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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"4563",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Heat Transfer Studies and Applications",title:"Heat Transfer",subtitle:"Studies and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"In the wake of energy crisis due to rapid growth of industries, the efficient heat transfer could play a vital role in energy saving. 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Srinivasa Rao is presently working as a Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Vardhaman College Engineering, Hyderabad. Dr. Rao earned his Ph.D. in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and IC Engine Combustion. He worked as a scientist in the Computational Fluid Dynamics division of the Scientific Engineering and Computing Group (SECG) at the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune. Dr. Rao has over 60 publications in refereed international journals and conferences and is an inventor of 4 patents. He acted as a facilitator for the learning process and organized 16 workshops/FDPs/SDPs, 3 international conferences, and 2 national conferences beneficial to faculty, researchers and industry and delivered 32 plenaries, keynote speeches, and invited talks. Dr. Rao has taught over 32 courses on CFD, turbulence modeling, and combustion. He has advised 4 doctoral research fellows and has been a research visitor for 39 graduate students. 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Due to the technological and industrial worldwide progress and the growing industry and society need of power generation for the development and increment of life quality, it is of unquestionable importance to increase sustainable access to electrical energy. In developing countries, there are still many locations without power supply.
\nPower generation through fossil generators offers a continuous and reliable source of energy making it a very popular option for electrification in off-grid areas. This alternative presents an initial investment cost relatively low compared to other sources of power generation. However, fossil power generators are sized to meet peak demand and have a low performance when the load is quite below to its rated capacity. Additionally, operating and maintenance costs are high; the cost of energy (COE) is subject to changes according the national and international fuel markets. In addition, logistical challenges associated with fuel supply in remote areas can cause a significant increase in generation costs [1]. A solution for these disadvantages is the implementation of HRES which includes fossil and other energy sources. For warm and high-average daily radiation levels, photovoltaic solar energy with battery backup represents an attractive complementary source to diesel generation systems. This solution allows the reduction of generation costs and increased system reliability [2, 3].
\nHybrid systems have shown lower generation costs and greater reliability than dependent systems of a single source of energy [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Each element of the system has to be properly sized to achieve a techno-economic profitability. Therefore, the penetration of renewable energy sources in the energy market depends mainly on the applied sizing methodology to optimize its design [7].
\nThe optimization of these systems could be complex, since many variables are naturally stochastic and linked to the selected location. Examples of these variables are temperature, solar resource, and load profile of the location [8]. Moreover, the optimization technique depends on the selected objective function, which can be oriented in seeking financial gain, increasing system reliability, and reducing the environmental impact [9].
\nThen, it is necessary to develop a methodology for optimizing the design of HRES that allows the integration of photovoltaic and diesel generation systems, with or without energy storage, allowing to reduce energy costs and maintaining a high reliability in energy supply in off-grid areas. The methodology requires a set of input information linked to the project site, as meteorological and load profile data, and also technical and economic information of the main equipment of the HRES. Then, an optimization process is necessary to determine the best combination of diesel power, PV power, and battery bank capacity. Economic and reliability parameters that support the solution obtained is expected to be presented with the solution.
\nIn the last decade, several optimization techniques have been used to obtain an optimal solution of the sizing of HRES [7, 10, 11, 12, 13]. The results among different approaches may vary depending on the characteristics of the model which permits to simulate the behavior of different elements of the system and also the economic and reliability model used as base on the optimization process.
\nThe main objective of this work is to develop an optimization methodology for sizing HRES in off-grid areas of developing countries. In contrast to other works, each step of the methodology is described in detail. Also, special condition will be considered on the development of the economic and reliable model to adjust it to the reality of Colombia, for example, the national and international physical distribution cost or the incentive proposed by the Act 1715 for electrification using non-conventional energy sources in Colombia.
\nIn this methodology, the grid can be formed either from the diesel unit or from a master inverter. The diesel generation is only required when the energy produced by the photovoltaic source and the energy backup in the battery bank is lower than the demanded load. The following items summarize the key characteristics of the dispatch strategy used in this work to model PV-diesel with battery storage systems: (1) the system is considered DC-coupled (Figure 1) and (2) the load following strategy is adopted [1]. The diesel generators are only used to supply the load when there is insufficient power from the PV source and the battery bank. Only the minimum DG unit required operates in every time step; (3) all DG units must operate over the minimum load ratio (\n
Schematic diagram of a hybrid solar/battery/diesel generation system.
The proposed methodology is composed of the following steps: (1) a dispatch strategy algorithm, (2) calculation of economic indicators, (3) calculation of reliability indicators, (4) calculation of fiscal incentives, and (5) a PSO optimization process given an objective function which optimizes the number of components of the installation and a calculation of economic and reliability indicators for the best solution. The following subsections detail the steps of the methodology. Figure 2 shows the schematic of the proposed methodology and the optimization process.
\nSchematic diagram of the proposed methodology.
Figure 3 shows the dispatch strategy flowchart used on the diesel-PV-battery model for a year which algorithm is described in detail below.
\nDispatch strategy flowchart.
1. Obtain or generate inputs of the system: load profile (\n
2. Introduce the following technical information of each element of the system and initialize variables.
\n2.1. According to the available location and its restrictions, introduce the following technical information: \n
2.2. Initialize the following variables: \n
3. Calculate the battery model which expresses the equations in the function of the energy each hour:
\n(1) The maximum amount of energy that the battery bank can be discharged in one time step (\n
(2) The maximum amount of energy that the battery can be charged in one time step (\n
4. Calculate the hourly generated energy of the PV system (\n
5. Calculate the difference between PV energy generated and the energy demanded by the load (\n
6. If \n
6.1. If \n
Go to step 10.
\n6.2. Else, the battery bank is fully charged; SOC is updated. There is excess of energy that cannot be used supplying the load or charging the battery, so energy wasted (\n
Go to step 10.
\n7. If \n
7.1. If \n
Go to step 10.
\n7.2. Otherwise, diesel generation is required. Go to step 8.
\n8. Diesel generation is necessary. Photovoltaic energy is used to charge the battery bank, and the diesel generation is used to supply the load. The energy stored in the battery bank and energy generated by the diesel unit is used to supply the load at night.
\n8.1.
Go to step 10.
\n8.2.
8.2.1.
Go to step 9.
\n8.2.1.1.
Go to
8.2.1.2.
Go to
8.2.2.
8.2.2.1.
8.3.
8.3.1.
8.3.1.1.
8.3.2.
9. The fuel consumption \n
10. Increase the time step (\n
After run the previous algorithm; economic and reliability indicators should be calculated using the following procedure.
\nAn economic analysis is required to determine the optimum cost and benefit ratio of HRES. These systems generally require high capital investment, even though they have low operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and less fuel costs in comparison with systems relaying only on fossil fuels. In this study, the annualized cost of the system (ACS) and the cost of energy (COE) are considered as the economic criteria to evaluate the feasibility of this hybridized system configuration.
\nThe annualized cost of the system (ACS) is the sum of the annualized capital cost (\n
where \n
The real interest rate is used to convert between one-time costs and annualized costs. By defining the real discount rate, the inflation rate effect is factored out of the economic analysis. All costs, therefore, become real costs, which are in defined in terms of constant dollars. The real interest rate is calculated by
\nwhere \n
The capital cost for each component is described as follows:
\nwhere \n
The replacement cost is calculated for each element. The replacement cost of the photovoltaic system is assumed null, as the photovoltaic modules have a life cycle superior to the lifetime of the project and it is assumed in this model that the charge controllers and inverters do not need replacement during the lifetime of the project. The replacement cost of the battery system and the DG unit can be calculated as
\nwhere \n
where \n
The fixed mount PV systems do not have moving parts, so operating and maintenance costs consist of regular cleaning and monitoring of performance, the annual operation, and maintenance cost can be estimated as a percentage of the PV system total investment\n
In a similar way, the annual operation and maintenance cost for the battery system can be calculated as percentage of the total investment cost of the battery system. This cost can vary according to the technology of the battery bank. For example, the cost of operation and maintenance for vented lead-acid batteries is higher than maintenance-free sealed lead-acid batteries or Li-ion batteries. The percentage of the total investment cost, \n
The operation and maintenance cost for the diesel system components is divided in two values: a fixed cost, expressed as a percentage of the diesel initial investment, \n
The cost of energy (COE) can be defined as the average cost per kWh of useful electrical energy produced by the system [21]. It can be obtained as the ratio between the annualized cost of the system and the effective load served in 1 year. The economic model assumes that the yearly effective load served is constant over the lifetime of the project. COE can be calculated as follows:
\nThe dependency on nature and unpredictability of solar resources has a great impact on energy production which leads to unreliable power supply during cloudy days. A system is reliable if it can supply the required power to the electrical load within a specific time period.
\nThe loss of power supply probability (LPSP) is the most widely used method to evaluate the reliability in hybrid system, therefore is selected, in this work, as reliability criteria. The LPSP be calculated as the ratio of power supply deficit to the electric load demand during a certain period of time (normally a year). A ratio equal to zero means all load demand, during the period of time, is served by system (53). LPSP is given by
\nA method that takes into account the weight of reliability in the economic model includes a component of the cost of electricity interruptions or cost of load (\n
The cost of electricity lost for non-interconnected zone can vary with respect the reference cost and could be difficult to estimate, as depends on the willingness of users to pay for a more robust system. The cost of electricity not supply (\n
\n\n
Under the Colombian Renewable Energy Law, new clean energy projects will receive up to 50% tax credits, but they can only be applied during the first 5 years. In this work, when the fiscal incentives are considered, it is assumed that the company will receive the 50% of the tax credit equally distributed over the first 5 years of the project. In general, investment tax credits can be calculated as
\nIn a similar way, it is assumed that the effect of depreciation is equally distributed each year, and the useful life for accelerated depreciation purposes is 5 years; then
\nAssuming an effective corporate tax income rate of 33% and under the previous consideration, the tax reduction factor \n
where\n
Fiscal incentives granted by the Colombian Act 1715 only apply to not conventional energy source installation and its components. In this way, the incentive tax factor only applies to the capital cost of photovoltaic and battery components:
\nThe objective of this work is sizing hybrid power generation systems (solar-diesel) battery-backed, in non-interconnected zones, which minimizes the total cost of the solution and maximize the reliability of supply. To minimize the total cost of the system, the following objective function is used:
\nThis work aims to develop an optimization model for sizing an energy system to supply the energy demand on an off-grid location. The optimization of these systems could be complex, since many variables are naturally stochastic depending mostly on the characteristic of the solar resource and the load profile of the selected location. The objective is to minimize the total cost of the solution and maximize the reliability of the supply.
\nAs a result of the optimization problems, the following information are obtained: (1) amount of photovoltaic modules and therefore the total photovoltaic power in kWp, (2) amount of diesel generation units and the total diesel energy power in kWp, (3) amount of battery cell required and total capacity of the energy storage system in kWh, (4) energy flow in the system showing the different states of the system according to the dispatch strategy described in this work, (5) discriminated cost of each technology in terms of initial capital required and O&M cost, (6) annualized cost of energy of the best solution, and (7) amount and cost of energy not supplied and LPSP.
\n“Santa Cruz del Islote” in Bolivar, Colombia, was used as a location for the case study. This rural community is selected to evaluate the optimization model developed in this work.
\nThe monthly global irradiance over the horizontal and over the plane of the array was calculated using a MATLAB routine developed in this work and then compared with results obtained from Solargis. Table 1 shows the results obtained. The difference can be accounted to the simplicity of the transposition model used in our MATLAB routine; nevertheless the results are good enough for the purpose of this work.
\n\n | Global horizontal irradiation [kWh/m2] Solargis | \nGlobal horizontal irradiation [kWh/m2] calculated | \nDev [%] | \nGlobal tilted irradiation [kWh/m2] Solargis | \nGlobal tilted irradiation [kWh/m2] calculated | \nDev [%] | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jan | \n183.6 | \n182.0 | \n−0.88% | \n201.9 | \n198.6 | \n−1.65% | \n
Feb | \n175.6 | \n174.2 | \n−0.81% | \n186.9 | \n184.3 | \n−1.41% | \n
Mar | \n194.3 | \n193.0 | \n−0.68% | \n198.5 | \n196.2 | \n−1.14% | \n
Apr | \n177.2 | \n176.1 | \n−0.65% | \n175 | \n172.9 | \n−1.17% | \n
May | \n166.4 | \n165.2 | \n−0.70% | \n160.1 | \n158.8 | \n−0.83% | \n
Jun | \n161.9 | \n160.8 | \n−0.71% | \n153.6 | \n152.6 | \n−0.65% | \n
Jul | \n173.2 | \n172.0 | \n−0.69% | \n165.3 | \n163.9 | \n−0.84% | \n
Aug | \n171.7 | \n170.6 | \n−0.65% | \n167.8 | \n166.1 | \n−1.03% | \n
Sep | \n160.9 | \n159.8 | \n−0.70% | \n162 | \n160.1 | \n−1.17% | \n
Oct | \n155.8 | \n154.4 | \n−0.91% | \n162.4 | \n159.5 | \n−1.79% | \n
Nov | \n149.1 | \n147.7 | \n−0.96% | \n160.5 | \n157.1 | \n−2.13% | \n
Dec | \n161.2 | \n159.7 | \n−0.93% | \n177.8 | \n174.1 | \n−2.09% | \n
Year | \n2030.9 | \n2015.3 | \n−0.77% | \n2071.8 | \n2044.1 | \n−1.34% | \n
Meteorological input parameters (monthly).
The load profile data was obtained from the National Monitoring Center (CNM) of the IPSE [22]. Table 2 shows the input data used to generate the daily load profile curve. Figure 4 shows the daily load profile for a week generated by a MATLAB routine developed in this work.
\nHour | \nPower [%] | \nUncertainty factor [%] | \nHour | \nPower [%] | \nUncertainty factor [%] | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n\n\n | \n
0 | \n7.78 | \n10 | \n12 | \n0.96 | \n10 | \n
1 | \n7.68 | \n10 | \n13 | \n2.88 | \n10 | \n
2 | \n7.40 | \n10 | \n14 | \n5.67 | \n10 | \n
3 | \n7.20 | \n10 | \n15 | \n5.86 | \n10 | \n
4 | \n6.34 | \n10 | \n16 | \n3.75 | \n10 | \n
5 | \n1.15 | \n10 | \n17 | \n1.54 | \n10 | \n
6 | \n0.00 | \n0 | \n18 | \n0.96 | \n10 | \n
7 | \n0.00 | \n0 | \n19 | \n6.24 | \n10 | \n
8 | \n0.00 | \n0 | \n20 | \n8.65 | \n10 | \n
9 | \n0.00 | \n0 | \n21 | \n8.65 | \n10 | \n
10 | \n0.00 | \n0 | \n22 | \n8.65 | \n10 | \n
11 | \n0.38 | \n10 | \n23 | \n8.26 | \n10 | \n
Yearly average daily energy demand [kWh], \n | \n520.5 | \n
Daily load profile for “Santa Cruz del Islote” July 2018.
Daily load profile for a week generated for “Santa Cruz del Islote.”
This subsection describes the technical inputs required by the photovoltaic, diesel, and battery model employed in the optimization model developed in this work.
\nA monocrystalline PV module of 300 Wp, reference JKM300M-60, from the company JINKO SOLAR, is used. Table 3 shows the technical characteristics of the PV module selected. The cost per Wp installed presented in Table 3 includes other costs not related to the price of the PV modules as the cost of charge controller, the PV inverters, and the mounting structure. Also this price includes indirect cost associated to the PV installation as engineering study costs, logistic costs, and certification costs. The cost per Wp presented is taken as reference and is provided by experts consulted in companies of energy sector.
\nSymbol | \nDescription | \nValue | \n
---|---|---|
\n\n | \nMaximum power [Wp] | \n300 | \n
\n\n | \nMaximum power voltage [V] | \n32.6 | \n
\n\n | \nMaximum power current [A] | \n9.21 | \n
\n\n | \nOpen-circuit voltage [V] | \n40.1 | \n
\n\n | \nShort-circuit current [A] | \n9.72 | \n
\n\n | \nModule efficiency (%) | \n18.33 | \n
\n\n | \nPower temperature coefficient [%/°C] | \n−0.39 | \n
\n\n | \nVoc temperature coefficient [%/°C] | \n−0.29 | \n
\n\n | \nIsc temperature coefficient [%/°C] | \n0.05 | \n
\n\n | \nNOCT [°C] | \n45 | \n
\n\n | \nCost per Wp installed [USD/Wp] | \n2 | \n
\n\n | \nFixed OM factor as ratio of the PV CC | \n0.01 | \n
\n\n | \nPhotovoltaic derating factor | \n0.85 | \n
\n\n | \nInverter efficiency | \n0.9 | \n
PV module technical inputs.
The input data required by the diesel generation model is presented in Table 4. This information is collected from expert opinions on companies in the energy sector. This information must be validated each time the optimization model is used since it can vary depending on the studied case.
\nDiesel input data | \n||
---|---|---|
Symbol | \nDescription | \nValue | \n
\n\n | \nMaximum number of DG unit | \n5 | \n
\n\n | \nMinimum load ratio allowed | \n0.3 | \n
\n\n | \nLifecycle [years] | \n10 | \n
\n\n | \nFixed OM value as percentage of the diesel initial investment [%] | \n0.1 | \n
\n\n | \nFuel cost [USD/l] | \n0.8 | \n
Diesel model technical inputs.
Table 5 shows a database of diesel generation units with the cost per kW and the fuel curve parameters. This table was built using information supplied by the Colombian Regulation Commission of Energy and Gas (CREG—Comisión de Regulación de Energía y Gas) in [23]. The cost per kW presented in Table 5 includes the direct and indirect costs related to the installation of a Diesel plant in non-interconnected zones.
\nDG power [kW] | \nCost per kW installed [USD/kW] | \nDerate factors of the initial capital cost invested [%] | \n1/2 load 1 hour in liters | \nFull-load 1 hour in liters | \nf0 [L/kWh] | \nf1 [L/kWh] | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 | \n2724.09 | \n31.83 | \n1.4 | \n2.6 | \n0.020 | \n0.240 | \n
20 | \n1697.26 | \n32.43 | \n3.4 | \n6.05 | \n0.037 | \n0.265 | \n
25 | \n1540.12 | \n31.63 | \n3.6 | \n6.4 | \n0.032 | \n0.224 | \n
30 | \n1934.44 | \n23.00 | \n6.8 | \n10.96 | \n0.088 | \n0.277 | \n
40 | \n1654.09 | \n23.71 | \n8.69 | \n15.12 | \n0.056 | \n0.321 | \n
50 | \n1434.92 | \n25.12 | \n9.825 | \n16.63 | \n0.060 | \n0.272 | \n
60 | \n1343.75 | \n25.26 | \n10.96 | \n18.14 | \n0.063 | \n0.239 | \n
70 | \n1788.83 | \n18.13 | \n11.43 | \n19.77 | \n0.044 | \n0.238 | \n
80 | \n1686.08 | \n18.56 | \n11.9 | \n21.4 | \n0.030 | \n0.237 | \n
100 | \n1723.40 | \n17.24 | \n12.85 | \n23.06 | \n0.026 | \n0.204 | \n
125 | \n1587.11 | \n17.92 | \n18.9 | \n34.4 | \n0.027 | \n0.248 | \n
150 | \n1572.63 | \n17.55 | \n22.3 | \n41.2 | \n0.022 | \n0.252 | \n
200 | \n1373.73 | \n19.32 | \n29.11 | \n54.43 | \n0.019 | \n0.253 | \n
Diesel genset unit database.
In this chapter book, vented lead-acid battery banks only are considered. This kind of battery cells are often selected for large energy storage banks due the low cost, low maintenance, and high cycle stability. Table 6 shows the input data required by the battery bank. The battery bank charge and discharge efficiency and the self-discharge ratio is taken from [24]. The maximum depth of discharge is set in 0.5 since the battery bank can accomplish 3000 cycles during its life service according the datasheet. Other values as maintenance cost,\n
Battery bank input data | \n||
---|---|---|
Symbol | \nDescription | \nValue | \n
\n\n | \nBattery voltage [V] | \n2 | \n
\n\n | \nDC system voltage [V] | \n48 | \n
\n\n | \nCapacity rate [h] | \n5 | \n
\n\n | \nCharge efficiency | \n0.9 | \n
\n\n | \nDischarge efficiency | \n1 | \n
\n\n | \nSelf-discharge rate | \n0.000083 | \n
\n\n | \nLifecycle [years] | \n10 | \n
\n\n | \nFactor of the initial capital cost invested for the battery bank | \n0.7 | \n
\n\n | \nFixed OM factor as ratio of the battery bank initial investment | \n0.02 | \n
\n\n | \nMaximum depth of discharge | \n0.5 | \n
Battery bank technical inputs.
The main characteristics and price of the battery cells of the reference used in this work are presented in Table 7. The information was obtained from inquiries to local companies.
\nBattery cell capacity [Ah] at C10 | \nBattery cell capacity [kWh] at C10 | \nBattery cell voltage [V] | \n# of cycles at 50% DOD | \nPrice per unit [USD] (€) | \nPrice per kWh [USD/kWh] (€) | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
280 | \n0.56 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n114.00 | \n203.57 | \n
350 | \n0.7 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n135.00 | \n192.86 | \n
420 | \n0.84 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n153.00 | \n182.14 | \n
520 | \n1.04 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n161.00 | \n154.81 | \n
620 | \n1.24 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n186.00 | \n150.00 | \n
730 | \n1.46 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n210.00 | \n143.84 | \n
910 | \n1.82 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n234.00 | \n128.57 | \n
1070 | \n2.14 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n303.00 | \n141.59 | \n
1220 | \n2.44 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n330.00 | \n135.25 | \n
1370 | \n2.74 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n361.00 | \n131.75 | \n
1520 | \n3.04 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n389.00 | \n127.96 | \n
1670 | \n3.34 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n426.00 | \n127.54 | \n
1820 | \n3.64 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n460.00 | \n126.37 | \n
2170 | \n4.34 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n538.00 | \n123.96 | \n
2540 | \n5.08 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n664.00 | \n130.71 | \n
2900 | \n5.8 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n744.00 | \n128.28 | \n
3250 | \n6.5 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n834.00 | \n128.31 | \n
3610 | \n7.22 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n906.00 | \n125.48 | \n
3980 | \n7.96 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n981.00 | \n123.24 | \n
4340 | \n8.68 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n1056.00 | \n121.66 | \n
4700 | \n9.4 | \n2 | \n3000 | \n1097.00 | \n116.70 | \n
Battery cell database.
The system input parameters are shown in Table 8. The cost of energy lost is assumed in 0.2 USD/kWh. This value depends on the necessities and characteristics of the users of the select location. The interest rate considered in this work is 8.08% taken in [25].
\nSystem inputs parameters | \n||
---|---|---|
Symbol | \nDescription | \nValue | \n
\n\n | \nTime of the project [years] | \n20 | \n
\n\n | \nReal interest rate [%] | \n8.08 | \n
\n\n | \nCost of energy loss [USD/kWh] | \n0.2 | \n
\n\n | \nFiscal incentive factor | \n0.9038 | \n
System input parameters.
Fiscal incentive factor is calculated applying an effective corporate tax income rate of 33%. The resulting incentive factor is 0.938.
\nThe parameters for the PSO algorithm and the boundaries for each decision variable are shown in Table 9.
\nPSO input parameters | \n||
---|---|---|
Symbol | \nDescription | \nValue | \n
\n\n | \nLower bound number of PV modules | \n0 | \n
\n\n | \nLower bound nominal power of diesel | \n0 | \n
\n\n | \nLower bound number of battery cell in parallel | \n0 | \n
\n\n | \nLower bound nominal capacity of battery cell [kWh] | \n0 | \n
\n\n | \nUpper bound number of PV modules | \n20,000 | \n
\n\n | \nUpper bound nominal power of diesel unit in [kW] | \n200 | \n
\n\n | \nUpper bound number of battery cell in parallel | \n10 | \n
\n\n | \nUpper bound nominal capacity of battery cell [kWh] | \n9.40 | \n
\n\n | \nMaximum number of iterations | \n50 | \n
\n\n | \nPopulation size | \n200 | \n
\n\n | \nInertia coefficient | \n1 | \n
\n\n | \nInertia coefficient max | \n0.9 | \n
\n\n | \nInertia coefficient min | \n0.5 | \n
\n\n | \nPersonal acceleration coefficient | \n2.5 | \n
\n\n | \nSocial acceleration coefficient | \n1.5 | \n
PSO input parameters.
Table 10 summarized the obtained results after applying the proposed sizing methodology. The best cost achieved was 0.2090 USD/kWh being the lowest obtained. The optimization results deliver no only the design (number of components) but also economic and reliability indicators.
\nComponent | \nDesign | \nUnit | \nIndicator | \nValue | \nUnit | \n
---|---|---|---|---|---|
\n\n | \n13 | \nUnits | \n\n\n | \n7800.00 | \nUSD | \n
\n\n | \n3.9 | \n[kWp] | \n\n\n | \n48257.99 | \nUSD | \n
\n\n | \n25 | \n[kW] | \n\n\n | \n3864.00 | \nUSD | \n
\n\n | \n2 | \nUnits | \n\n\n | \n78.00 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n\n | \n50 | \n[kW] | \n\n\n | \n4825.80 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n\n | \n1 | \nUnits | \n\n\n | \n26884.74 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n\n | \n24 | \nUnits | \n\n\n | \n31710.54 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n\n | \n24 | \nUnits | \n\n\n | \n77.28 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n\n | \n1.04 | \n[kWh] | \n\n\n | \n7019.48 | \nUSD | \n
\n\n | \n24.96 | \n[kWh] | \n\n\n | \n1243.60 | \nUSD | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n38406.77 | \n[l] | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n38737.05 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n1.25 | \n% | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n0.26 | \nUSD/kWh | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n475.03 | \nUSD/year | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n0.00 | \n% | \n
\n | \n | \n | \n\n | \n0.21 | \nUSD/kWh | \n
Results of the case study.
In this work, an optimization methodology was developed and described in detail to help sizing HRSE integrated by photovoltaic and diesel generation with energy storage.
\nThe main features of the sizing methodology developed were as follows: (a) it allows the simulation of hybrid renewable systems and the evaluation of its economic and reliability integrated by diesel and photovoltaic generation with energy storage, (b) the dispatch strategy developed prioritize the use of renewable energy among other energy sources, and (c) fiscal incentives granted by the Act 1715 of 2014 in Colombia were considered on the calculation of the cost of energy using the fiscal incentive factor.
\nThe reliability of the system was included in the objective function of the PSO algorithm through the annual cost of the energy not supplied. Also a fiscal incentive factor was used to include the financial benefits granted by the Act 1715 of 2014 in Colombia to non-conventional renewable source of energy. The results were obtained after simulating the energy flow of the system for 1 year with 1-hour resolution.
\nDispatch strategy was described in detail, prioritizing the use of renewable resource over diesel generation to supply the load. Also diesel generation cannot be used to charge the battery bank. This condition was based on the fact that, in off-grid areas, the complications associated to supply the fuel and the maintenance of DG units are commonly underestimated.
\nIt is expected that this work will help the process of designing HRES in non-interconnected areas, thus contributing to the development of these locations and improving the life quality of the population living on these places.
\nThe authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the Colombia Scientific Program within the framework called “Ecosistema Científico” (Contract No. FP44842-218-2018).
\nThe origin of the geothermal energy is connected with the internal structure of the planet and the physiochemical processes occurring therein. According to the current knowledge, geothermal energy is unevenly distributed throughout the globe near the surface to the deep interior of the Earth [1, 2]. Depending upon the accessibility as well as the opportunities for the utilization of modern technology, many nations in the world are exploiting this natural energy resources for the commercial production of electric power [3, 4]. Geothermal energy hence, geothermal areas are generally defined through the parameter, geothermal gradient, which is the rate of the increment of the temperature profile of underneath bedrock of the Earth. The average (global) value of the geothermal gradient is typically 30 °C/km in the continental crust and 100 °C/km in the oceanic crust [1, 5]. However, in geothermal areas, its values are well above (>40 °C/km) the global average value [6]. It is so because of the magmatic intrusion. This intrusion is nothing but the molten magma, trapped within the Earth’s crust at a depth of 5–10 km beneath the surface. This may still in a fluid state or the process of solidification and releasing heat constantly [2, 7, 8]. According to the origin of geothermal energy, it is categorized into two. One was from a relic of the Earth’s accretion process, in which huge energy was trapped within the Earth’s interior (∼4.5 billion years ago) [7]. This one is named as the primordial heat source. Another one is the radiogenic heat source, which is produced by the natural decay process of long-lived radioisotopes such as 238U, 235U, 232Th, and 40K. These nuclei, of which the half-life (
Moreover, within the deep Earth, the production rate of He from 232Th and 238U [and 235U] radio-nuclei are encountered to be
It is notable that geothermal energy sources are still overlooked in India for power generation even after the existence of a lot of potential resources, which are seen in twelve geothermal zones of the country [19]. However, several of them could be well utilized for the generation of power by means of developing geothermal power plants. For the sake of investigation, the hot spring site at Bakreswar in West Bengal, India, was selected as shown in Figure 1. Now, knowing the amount of by-product, He gas which is ultimately reaching the surface through the fracture, fissure and hot springs vents, etc., the associated heat energy (radiogenic) produced inside the reservoir can be estimated. The energy released per unit time from underneath bedrock at the study area was calculated by means of measuring the average amount of He emanated from Agni Kunda hot spring at Bakreswar. Here mainly the decay series of 238U, 235U, and 232Th were considered, and the amount of heat energy contributed due to each series was evaluated. Here the question may arise that each decay series [Eq. (1) to (3)] takes a long period (in geological time scale) to complete its disintegration process and release a certain amount of heat and He discretely. But, heat and He generated due to each series were utilized to calculate the amount of heat production at the said reservoir at a certain instant of time. However, He emanation at the study area shows stable activities for a long-time-interval (5 years), as established by [19]. Therefore, He generation is also stabilized for a long period, i.e., He generation due to every radioactive decay series and emanation of the said gas is in an equilibrium condition. Therefore, no He is being stored at the reservoir at the instant, and, therefore, the He emanation could be considered to be equal to the generation of the same due to the radioactive disintegration process.
Location of the study area Bakreswar in the map of India (modified after [
A cluster of seven1 hot springs is scattered over Bakreswar geothermal area within a confined zone of the surface area of about 3350 sq. m [19, 28]. The area, which is a geologically complex, heterogeneous, and extensively faulted region, is situated at the eastern end of the SONATA (Son–Narmada–Tapi) geothermal province (Figure 2, window a) [19, 28]. The area lies in the West Bengal Basin (WBB), the extension of the Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex [29]. Furthermore, it is linked with a 1.2-km-long shear zone, which is characteristic by 50 m wide breccia/cherty quartzite aligned through the almost north–south trend-line [26] (Figure 2, window b). The springs here are connected with the extinct Rajmahal volcanic activity (115 Ma), and hence, are associated with the Precambrian granitic rocks [30] (Figure 2, window b). The highly permeable and porous subsurface of the site is facilitated due to the presence of the brecciated, highly sheared, and mylonitized rock here [26]. The association of the study area with the eastern edges of two major fault systems (the ONGC fault and the SONATA fault) made the region to be in a stressed state [31, 32]. This region is characterized by a very high geothermal gradient (∼90 °C/km) and a high heat flow rate (∼ 230 mW/m2) [19, 33]. The presence of a high heat-conducting zone in this area is confirmed by electrical resistivity studies. This conducting zone, which starts at a depth of around 2.8 km and goes down up to a depth of 4 km [34], is supposed to act as the heat feeder to the fault system linked with the Bakreswar hot springs. It is to be noted that the crustal thickness at the study area is only 24 km, whereas the average of the same throughout the country is 38 km [29, 35]. Besides, the average density of the crustal substance here is relatively low. Therefore, inert volatiles like He and 222Rn gases can easily transmit to permeate through crustal constraints due to the presence of the thinner lithospheric overburden here. As a result, the spring and the soil gases here are dominated by the presence of high 222Rn and He flux [29]. High 222Rn and He gases are continuously conveyed and dispersed into the atmosphere via molecular diffusion and the formation of micro-bubbles at the hot spring vents. Here, temperature and He emanation profile of some sites of Bakreswar geothermal provinces are also tabulated in Table 1 for a reference to attain the brief geophysical properties of the study area. Moreover, the reservoir temperature of the geothermal system underneath Bakreswar was predicted to be 100 ± 5 °C (at ∼1 km depth) by [38]. The same was estimated to be in the range of 130 °C to 175 °C (by Na/K ratio) and 110 °C to 124 °C (by TSiO2) by [39]. Furthermore, the range of the reservoir temperature was also evaluated as 212 °C to 124 °C, 118 °C to 120 °C, and 126 °C to 130 °C by means of silica geothermometry by [32, 38, 40] respectively. The audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) studies of the sub-surface beneath the Bakreswar geothermal area were conducted by [41] (Figure 3). The rapid relaxation inversion (RRI) for both transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) modes was carried out to figure out the resistivity profile of the subsurface of the site. Here, the suitable locations for drilling for the installation of a future geothermal power plant at the study area were identified by the authors using the result of that AMT survey [personal communication] and the same is discussed later.
(a) Regional and (b) Local geological maps of the study area (modified after [
Sl. No. | Test Site (distance from Agni Kunda) | Sample type | Temperature (°C) | He Conc. (vol %) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bakreswar Agni Kunda (0 m) | HSG | 69.0 | 1.72 | [19] |
2 | Bakreswar Khar Kunda (16 m) | HSG | 68.0 | 1.36 | [36] |
3 | Bakreswar Bhairab Kunda (7 m) | HSG | 62.0 | 1.12 | [28] |
4 | Bakreswar Brahma Kunda (20 m) | HSG | 46.0 | 1.26 | [28] |
5 | Bakreswar Surya Kunda (18 m) | HSG | 63.0 | 0.31 | [28] |
6 | Bakreswar Reserve Tank (5 m) | HSG | 52.0 | 0.91 | [28] |
7 | PWD Bungalow at Bakreswar (987 m) | SG (1 m depth) | 32.0 (Ambient) | 0.35 | [37] |
8 | PWD Bungalow at Bakreswar (988 m) | SG (3 m depth) | 31.0 (Ambient) | 0.02 | [37] |
9 | PWD Bungalow at Bakreswar (990) | AA (1 m height) | 33.0 (Ambient) | 0.05 | [29] |
10 | Bhabanipur (10 km) | AA (1 m height) | 28.0 (Ambient) | 0.07 | [29] |
11 | Mallarpur (43 km) | BG (100 m depth) | 58.0 | 1.20 | RWA |
Temperature and He emanation profile of some sites at Bakreswar geothermal province.
Note: HSG = Hot spring gas; SG = Soil gas; AA = Ambient air; BG = Borehole gas; Conc. = Concentration; RWA = Recent work by the authors.
(A) AEW traverses (AMT sites) on the map of the study area; (B) 2D RRI (rapid relaxation inversion) along traverse AEW1; (C) 2D RRI along traverse AEW2; (D) 2D RRI along traverse AEW4 (modified after [
In view of continuous monitoring of gases emanated from the hot spring Agni Kunda at the spring site of Bakreswar, a field laboratory was established. In this regard, a giant inverted SS funnel was placed under hot water at Agni Kunda at a position where gas out flux was significantly high, to trap hot spring gases which were comprised of He, Ar, O2, N2, CH4, CO2, 222Rn, etc. A portable and programmable μ-GC (micro-gas chromatograph) CP 490 (make Agilent, Netherland) comprised of a μ-thermal conductivity detector, was utilized to detect the relative concentration of different gases present in the spring gas. Here, ultra-pure (>99.998 vol%)
Schematic diagram of the experimental set-up installed at Bakreswar (modified after [
To move towards the desired direction for calculation, the following steps were adopted.
The volume of He gas (
Where
Where
Here,
The basement of the study area is predominantly composed of granite gneiss belonging to the Precambrian Chotanagpur Gneissic Complex [26, 30]. Here the relative contribution of U and Th were evaluated according to their (average) content in granite type rock material, i.e., 238U [or 235U] content as 4.80 ppm and 232Th content as 21.50 ppm were considered [10, 45]. Moreover, natural Uranium is an admixture of 238U (99.28%) and 235U (0.71%) [10]. Therefore, for production of He atoms by radioactive decay,
The no. of the He atoms generated (in a unit second) due to the decay of radio nuclei 232Th, 238U and 235U are respectively
And the total energy generated due to the decay of all these three radioelements were
An important issue to discuss is that the loss of generated heat energy may be considered to be negligible here as capping of the impermeable and insulating bedrock over the geothermal system prevents the heat transfer by means of conduction and convection [30, 41, 42]. Therefore, the heat energy would be stored inside the geothermal system, which may be subjected to break its dynamical stability after the accumulation of enough energy within it. However, that does not happen as excess heat is drained to the surface, along with the transfer of geothermal fluid through the spring vent [30, 42]. Moreover, here only radiogenic heat is accounted for, and the contribution of energy belonging to primordial heat sources is not included. However, [46] documented that heat from radioactive decay was contributed about half of Earth’s total heat flux, and the rest was accounted for from the primordial heat source of the Earth. Considering the similar concept, we can also assume that the primordial heat source also would contribute as much as heat energy generated by radioactive decay of radio-nuclei at the reservoir of the study area.
Therefore, the heat generated by the primordial source,
Therefore, total energy contributed from the radiogenic and primordial source is
Moreover, If the geothermal gradient
Where,
The measured parameters as well as calculated parameters such as number of He moles emanating per second (n), the total number of He atoms emanating per second (
Sl. No. | Parameters | Parameters’ value | References [Eq., if any) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | He concentration, | 1.72 vol% | RA |
2 | Flow rate, F | 3.5 L/min | RA |
3 | He emanation per minute, | 0.0602 L/min | EA [Eq. (4)] |
4 | Temperature inside the spring gas trapping funnel, T | 342 K (69 °C) | [19] |
5 | Pressure inside the spring gas trapping funnel, P | 1.58 atm | RA |
6 | Number of moles emanating per second, n | 56.3877× | EA [Eq. (6)] |
7 | Total number of He atoms emanating per second, | 33.9623× | EA [Eq. (7)] |
8 | The relative concentration of 232Th, | 81.7490× | EA [Eq. (9)] |
9 | The relative contribution of 238U, | 18.1195× | EA [Eq. (10)] |
10 | The relative contribution of 235U, | 0.1296× | EA [Eq. (11)] |
11 | Energy contributed due to decay of 232Th, | 31.58 MW | EA [Eq. (12)] |
12 | Energy contributed due to decay of 238U, | 6.3585 MW | EA [Eq. (13)] |
13 | Energy contributed due to decay of 235U, | 0.0467 MW | EA [Eq. (14)] |
14 | Energy accounted for radiogenic source, | 37.9834 MW | EA [Eq. (15)] |
15 | Energy accounted for primordial source, | 37.9834 MW | EA [Eq. (16)] |
16 | Total Energy accounted from radiogenic & primordial source, | 75.9668 MW | EA [Eq. (17)] |
17 | Geothermal gradient, | 90 °C/km | [33] |
18 | Reservoir temperature, | 130 °C | [40] |
19 | Average ambient temperature, | 26 °C | RA |
20 | Depth of the geothermal reservoir, x | 1155 m | EA [Eq. (18)] |
Experimental and calculated parameters.
Note: EA = Estimated by the authors; RA = Recorded by the authors
Recently, the reservoir temperature [
It is notable that no such work has been carried out to figure out the potential of Bakreswar geothermal region in terms of power harnessing capability. However, [42] estimated the geo-heat of the site to be 1158 KW-hr (=416.88×
Using a simple technique by means of He exploration study at the field site, the probable energy generated inside the reservoir was estimated here. Considering the combined source of heat generation inside the reservoir system, the energy was expected to be generated from the source of power of 38 to 76 MW using the appropriate technology. The utilization of proper technology for power generation could facilitate to build a Kalina cycle based geothermal power plant (using ammonia–water mixture as working fluid) of power harnessing capability of 9.88 MW to 40.26 MW at the study area. Moreover, the values would be likely increased whenever, the He emanations through the others hot springs (where He emanation is comparably less than that of Agni kunda) and through the vast surface area (soil gas) at Bakreswar would be included in this estimation. However, this was a little bit difficult as well as complicated due to the technical coerces and geographical constraints. Furthermore, the deep drilling (production & injection well) of the proposed power plant to be rooted upto a depth of approximately 1,100 m at a location near to the hot spring area as indicated in the Figure 3. However, a detail geophysical survey may also be required for selecting the appropriate and exact location for drilling as well as the measurement of the horizontal (length & width-wise) and vertical (depth-wise) dimension of the geothermal reservoir at the area. The same would be subjected to accurately calculate the possible capacity of the power plant to be installed at the site.
The authors owe a debt of gratitude to the National Institute of Technology Durgapur (NIT Durgapur) and the Ministry of Human Resource Development (Presently known as Ministry of Education), Govt. of India for providing the financial as well as Institutional support in all respect for carrying out such type of the research activities at the field site, Bakreswar.
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\n\nQUALITY CONTENT
\n\nOver the years we have learned what is important. What makes a difference to the researchers that work with us, what they value. Something that is very high not only on their lists, but our own, is the quality of the published content.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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secondary metabolites are having the great application in human health and nutritional aspect. Plant cell and organ culture systems are feasible option for the production of secondary metabolites that are of commercial importance in pharmaceuticals, food additives, flavors, and other industrial materials. The stress, including various elicitors or signal molecules, often induces the secondary metabolite production in the plant tissue culture system. The recent developments in elicitation of plant tissue culture have opened a new avenue for the production of secondary metabolite compounds. Secondary metabolite synthesis and accumulation in cell and organ cultures can be triggered by the application of elicitors to the culture medium. Elicitors are the chemical compounds from abiotic and biotic sources that can stimulate stress responses in plants, leading to the enhanced synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites or the induction of novel secondary metabolites. Elicitor type, dose, and treatment schedule are major factors determining the effects on the secondary metabolite production. The number of parameters, such as elicitor concentrations, duration of exposure, cell line, nutrient composition, and age or stage of the culture, is also important factors influencing the successful production of biomass and secondary metabolite accumulation. This chapter reviews the various abiotic and biotic elicitors applied to cultural system and their stimulating effects on the accumulation of secondary metabolites.",book:{id:"5066",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Poornananda M. Naik and Jameel M. Al–Khayri",authors:[{id:"176282",title:"Prof.",name:"Jameel M.",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Khayri",slug:"jameel-m.-al-khayri",fullName:"Jameel M. 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Due to advances in molecular approaches during the last decades, nowadays it is possible to develop economically important transgenic crops that have increased tolerance to stresses. This chapter discusses the oxidative stress and damage to plants. In addition, it reports the involvement of antioxidant enzymes in the tolerance of plants to various stresses.",book:{id:"5066",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Andréia Caverzan, Alice Casassola and Sandra Patussi Brammer",authors:[{id:"176303",title:"Dr.",name:"Alice",middleName:null,surname:"Casassola",slug:"alice-casassola",fullName:"Alice Casassola"},{id:"176409",title:"Dr.",name:"Andréia",middleName:null,surname:"Caverzan",slug:"andreia-caverzan",fullName:"Andréia Caverzan"},{id:"176410",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Patussi Brammer",slug:"sandra-patussi-brammer",fullName:"Sandra Patussi Brammer"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"66996",title:"Ethiopian Common Medicinal Plants: Their Parts and Uses in Traditional Medicine - Ecology and Quality Control",slug:"ethiopian-common-medicinal-plants-their-parts-and-uses-in-traditional-medicine-ecology-and-quality-c",totalDownloads:4174,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"The main purpose of this review is to document medicinal plants used for traditional treatments with their parts, use, ecology, and quality control. Accordingly, 80 medicinal plant species were reviewed; leaves and roots are the main parts of the plants used for preparation of traditional medicines. The local practitioners provided various traditional medications to their patients’ diseases such as stomachaches, asthma, dysentery, malaria, evil eyes, cancer, skin diseases, and headaches. The uses of medicinal plants for human and animal treatments are practiced from time immemorial. Stream/riverbanks, cultivated lands, disturbed sites, bushlands, forested areas and their margins, woodlands, grasslands, and home gardens are major habitats of medicinal plants. Generally, medicinal plants used for traditional medicine play a significant role in the healthcare of the majority of the people in Ethiopia. The major threats to medicinal plants are habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, investment, road construction, and deforestation. Because of these, medicinal plants are being declined and lost with their habitats. Community- and research-based conservation mechanisms could be an appropriate approach for mitigating the problems pertinent to the loss of medicinal plants and their habitats and for documenting medicinal plants. Chromatography; electrophoretic, macroscopic, and microscopic techniques; and pharmaceutical practice are mainly used for quality control of herbal medicines.",book:{id:"8502",slug:"plant-science-structure-anatomy-and-physiology-in-plants-cultured-in-vivo-and-in-vitro",title:"Plant Science",fullTitle:"Plant Science - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology in Plants Cultured in Vivo and in Vitro"},signatures:"Admasu Moges and Yohannes Moges",authors:[{id:"249746",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Admasu",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"admasu-moges",fullName:"Admasu Moges"},{id:"297761",title:"MSc.",name:"Yohannes",middleName:null,surname:"Moges",slug:"yohannes-moges",fullName:"Yohannes Moges"}]},{id:"63148",title:"Domestic Livestock and Its Alleged Role in Climate Change",slug:"domestic-livestock-and-its-alleged-role-in-climate-change",totalDownloads:15946,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"It is very old wisdom that climate dictates farm management strategies. In recent years, however, we are increasingly confronted with claims that agriculture, livestock husbandry, and even food consumption habits are forcing the climate to change. We subjected this worrisome concern expressed by public institutions, the media, policy makers, and even scientists to a rigorous review, cross-checking critical coherence and (in)compatibilities within and between published scientific papers. Our key conclusion is there is no need for anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), and even less so for livestock-born emissions, to explain climate change. Climate has always been changing, and even the present warming is most likely driven by natural factors. The warming potential of anthropogenic GHG emissions has been exaggerated, and the beneficial impacts of manmade CO2 emissions for nature, agriculture, and global food security have been systematically suppressed, ignored, or at least downplayed by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) and other UN (United Nations) agencies. Furthermore, we expose important methodological deficiencies in IPCC and FAO (Food Agriculture Organization) instructions and applications for the quantification of the manmade part of non-CO2-GHG emissions from agro-ecosystems. However, so far, these fatal errors inexorably propagated through scientific literature. Finally, we could not find a clear domestic livestock fingerprint, neither in the geographical methane distribution nor in the historical evolution of mean atmospheric methane concentration. In conclusion, everybody is free to choose a vegetarian or vegan lifestyle, but there is no scientific basis, whatsoever, for claiming this decision could contribute to save the planet’s climate.",book:{id:"7491",slug:"forage-groups",title:"Forage Groups",fullTitle:"Forage Groups"},signatures:"Albrecht Glatzle",authors:[{id:"252990",title:"Dr.",name:"Albrecht",middleName:null,surname:"Glatzle",slug:"albrecht-glatzle",fullName:"Albrecht Glatzle"}]},{id:"66714",title:"Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plants",slug:"biotic-and-abiotic-stresses-in-plants",totalDownloads:5911,totalCrossrefCites:60,totalDimensionsCites:106,abstract:"Plants are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses which reduces and limits the productivity of agricultural crops. Two types of environmental stresses are encountered to plants which can be categorized as (1) Abiotic stress and (2) Biotic stress. The abiotic stress causes the loss of major crop plants worldwide and includes radiation, salinity, floods, drought, extremes in temperature, heavy metals, etc. On the other hand, attacks by various pathogens such as fungi, bacteria, oomycetes, nematodes and herbivores are included in biotic stresses. As plants are sessile in nature, they have no choice to escape from these environmental cues. Plants have developed various mechanisms in order to overcome these threats of biotic and abiotic stresses. They sense the external stress environment, get stimulated and then generate appropriate cellular responses. They do this by stimuli received from the sensors located on the cell surface or cytoplasm and transferred to the transcriptional machinery situated in the nucleus, with the help of various signal transduction pathways. This leads to differential transcriptional changes making the plant tolerant against the stress. The signaling pathways act as a connecting link and play an important role between sensing the stress environment and generating an appropriate biochemical and physiological response.",book:{id:"8015",slug:"abiotic-and-biotic-stress-in-plants",title:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants",fullTitle:"Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Plants"},signatures:"Audil Gull, Ajaz Ahmad Lone and Noor Ul Islam Wani",authors:null},{id:"62573",title:"Introductory Chapter: Terpenes and Terpenoids",slug:"introductory-chapter-terpenes-and-terpenoids",totalDownloads:7635,totalCrossrefCites:29,totalDimensionsCites:56,abstract:null,book:{id:"6530",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids"},signatures:"Shagufta Perveen",authors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen"},{id:"192994",title:"Dr.",name:"Areej",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Taweel",slug:"areej-al-taweel",fullName:"Areej Al-Taweel"}]},{id:"62876",title:"Introduction to Phytochemicals: Secondary Metabolites from Plants with Active Principles for Pharmacological Importance",slug:"introduction-to-phytochemicals-secondary-metabolites-from-plants-with-active-principles-for-pharmaco",totalDownloads:5894,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:30,abstract:"Phytochemicals are substances produced mainly by plants, and these substances have biological activity. In the pharmaceutical industry, plants represent the main source to obtain various active ingredients. They exhibit pharmacological effects applicable to the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections and also chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. However, the next step in science is to find new ways to obtain it. In this chapter, we discuss about the main groups of phytochemicals, in addition to presenting two case studies. One of the most important secondary metabolites is currently Taxol, which is a natural compound of the taxoid family and is also known for its antitumor activity against cancer located in breasts, lungs, and prostate and is also effective with Kaposi’s sarcoma. Our case studies will be about Taxol, extracted from an unexplored plant species, and the production of Taxol by its endophytic fungi.",book:{id:"6794",slug:"phytochemicals-source-of-antioxidants-and-role-in-disease-prevention",title:"Phytochemicals",fullTitle:"Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention"},signatures:"Nadia Mendoza and Eleazar M. Escamilla Silva",authors:[{id:"51406",title:"Dr.",name:"Eleazar",middleName:"Máximo",surname:"Escamilla Silva",slug:"eleazar-escamilla-silva",fullName:"Eleazar Escamilla Silva"},{id:"243304",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Nadia",middleName:null,surname:"Mendoza",slug:"nadia-mendoza",fullName:"Nadia Mendoza"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"41",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82159",title:"Chlorophyll and Its Role in Freshwater Ecosystem on the Example of the Volga River Reservoirs",slug:"chlorophyll-and-its-role-in-freshwater-ecosystem-on-the-example-of-the-volga-river-reservoirs",totalDownloads:15,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105424",abstract:"The present chapter has the aim to considerate the most significant aspects of chlorophyll (Chl) applications in the ecological study of fresh waters on the example of the Volga River reservoirs. Throughout the cascade of seven large reservoirs, Chl varied in wide range from 2.5–9 to over 100 μg/L with mean values of 16.5–41.2, 6.7–44.0, and 3.6–10.6 μg/L in the Upper, Middle, and Lower Volga, respectively. Mean Chl values that constantly decrease from the Upper Volga to Lower Volga, characterize Ivankovo, Uglich, and Cheboksary reservoirs as eutrophic, Saratov and Volgograd reservoirs as mesotrophic, while Gorky and Kuibyshev reservoirs in some years are mesotrophic or eutrophic. Chl seasonal dynamics in the Rybinsk reservoir that is dynamics of phytoplankton biomass, is characterized by spring, summer, and, in some years, autumn maxima. Water temperature and water regime of the reservoir are the main factors in Chl dynamics. Years with low-water conditions are favorable for the high Chl concentrations and intensive development of algae. Seasonally average Chl that make from 5 to 22 μg/L during 1969–2019, show variations in trophic state of reservoir from mesotrophic (Chl < 10 μg/L), to moderately eutrophic (10–15 μg/L), and eutrophic (15–22 μg/L).",book:{id:"11324",title:"Chlorophylls",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11324.jpg"},signatures:"Natalya Mineeva"},{id:"82027",title:"Underutilized Grasses Production: New Evolving Perspectives",slug:"underutilized-grasses-production-new-evolving-perspectives",totalDownloads:21,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105375",abstract:"Globally, over-reliance on major food crops (wheat, rice and maize) has led to food basket’s shrinking, while climate change, environmental pollution and deteriorating soil fertility demand the cultivation of less exhaustive but nutritious grasses. Unlike neglected grasses (grass species restricted to their centres of origin and only grown at the subsistence level), many underutilized grasses (grass species whose yield or usability potential remains unrealized) are resistant and resilient to abiotic stresses and have multiple uses including food (Coix lacryma-jobi), feed (Eragrostis amabilis and Cynodon dactylon), esthetic value (Miscanthus sinensis and Imperata cylindrica), renewable energy production (Spartina pectinata and Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and contribution to ecosystem services (Saccharum spontaneum). Lack of agricultural market globalization, urbanization and prevalence of large commercial enterprises that favor major grasses trade, improved communication means that promoted specialization in favor of established crops, scant planting material of underutilized grasses and fewer research on their production technology and products development are the prime challenges posed to underutilized grasses promotion. Integration of agronomic research with novel plant protection measures and plant breeding and molecular genetics approaches for developing biotic and abiotic stresses tolerant cultivars along with the development of commercially attractive food products hold the future key for promoting underutilized grasses for supplanting food security and sustainably multiplying economic outcomes.",book:{id:"10895",title:"Grasses and Grassland - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10895.jpg"},signatures:"Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Sadaf Khalid, Raees Ahmed, Muhammad Zubair Khan, Nagina Rafique, Raina Ijaz, Saira Ishaq, Muhammad Jamil, Aqeel Ahmad, Amjad Shahzad Gondal, Muhammad Imran, Junaid Rahim and Umar Ayaz Aslam Sheikh"},{id:"81218",title:"Murburn Model of Photosynthesis: Effect of Additives like Chloride and Bicarbonate",slug:"murburn-model-of-photosynthesis-effect-of-additives-like-chloride-and-bicarbonate",totalDownloads:30,totalDimensionsCites:2,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103132",abstract:"Oxygenic photosynthesis essentially involves photo-lysis (splitting of water to release oxygen), photo-reduction (formation of NADPH), and photo-phosphorylation (synthesis of ATP) reactions. These reactions use photoactive pigments such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Z-scheme and Kok-Joliot cycle, the acclaimed and deterministic model of photosynthesis, are founded on the classical enzyme reaction mechanisms that depend solely on affinity-based interactions of enzymes with the substrates at defined active sites, for explaining electron/moiety transfers. In contrast, the new murburn model is built on stochastic collisions between diffusible reactive species (DRS) and other milieu components (including enzymes, substrates and ions). This novel perspective explains fast kinetics and action spectrum, and affords a spontaneously probable/evolvable biochemical system. The murburn perspective proposes that the photo-excitation of pigments in the chloroplast leads to effective charge separation and DRS-formation. DRS are stabilized/utilized by a pool of redox-active components via disordered/parallel bimolecular interactions at the thylakoid membrane interface. Herein, we provide details of how murburn model is a thermodynamically, kinetically, and mechanistically viable mechanism for the formation of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. The murburn model also provides more viable explanations for several classical experimental observations in photosynthesis (Emerson enhancement effect, Jagendorf/Racker experiments, etc.) and the non-specific effects of diverse additives (such as chloride and bicarbonate).",book:{id:"11324",title:"Chlorophylls",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11324.jpg"},signatures:"Kelath Murali Manoj, Nikolai Bazhin, Yanyou Wu and Afsal Manekkathodi"},{id:"81388",title:"Electronic Structure of Chlorophyll Monomers and Oligomers",slug:"electronic-structure-of-chlorophyll-monomers-and-oligomers",totalDownloads:40,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104089",abstract:"This chapter deals with the electronic structure of chlorophyll molecules and their complexes. Different theoretical and quantum chemical calculation methods are used to study the molecular and electronic structure of chlorophylls. Studied spectral region covers ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions, containing blue side of the Soret band, as also traditional Qy band region. Thus, there are not only focusing on the traditional Qy, Qx, and Soret transitions of chlorophylls but also high-energy transitions (in this region also proteins and nuclei acids absorb light). The aim is to show the effect of molecular conformation on the electronic states and thus on the absorption and emission spectra of monomers and oligomers. In chlorophyll-protein complexes, such conformation effect finetuning the spectral transitions and increases overlap between donor and acceptor states of energy transfer processes. Also, the role of vibronic transition in the shape of absorption and emission spectra of the studied systems will be considered.",book:{id:"11324",title:"Chlorophylls",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11324.jpg"},signatures:"Juha Matti Linnanto"},{id:"81038",title:"Earth’s Energy Budget Impact on Grassland Diseases",slug:"earth-s-energy-budget-impact-on-grassland-diseases",totalDownloads:18,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99971",abstract:"The change in climate have caused different biotic and abiotic factors to be more prominent when management plan is executed. The increase in temperature have then cause frequent drought that may attract alien species of vectors to spread novel diseases among the native plants. However, the change in climate varies in different countries. Thus, common diseases that threatens food security such as Xanthomonas spp., Pseudomonas spp are in limelight of research. Vectors lifecycle may cause plant diseases to by cyclative. Therefore, to find the break in the vector’s lifecycle will be a method to eradicate harmful population in grassland. Modern days will then call for innovative method and limitations should be considered. Climate change have also impacted pathogens migration and mating pattern. The need for innovative management is constantly on the rise.",book:{id:"10895",title:"Grasses and Grassland - New Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10895.jpg"},signatures:"Ang Jia Wei Germaine"},{id:"81107",title:"Can Genus Trichoderma Manage Plant Diseases under Organic Agriculture?",slug:"can-genus-trichoderma-manage-plant-diseases-under-organic-agriculture",totalDownloads:95,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103762",abstract:"Organic agriculture has been coming up as one of the promising segments of crop production systems in India. There are numerous reasons for it, however; human health, sustainable environment, soil health, etc. are the important ones. As per the latest information, India has about 1.5% of total cultivable land under organic agriculture. The occurrence of plant diseases in this crop production system is one of the limiting factors. For the management of plant diseases in organically grown crops, there are limited resources since there is a restriction on the use of synthetic fungicides. Under such a situation, bio-pesticides have the potency to take care of plant diseases. Although there are certain fungal and bacterial candidates well efficient in controlling diseases, genus Trichoderma has occupied a prestigious position among them. It is capable of managing seed and soil-borne plant diseases. Presently it is available in wettable powder (WP) and liquid formulations in variable concentrations for the application.",book:{id:"11317",title:"Trichoderma - Technology and Uses",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11317.jpg"},signatures:"Kishor Chand Kumhar, Dalvinder Pal Singh and Anil Kumar"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:15},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:33,numberOfPublishedChapters:330,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:14,numberOfPublishedChapters:145,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:140,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:123,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:22,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-6580",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"August 2nd, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:33,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:{name:"Association for Computing Machinery",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',institution:null},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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