing literary works of different scholars was carried that gave different ideas of entrepreneurial opportunity, employment generation, and further research on vermin-products and related fields. Following the first part, the second part assessed the reports of the corporate and organizational reports for accumulating thoughts on the entrepreneurial opportunity, employment generation, and further research on vermin-products and related fields. The final part focused on the previous research and output of the research carried out by the author on the subject of vermiculture. The field study was carried out by the author and the output generated ideas for entrepreneurship and employment [28]. The sample selection and primary data collection process in the study are discussed below.
The purposive sampling technique [29] was used in the study [28]. The users of the vermi-products were targeted in the study. For those 45 respondents who were farmers, producers of vermin-products, and distributors were interviewed. They belonged to three districts, namely Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, and Darjeeling, the Northern part of West Bengal.
The present section explores the potential entrepreneurial cum employment-generating opportunities through four sub-sections. The first sub-section places different researchers’ works, which pulls up ideas on different entrepreneurship possibilities and subsequent employment generation. The second sub-section captures the reports of different organizations and corporate bodies and the possibilities of entrepreneurship and employment. In these two sub-sections, a part focuses on different research ideas that could help a good Food-For-Thought for the research fraternities. The third sub-section focuses on the opportunity analyzed through the primary data captured in the author’s fieldwork previously. Finally, the fourth part tries to bring out all the possibilities of India’s potential entrepreneurial cum employment generation possibilities by a modular approach.
The Indian educational community carried out further research that gave rise to entrepreneurship ideas, followed by employment possibilities. The ideas are placed directly or indirectly in these researches. The researches of Tacon et al. [13], Stafford and Tacon [14, 15, 16], Nandeesha et al. [17], Mahajan et al. [18], Cruz [19], Khwairakpam and Bhargava [20], Kesavan and Swaminathan [21], Chakrabarty et al. [22], Charyulu and Biswas [23], Sinha et al. [24], Adhikary [1], Srinivasrao et al. [9], Tah [25], Bhat et al. [26], and Basu and Sahoo [27] are mention-worthy in this direction. Direct employment generation ways through vermicompost or vermiwash came out in the works of Srinivasrao et al. [9] and Chattopadhyay [30], while the indirect possibilities came in the researches of Charyulu and Biswas [23], Adhikary [1], Tah [25], Srinivasrao et al. [9], Bhat et al. [26], and Basu and Sahoo [27]. The employment possibility created at the time of the production process of vermicompost or vermiwash is referred to as the direct employment possibility in the present study. On the other hand, the employment cum entrepreneurial possibility created indirectly is referred to as indirect employment possibilities.
The marketing, branding, after-sales service, etc., that does not come under the direct production process, comes under this category. However, in some cases, when vermicompost or/and vermiwash is combined with other forms of business, entrepreneurship cum employment possibility is generated. The combined efforts of business took a place in the works of Tacon et al. [13], Stafford and Tacon [14, 15, 16], Nandeesha et al. [17], Mahajan et al. [18], Cruz [19], Khwairakpam and Bhargava [20], Joshi and Aga [31], Kesavan and Swaminathan [21], Chakrabarty et al. [8, 22, 32], Sinha et al. [24], Srinivasrao et al. [9], Tah [25], Bhat et al. [26], and Basu and Sahoo [27]. Table 1 gives an overview of the possible entrepreneurship cum job opportunities.
Entrepreneurship and employment idea | Description | Author | Opportunity type |
---|---|---|---|
Composite vermiculture, biomass and agriculture farm | Here biomass is generated as a byproduct of vermicomposting and is a good source of protein for fish | Tacon et al. [13], Stafford and Tacon [14, 15, 16], Nandeesha et al. [17], Cruz [19], Khwairakpam and Bhargava [20], Joshi and Aga [31], Chakrabarty et al. [22] | Composite Initiative |
Self-help Group for vermicomposting and nursery | Self-help groups for combined work for nursery raising, vegetable cultivation, and vermicomposting | Mahajan et al. [18] | Composite Initiative |
Vermicompost in composite culture | Carrying out composite culture of medicinal, agricultural and plantation crops. | Kesavan and Swaminathan [21] | Composite Initiative |
Composite vermicompost, poultry and fishery | Producing special feed using excess and old worms from vermipit, mixing it with poultry eggshell dust and plant rhizome to feed the fishes | Chakrabarty et al. [22] | Composite Initiative |
Organic aquaculture with vermicompost and vermiproducts | Low-cost organic aquaculture in the vermiculture compound where vermicompost and vermiproducts (vermiwash, earthworm, cocoon, etc.) are produced. Here, adult earthworms, cocoons and vermiwash are utilized as live fish food, bait and fishmeal supplement and fish feed. Also, both solid and liquid animal excrement, silkworm pupae, earth worms’ remains and human food grain products will form fish feeds | Chakrabarty et al. [22] | Composite Initiative |
Juvenile fish rearing. | Applying vermiwash for juvenile fish rearing. | Chakrabarty et al. [8, 22, 32] | Composite Initiative |
Attachment of insurance to vermicomposting | Insurance for the vermicomposting units for future production was lost | Charyulu and Biswas[23] | Indirect |
Licensing and certification of vermi-compost | Licensing and certification of vermi-compost for marketing/exporting | Charyulu and Biswas[23] | Indirect |
Vermicompost production unit combination with, pharmaceutical detergent, poultry and fishery | Earthworms ‘biomass’ are rich in protein and so, they have good use in industries like pharmaceutical, detergent, poultry, and fishery | Sinha et al. [24] | Composite Initiative |
Vermimeal production | Vermimeal or earthworm meal production for livestock, birds and fish | Adhikary [1] | Indirect |
Vermimeal plastic bags | Manufacturing special plastic bags for keeping vermimeal | Adhikary [1] | Indirect |
Cold storage for vermimeal | Cold dry place for storage and maintenance of Vermimeal or earthworm meal | Adhikary [1] | Indirect |
Municipal waste for vermicomposting | Segregating municipal and/or other sources of wastes into categories and by vermicomposting manure | Chattopadhyay[30] | Direct |
Construction Group for vermicompost unit | To construct various forms of vermicompost units, i.e., individual, larger-community based, biogas linked-community vermicomposting units | Srinivasrao, et al. [9] | Indirect |
Office job | Book–keeping, record maintenance, computer operation in the vermicompost units | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Indirect |
Marketing Job | Marketing the products like vermicompost, Biogas plants output | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Indirect |
Exchange selling of vermicompost | Collecting semi/undecomposed material from the farmer community and getting decomposed vermicompost in return | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Direct |
Contract selling of vermicompost for farmers | Contract with the fruit and vegetable farmers and selling them from time to time | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Indirect |
Low or semi-skilled jobs | Accumulation of food waste, paper, cardboard, agriculture waste, manures, and biosolids | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Direct |
NGO job on popularizing effort | NGOs on popularizing vermicompost by organizing awareness campaigns in rural and urban areas | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Indirect |
Cottage Industry on Mass rearing | Cottage industry on mass rearing, maintenance of worm cultures, and tapping of organic wastes | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Direct |
Live-stock and calf rearing in vermicompost compound | For supply of the dung for the vermiccompost units rearing the live-stock and their calf in the vermicompost compound | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Composite Initiative |
Organic waste recycling initiative | Organic waste recycling through vermicomposting in rural areas to create an asset at the farm level which can act as a source of nutrient self-sufficiency | Srinivasrao et al. [9] | Direct |
Composite vermicomposting and mushroom production. | By applying modern scientific approach producing vermicompost and cultivating mushrooms at the same time | Tah [25] | Composite Initiative |
Trainers for training programs | To train members of different Self-Help Groups (like women and youths), small and micro-industries for working on different works of vermicompost and vermiwash units like managing and collection of organic wastes, way of application of vermicompost for various crops, amount of application of vermicompost for various crops. Based on the agri-university schemes on vermicomposting, need for trainers for training and demonstration | Srinivasrao et al. [9], Charyulu and Biswas[23], Tah[25] | Indirect |
Vermicompost in Greenhouse training | Training on using vermicompost in greenhouse potting medium consisting of sand, pine bark and peat | Bhat et al. [26] | Indirect and Composite Initiative |
Contract selling of vermicompost for urban house-holds | Contract with urban-households having garden and selling manures to them | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Indirect |
Training small-household on vermicompost production and vermi-bed construction | Training households in the urban and rural areas for vermicompost production and constructing small vermin-beds in their premises. Further, collecting the vermicomposts with the help of mobile applications from time to time | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Composite Initiative |
Vermi-bed construction and Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) | Constructing vermin-beds in the rural and urban households based on demand and further maintaining them through AMC | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Composite Initiative |
Rural Tourism and Vermiculture | Keeping vermiculture units visit as an item of Rural Tourism. Further, to increase the enjoyment level the visitors could participate in the activities carried in the vermicompost/vermiwash production units | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Composite Initiative |
Vermicompost units in Tea gardens | Tea leaves are important raw-materials for vermicomposting. So, the vermin-beds could be constructed in the tea gardens to reduce transportation and labor costs | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Composite Initiative |
Vermicompost units with cow/buffalo sheds | Cow and buffalo dungs are important raw-materials for vermicomposting. So, the vermin-beds could be constructed along with cow/buffalo sheds | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Composite Initiative |
Vermicompost units with food/ fruit processing units | Food and fruit wastes are important ingredients for vermicomposting. So, the vermi-beds could be constructed along with food/fruit processing units | Basu and Sahoo[27] | Composite Initiative |
Entrepreneurship and employment ideas based on scholastic outputs.
Source: Author compilation based on earlier studies.
The previous research works have opened doors for future research opportunities for the researchers’ community. The works of Chandra [33], Behera et al. [34], Tharmaraj et al. [35], Sinha et al. [24], Nath and Singh [36], Adhikary [1], Chattopadhyay [30], Chatterjee and Thirumdasu [37], Chattopadhyay [38], Varghese and Prabha [10], and Esakkiammal et al. [3] are worth mentioning in this context. Based on the research needs, there is a good opportunity to research different state-funded research laboratories, higher education institutes, corporate laboratories, and any research bodies adjoined with Vermiculture-based research. These laboratories and organizations will also generate employment on their part. Table 2 focuses on the research concepts based on different scholastic outputs.
Author | Research description |
---|---|
Tharmaraj et al. [35] | Research on to check different types of vermicomposts based on physical properties like Porosity, water holding capacity and moisture content |
Tharmaraj et al. [35] | Research on to Check different types of vermicomposts based on chemical properties like the presence of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and calcium |
Behera et al. [34], Nath and Singh [36], Adhikary[1], Chattopadhyay [38], Chatterjee, Thirumdasu[37], Esakkiammal et al. [3] | Research on the combined effect of vermicompost with different manures in different proportions on different fruit, vegetables and the soil output. |
Nath and Singh[36] | Research on the combined effect of vermicompost with different manures in different proportions on the safety of human and animal health |
Sinha et al. [24] | Research on the vermicompost and the amount of PH to be increased in the soil |
Sinha et al. [24] | Research on the vermicompost, the specific waste to make it and it’s benefit on a specific soil |
Sinha et al. [24] | Research on the vermicompost and its contribution in increasing specific microbes in the soil |
Sinha et al. [24], Adhikary[1], Chattopadhyay [30] | Research on the vermicompost and the specific plant disease(s) to be suppressed |
Adhikary[1] | Research on to check the amount to be administered in the field to Develop Biological Resistance in plants |
Adhikary[1] | Researches on to check the amount to be mastered or mix with other substances or other manures in generating the ability to suppress plant disease |
Adhikary[1] | Research on to stipulate the amount to be mastered or to mix with other substance or other manures to get rid of infection of insect and different pests |
Chatterjee and Thirumdasu [37] | Research on creating vermicompost from different sources and their special match ability with a specific type of fruits and vegetables. |
Varghese and Prabha [10], Chandra [33] | Research on Earthworms and their capability to decompose wastes and also specific wastes like a municipal waste. |
Research concepts based on scholastic outputs.
Source: Author compilation based on earlier studies
Different Annual Reports and Research Reports published by different corporate bodies and organizations are good resources in entrepreneurial cum employment generation opportunities. The reports focused and further advocated for the growth of organic farming in India. The good part of organic farming is captured by vermicompost and vermiwash ([2]). So, a significant part of these reports focused on the ideas of entrepreneurial cum employment generation opportunities by using vermiculture. The present sub-section, through Table 3, places different entrepreneurial and employment generation avenues that came up in the mentioned reports. The reports mainly presented the actual happenings in terms of entrepreneurial and employment generation through the use of vermicompost and vermiwash. However, in some cases, they have given ideas of the entrepreneurial and employment generation possibilities. Following section Ci, the opportunities are segregated as direct, indirect, and composite initiatives.
Entrepreneurship and employment ideas | Description | Organization/corporate report | Opportunity type |
---|---|---|---|
Vermicompost Infrastructure building contract | Vermicompost infrastructure building contract through space for cattle, vermicompost bed, compost tank, vermiwash making, compost tea unit, etc. Further planting trees, digging irrigation well, starting water pumping infrastructure, digging percolation tanks for rainwater conservation, digging farm pond, 200 lit tanks (1 per acre) for liquid manure preparation. Also constructing containers for botanicals, NADEP tank, biodynamic compost beds, liquid manure tanks, cowpat pits, underground cattle-urine collection tank | National Horticulture Mission, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi1 | Indirect |
Composite vermicompost, arecanut and cocoa- gardens and biomass generation | Arecanut and cocoa-gardens generate waste can be effectively utilized for production of vermicompost and generate biomass. Further arecanut-and cocoa-gardens waste can be utilized for the production of oyster mushroom and as livestock feed. | ICAR News, A science and Technology Newsletter [39]2 | Composite Initiative |
Plastic or wooden model production | Vermicompost is often prepared in wooden or plastic model. | National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhubaneswar3 | Indirect |
Composite vermicompost production and ornamental plant cultivation | Vermicompost and vermiwash production and using the manures for the growth of ornamental plants | National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhubaneswar3 | Composite Initiative |
Transportation | Arranging transportation facility to transport vermiccompost in different places | National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Bhubaneswar3 | Indirect |
Integrated manure management | Integrated manure management through producing Vermicompost, Neem cake, and Phosphate Rich Organic | Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare Government of India4 | Composite Initiative |
Composite vermicompost production and exotic fish rearing | Producing vermicompost and also rearing the fast-growing exotic fishes | Kolkata Gazette, Department Agriculture, Government of West Bengal, India [40] | Composite Initiative |
Composite hatcheries and vermicompost unit | Running the vermiculture hatchery and vermicompost unit in the same vermiculture unit | National Horticulture Mission, Annual Action Plan (2010–2011), Bihar, India [41] | Direct and Composite Initiative |
Market Research | Market Research on Need assessment and market demand analysis | National Horticulture Mission, Annual Action Plan (2010–2011), Bihar, India [41] | Indirect |
Group Formation for production and management | Formation of farmers group for production and management or by group of villagers. Further Equitable benefit sharing arrangements among the group members | National Horticulture Mission, Annual Action Plan (2010–2011)Bihar, India [41] | Direct |
Procurement and rearing of suitable species | Procurement of suitable species of earth worms like Eiscenia feotida, Periyonix excavates, and Udrelis eugine and rearing them | National Horticulture Mission, Annual Action Plan (2010–2011), Bihar, India [41] | Indirect |
Testing laboratories | Testing of the vermin-products in laboratories after production to stop adulteration of the products | National Horticulture Mission, Annual Action Plan (2010–2011), Bihar, India [41] | Indirect |
Marketing Job | Packaging, branding Develop market linkages and marketing | National Horticulture Mission, Annual Action Plan (2010–2011), Bihar, India [41] | Indirect |
Entrepreneurship and employment ideas based on different organizational reports.
Available from: https://midh.gov.in/technology/Organic_Management_NHM.pdf
Available from: https://icar.org.in/files/ICARNews%20April-June%202016_for%20web.pdf
Available from: http://icarciwa.org.in/gks/Downloads/Technical%20Bulletins/Manual%20for%20Vermiculture%20Biotechnology.pdf
Available from: http://agricoop.gov.in/sites/default/files/Krishi%20AR%202017-18-1%20for%20web.pdf
Source: Author compilation based on earlier studies.
The present sub-section is based on the author’s previous fieldwork. This sub-section field survey was carried out by the author to assess employment, entrepreneurship, and research opportunities through vermicompost and vermiculture. The sub-section is divided into two parts, i.e., Description and main outcomes, employment and research ideas.
Description and main outcomes
The author carried out the research in West Bengal, the eastern state of India (As previously discussed in Section C). Further, about 45 users (farmers, producers, distributors) of the product were interviewed from three districts, namely Cooch Behar, Jalpaiguri, and Darjeeling, the Northern part of West Bengal. The work was carried out to assess the users’ impression about the vermiproducts (vermicompost and vermiwash), study the present scenario of the market, and explore the possibilities of employment generation [28].
The outcome reveals several facets of the use of vermicompost and vermiwash, which in their part advocated for the use of organic manures. In words, they are as follows-
Vermiwash is not harmful to the plants, instead is useful for the plants. It helps the vegetables fresh even after they are plucked from the main plant and the color of the vegetable remains unchanged. Also, it saves the plant from insects.
The vermiwash and vermicompost help keep the land fertile for a long time though it may not produce is high yield compared to the inorganic manure or foliar spray.
A greater amount of vermiwash is needed concerning the inorganic foliar spray for the field.
Still, a small section of farmers has used the organic foliar in their land, so there are many opportunities for the businessmen and entrepreneurs to generate lots of business and good income from the business.
Vermiwash and vermicompost are organic manures, so the crops grown by using them will not be harmful to people consuming different crops.
Vermiproducts cost less than the inorganic foliar in the market and, if used regularly, in the long run, give a high yield from the field.
The product has a high market opportunity and future. To maintain the productivity of their land, the farmers use cow dung as organic manure in a year. So, if cow dung could be replaced by vermiproducts, there will be an upsurge in the market for vermiproducts, for that high awareness, the drive is needed, and wherever the awareness drive is successful, the product has placed its feet.
Entrepreneurship, employment, and research opportunities
The entrepreneurship opportunities, followed by the employment, are generated from the needs of the people, gaps in a different process, and problems faced [42, 43, 44, 45]. Based on the gaps and the study’s problems, Basu and Panda [28], and the author in the present study carried the future entrepreneurial and research opportunities.
Stages involved in collection of wastes to the distribution of the wastes. (Source: Based on primary survey).
Use of profile and suggestion card. (Source: Basu and Panda [
The present sub-section accumulates the entrepreneurship cum employment generation ideas in a single platform through a Modular Approach [46, 47]. The platform consists of direct ideas, indirect ideas, Composite Initiative, and the Research Avenues (for the research community) for employment generation (Refer Figure 3).
Employment and research ideas. (Source
The present research reveals that there are different ways to generate employment by producing verminproducts (i.e., verrmicompost and vermiwash) as organic manures. Adding to the support site for the organic manure production the researchers and experts opined that environmental sustainability, growing health awareness, Governments aim in reducing heavy subsidies on food and fertilizers, the potentiality of high export earnings are the points of future opportunity for organic farming in the country. However, the present scenario of organic farming is quite gloomy. Based on the data of Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority or APEDA, in 2007–2008, the total Gross Cultivated Area (GCA) under certified organic cultivation was only 0.31 percent (appx.), i.e., 0.45 million hectares. India ranked 33rd in total land under organic cultivation and 88th position for agriculture land under organic crops to the total farming area in 2007–2008. Following the researchers and experts, it could be said that lack of established markets having disjointed producers, processors and traders, poor quality management in production and processing, less incentives from the government on organic farming research, adulteration and poor quality of organic inputs, a large number of small farms with weak organizational build-up, high labor costs, high cost of organic food, lack of infrastructure facilities (like labs) and certification bodies and costly and complex organic certification process are the main problems of organic farming in India. However, at present, there is a strong need to cover-up the points of weaknesses with the points of strengths. The employment generation point places that lethal point in favor of organic farming (in terms of vermiculture) in India. If the data of APEDA Report 2007–2008 (as cited in Charyulu and Biswas [23]) is minutely checked, the opportunity is revealed. In terms of words, it could be said that less than one percent of the agricultural land in India is cultivated under organic cultivation. It means that 99% is still not cultivated under organic cultivation. In the present study, the employment generation possibilities through organic endeavors are considered.
based on this 1% cultivation but not 99%. So, it could be well imagined that if the rest 99% is brought under the organic endeavors in the future (at least partially or once a year cultivation method) then there is a significant entrepreneurship cum employment generation possibility left. This could be achieved through a well-designed awareness drive for organic farming.
Items | Composition |
---|---|
pH | 7.48 × 0.03 |
Electro conductivity dS/m | 0.25 × 0.03 |
Organic Carbon % | 0.008 × 0.001 |
Total Kjeldal Nitrogen % | 0.01 × 0.005 |
Available Phosphate % | 1.69 × 0.05 |
Potassium (ppm) | 25 × 2 |
Sodium (ppm) | 8 × 1 |
Calcium (ppm) | 3 × 1 |
Copper (ppm) | 0.01 × 0.001 |
Ferrous (ppm) | 0.06 × 0.001 |
Magnesium (ppm) | 158.44 × 23.42 |
Manganese (ppm) | 0.58 × 0.040 |
Zinc (ppm) | 0.02 × 0.001 |
Total Heterotrophs (CFU/ml) | 1.79 × 103 |
Nitrosomonas (CFU/ml) | 1.01 × 103 |
Nitrobactor (CFU/ml) | 1.12 × 103 |
Total Fungi (CFU/ml) | 1.46 × 103 |
Source: Field Study.
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These cells were first recognized by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 in the larvae of starfish upon insertion of thorns of tangerine tree and later in Daphnia magna or common water flea infected with fungal spores as cells responsible for the process of phagocytosis of foreign particles. Elia Metchnikoff received the Noble prize (Physiology and Medicine) for his discovery and describing the process of phagocytosis in 1908. More than 130 years have passed and different subtypes and roles of macrophages as innate immune cells have been established by the researchers. In addition to their immunoregulatory role in immune homeostasis and pathogenic infection, they also play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of sterile inflammatory conditions including autoimmunity, obesity, and cancer. The present chapter describes the immunoregulatory role of macrophages in the homeostasis and inflammatory diseases varying from autoimmunity to metabolic diseases including obesity.",book:{id:"8590",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",title:"Macrophage Activation",fullTitle:"Macrophage Activation - Biology and Disease"},signatures:"Vijay Kumar",authors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}]},{id:"64543",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81995",title:"Cannabinoid Receptors as Regulators of Neutrophil Activity in Inflammatory Diseases",slug:"cannabinoid-receptors-as-regulators-of-neutrophil-activity-in-inflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:1123,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cannabinoids are compounds present in Cannabis sativa (phytocannabinoids), endogenously produced (endocannabinoids) or synthesized, that bind to G protein-coupled receptors named cannabinoid receptors B1 and B2. They were first described as psychotropic compounds; however, cannabinoids are also potent immunoregulatory agents. Cannabinoids can modulate neutrophil activity in sterile and infectious inflammatory diseases. Concerning sterile inflammatory diseases as arthritis, ischemic diseases, and colitis, the use of CB2 agonist impairs the intracellular signaling pathways involved in the production of inflammatory mediators and expression of adhesion molecules. As a consequence, neutrophils did not release metalloproteinases either to adhere to endothelial cells, resulting in reduced tissue damage. A similar anti-inflammatory CB2 agonist mechanism of action in sepsis and mycobacterial infection models is observed. However, it is not clear if inflammation resolution promoted by cannabinoid treatment during infection is also related to microbial viability. Despite the growing literature showing the effects of cannabinoids on neutrophils, there are still some gaps that should be filled before proposing cannabinoid-based drugs to treat neutrophil-dependent diseases.",book:{id:"7129",slug:"neutrophils",title:"Neutrophils",fullTitle:"Neutrophils"},signatures:"Mariana Conceição Souza and Elaine Cruz Rosas",authors:null},{id:"67289",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.86474",title:"The Pivotal Role of Macrophages in Metabolic Distress",slug:"the-pivotal-role-of-macrophages-in-metabolic-distress",totalDownloads:1254,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"Obesity is a prevalent condition with several associated co-morbidities including the development of metabolic diseases. In obesity there is immune cell infiltration into the white adipose tissue and this is associated with the generation of inflammation and insulin resistance (IR). A large majority of the infiltrating leukocytes in obese adipose tissue are pro-inflammatory macrophages, which upon activation induce a switch in metabolism from oxidative phosphorylation, as is utilised by macrophages in lean adipose tissue, towards aerobic glycolysis. The signalling pathways evoked in the recruited macrophages induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, in signalling pathways which directly interfere with insulin signalling and thus induce a state of IR. As macrophages appear to play such a pivotal role in the generation of IR and are the largest leukocyte population in the adipose tissue, they provide a promising therapeutic target. Indeed, there are several strategies currently being studied to induce a ‘switch’ in macrophages associated with obese adipose tissue, towards the phenotype of those associated with lean adipose tissue, with arguably the most promising being those strategies designed to target the metabolic pathways within the macrophages. This chapter will discuss the polarisation and activation of macrophages within lean and obese adipose tissue and how these cells can be targeted therapeutically.",book:{id:"8590",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",title:"Macrophage Activation",fullTitle:"Macrophage Activation - Biology and Disease"},signatures:"Joseph Roberts, Padraic G. Fallon and Emily Hams",authors:null},{id:"68678",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88754",title:"Macrophages in the Pathogenesis of Leprosy",slug:"macrophages-in-the-pathogenesis-of-leprosy",totalDownloads:904,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium leprae. The disease may present different clinical forms depending on the immunological status of the host. M. leprae may infect macrophages and Schwann cells, and recent studies have demonstrated that macrophages are fundamental cells for determining the outcome of the disease. Skin lesions from patients with the paucibacillary form of the disease present a predominance of macrophages with a pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1), whereas skin lesions of multibacillary patients present a predominance of anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). More recently, it was shown that autophagy is responsible for the control of bacillary load in paucibacillary macrophages and that the blockade of autophagy is involved in the onset of acute inflammatory reactional episodes in multibacillary cells. So, strategies that aim to induce autophagy in infected macrophages are promising not only to improve the efficacy of multidrug therapy (MDT) but also to avoid the occurrence of reactional episodes that are responsible for the disabilities observed in leprosy patients.",book:{id:"8590",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",title:"Macrophage Activation",fullTitle:"Macrophage Activation - Biology and Disease"},signatures:"Rhana Berto da Silva Prata, Mayara Garcia de Mattos Barbosa, Bruno Jorge de Andrade Silva, Jéssica Araujo da Paixão de Oliveira, Tamiris Lameira Bittencourt and Roberta Olmo Pinheiro",authors:null},{id:"63248",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80666",title:"Neutrophil Activation by Antibody Receptors",slug:"neutrophil-activation-by-antibody-receptors",totalDownloads:1405,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in blood, are relevant cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody molecules are crucial activators of neutrophils. IgGs identify many types of pathogens via their two Fab portions and are in turn detected through their Fc portion by specific Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on the membrane of neutrophils. Thus, antibodies bring the specificity of the adaptive immune response to the potent antimicrobial and inflammatory functions of neutrophils. Two types of FcγRs with several polymorphic variants exist on the human neutrophil. These receptors are considered to be redundant in inducing cell responses. Yet, new evidence presented in recent years on how the particular IgG subclass and the glycosylation pattern of the antibody modulate the IgG–FcγR interaction has suggested that a particular effector function may in fact be activated in response to a specific type of FcγR. In this chapter, we describe the main types of FcγRs on neutrophils and our current view on how particular FcγRs activate various signaling pathways to promote unique effector cell functions, including phagocytosis, activation of integrins, nuclear factor activation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).",book:{id:"7129",slug:"neutrophils",title:"Neutrophils",fullTitle:"Neutrophils"},signatures:"Carlos Rosales and Eileen Uribe-Querol",authors:[{id:"192432",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales",slug:"carlos-rosales",fullName:"Carlos Rosales"},{id:"198687",title:"Dr.",name:"Eileen",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe-Querol",slug:"eileen-uribe-querol",fullName:"Eileen Uribe-Querol"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"68185",title:"Macrophages: The Potent Immunoregulatory Innate Immune Cells",slug:"macrophages-the-potent-immunoregulatory-innate-immune-cells",totalDownloads:2203,totalCrossrefCites:17,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Macrophages are ubiquitously present innate immune cells in humans and animals belonging to both invertebrates and vertebrates. These cells were first recognized by Elia Metchnikoff in 1882 in the larvae of starfish upon insertion of thorns of tangerine tree and later in Daphnia magna or common water flea infected with fungal spores as cells responsible for the process of phagocytosis of foreign particles. Elia Metchnikoff received the Noble prize (Physiology and Medicine) for his discovery and describing the process of phagocytosis in 1908. More than 130 years have passed and different subtypes and roles of macrophages as innate immune cells have been established by the researchers. In addition to their immunoregulatory role in immune homeostasis and pathogenic infection, they also play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of sterile inflammatory conditions including autoimmunity, obesity, and cancer. The present chapter describes the immunoregulatory role of macrophages in the homeostasis and inflammatory diseases varying from autoimmunity to metabolic diseases including obesity.",book:{id:"8590",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",title:"Macrophage Activation",fullTitle:"Macrophage Activation - Biology and Disease"},signatures:"Vijay Kumar",authors:[{id:"63844",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",slug:"vijay-kumar",fullName:"Vijay Kumar"}]},{id:"68585",title:"Macrophage Polarization Is Decisive for Chronic Bacterial Infection-Induced Carcinogenesis",slug:"macrophage-polarization-is-decisive-for-chronic-bacterial-infection-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:815,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Macrophages are the special cells of the immune system and play both immunological and physiological role. One of the peculiar characteristics of macrophages is that they are double-edged and highly plastic component of immune system. Due to this characteristic, they are responsible for both progressions as well control of a variety of inflammatory, infectious and metabolic diseases and cancer. These are found in the body in three major phenotypes, which are known as M0 (also known as naïve); M1 (classically activated macrophages); and/or M2 (alternatively activated macrophages) at normal physiological conditions. We have been exploring macrophages in context of bacterial infection and previously demonstrated that M2 polarization of M1 effector alveolar macrophages during chronic/persistent Chlamydia pneumonia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helicobacter pylori pathogens are decisive for the infection induced cancer development in host. Since chronic infection with these pathogens has been associated with adenocarcinoma, therefore, we feel that disruption of macrophage plasticity plays crucial role in the host for the development of cancer. On the basis of this, we propose that in such pathological conditions, management of M1/M2 imbalance is paramount for minimizing the risk of developing cancer by chronic and persistent infection.",book:{id:"8590",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",title:"Macrophage Activation",fullTitle:"Macrophage Activation - Biology and Disease"},signatures:"Mishi Wasson, Sonia Kapoor, Manoj Garg, Sandhya Singh and Hridayesh Prakash",authors:null},{id:"64543",title:"Cannabinoid Receptors as Regulators of Neutrophil Activity in Inflammatory Diseases",slug:"cannabinoid-receptors-as-regulators-of-neutrophil-activity-in-inflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:1123,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Cannabinoids are compounds present in Cannabis sativa (phytocannabinoids), endogenously produced (endocannabinoids) or synthesized, that bind to G protein-coupled receptors named cannabinoid receptors B1 and B2. They were first described as psychotropic compounds; however, cannabinoids are also potent immunoregulatory agents. Cannabinoids can modulate neutrophil activity in sterile and infectious inflammatory diseases. Concerning sterile inflammatory diseases as arthritis, ischemic diseases, and colitis, the use of CB2 agonist impairs the intracellular signaling pathways involved in the production of inflammatory mediators and expression of adhesion molecules. As a consequence, neutrophils did not release metalloproteinases either to adhere to endothelial cells, resulting in reduced tissue damage. A similar anti-inflammatory CB2 agonist mechanism of action in sepsis and mycobacterial infection models is observed. However, it is not clear if inflammation resolution promoted by cannabinoid treatment during infection is also related to microbial viability. Despite the growing literature showing the effects of cannabinoids on neutrophils, there are still some gaps that should be filled before proposing cannabinoid-based drugs to treat neutrophil-dependent diseases.",book:{id:"7129",slug:"neutrophils",title:"Neutrophils",fullTitle:"Neutrophils"},signatures:"Mariana Conceição Souza and Elaine Cruz Rosas",authors:null},{id:"63248",title:"Neutrophil Activation by Antibody Receptors",slug:"neutrophil-activation-by-antibody-receptors",totalDownloads:1406,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:"Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocytes in blood, are relevant cells of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibody molecules are crucial activators of neutrophils. IgGs identify many types of pathogens via their two Fab portions and are in turn detected through their Fc portion by specific Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) on the membrane of neutrophils. Thus, antibodies bring the specificity of the adaptive immune response to the potent antimicrobial and inflammatory functions of neutrophils. Two types of FcγRs with several polymorphic variants exist on the human neutrophil. These receptors are considered to be redundant in inducing cell responses. Yet, new evidence presented in recent years on how the particular IgG subclass and the glycosylation pattern of the antibody modulate the IgG–FcγR interaction has suggested that a particular effector function may in fact be activated in response to a specific type of FcγR. In this chapter, we describe the main types of FcγRs on neutrophils and our current view on how particular FcγRs activate various signaling pathways to promote unique effector cell functions, including phagocytosis, activation of integrins, nuclear factor activation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs).",book:{id:"7129",slug:"neutrophils",title:"Neutrophils",fullTitle:"Neutrophils"},signatures:"Carlos Rosales and Eileen Uribe-Querol",authors:[{id:"192432",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Rosales",slug:"carlos-rosales",fullName:"Carlos Rosales"},{id:"198687",title:"Dr.",name:"Eileen",middleName:null,surname:"Uribe-Querol",slug:"eileen-uribe-querol",fullName:"Eileen Uribe-Querol"}]},{id:"67326",title:"Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages by Chinese Medicine Intervention: Mechanisms and Applications",slug:"polarization-of-tumor-associated-macrophages-by-chinese-medicine-intervention-mechanisms-and-applica",totalDownloads:958,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Macrophage polarization is a spectrum of phenotypes and generally can be classified into two states: (1) classically activated or M1 macrophages, which can be driven by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone or in association with Th1 cytokines and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6 and, IL-12, and (2) alternatively activated M2 macrophages, which can be promoted by Th2 mediators IL-4 and IL-13 and produce anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10. Current studies have found that the phenotypic switch between M1 and M2 macrophages governs the fate of an organ in inflammation or injury. The imbalance of M1/M2 polarization is closely involved in various pathological processes and is becoming a potential target for therapeutic strategies. Traditional Chinese medicine is an integrated healthcare system composed of many practices and is characterized by multi-target, multi-level, and coordinated intervention effects. Chinese medicines nowadays are applied to regulate phenotype polarization of macrophages to improve the microenvironment, thus ameliorating or even eliminating the symptoms. In this chapter, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization, their roles in health and disease, and the intervention with Chinese medicines to modulate the polarization of macrophages in tumor microenvironment (TME) for therapeutic purpose.",book:{id:"8590",slug:"macrophage-activation-biology-and-disease",title:"Macrophage Activation",fullTitle:"Macrophage Activation - Biology and Disease"},signatures:"Yuanjun Lu, Hor Yue Tan, Ning Wang and Yibin Feng",authors:[{id:"14428",title:"Prof.",name:"Yibin",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"yibin-feng",fullName:"Yibin Feng"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"904",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. 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Dr. Bobek is a member of the editorial boards of six international journals and a member of the Strategic Council of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Slovenia. He has a long history in academia, consulting, and entrepreneurship. His own consulting firm, Palemid, has managed twenty significant projects, such as Cooperation Program Interreg V-A (Slovenia-Austria) and Capacity Building for the Serbian Chamber of Enforcement Agents. He has also participated in many international projects in Italy, Germany, Great Britain, the United States, Spain, Turkey, France, Romania, Croatia, Montenegro, Malaysia, and China. Dr. Bobek is also a co-founder of the Academy of Regional Management in Slovenia.",institutionString:"Universities of Applied Sciences FH Joanneum, Austria",institution:null},editorTwo:{id:"293992",title:"Dr.",name:"Tatjana",middleName:null,surname:"Horvat",slug:"tatjana-horvat",fullName:"Tatjana Horvat",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hXb0hQAC/Profile_Picture_1642419002203",biography:"Tatjana Horvat works as a professor for accountant and auditing at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. She is a Certified State Internal Auditor (licensed by Ministry of Finance RS) and Certified Internal Auditor for Business Sector and Certified accountant (licensed by Slovenian Institute of Auditors). At the Ministry of Justice of Slovenia, she is a member of examination boards for court expert candidates and judicial appraisers in the following areas: economy/finance, valuation of companies, banking, and forensic investigation of economic operations/accounting. 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Dr. Ortiz has previously worked for international organizations and non-government entities in economic and business matters, and he has university-wide globalization engagement in more than thirty-six countries. He has advised, among others, the United Nations Development Program, Inter-American Development Bank, Organization of American States, Pre-investment Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean, Technical Cooperation of the Suisse Government, and the World Bank. Dr. Ortiz is the author, co-author, or editor of books, book chapters, textbooks, research monographs and technical reports, and refereed journal articles. He is listed in Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in Finance and Business, Who’s Who in Business Higher Education, Who’s Who in American Education, and Who’s Who Directory of Economists. Dr. Ortiz has been a Fulbright Scholar and an MSI Leadership Fellow with the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. His teaching interests revolve around global economies and markets while his research focuses on topics related to development and growth, global business decisions, and the economics of technical innovation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/88.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11972,editor:{id:"203609",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hanna",middleName:null,surname:"Gorska-Warsewicz",slug:"hanna-gorska-warsewicz",fullName:"Hanna Gorska-Warsewicz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSD9pQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-06-14T11:58:32.jpeg",biography:"Hanna Górska-Warsewicz, Ph.D. is Associate Professor at Warsaw University of Life Sciences and Head of Department of Food Market and Consumption Research. She specializes in the subject of brands, brand equity, and brand management in production, service, and trade enterprises. She combines this subject with marketing and marketing management in both theoretical and practical aspects. Prof. Hanna Górska-Warsewicz also analyzes brands in the context of trademarks, legal regulations and the protection of intangible. She is an author or co-author of over 200 publications in this field, including 8 books. She works with the business sector and has participated in projects for the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Ministry of Education and Science in Poland.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Warsaw University of Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:45,paginationItems:[{id:"82135",title:"Carotenoids in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105210",signatures:"Lovina I. Udoh, Josephine U. 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From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6924",title:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6924.jpg",slug:"adenosine-triphosphate-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"April 24th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Gyula Mozsik",hash:"04106c232a3c68fec07ba7cf00d2522d",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Adenosine Triphosphate in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"8008",title:"Antioxidants",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8008.jpg",slug:"antioxidants",publishedDate:"November 6th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emad Shalaby",hash:"76361b4061e830906267933c1c670027",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Antioxidants",editors:[{id:"63600",title:"Prof.",name:"Emad",middleName:null,surname:"Shalaby",slug:"emad-shalaby",fullName:"Emad Shalaby",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63600/images/system/63600.png",biography:"Dr. Emad Shalaby is a professor of biochemistry on the Biochemistry Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University. He\nreceived a short-term scholarship to carry out his post-doctoral\nstudies abroad, from Japan International Cooperation Agency\n(JICA), in coordination with the Egyptian government. Dr.\nShalaby speaks fluent English and his native Arabic. He has 77\ninternationally published research papers, has attended 15 international conferences, and has contributed to 18 international books and chapters.\nDr. Shalaby works as a reviewer on over one hundred international journals and is\non the editorial board of more than twenty-five international journals. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. She is a reviewer for several local and international journals such as Unilag Journal of Science, Libyan Journal of Medicine, Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, and Annual Research and Review in Science. \nShe has authored 45 scientific research publications in local and international journals, 8 scientific reviews, 4 books, and 3 book chapters, which includes the books “Malaria Parasites” and “Malaria” which are IntechOpen access publications.",institutionString:"Lagos State University",institution:{name:"Lagos State University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"273100",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Gayam",slug:"vijay-gayam",fullName:"Vijay Gayam",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/273100/images/system/273100.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Vijay Bhaskar Reddy Gayam is currently practicing as an internist at Interfaith Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, USA. He is also a Clinical Assistant Professor at the SUNY Downstate University Hospital and Adjunct Professor of Medicine at the American University of Antigua. He is a holder of an M.B.B.S. degree bestowed to him by Osmania Medical College and received his M.D. at Interfaith Medical Center. His career goals thus far have heavily focused on direct patient care, medical education, and clinical research. He currently serves in two leadership capacities; Assistant Program Director of Medicine at Interfaith Medical Center and as a Councilor for the American\r\nFederation for Medical Research. As a true academician and researcher, he has more than 50 papers indexed in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also presented numerous papers in multiple national and international scientific conferences. His areas of research interest include general internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. He serves as an editor, editorial board member and reviewer for multiple international journals. His research on Hepatitis C has been very successful and has led to multiple research awards, including the 'Equity in Prevention and Treatment Award” from the New York Department of Health Viral Hepatitis Symposium (2018) and the 'Presidential Poster Award” awarded to him by the American College of Gastroenterology (2018). He was also awarded 'Outstanding Clinician in General Medicine” by Venus International Foundation for his extensive research expertise and services, perform over and above the standard expected in the advancement of healthcare, patient safety and quality of care.",institutionString:"Interfaith Medical Center",institution:{name:"Interfaith Medical Center",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"93517",title:"Dr.",name:"Clement",middleName:"Adebajo",surname:"Meseko",slug:"clement-meseko",fullName:"Clement Meseko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/93517/images/system/93517.jpg",biography:"Dr. Clement Meseko obtained DVM and PhD degree in Veterinary Medicine and Virology respectively. He has worked for over 20 years in both private and public sectors including the academia, contributing to knowledge and control of infectious disease. Through the application of epidemiological skill, classical and molecular virological skills, he investigates viruses of economic and public health importance for the mitigation of the negative impact on people, animal and the environment in the context of Onehealth. \r\nDr. Meseko’s field experience on animal and zoonotic diseases and pathogen dynamics at the human-animal interface over the years shaped his carrier in research and scientific inquiries. He has been part of the investigation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza incursions in sub Saharan Africa and monitors swine Influenza (Pandemic influenza Virus) agro-ecology and potential for interspecies transmission. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"94928",title:"Dr.",name:"Takuo",middleName:null,surname:"Mizukami",slug:"takuo-mizukami",fullName:"Takuo Mizukami",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94928/images/6402_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National Institute of Infectious Diseases",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"233433",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulia",middleName:null,surname:"Desheva",slug:"yulia-desheva",fullName:"Yulia Desheva",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/233433/images/system/233433.png",biography:"Dr. Yulia Desheva is a leading researcher at the Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia. She is a professor in the Stomatology Faculty, St. Petersburg State University. She has expertise in the development and evaluation of a wide range of live mucosal vaccines against influenza and bacterial complications. Her research interests include immunity against influenza and COVID-19 and the development of immunization schemes for high-risk individuals.",institutionString:'Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine"',institution:null},{id:"238958",title:"Mr.",name:"Atamjit",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",slug:"atamjit-singh",fullName:"Atamjit Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/238958/images/6575_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"252058",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Juan",middleName:null,surname:"Sulca",slug:"juan-sulca",fullName:"Juan Sulca",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252058/images/12834_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"191392",title:"Dr.",name:"Marimuthu",middleName:null,surname:"Govindarajan",slug:"marimuthu-govindarajan",fullName:"Marimuthu Govindarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/191392/images/5828_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. M. Govindarajan completed his BSc degree in Zoology at Government Arts College (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, and MSc, MPhil, and PhD degrees at Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India. He is serving as an assistant professor at the Department of Zoology, Annamalai University. His research interests include isolation, identification, and characterization of biologically active molecules from plants and microbes. He has identified more than 20 pure compounds with high mosquitocidal activity and also conducted high-quality research on photochemistry and nanosynthesis. He has published more than 150 studies in journals with impact factor and 2 books in Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany. He serves as an editorial board member in various national and international scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"274660",title:"Dr.",name:"Damodar",middleName:null,surname:"Paudel",slug:"damodar-paudel",fullName:"Damodar Paudel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274660/images/8176_n.jpg",biography:"I am DrDamodar Paudel,currently working as consultant Physician in Nepal police Hospital.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"241562",title:"Dr.",name:"Melvin",middleName:null,surname:"Sanicas",slug:"melvin-sanicas",fullName:"Melvin Sanicas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241562/images/6699_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"337446",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Zavala-Colon",slug:"maria-zavala-colon",fullName:"Maria Zavala-Colon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"338856",title:"Mrs.",name:"Nur Alvira",middleName:null,surname:"Pascawati",slug:"nur-alvira-pascawati",fullName:"Nur Alvira Pascawati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Respati Yogyakarta",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"441116",title:"Dr.",name:"Jovanka M.",middleName:null,surname:"Voyich",slug:"jovanka-m.-voyich",fullName:"Jovanka M. 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In recent years, significant efforts have been made to ensure that the environment is clean, that rigorous rules are implemented, and old laws are updated to reduce the risks towards humans and ecosystems. However, rapid industrialization and the need for more cultivable sources or habitable lands, for an increasing population, as well as fewer alternatives for waste disposal, make the pollution control tasks more challenging. Therefore, this topic will focus on assessing and managing environmental pollution. It will cover various subjects, including risk assessment due to the pollution of ecosystems, transport and fate of pollutants, restoration or remediation of polluted matrices, and efforts towards sustainable solutions to minimize environmental pollution.
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Dr. Rahman was also adjunctly attached with Kanazawa University, Japan (Visiting Research Professor, Dec 2014 to Mar 2015; JSPS Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Apr 2012 to Mar 2014), and Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (TokyoTech-UNESCO Research Fellow, Oct 2004–Sep 2005). \nHe received his Ph.D. degree in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University, Japan (2011). He also achieved a Diploma in Environment from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan (2005). Besides, he has an M.Sc. degree in Applied Chemistry and a B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. \nDr. Rahman’s research interest includes the study of the fate and behavior of environmental pollutants in the biosphere; design of low energy and low burden environmental improvement (remediation) technology; implementation of sustainable waste management practices for treatment, handling, reuse, and ultimate residual disposition of solid wastes; nature and type of interactions in organic liquid mixtures for process engineering design applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Fukushima University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201020",title:"Dr.",name:"Zinnat Ara",middleName:null,surname:"Begum",slug:"zinnat-ara-begum",fullName:"Zinnat Ara Begum",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/201020/images/system/201020.jpeg",biography:"Zinnat A. Begum received her Ph.D. in Environmental Analytical Chemistry from Kanazawa University in 2012. She achieved her Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree with a major in Applied Chemistry and a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Chemistry, all from the University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. Her work affiliations include Fukushima University, Japan (Visiting Research Fellow, Institute of Environmental Radioactivity: Mar 2016 to present), Southern University Bangladesh (Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering: Jan 2015 to present), and Kanazawa University, Japan (Postdoctoral Fellow, Institute of Science and Engineering: Oct 2012 to Mar 2014; Research fellow, Venture Business Laboratory, Advanced Science and Social Co-Creation Promotion Organization: Apr 2018 to Mar 2021). 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