Open access peer-reviewed chapter - ONLINE FIRST
Abstract
The incorporation of nanoparticles into sensors or with antimicrobial and fertilizer properties in agriculture signifies a paradigm shift toward accuracy and sustainability. This chapter shows the numerous uses of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based sensors in agribusiness. Their innovative contribution to promoting eco-friendly practices is examined. A bounty of advancements that maximize yields and contribute to a sustainable agricultural future is promised by these bactericidal nanoparticles, sensor technologies, and enhanced fertilizers, which sow the seeds of creativity. The discussion explores the potential of nanoparticles to transform farming practices, diminish environmental harm, and cultivate a progressive, eco-conscious farming landscape. Nanoparticle-based sensors provide data for informed decision-making, bactericidal nanoparticles protect crops from harmful pathogens, and nanotechnology enhances fertilizers for nutrient delivery and plant uptake.
Keywords
- nanoparticles
- bactericidal effects
- sensor technologies
- synergism
- agriculture
1. Introduction
The incorporation of nanoparticles into agricultural practices represents a transformative paradigm shift, providing innovative solutions across multiple dimensions of contemporary farming [1, 2]. This encompasses controlled fertilizer release, crop protection, advanced agricultural sensing technologies, optimization of agrochemical delivery, improved water use efficiency, enhanced plant nutrition, and soil remediation [3]. Positioned as a promising remedy for more effective and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices, nanoparticles contribute to increased crop productivity, conservation of resources, and diminished environmental impacts.
Nanoparticles play a pivotal role in tackling key challenges and enhancing efficiency within agriculture. They facilitate controlled fertilizer release, ensuring optimal nutrient absorption, minimizing waste, and optimizing nutrient utilization [4, 5]. This transformative influence in agriculture extends to crop protection, utilizing nanoparticles with bactericidal and fungicidal properties to establish robust shields against pathogens, surpassing conventional methods for sustainable yield protection [6].
In agricultural sensing technologies, nanoparticles seamlessly integrate into state-of-the-art sensors, enabling real-time monitoring of environmental variables such as soil moisture, pH, nutrient concentration, and pest presence. This provides farmers with precise data for informed decision-making, raising the standards of agricultural management [7, 8]. Agrochemical delivery utilizing nanoparticles redefines the landscape by ensuring controlled and targeted release mechanisms, optimizing pesticide and herbicide effectiveness while minimizing environmental impacts [9, 10].
Nanoparticles significantly contribute to water conservation by improving soil water retention, reducing the need for frequent irrigation, and promoting efficient water resource utilization in agriculture [11, 12]. The integration of nanoparticles into plant nutrition products marks a paradigm shift, optimizing nutrient absorption and fostering healthier crops in an environmentally conscious manner [12].
In the remediation of contaminated soils, nanoparticles play a crucial role in absorbing and removing contaminants, offering a promising avenue for recovering degraded areas and contributing to sustainable soil restoration [13, 14]. As the subsequent sections unfold, each application will be comprehensively examined, elucidating nanoparticles’ intricate role in steering agriculture toward a more sustainable, efficient, and environmentally sensitive future.
2. Nanoparticles with innovative properties in agriculture
The utilization of nanoparticles to achieve controlled fertilizer release holds immense potential in agriculture, offering benefits such as gradual nutrient discharge, improved plant absorption, and reduced fertilizer wastage, ultimately enhancing nutritional efficiency [15, 16]. This method is crucial in mitigating nutrient leaching, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and environmental conservation. However, economic challenges may emerge due to initial higher production costs. Key technologies, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles and functionalized carbon nanotubes, are instrumental in realizing optimal outcomes for controlled fertilizer release in agriculture [17, 18].
Nanoparticles (NPs) possessing bactericidal and fungicidal properties offer an efficient alternative for crop protection, diminishing reliance on conventional pesticides and reducing environmental contamination. However, challenges include potential resistance to development and intricate production processes, posing obstacles to widespread adoption [19]. Concerns regarding soil accumulation and residual effects on plant health and the environment underscore the necessity for thorough evaluations in the responsible application of nanoparticles. Economic feasibility and advancements in cost-effective production methods are critical considerations for widespread adoption in agriculture.
In economic considerations, the development and production of nanoparticle-based nutritional solutions may incur higher costs, necessitating a delicate balance between innovation and practicality for accessibility and widespread adoption in agriculture. The journey toward nanoparticle-enhanced plant nutrition entails promises, challenges, and a commitment to responsible and sustainable practices [20]. As nanoparticles reshape agricultural practices and address soil remediation challenges, continuous research and understanding will propel innovative and sustainable solutions for efficient and environmentally conscious agriculture [21].
Figure 1 illustrates a summary of previous topics on the advantages of nanoparticles in plants, soil, seeds, and water.
Figure 1.
Types of nanoparticles and their applications.
2.1 Metallic nanoparticles
In agriculture, metal oxide nanoparticles like zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and titanium dioxide (TiO2) serve multiple purposes, including controlled fertilizer release, crop protection, and soil remediation. Silver and Cu nanoparticles exhibit powerful antimicrobial properties, positioning them as eco-friendly alternatives to traditional pesticides. Including zeolite and TiO2 nanoparticles in soil remediation effectively eliminates contaminants, contributing to rejuvenation. However, challenges such as environmental accumulation and economic feasibility require careful consideration [22, 23].
Notably, ZnO nanoparticles play a crucial role in agriculture, positively impacting crop nutrient delivery, seed germination, and stress tolerance. Tebaldi et al. demonstrated the potential of ZnO nanocrystals doped with several metals (Ag, Au, Mn, Ni, Cu, K, Mo, Cu, Fe, Cl) in controlling bacterial diseases, underscores their significance [24, 25, 26, 27]. The doping process consists of incorporating elements from the crystalline structure of crystals, enhancing various applications. In the case of the tests, the incorporated ions enhanced the bactericidal effect of the ZnO nanoparticles. Addressing environmental concerns and toxicity is crucial for their responsible agricultural application [28].
Silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles, known for their potent antimicrobial properties, play a crucial role in crop protection, extending their applications beyond agriculture. Studies highlight their efficacy in controlling human pathogens and microorganisms in plants and seeds [29]. The positive impact of Ag NPs on spot diseases, seed dormancy, and seedling development underscores their potential [30, 31].
Research on the phytotoxicity of metallic nanoparticles, including Cu, CuO, Ag, and ZnO, emphasizes nuanced sensitivity levels, highlighting the need for regulation in their application [25, 26]. In soil remediation, zeolite and TiO2 nanoparticles significantly remove contaminants and restore soil quality [32].
Iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) are focal points in agricultural research, optimizing nutrient absorption and having diverse water and soil decontamination applications. Careful consideration of application rates and soil interactions is crucial for their positive impact [33].
The broader examination of metallic nanoparticles emphasizes the need for careful regulation and understanding their effects on plant germination [31]. Applying various nanoparticles at different plant development stages offers positive and negative outcomes, necessitating a nuanced approach. Overall, nanoparticle integration holds significant promise in advancing sustainable and effective agricultural practices.
2.2 Quantum dots
Quantum dots (QDs), nanoscale particles with distinct optical and electronic properties, have gained attention in agriculture for their potential applications. Their physicochemical characteristics, including high stability, water solubility, biocompatibility, adjustable surface functionalities, and low toxicity, make them promising tools for precise imaging and monitoring crops at the molecular level. This enables visualization of plant physiological processes, nutrient uptake, and stress responses, providing valuable insights into plant health and facilitating targeted interventions [34, 35, 36].
Environmental considerations regarding the fate of QDs in soil, water, and plants are crucial [37, 38, 39, 40]. A thorough investigation into the long-term impacts on soil microbial communities and ecosystem dynamics is essential for responsible use in agriculture. Additionally, understanding the potential toxicity of QDs to plants and other organisms is vital for their safe integration into the agroecosystem. Balancing the advantages of QDs in precision agriculture with environmental sustainability is critical for their responsible use in modern farming practices.
Research by Ritesh Banerjee et al. explores the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of CdSe QDs on a model plant (
2.3 Carbon-based nanoparticles
Carbon nanoparticles hold significant promise in improving soil quality and supporting plant health. They act as effective carriers for nutrients, pesticides, and other agricultural inputs, enhancing soil water retention, optimizing irrigation efficiency, and strengthening crop drought resistance. Additionally, carbon nanoparticles exhibit bio-stimulant properties that foster plant growth and development [43, 44].
A comprehensive study by Darshan Rudakiya et al. explores the production, potential, and prospects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in agriculture, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of CNT-plant interactions and their effects on plant-associated microbes [45]. Despite their benefits, challenges related to biodegradability arise due to the unique structural and electrical properties of CNTs [46].
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes applied to Brassica and broccoli species demonstrate increased tolerance to salinity stress, attributed to the promotion of the nitric oxide gas signaling molecule and aquaporin transduction in the respective plants [47, 48]. CNTs, a subset of QDs, exhibit enhanced resistance to drought stress in peanut plant seedlings, showcasing the diverse applications of nanomaterials in agriculture [49]. The versatility of QDs is highlighted in studies illustrating their use as non-invasive probes for visualizing plant physiological processes, tracking nutrient uptake, and detecting stress responses [50].
In the realm of graphene-based materials, including reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene oxide (GO), researchers explore their potential applications in agriculture due to their unique physicochemical properties. Graphene’s versatility in enhancing nutrient supply to the soil, promoting plant growth, and expanding crop yields is supported by agricultural research [51]. Studies reveal that adding graphene to the soil enhances nutrient retention, improving seed germination capacity and strengthening plants. Moreover, graphene derivatives improve cation exchange capacity and water retention in the soil, promoting better nutrient availability for plants [52]. Zhao et al. demonstrate the efficacy of graphene oxide as a water retention agent in soil, significantly increasing drought stress tolerance in soybean plants [53, 54].
Research on graphene derivatives elucidates their positive impacts on seed germination, root development, and photosynthetic efficiency. These improvements are attributed to the modulation of hormone levels, enzyme activities, and gene expression, showcasing graphene’s potential in cultivating healthier and more robust crops [53]. Furthermore, graphene derivatives exhibit antimicrobial properties, effectively controlling pests and diseases in plants and seeds. These graphene-based nanomaterials offer a sustainable alternative to traditional pesticides, and their controlled-release formulations present a viable strategy for managing pathogen proliferation without causing environmental harm [55].
2.4 Silicon and selenium nanoparticles
Silicon nanoparticles have emerged as pivotal contributors to enhancing plants’ resilience against stress, a pivotal aspect of sustainable agriculture. Experimental evidence highlights the positive impact of silicon nanoparticles on barley plants, showcasing not only enhanced recovery from drought stress but also significant increases in chlorophyll content (up to 17%) and shoot biomass (up to 27%) compared to control plants [56, 57]. The multifaceted influence of silicon nanoparticles on various physiological aspects underscores their potential as stress-alleviating agents in plant systems.
In a comprehensive study investigating the effects of potassium nanosilica (PNS) on corn plants facing drought stress, intriguing findings emerged under varying stress levels [58]. Drought stress led to a reduction in concentrations of essential elements in both aerial parts and seeds. Notably, the decrease in elemental concentrations coincided with an elevation in nitrogen concentration in seeds and an increase in potassium (K) concentration in aerial parts under water stress conditions. This emphasizes the dynamic role of potassium nanosilica in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress on nutrient uptake and assimilation, contributing to an enhanced adaptive response in corn plants.
Skalický et al. observed that silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) enhance the stress tolerance of plants against various environmental pressures, serving as a non-toxic and efficient alternative for controlling plant diseases [59].
Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have also gained attention in agriculture for their potential benefits in enhancing plant growth and development. Studies indicate that SeNPs improve nutrient absorption, increase selenium utilization efficiency, and provide protection against abiotic stresses, contributing to enhanced crop resilience. These nanoparticles exhibit antioxidant properties, mitigating oxidative stress in plants and promoting overall plant health [60].
The ability of SeNPs to biofortify food crops with selenium is noteworthy, addressing selenium deficiencies in human diets. However, careful consideration is essential due to concerns such as precise dosage control to avoid toxicity, potential environmental impacts, and the safety of incorporating nanomaterials into the food chain. Furthermore, the long-term effects of selenium nanoparticles on soil microbiota and ecosystems necessitate thorough investigation to ensure sustainable and responsible agricultural practices [61, 62].
Ongoing research aims to elucidate the nuanced benefits and challenges of using selenium nanoparticles in agriculture, facilitating their informed and judicious application. In a study by Jingfu et al., selenium nanoparticles offered diverse plant advantages, including improved nutrient absorption, enhanced selenium utilization efficiency, protection against abiotic stresses, promotion of growth, and potential for food biofortification. These nanoparticles can also reduce dependence on conventional fertilizers and hold promise in soil phytoremediation. However, careful consideration is crucial in addressing environmental and safety concerns associated with using materials at the nanoscale [63].
2.5 Biopolymeric nanoparticles
Biopolymeric nanoparticles have emerged as a promising agricultural solution, leveraging their natural origin and biodegradable properties. These nanoparticles are derived from substances like proteins and polysaccharides and offer a sustainable alternative to synthetic materials. Their notable application lies in enabling the controlled release of nutrients, optimizing plant absorption, and minimizing fertilizer wastage. They prove versatile in crop protection, acting as carriers for bioactive agents to gradually and precisely enhance resistance against pathogens and pests.
Moreover, these nanoparticles stimulate plant growth by encapsulating bio-stimulants, promoting overall crop health and productivity. Despite their considerable potential, challenges related to synthesis complexity and potential environmental impacts necessitate ongoing research to ensure their responsible and effective integration into agricultural practices [64, 65].
In sustainable agriculture, the adoption of biopolymeric nanoparticles holds promise due to their inherent biodegradability and eco-friendly attributes [66, 67]. These nanoparticles are sourced from proteins and polysaccharides and offer a green alternative to conventional synthetic materials. Their efficacy in nutrient management is particularly noteworthy, allowing for a controlled and sustained release of essential elements. This enhances the efficiency of nutrient absorption by plants while mitigating the negative environmental effects associated with excessive fertilizer application [68].
Furthermore, the application of biopolymeric nanoparticles in crop protection represents a sophisticated approach. Here, the nanoparticles act as carriers for bioactive compounds, facilitating targeted and gradual release to reinforce plants against pathogens and pests. Additionally, the encapsulation of bio-stimulants within these nanoparticles contributes to crops’ overall well-being and productivity [69, 70, 71].
Despite these promising attributes, challenges related to the complex synthesis of biopolymeric nanoparticles and potential environmental impacts underscore the need for ongoing research. This ensures a nuanced understanding of their role and impact on agricultural systems [65].
2.6 Nanoparticles to agricultural sensor
Integrating nanoparticles into agricultural sensors is paramount in enhancing the precision and efficacy of detection methodologies within the agricultural domain. This strategic amalgamation brings forth many benefits, contributing to the advancement of agricultural practices [72].
The addition of nanoparticles to sensors contributes unprecedented precision in detecting various environmental variables critical to agricultural processes. These nanoparticles, with their unique properties, enable sensors to capture nuanced data, providing a granular understanding of factors such as soil moisture, pH levels, nutrient concentration, and the presence of pests [73, 74].
Nanoparticle-infused sensors empower real-time monitoring of agricultural conditions. This capability allows for timely and accurate data collection, enabling farmers and agricultural practitioners to make informed decisions promptly. Real-time monitoring is crucial in addressing dynamic changes in the agricultural environment [75, 76].
Nanoparticles enhance the sensitivity of agricultural sensors, ensuring their responsiveness to subtle changes in the surroundings. This heightened sensitivity is instrumental in detecting early signs of potential issues, such as variations in nutrient levels or the onset of pest infestations, enabling proactive intervention [77, 78].
The incorporation of nanoparticles broadens the scope of detection capabilities within agricultural sensors. These sensors can simultaneously measure multiple parameters, offering a comprehensive assessment of the agricultural landscape. This multifunctional approach is invaluable for a holistic understanding of the factors influencing crop health and productivity [79].
Figure 2 illustrates the operating process of a biosensor, as well as the main regions of interest, such as, for example, the bioreceptor layer, in addition to illustrating the main nanoparticles that can be used to improve the sensor’s analyte response.
Figure 2.
The figure illustrates the operating process of a biosensor and the types of nanoparticles used.
The precise and real-time data of nanoparticle-enhanced sensors facilitates improved agricultural decision-making. Farmers can make data-driven choices regarding irrigation schedules, fertilizer application, and pest control measures, leading to optimized resource utilization and increased efficiency [80].
By enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of detection, nanoparticle-infused sensors contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. This sustainability is manifested through the judicious use of resources, reduced environmental impact, and promotion of eco-friendly farming methodologies.
Incorporating nanoparticles into agricultural sensors represents a pivotal advancement in detection capabilities. The resulting enhancement in precision, real-time monitoring, sensitivity, and multifunctionality contributes to informed decision-making and fosters sustainability in agricultural practices. As technology continues to evolve, the synergy between nanoparticles and agricultural sensors is poised to play a central role in shaping the future of precision agriculture [81, 82, 83].
Various nanoparticles play pivotal roles in constructing advanced agricultural sensors, each contributing unique attributes to enhance precision monitoring capabilities. Gold (Au), zinc oxide (ZnO), carbon nanotubes, and silica (Si) stand out as critical materials, each serving specific functions in soil condition assessment and environmental monitoring [84, 85, 86].
Gold nanoparticles are chosen for their outstanding conductivity and stability, making them ideal for sensor applications. In agricultural sensors, these nanoparticles efficiently capture and transmit data related to soil conditions. Their electrical properties enable precise signal transmission, allowing for high-quality data acquisition and comprehensive soil analysis.
ZnO nanoparticles exhibit enhanced sensing capabilities, particularly in measuring soil pH and nutrient concentrations. Silva et al. demonstrated the interaction of ZnO nanoparticles with glyphosate molecules for infrared detection and how pH changes the response [87, 88].
Renowned for their exceptional strength and electrical conductivity, carbon nanomaterials are crucial in sensors that monitor various environmental variables. Their robustness and electrical properties make them well-suited for continuous real-time data collection in precision agriculture, facilitating timely decision-making in response to changing conditions.
Silica nanoparticles are known for their versatility and ease of functionalization. Their ability to be easily functionalized in sensor applications contributes to developing sensors capable of simultaneously detecting multiple parameters. The versatility of silica nanoparticles enhances the adaptability and efficiency of sensors in diverse agricultural settings, allowing for comprehensive and multifaceted data collection [89].
In agricultural sensing technology, the strategic integration of these nanoparticles underscores the pursuit of precision and efficiency. The unique properties of gold, ZnO, carbon nanotubes, and silica empower sensors to provide accurate, real-time data, advancing precision agriculture and sustainable farming practices. As research continues, the potential for further innovation and optimization in nanoparticle-based sensors remains promising.
Yao Yao et al. proposed developing a new approach to increase the humidity sensitivity of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) humidity sensors. By the asymmetric treatment of the QCM electrode, the fabricated QCM humidity sensor produces additional frequency changes associated with the change of the dielectric constant of the sensing material in addition to the bulk sensitivity. Renewable cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as humidity-sensing material were deposited on the sensing electrode of QCM. The results proved that the humidity sensitivity of the QCM humidity sensor based on CNCs can be effectively improved by the asymmetric treatment of the QCM electrode structure [90].
3. Conclusion
The integration of nanoparticles in agriculture, mainly through innovative sensors, bactericidal agents, and enhanced fertilizers, signifies a groundbreaking shift toward precision and sustainability. This chapter emphasizes the transformative potential of nanoparticles in fostering sustainable agricultural practices. By promoting innovation, nanoparticles offer a promising avenue for advancements that optimize crop yields and contribute to a more sustainable agricultural future. Their ability to enhance agricultural efficiency, minimize environmental impact, and facilitate real-time data acquisition underscores their significance in redefining agricultural practices for a harmonious balance between productivity and environmental responsibility.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from CNPq, CAPES, FAPEAL, RENORBIO, and FAPEMIG.
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