Resveratrol Supplements Reduce the Risk of Aging-Related Cardiac Disease after Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Abstract

Aging changes in the very elderly cardiac disease are associated with physiological and pathological changes, however, all observed changes in aging are associated with a deterioration of cardiorespiratory fitness function. For example, hypertension and cardiorespiratory disease make difficult distinctions between normal aging changes and the effects of underlying resveratrol supplements processes. Cardiorespiratory fitness-independent changes in resveratrol intake are still unclear. This review aimed to discuss whether the aging-associated cardiorespiratory fitness changes in the heart can be reversed by resveratrol supplements, and the mechanisms of cardiorespiratory fitness. Aging led to apoptosis and fibrosis-related protein expression increased, however, cardiorespiratory fitness had revered more functions. Resveratrol supplements in combination with cardiorespiratory fitness had a good enhanced mitochondrial function in aging including IL-6, STAT3, MEK5, and MEK1/ERK1 increased. Resveratrol supplements also induced survival signals and downregulation of apoptosis signaling in aging. Therefore, we suggest resveratrol has enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness to combine their function in repressed aging.

1. Introduction

The global population is aging, the disease is younger and the influence of modern lifestyles, and because of climate change, global warming, and environmental pollution, etc., it has not been possible to effectively find a reasonable solution today. Technology, but it does also face the impact of modern diseases. It may be necessary to face the torture of the disease in advance, so the concept of health and advocating naturalness has gradually increased [1]. In terms of overall future business strategy, actively participate in chambers of commerce or related exhibitions, deliver related speeches, incorporate health-related cardiorespiratory fitness increases programs, shape and package soul figures, and expand virtual network access to business opportunities, public welfare, and cross-industry integration [2]. The fan club cardiorespiratory fitness operates and integrates resveratrol marketing through advertising and multimedia [3, 4]. It is expected to successfully introduce results into the online consumer resveratrol market, supplemented by online word-of-mouth marketing to expand online and offline marketing integration, increase market exposure, and find partners [5]. At the same time, network channels and physical channels are integrated. Through the integration of resveratrol intake and cardiorespiratory fitness increases strategies, cardiorespiratory fitness growth is promoted, and operations are gradually increased for humans [6]. Age-related cardiac disease is associated with numerous molecular and biochemical changes in the heart [7, 8]. These changes affect cardiorespiratory fitness protein function increases and cardiac morphology resulting in alterations in cell signaling [9]. The biochemical changes also affect the expression levels of mitochondrial membrane anti-apoptosis and apoptosis proteins [10]. Together, they achieve the original concept of saving people and saving the world, creating reasonable profits, and providing feedback to the people who have been supporting them for many years.

2. Resveratrol supplements

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring non-flavonoid polyphenol that exists in many plants, such as grapes, peanuts, and berries [11]. Natural resveratrol is a phytoalexin material to resist the invasion of bacteria produced. Resveratrol grape variety is a decisive factor in content [12]. Resveratrol is a polyphenol produced by plants in response to environmental stress (Figure 1). The trans-isomer of resveratrol is an effective anti-oxidant that scavenges free radicals [13]. Pharmacological studies suggest that therapeutic doses of resveratrol are non-toxic and well-tolerated by humans. Although present in small amounts in many plant-based foods, nutritional supplements of resveratrol are often produced from the extraction of resveratrol from the dried roots of Polygonum cuspidatum, which has also been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat cardiovascular disorders [14]. Resveratrol is rapidly and efficiently absorbed following oral administration, though its bioavailability is low due to its metabolism to sulfated and glucuronidation derivatives during first-pass metabolism. Most of the food resveratrol in the digestion process is an additional metal, that cannot be absorbed, only a very small number of parts can enter the circulatory system, and rely on the blood circulation of trans-resveratrol to achieve. According to reports, is a more effective absorption of the oral mucosa, and the oral jaw surface absorption efficiency of resveratrol than the stomach absorption is higher. Resveratrol is a compound Sirt 1 activation, thereby affecting the number of apoptosis, defense, and metabolic protein involved [15]. Aging is a complex process that is difficult to define. Physiological aging is generally defined to be a decline in body function that takes place in the absence of any discernible disease process. Thus, some reports reported resveratrol can induce free fatty acid release. Taking it, to gain lipid mobilization into the effects of resveratrol on regulated lipolytic activity in human adipocytes.

Figure 1.

Resveratrol supplements. Resveratrol is a natural compound found in red grape skin, peanuts, blueberries, and berries. Resveratrol supplements are a compound known as an antioxidant against environmental stresses and support in wine smaller doses could be quite beneficial for your health aging.

3. Resveratrol supplements and aging-related cardiac disease

Resveratrol supplementation has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects in humans. Resveratrol has also been shown to protect against cardiovascular aging diseases. Resveratrol supplementation intake is established regarding the major requirements for cardiorespiratory fitness and increased safety. Anti-aging effects of resveratrol supplementation improved physicochemical characterization and reversed diastolic pressure, cardiovascular remodeling, and cardiac functions [16]. Resveratrol supplements polyphenols have been reported for delaying aging and age-related cardiovascular diseases. Aging is malleable in many organisms which can induce senescence of cardiac fibrosis leading to a change in cardiac structure. Resveratrol was able to inhibit cardiac dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) [17]. Resveratrol intake might be attenuated by aging-associated cardiovascular diseases, cardiac fibrosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and contractility. Antioxidative may be affected the anti-aging process through resveratrol.

4. Resveratrol supplements and cardiorespiratory fitness increased

Cardiorespiratory fitness training improves the vasodilatory properties of the vasculature thereby optimizing O₂ transport throughout the body [18]. Regular Cardiorespiratory fitness also improves vascular function in association with the reduction of reactive oxygen species. In response to Cardiorespiratory fitness exercise, blood flow is markedly increased in contracting skeletal muscles and myocardium, but perfusion in other organs is only slightly enhanced or is even reduced (visceral organs). Moderate exercise has been evidenced responsible for O₂ transport unite of the body and the utilization of O₂ for the synthesis of ATP by cells, eventually. While moderate cardiorespiratory fitness accelerates O₂ entering the body via the lungs and functionally optimizes the organ systems to form an integrated unit to maintain or improve an active lifestyle [13]. Cardiorespiratory fitness is a physiological left ventricular hypertrophy adaptive response of the cardiomyocytes to physiological stresses in response to increased workload [19]. Cardiorespiratory fitness considers overlap exists between the mechanisms that control the pathological growth of the heart and the physiological growth of the heart. Increased cardiomyocyte cell size and protein synthesis are properties of both physiological and pathological left ventricular hypertrophy.

The specific purpose was to assess the involvement of resveratrol supplements and cardiorespiratory fitness increase. The effects of resveratrol alone and when combined with habitual cardiorespiratory fitness in aged-related heart disease. It was found in this review that supplementing with resveratrol during cardiorespiratory fitness could improve resveratrol intake performance, muscle strength, and whole-body oxidative metabolism (Figure 2). Since left ventricular hypertrophy is a positive adaptation to cardiorespiratory fitness, it appeared plausible that resveratrol treatment during cardiorespiratory fitness could block the physiologic growth of the myocardium and be deleterious [20]. Therefore, cardiorespiratory fitness increases may stimulate weight loss, glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, vagal tone, lean body mass, social support, vascular reactivity, and relaxation (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

High cardiorespiratory fitness. High cardiorespiratory fitness induced social support, weight loss, HDL, glycemic control, lean body mass, vagal tone, insulin sensitivity, vascular reactivity, and relaxation increases.

Lower cardiorespiratory fitness resulted in blood pressure, lipids, depression, anxiety, stress, body fat, inflammation, coagulation, clotting factors, heart rate pressure, adrenergic drive, C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 (Figure 3). Thus, low cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with an increased risk for left ventricular hypertrophy and function in aging.

Figure 3.

Low cardiorespiratory fitness. Low cardiorespiratory fitness were resulted in heart rate pressure, blood pressure, depression, anxiety, stress, body fat, adrenergic drive, inflammation, coagulation, interleukin-6, lipids, clotting factors, and C-reactive protein decreases.

5. Resveratrol supplements in combination with cardiorespiratory fitness increased mechanisms

Cardiorespiratory fitness involves the combination of resveratrol supplementation emitted by aging and the cardiorespiratory fitness will reverse by resveratrol intake combination into the environment. Left ventricular pathological hypertrophy due to age was observed in old-age patients, which leads to left ventricular remodeling and loss of function [21]. In addition, IL6/MEK5/ERK5 regulates MEK1-ERK1/2 and JAK1/2-STAT1/3 to regulate cardiorespiratory fitness myocyte growth, apoptosis, and contractile function. IL-6 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, that promotes tissue injury and cardiovascular pathologies. IL-6 after binding its gp130 receptor leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased fibrosis, and heart failure. In contrast, the JAK/STAT pathway has been elucidated to late essential preconditioning of the cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiac hypertrophy, especially in pathological hypertrophy that proves heart function rupture [22]. The roles of TGF-β1 and MMPs (MMP2 and MMP9) in tissue remodeling are intertwined. However, the activities of MMPs are regulated by TIMPs. Moreover, TGF-β1 is induction through connective tissue growth factor to up-regulate pro-fibrotic proteins. These results demonstrated left ventricular hypertrophy in aging cardiorespiratory fitness. The Bcl-2 protein family plays a central role in the regulation of apoptosis. These proteins take part with antiapoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xl) and pro-apoptotic members (Bax, Bad, Bak), whose reciprocal balance is fundamental in determining cell fate. The final execution phase, when it occurs, results in the activation of a family of proteases, the caspases, which participate in a cascade of events leading to the cleavage of a set of proteins, causing the disassembly of the cell. Until recently, little was known regarding the effects of cardiorespiratory fitness, resveratrol, and combining cardiorespiratory fitness and resveratrol supplementation on the physiological growth of aging cardiorespiratory fitness. While the aging-related mechanisms that define the distinct effects of cardiorespiratory fitness, resveratrol, and combining cardiorespiratory fitness and resveratrol intake on the myocardium in pathological and physiological situations remain to be defined, it is likely that the stimuli that promote pathological left ventricular hypertrophy (Figure 4). Left ventricular hypertrophy works through different signaling pathways than those that promote physiological left ventricular hypertrophy and resveratrol supplementation act to primarily inhibit those pathways that promote pathological left ventricular hypertrophy. Cardiorespiratory fitness aging is a human physiologic change that has slowly progressive structural changes and functional declines with age. Mitochondria may play an important role in apoptosis by releasing, Gαq, PKCβ, RhoA, p-JNK, p-P38, and p-ERK1 and antioxidative stress, SOD2, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. While the increased hemodynamic load is the major factor in the development of pathological hypertrophy, alterations in molecular signaling pathways may also contribute to increased cardiomyocyte growth in autophagy in conjunction with and/or in the absence of increased afterload [23]. We aim to report the cardiorespiratory fitness changes of the elderly heart with resveratrol supplementary supplementation which is expected for mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy on normal aging cardiorespiratory fitness change. However, cardiorespiratory fitness increases with resveratrol, and combining exercise and resveratrol is associated with age-related pathology. Therefore, the effect of cardiorespiratory fitness increased by exercise with resveratrol, and combining cardiorespiratory fitness and resveratrol in aged hearts is interesting to be revealed mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy. Mitochondrial biogenesis proteins including PGC-1α, SIRT-1, Fox1a, eNOS, and Fox3 in aging after cardiorespiratory fitness increase by exercise or resveratrol, and combining exercise and resveratrol. Autophagy signaling pathways include Atg 7, Bechin 1, and LCS-11 and inflammation-related proteins, TNFα, and NF-ΚB. The failure of cardiorespiratory fitness combining exercise and resveratrol to activate PGC-1α, SIRT-1, and Fox1a in certain models could explain the inability of resveratrol to regulate exercise endurance in the report [24]. The effects of cardiorespiratory fitness increases by exercise and resveratrol intake in cardiomyocytes were determined to be PGC1α and SIRT1-dependent, suggesting that the effector molecule responsible for improved mitochondrial function with resveratrol treatment is PGC1α, regardless of how it is activated. Despite this rapid clearance, studies in animals and in humans have shown that oral administration of resveratrol protected against the development of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Increased expression/activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in response to resveratrol treatment is a critical factor in increasing NO levels. These effects of cardiorespiratory fitness increased by exercise training on the resveratrol-induced increase of NO bioavailability involved higher expression/activity of eNOS [13]. MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 regulated left ventricular hypertrophy interaction cardiorespiratory fitness with NFATc3 and calcineurin. NFATc3 and calcineurin control left ventricular pathologic hypertrophy resulting in MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 regulation of physiologic left ventricular hypertrophy in different cardiorespiratory fitness. Thus, cardiorespiratory fitness is increased by exercise training, resveratrol intake, and a combined exercise and resveratrol induce physiologic and pathologic transition. As we know, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 identified left ventricular physiologic hypertrophy, however, NFATc3 and calcineurin are identified as left ventricular pathologic hypertrophy [25]. Some reports show that not find ERK1/2 and NFATc3 were binding together. Thus, we could know exercise training will improve cardiorespiratory fitness with resveratrol intake, and combining exercise and resveratrol induces physiologic hypertrophy, but not pathologic hypertrophy.

Figure 4.

The management consultant of cardiorespiratory fitness, resveratrol, and combining cardiorespiratory fitness and resveratrol. Combining cardiorespiratory fitness and resveratrol have benefits that are significant by mitochondrial biogenesis, left ventricular hypertrophy, autophagy, inflammation, apoptosis, and antioxidative stress.

6. Conclusion

In addition, the combination of high-tech advanced medical care, genomic personalization medicine, and preventive medicine will become the focus of the future development of the biotechnology industry [26]. Also adheres to the cross-domain integrated development to improve people’s health and quality of life, and provides a consultant model to assist medical care. The clinic promotes personalized anti-aging programs, natural nutritional prescriptions, and preventive medical health management to awaken the body’s original anti-aging self-healing power, allowing everyone to reverse the sub-healthy and healthy life. The management consultant of a comprehensive medical clinic, if the benefits are significant, will be expanded to other medical clinics in the future to achieve cross-domain integrated development.

Acknowledgments

N/A.

Conflict of interest

None of the authors has conflicts of interest to declare.

Authors contributor

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.