IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\n
By listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
All three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n
"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n
"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\n
In conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n
“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\n
We invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\n
Feel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9066",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Wound Healing",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Wound Healing presents recent information and basic knowledge about wound management, including healing mechanisms and actions. It provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, including pathophysiology and clinical and medical management. Chapters cover such topics as negative pressure wound management, hypertrophic scarring, biomaterials derived from plants, insulin use, and modified collagen. This book will help dermatologists, students, surgeons, and physicians who treat patients with wounds.",isbn:"978-1-78985-958-4",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-957-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-965-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83061",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"wound-healing",numberOfPages:138,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!1,hash:"a293ecd8c2655a402321dc30e0ffbf9a",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",publishedDate:"June 10th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9066.jpg",numberOfDownloads:5545,numberOfWosCitations:3,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:10,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"March 18th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 23rd 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 22nd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 10th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 10th 2020",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204257/images/system/204257.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Ahmad is the only surgeon in history to develop various new classifications regarding different aspects of hair\nrestoration. These include a new classification system for hair loss, Ahmad’s NPRT system; a new classification for scalp hair,\nLGMA classification; and a comprehensive classification of hair transection. He has also published Ahmad’s Cosmetic Surgery\nScar Scale and Ahmad’s Hair Transplant Assessment Scale. He is the only Pakistani plastic surgeon to receive the Merit Award from the Australian and New Zealand Burns Association (2004). He was also awarded first prize at the annual meeting of the Asian Association of Hair Restoration Surgeons (AAHRS), Bangkok, Thailand, in 2017. In 2018, he was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Pakistan Society of Hair Restoration Surgery. Dr. Ahmad has more than 150 publications in national and international journals. He is also editor and reviewer of many international journals. He is among few ABHRS Diplomates who have more than 100 publications.",institutionString:"Aesthetic Plastic Surgery and Hair Transplant Institute",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"994",title:"Traumatology",slug:"traumatology"}],chapters:[{id:"63525",title:"Calcium Alginate Polysaccharide Dressing as an Accelerated Treatment for Burn Wound Healing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.80875",slug:"calcium-alginate-polysaccharide-dressing-as-an-accelerated-treatment-for-burn-wound-healing",totalDownloads:1111,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Patients with burn injuries suffer from pain and an inflammatory response; however, treatment methods are still not satisfactory and remain challenging. Due to the long stage of burn wound rehabilitation, which contributes to the long-term sensory problems, an effective treatment must begin at the outset of burn wound care. The functionalized wound dressing is expected to be a great treatment strategy over the commercialization wound dressing products and engineered skin substitutes nowadays. Some studies revealed the use of calcium alginate polysaccharide (CAPS) as an “active” dressing due to its calcium richness for wound healing and scar tissue formation. The outstanding outcome of CAPS dressing for severe burn injuries was indicated by natural wound healing and less scarring formation, minimum bacterial infection, cytokine enhancement regulation, and appropriate inflammatory response and pain regulation. These advantages affirmed the phyto-polysaccharide dressing as the next generation of wound dressing materials with highly desirable properties.",signatures:"Juin-Hong Cherng",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63525",authors:[{id:"252781",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Juin-Hong",surname:"Cherng",slug:"juin-hong-cherng",fullName:"Juin-Hong Cherng"}],corrections:null},{id:"68672",title:"A Study of the Use of Modified Collagen of Freshwater Fish as a Material for Personal Care Products",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88363",slug:"a-study-of-the-use-of-modified-collagen-of-freshwater-fish-as-a-material-for-personal-care-products",totalDownloads:697,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The work is devoted to the use of collagen materials produced on the basis of connective tissues of hydrobionts. Their characteristics as potential means of personal hygiene and wound healing are investigated. The results of studies of physical and chemical characteristics of collagen materials from freshwater fish with a modified structure obtained in this paper indicate the prospects of their use as an absorbent layer of personal hygiene products, due to the high moisture absorption capacity, which is an order of magnitude higher than the moisture capacity of untreated collagen and higher moisture capacity of superadsorbing polymers required for use in personal hygiene products. The resulting material meets the requirements of sanitary and epidemiological safety, allergenic action on the skin, as can be concluded from the results of tests on animals, it does not. This material accelerates reparative processes to the same extent as collagen used in standard hemostatic sponges with the simplicity of its production technology, low cost, and availability of raw materials.",signatures:"L.V. Antipova, S.A. Storublevtsev, S.A. Titov, S.S. Antipov, M.G. Khatkhokhu, M.S. Bolokov and V. V. Loboda",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68672",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68672",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"69102",title:"Plant Macromolecules as Biomaterials for Wound Healing",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.89105",slug:"plant-macromolecules-as-biomaterials-for-wound-healing",totalDownloads:966,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Natural biomolecules are increasingly relevant for biomedical applications and tissue engineering for being able to produce an effect on chemical signals, organization of cells, and restitution of extracellular matrix in lesioned tissues. In this chapter, we will address the potential of plant macromolecules, in particular, carbohydrates and proteins such as hemicelluloses and lectins. While lectins are mostly carbohydrate-binding proteins, which can interact with cell surfaces to initiate anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as immunomodulatory functions, hemicelluloses are remarkably known by their ability to form viscous solutions even at low concentrations, which makes them an excellent candidate as vehicle to carry different sorts of biomolecules. Taking into account the complexity of the whole healing process, as an overlapping and coordinated cascade of events, most of the properties presented here by those materials may be of interest to the wound-care market.",signatures:"Felipe Domingos de Sousa, Francisco Rogênio da Silva Mendes, Jose Jovanny Bermudez-Sierra, Ayrles Fernanda Brandão da Silva, Mirele da Silveira Vasconcelos, Tamiris de Fátima Goebel de Souza, Marília de Oliveira Nunes, Antônio Eufrásio Vieira-Neto, Marcos Roberto Lourenzoni, Rosueti Diógenes de Oliveira-Filho, Adriana Rolim Campos, Renato de Azevedo Moreira and Ana Cristina de Oliveira Monteiro-Moreira",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/69102",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/69102",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71904",title:"Modulation of Inflammatory Dynamics by Insulin to Promote Wound Recovery of Diabetic Ulcers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.92096",slug:"modulation-of-inflammatory-dynamics-by-insulin-to-promote-wound-recovery-of-diabetic-ulcers",totalDownloads:745,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"About 5% of the world population is diabetic and are at a risk of slow non-recoverable wound formation. Estimated 15–25% of diabetic patients develop foot ulcers, 6% among them needing clinical attention among which 15–20% will need an amputation. This counts for around 50% of all traumatic amputation. Wound leads to activation of dynamic inflammatory cascade responsible for the healing process. But in diabetes, a persistent rise of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low anti-inflammatory cytokines blocks the dynamic cascade. Wounding induces various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-γ, and TNFs causing accumulation of free radicals leading to inflammation which become persistent in diabetes. Inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines drives the equilibrium towards the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13, IFN-α, and TGF-β, which is necessary for the wound recovery process. Here in this chapter, the inflammatory modulatory roles of different drugs/formulations have been discussed to unravel their significance to promote wound recovery.",signatures:"Pawandeep Kaur and Diptiman Choudhury",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71904",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71345",title:"Managing Patients with Pressure Ulcers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91034",slug:"managing-patients-with-pressure-ulcers",totalDownloads:655,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This study describes care for the person and the informal caregiver with pressure ulcers. The qualitative methodological approach was used, and case study research and the data collection techniques used were the semi-structured interview and the questionnaire. The following scales were applied to the patient: Braden Pressure Ulcer Risk Assessment, Resvesch 2.0, Malnutrition Universal Screening Nutritional Assessment. Modified Barthel and direct observation of wounds, use of the acronym Tissues, Inflammation/infection, Moisture, Edges/Epithelium. The nursing intervention at the patient’s home was positive in the evolution of the pressure ulcer healing and in the management of the caregiver’s emotions. Providing nursing home care to the injured person is a balm for patients and caregivers. It is an excellent response to aging and consequent complications, for example, wounds. They promote gains in health and in the management of human and economic resources.",signatures:"Eglantina Afonso, Dina Borges, Kátia Furtado, Maria do Céu Marques, Margarida Pedro, Inês Reis and Rita Morais",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71345",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71345",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"71976",title:"Hypertrophic Scarring",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.90792",slug:"hypertrophic-scarring",totalDownloads:509,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hypertrophic scars represent important problems because of the presence of pain, pruritus, contractures, as well as unsatisfactory aesthetic results. Currently, the evidence shows that a multidisciplinary management through prevention, adequate choice of suture, atraumatic surgical technique, and early noninvasive measures can favor the handling of these problems and continue with invasive measures that employ intralesional drugs. Clearly, the combination of surgical, technical, and pharmacological interventions will maximize therapeutic results.",signatures:"Jesus Escriva-Machado, Eduardo Camacho-Quintero, Alejandro Maciel-Miranda, Samuel Almeida-Navarro and Julia De la Luz-Hernandez",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/71976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/71976",authors:[null],corrections:null},{id:"68576",title:"Application of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy on Closed Incisions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.88658",slug:"application-of-negative-pressure-wound-therapy-on-closed-incisions",totalDownloads:866,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) is widely used for chronic and acute open wounds, with clinically proven benefits of faster wound healing by promoting granulation tissue growth and increased perfusion and facilitating epithelialization and contraction. Improved outcomes on open wounds prompted the application of NPWT on closed surgical incisions. The application of NPWT, in the immediate postoperative period, reduces surgical site infections (SSIs) and wound dehiscence by 50% in high-risk patients. The negative pressure reduces wound edema and improves local perfusion and lymphatic f low, thereby minimizing hematoma and seroma rates. The improved perfusion and oxygenation facilitate quicker wound healing as well as minimize ischemic complications like f lap necrosis. Recent literature supports enhanced wound healing and superior scar appearance as well as improved wound maturity, evidenced by 50% more force required to pull apart a sutured incision. Improved outcomes of incisional NPWT are reported from various surgical procedures on abdominal, breast, orthopedic, vascular, cardiac, and plastic surgeries. Further clinical studies and cost-benefit analysis are needed to recommend routine postoperative use of incisional NPWT in high-risk and low-risk patient population.",signatures:"Chitang J. Joshi, Ji-Cheng Hsieh, Abbas Hassan and Robert D. Galiano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/68576",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/68576",authors:[null],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6961",title:"Alopecia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"211055d552abe032133f7281ea2b13dd",slug:"alopecia",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5290",title:"Wound Healing",subtitle:"New insights into Ancient 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Frank",dateSubmitted:"September 1st 2021",dateReviewed:"September 8th 2021",datePrePublished:"October 15th 2021",datePublished:"April 20th 2022",book:{id:"11032",title:"Bats",subtitle:"Disease-Prone but Beneficial",fullTitle:"Bats - Disease-Prone but Beneficial",slug:"bats-disease-prone-but-beneficial",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",bookSignature:"Heimo Mikkola",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11032.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"144330",title:"Dr.",name:"Heimo",middleName:"Juhani",surname:"Mikkola",slug:"heimo-mikkola",fullName:"Heimo Mikkola"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"423579",title:"Dr.",name:"Craig L.",middleName:"L.",surname:"Frank",fullName:"Craig L. 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1. Introduction
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It is more urgent than ever to find alternative ways to develop the Amazon. This realization comes with the science-based analysis that the Amazon may have come much closer to a tipping point than previously thought. Recent analysis [1] lends support to the idea that the whole Amazon system might flip to second stable climate-vegetation equilibrium, with degraded savannas covering most of the central, southern and eastern portions of the basin.
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The drivers of such change are deforestation, climate change and increased forest fires. Given the simultaneous and synergistic impact of these drivers of change, total deforestation must not exceed 20–25% to avoid transgressing a potentially irreversible tipping point.
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Global climate considerations also matter: CO2 emissions from forest burning may well be the biggest unresolved global climate challenge. Without reductions in rainforest burning, including in the Amazon, international goals called for in ratified international Conventions for climate, biodiversity and water protection cannot be reached.
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The heightened critical risk to the Amazon forests calls for intensifying the search for disruptive socioeconomic alternatives and transformations. For many decades, contradicting strategies to develop the Amazon have been at work: conservation (we call it the ‘First Way’) versus resource-intensive development (which we call the ‘Second Way’). Considerable efforts were made by successive governments and by NGOs to reconcile those two ways through agricultural ‘sustainable intensification’,—albeit with meager results. The question therefore remains how to unveil the potential of a forest-biodiversity economy in the Amazon.
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We argue that a radically different ‘Third Way’ for sustainable development of the Amazon is within reach. We propose to utilize modern technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution to harness the biological and biomimetic assets of the Amazon’s biodiversity. And we postulate that this Third Way can support a standing forest-flowing river bio-economy while being socially inclusive [2].
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2. Methodological framework
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The methodological approach of this study starts with a perfunctory examination of land use patterns in the Amazon. We examine two distinct models of land use pathways that in general terms may direct and define the maintenance or not of the Amazon forest. The first model is characterized by expansion of protected areas in the Amazon. It has been labeled ‘The First Way’. In the other model, it is prevalent intensive natural resources exploitation. It has been labeled ‘The Second Way’. In Section 3 of this chapter we briefly assess the overall results of these models in land use (for a comprehensive review, see [2]). We present updated literature data in support for current trends in land use changes, such as planned infrastructure, policies and evidence of ongoing land use processes and change.
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We pose two research questions to guide the next phase of the study: Overall, current and planned patterns of land use are environmentally sustainable in the long run? If not, what would be an alternative way? The answers are developed from the basic concepts proposed by [2] for the so-called Amazonia Third Way (A3W), which is based upon a novel economic model. This rests on an innovative, knowledge-based standing forest-flowing rivers bio-economy, valuing the Amazon’s renewable natural resources, biological and biomimetic assets, environmental services and biodiverse molecules and materials. A conceptual model of the A3W is proposed with the main drivers for its planning and implementation. Two of these drivers, namely Technological Drivers and Capacity Development, were considered key to the construction of A3W and are further developed in this work. The technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution were coupled with core A3W guidelines, leading to the conceptual definition of the Amazonia 4.0. Figure 1 shows a diagram of the methodological approach used in this work.
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Figure 1.
Methodological diagram for the conceptual development of the Amazonia Third Way.
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3. Land use trends and planning: evidences of future land use change pathways
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The Amazon forest biome has a total of 45.4% of its territory formed by protected areas and indigenous territories [3] as depicted in Figure 2. This large area where the forest is predominantly protected or managed in a sustainable way [4, 5] is the ballast that makes the First Way a possible model of land use for the Amazon. An effective example of the implementation of conservation policies by Amazonian governments is given by Brazil. In the 1990–2013 period, protected areas of the Amazon have grown from 11 to 125 million hectares and indigenous land have grown from 33 to 125 million hectares [6]. Indigenous territories and protected areas occupy 47.85% of the Brazilian Amazon [7].
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Figure 2.
Protect areas in the Amazon basin. Source: Conservation International [8].
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On the other hand, the model of resource-intensive development (Second Way) rests mostly on economic activities that lead to the elimination of the forest and had cycles of intense growth for many decades. RAISG’s ‘Deforestation in the Amazon (1970–2013)’ (see Figure 3) study indicates that up to 9.7% of the region have been deforested until the year 2000, and that between that year and 2013 that rose to 13.3%, which represents 37% increase in 13 years [9]. Given that, by and large, Amazon deforestation rates increased in the last 5 years, it is likely that total deforestation is close to reaching 16% of the whole basin by 2018.
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Figure 3.
Mapping of deforestation of the Amazon forest biome for two distinct periods: the total accumulated up to 2000 (red color) and the increment from 2000 to 2013 (black color). Source: RAISG [9].
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Other studies show that protected areas and indigenous territories are not necessarily blocking deforestation completely. Although deforestation in indigenous territories in the Amazon remains relatively small, rates have grown 32% between 2016 and 2017 [7]. That points out that the barrier formed by indigenous land and other protected areas may vanish under the pressure of environmental crime and expansion of the commodities frontier, if adequate protection policies are not enforced. The increase of deforestation in some indigenous territories occurs at a time when the total rate of destruction of the Amazon rainforest fell by 16%, from 7892 km2 in August 2015–July 2016 to 6624 km2 in August 2016–July 2017. Notwithstanding the observed decrease, the level is still extremely high in absolute terms [7]. For the same period, the Sistema de Alerta de Desmatamento (SAD) from Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia (Imazon) detected an increase of 22% in the rate of deforestation in protected areas [10].
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Besides the current evidences indicating that protected areas may not be a good proxy for permanent forest conservation because the prevalent model of intensive use of natural resources is a permanent dynamic force toward disrupting it, there are evidences that the future can be even more challenging for the First Way to ensure forest conservation. Official Amazonian countries’ planned infrastructure developments indicate a huge increase in the construction of dams, roads, railroads and ports [11] throughout the Amazon basin. These types of infrastructure pose severe threats to the forestland through their construction and will almost certainly induce new developments of high deforestation profile.
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Land use change in the Amazon: sustainability or deforestation?
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In the Brazilian Amazon, which comprises 65% of the whole biome, deforestation figures from 2005 to 2017 show that a period of consistent decrease from 2004 to 2012 may be now reversed (Figure 4).
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Figure 4.
Annual deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazon (km2) from 2004 to 2017 and map of fraction of land cover change for 2010 (left panel) based on PRODES data [14] and projections of two possible scenarios for the Amazon in the future up to 2030 [13]: one of large deforestation (called ‘Fragmentation’) and one of declining deforestation (called ‘Sustainability’).
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Future land use change in the Amazon has been modeled [12, 13] for two rather opposed scenarios which lead to very different land cover changes (Figure 4). In one of them (the so-called ‘Fragmentation’ scenario), there is a continuous weakening of strict deforestation control policies successfully implemented from 2005 to 2012 in Brazilian Amazon and expansion of resource-intensive activities leading to agricultural and livestock expansion, resulting in over 50% of the Brazilian Amazon deforested by 2050. That is a scenario quite consistent with a progression in time of the Second Way. The other scenario in Figure 4 (the so-called ‘Sustainability’ scenario) calls for continuation and strengthening of the environmental policies to bring deforestation rates close to zero in the near future. It is the land cover change scenario compatible with the Third Way.
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The economic rationale to protect the tropical forests (The First Way or the ‘Sustainability’ scenario of Figure 4) rests to some degree upon the assumed low costs of maintaining intact forests as carbon storage and carbon sinks as a non-costly way to mitigate climate change in comparison to more expensive alternatives such as switching energy systems to renewable energy. Calculations for Brazil [15] estimate savings up to USD 100 billion/year to 2030 for Brazil to fulfill its NDC commitments to the Paris Accord if deforestation of the Amazon and Cerrado biomes can become smaller than 4000 km2/year and the bulk of its commitment to reduce national emissions 43% relative to 2005 emissions by 2030 come from land use policy and not from rapidly switching the energy matrix to renewable energy. However, it is clearly short-sighted to view only the carbon pathways as justification to preserve tropical forests. In fact, the Third Way Initiative raises various limitations of such approach (see [2]) and proposes that, in addition to ecosystems services, the economic potential of tropical forests rests on their biological and biomimetic assets to a larger extent.
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4. Identification of issues and opportunities for sustainable socioeconomic development
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In this chapter, we analyze the issues and circumstances that have impeded to date socioeconomic development based on Amazon biodiversity assets to occur in large scale. We point out the major failures in dimensions such as concepts (imagination challenges), knowledge (research and information challenges) and implementation (governance and policy challenges & entrepreneurial capacity failures), and the lack of imagination of the potential of an innovative green economy based on nature that goes beyond the Amazon regional institutions. In the opportunity side, we present a summary of a major review in the scientific and technical literature, which identified more than 200 species of Amazonian plants with known potential to provide raw for an initial low-end bio-economy in the Amazon. Many biodiversity products of the Amazonian flora follow have established value chains. We did qualitative analysis on a sample of it to identify its main characteristics, problems, virtues and bottlenecks. This analysis included selected cases of innovative entrepreneurship leveraging relatively low-end technologies and evaluation of 25 enterprises that markets non-timber products of Amazonian biodiversity. The sample encompasses a range of segments, types, sizes and bio-assets processed.
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4.1. Conceptual failures for sustainable tropical development
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The challenges to achieving sustainable development in the Amazon can be broadly categorized in three categories, similarly to a conceptual framework laid out for planetary health [16]:
conceptual failures (imagination challenges), such as the vision of the Amazon as only a source of commodities for the world and the lack of imagination to create alternative, less socially and environmentally damaging development pathways based on the Amazon’s renewable natural resources (e.g., its rich biodiversity), with value added via technological innovations for an inclusive ‘bio-industrial’ model of development, generating higher income jobs and sustainable development.
knowledge failures (research and information challenges), such as reduced amount of funding to research institutions in the Amazon, focus of research and monitoring systems on land use transformations, insufficient R&D investments by the private sector, and lack of innovative research, for instance, to unveil the hidden economic and societal value of biological assets, that is, a ‘tropical model of development’.
implementation failures (governance and policy challenges & entrepreneurial capacity failures), such as the failure of Amazonian countries’ government to recognize the risks of current and past development policies and the inefficient implementation of a diversified economy by public and private actors and even the failure to share more equitably the benefits of the current resource-intensive economy, reducing social and income inequities.
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The lack of imagination of the potential of an innovative green economy based on nature is not restricted to the Amazon regional institutions. Economic viability studies for the Amazon of serious institutions such as the World Bank almost completely ignore such potential. For example, recent studies [17] continue to see the value of forest products in an exclusively extractive way and assume very low returns. For example, less than $10 per year per hectare for non-timber products and just over $20 for sustainable selective logging. They ignore the concrete case of market success of agroforestry systems such as çaí, with proven annual returns of between $200 and $1000 per hectare [18], adding more than $1 billion annually to the regional economy [19].
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The intense resource-based agribusiness, mining and hydropower in the Amazon generate wealth and little of that is reinvested to propel health and education improvements within the Amazon beyond what is called for in the licensing process. That is in part due to the regressive taxation system and in part due to historical inefficiencies in investments in public services. For instance, the highest average per capita income region in Pará—annual per capita income of close to R$50,000—is the iron ore-rich Carajás area, with overall income higher than national average. However, social indicators such as health and education services are no different than other regions of the State of Pará and much lower than national averages. In summary, very little of the wealth remains in the region and improves the wellbeing of the population.
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The discourse on sustainability has been allowed to proceed as a sign of the times and to be aligned with global trends starting with the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio and to transmit an international aura of adherence, but in fact the concrete development policies for the Amazon never in fact deviated from the one devised by the military government out of geopolitical concerns: livestock and agricultural occupation to ensure sovereignty and exploitation of minerals, hydropower and fossil fuels as drivers for economic development.
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The intense and swift expansion of the Brazilian agriculture frontier in the Amazon resulted not only in the growth of the country’s GDP since the 1960s, but also in the rates of tree felling and greenhouse gas emissions—a consequence of conversion of forest landscapes into pasture for cattle raising and agricultural fields for grain production. Some numbers illustrate this human-orchestrated metamorphosis. Since 1997, more than 20 billion trees have been cut in the world’s largest rainforest. In 2016, more than half of the 8000 km2 of Amazon deforestation was transformed into new pastures. Currently, beef and dairy farming and production account for 45% of gross Brazilian GHG emissions.
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The main public policies responsible for the sharp reduction in deforestation from 2005 to 2014 seem to have already reached their limit, so much so that deforestation has been growing in 2015 and 2016, even in a period of historic economic recession, demonstrating once again the decoupling of deforestation with economic growth, neither when GDP grows nor when GDP shrinks. The underlying reasons for continued land cover change are more complex than simply responding to global markets.
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Unfortunately, we may not have a long window of time to change course with respect sustainable pathways for the Amazon. Tipping points not to be transgressed for forest-climate stability are in the horizon. The synergistic effects of land cover and climate changes, and with increased forest fires due to a combination of forest degradation, use of fire in agriculture and droughts, make the risks even greater. Earth system modeling [2] shows that the synergistic combinations of those drivers could lead to a relatively rapid transition to new forest-climate equilibrium with loss 50–60% of the forest over eastern, southern and central Amazon, replaced by degraded savannas and dry forests. The sense of urgency to avert a systemic risk to the Amazon forests must be kept in mind in the search for solutions.
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4.2. Potential of a biodiversity-based bio-economy
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The knowledge of nature, accumulated over 3.5 billion years of evolutionary processes, that finds in the Amazonian biodiversity one of its greatest showrooms, is a potentially very large bio-economic asset. The number of molecular substances with specific and usable functions is practically incalculable, since each existing species is itself a biochemical design laboratory. And most species are yet unknown and every 3 days, on average, one new species is discovered [20].
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Even though a single substance with a desired function discovered by the study of living things in the Amazon could be biologically synthesized and produced industrially by laboratories to reduce costs or to provide quantities demanded for world consumption, the intrinsic knowledge that generated its form and function was stored in the forest and ready to be copied.
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A review carried out in the scientific and technical literature as part of this work identified more than 200 species of Amazonian plants with known potential to provide raw for an initial low-end bio-economy in the Amazon. A reduced listing of the 20 very promising species that have been widely used, integrate local productive chains or show strong potential use in food, cosmetics, perfumery, medicinal, advanced materials and biotechnology have their distribution modeled. The listing includes rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora), Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), cumaru/tonka (Dipteryx odorata), açaí (Euterpe oleracea) and rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) among other. A sample distribution for rosewood in the territory is shown in Figure 5.
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Figure 5.
Geographic distribution for rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora) in the Brazilian Amazon [21].
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Few of the biological assets of Amazonian biodiversity are known, others are being researched for their nutritional, structural, biochemical and market properties, to become products of future use.
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A good example of this transition in the area of food is the açaí fruit of the Euterpe oleracea palm, widely and historically consumed only by local populations until the 1990s. From then on, it gained the world for its nutritional and functional qualities and its flavor, even with the operational difficulties of being a fresh, minimally processed fruit transported frozen from the vicinity of the forest to consumer markets elsewhere in Brazil and abroad (e.g., to the US and Japan) [18]. Its botanical genus (Euterpe) bears the name of one of the nine muses of Greek mythology, daughter of Zeus, who represents pleasure and happiness, as many consumers of açaí pulp may well attest.
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Like açaí, many of the Amazonian biodiversity foods are traditionally consumed by the local population, with marked flavors and excellent nutritional properties, as well as functional foods and nutraceuticals in many cases. Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (HBK) McVaugh), for example, has 4 times more vitamin C than acerola [22]; murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Rich.), has excellent antioxidant properties [23], as well as açaí, that reached global markets. In addition to antioxidant activity and being a source of five types of carotenes, taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) is a rich source of vitamin A, at the rate of 100 g of fruit corresponding to more than 37% of the daily needs of the vitamin [24]. Besides the well-known Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), which is already a nut consumed worldwide for a long time, there are many other fruits and seeds of the Amazon with potential to gain new markets, such as cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx odorata); cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum); uxi (Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrecasas); graviola (Annona muricata L.); patauá (Oenocarpus bataua Mart.); guaraná (Paullinia cupana); priprioca (Cyperus articulatus L.); and bacuri (Platonia insignis), among many others.
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The raw materials of Amazonian biodiversity are used in the industry of essences and oils to make cosmetic and perfumery products. As an example, the cumaru-ferro (Dipteryx odorata) fermented seeds produce an essential and industrial oil, while coumarin (coumarinic anhydride), which is an aromatic essence used as a narcotic and stimulant [25]. This oil is also used as a fixative in the perfumery industry [26]. Another example is andiroba (Carapa guianensis) available in the market in the form of essential oil, with anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, healing properties [27], being also sold for especially sensitive skin care cosmetics [28].
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Açaí has also been studied and is used far beyond food: in the cosmetics sector its oil has properties for skin nutrition, revitalization and hydration, it contains omega 6, it is an antioxidant agent rich in polyphenols indicated for the formulation of anti-aging products [29, 30]. The anthocyanin present in large quantities in the açaí pulp was used in an application as a natural marker for teeth bacterial plaque [31] with large potential markets. In another development, nanoparticles of açaí oil are used to treat cancerous lesions [32]. Proving that applications of biodiversity raw materials tend to be innumerable, especially when combined with modern technological tools and cutting-edge research, a natural plastic was developed from açaí, with polyurethane produced from the seeds [33]. Discarding the abundant açaí berry seeds is a potential environmental problem in the pulp for food production cycle. The development of a plastic from the seeds also shows the possibilities of using by-products of a production chain in other associated chains for an even more efficient bio-economy with minimized externalities.
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Other examples of uses of bio-composites are ucuuba (Virola surinamensis) from which a patented [34] butter is produced, which is capable of providing a matte effect in the skin. From the leaves and branches of the pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Duckei), the linalool compound is extracted [35] which is one of the traditional components of the classic Channel No. 5 perfume. Currently, the following products of the Amazonian biodiversity for diversified products are on the market for cosmetics applications: Babaçu (Orbignya oleifera) oil, Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) oil, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) oil, Copaíba (Copaífera officinalis) oil, Passionflower (Passiflora edulis) oil, Urucum (Bixa orellana) oil, Patauá (Oenocarpus bataua) oil, Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) oil, Bacuri (Platonia insignis) oil, Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) oil, Murumuru (Astrocaryum murumuru) oil and Ucuúba (Virola surinamensis) butter.
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Research in the medical field confirms the value of many indigenous traditional medicines and goes beyond, with its own and advanced research methods [36]. As an example, we can mention the chichuá (Maytenus guianensis Klotzsch ex Reissek) that presents anti-leishmaniosis [37] and anti-microbial [38] compounds; guaraná (Paullinia cupana) with its properties for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease [39], priprioca (Cyperus articulatus L.) with anticonvulsant properties [40], babaçu (Orbignya phalerata) with a cicatrizing compound [41], sacaca (Croton cajucara Benth.) with hypoglycemic properties [42] and as ulcer healing [43], pracaxi (Pentaclethra macroloba Willd.) with anti-hemorrhagic activity [44] and natural larvicide [45], in addition to estoraque (Ocimum micranthum Willd.) with its antifungal [46] and antioxidant [47] properties.
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Quercetin is a flavonoid that has the ability to suppress free radicals and thereby help preserve the brain and heart, keep the immune system active, protect the body against cancer, and act to prevent diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease [48]. Quercetin, present in many foods but in low concentrations, is obtained from the natural purification process of the fava d’anta (Dimorphandra mollis Benth) [49]. And the uncera (cat’s claw) (Uncaria tomentosa and Uncaria guianensis) and is largely used in the pharmaceutical industry [50]. Pilocarpine, an alkaloid with extensive use in ophthalmology [51], is extracted from jaborandi (Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf ex Holm). These are many other examples of species already studied that integrate or can integrate local production chains in the production of drugs and phytotherapeutics.
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But the biological assets also have application in industry, with emphasis on endophytic fungi (Coniochaeta lignaria, for example) with the capacity to degrade lignin in the cell walls of plant cells, with great potential for the bioenergy industry [52].
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Another study with phytosterols isolated from endophytic fungus (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides), an Amazon fungus, offers potential sources of novel natural products for exploitation in medicine, agriculture and the pharmaceutical industry [53]. Microorganisms are an attractive source of new therapeutic compounds, they serve the ultimate readily renewable, and inexhaustible source of novel structures bearing pharmaceutical potential [54].
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State-of-the-art research can unveil new and surprising uses even for forest assets that have been exploited for a long time. For instance, that is the case for natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). When combined with nanoclay composites using biomechanical technology, it results in an advanced material to be utilized as artificial skin (Biocure)—a patented active material that induces the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and new tissues (neoformation) on the surface on which it is applied [55]. Latex and clay compounds have also been developed to manufacture high-tech tire (run cooler, thus increasing tire durability and fuel economy), anti-rust coatings, tennis balls, gloves and masks [55].
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4.3. Summary of Amazon value chains
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The biodiversity products of the Amazonian flora follow well-defined paths between the origins of the raw material, to its processed form for final consumption or to be reprocessed into components for very high specialty products. The value-added paths of biodiversity products involve multiple steps and social and business actors, varying according to the nature of the raw material, the products to be processed and the location of the harvesting and processing regions. As a general rule, the production of the raw material, which may be fruit, seed, sap, or other part or component of the plants occurs in the rural environment. They may come from primitive areas of natural forest or managed agroforestry systems (SAF), such as natural forests with extensive extractive species and intercropped planted forests.
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The rural area is home to communities where the first basic stages of preparation of the material collected or harvested for subsequent supply occur, such as cleaning, threshing, drying and other low-tech processes. Logistic processes such as the transport of the material from the collection and production sites to the pre-processing sites, storage and shipment to the processing centers also occur in the rural domain. In every aspect of this beginning of the value chain, there are opportunities for individual, family, cooperative or business based on local entrepreneurship.
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After pre-processing, the materials are taken by boat or truck to companies or cooperative facilities in the Amazon or in another region in Brazil or in other Amazonian countries (e.g., Bolivia) where most or the entire product’s actual processing takes place, in facilities with varying degrees of automation. From there it is ready for consumption, locally or in markets elsewhere in Brazil or abroad. Based on a comprehensive study we conducted with value chains of five plant species, we developed a conceptual diagram that represents the main places, environments and activities carried out throughout the whole transformation cycles, from inputs origin to final consumption, as shown in Figure 6.
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Figure 6.
Conceptual diagram of the location of the basic stages of value chains of Amazonian biodiversity products. Solid lines mean the last stage of a product in the value chain [21].
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Not all paths shown in Figure 6 have fair remuneration in the value adding they represent. A 2005 study for cumaru (Dipteryx odorata) value chain in the State of Pará, Brazil, illustrates the problem [56]. The markup was 75.0% for the intermediary, 166.7% for wholesale companies in towns nearer production areas, and 233.3% for the wholesale companies from Belém, the State capital. The total markup from the beginning to the end of the market chain was approximately 500%. The price of the nut ranged from R$3.00 per kg for the collectors to R$18.00 per kg for the wholesale companies. It was observed that the exporting companies, which generated unequal gains within the chain, imposed the major additions to the product price. There were approximately 2700 families involved in cumaru nuts collection, exported mainly to Japan, France, Germany and China.
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Another evidence of such imbalance in the value sharing was revealed by our study of five value chains. While Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) seeds, mostly from manual forest extraction, come from dozens of places along the Amazon basin, the value aggregation of such yields takes place only on just a few locations furnished with processing plants, as shown in Figure 7.
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Figure 7.
Differences between the many places where Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) is collect in the forest (left map) and the few places where there is value aggregation of it (right map), in the Brazilian Amazon, found in a sample survey [21].
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Recent corporate social responsibility efforts focused on purchasing biodiversity products from communities or cooperatives have generated more balanced and fair-trade relations, as with the operations of a range of forest products purchased by the Natura company and açaí purchased by the Sambazon company. However, the typical market distortions in the values paid to the extractivist-producer by intermediaries still has to be resolved.
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Agroforestry systems (SAF—Sistema Agroflorestal) are agricultural crops intercropped with tree species, used to restore forests and recover degraded areas. The SAF technology overcomes terrain limitations, minimizes degradation risks inherent in agricultural activity and optimizes the achieved productivity. There is a reduction both in soil fertility losses and pest attacks. The use of trees is fundamental for the recovery of ecological functions, since it allows the reestablishment of much of the relationships between plants and animals. The tree components are inserted as a strategy to combat erosion and the contribution of organic matter, restoring soil fertility. Two successful tropical agroforestry projects illustrative of this system in the Amazon are the CAMTA cooperative [57] in Tomé Açu, in the state of Pará and the RECA cooperative [58] in Abunã, in the state of Rondônia.
With the advancement of consumer markets, technologies and business models, new business development opportunities have emerged from the products of Amazon biodiversity. Four examples of this innovative entrepreneurship model were selected to demonstrate the combination of technology and corporate social responsibility for the generation and fair distribution of benefits to all links and actors of value chains. Two of the examples illustrate production companies and the other two examples show companies that developed digital platforms to increase efficiency in transactions and traceability of biodiversity products.
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The first example is the Tahuamanu company, a Bolivian producer of Brazil nut products, which illustrates the case of an Amazonian company that innovated by applying relatively low-end technologies, to all links of the Brazil nut productive chain, reflected in tremendous increases in productivity and benefits also to collectors at the base of the value chain. The 2016 severe El Niño-related drought in many parts of the Amazon may have wreaked havoc to the Brazil nut production that supplies the company. It is reported a 70% drop in harvest in 2017, responsible for laying off over 300 employees from his Cobija processing plants [59]. This unprecedented fall in production raise the question of the potential impact of climate change on the new development paradigm for the Amazon.
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The second example is the NATURA cosmetics company and its bio-industrial operations. It is probably the most successful case of exploration Amazon biodiversity assets within the most desirable parameters of socio-environmental excellence. Natura has developed a network of suppliers of raw materials from Amazon biodiversity that organizes production of almost 3000 families across the region. It supports training programs and community empowerment toward sustainability. The example of the ucuuba butter shows how the combination of innovative R&D and training communities in sustainable exploitation can deliver good results. Ucuuba trees were used as timber for broom sticks and that was accelerating risks of tree extinction. Butter was developed out of the ucuuba seeds and that new product found its way in cosmetics of high added-value. Floodplain communities of the Marajó Island were trained to collect and pre-process the seeds for sale to Natura and to other companies which also process ucuuba butter. The net profit of those operations for those families is three times larger per year as compared to the only once income for felling the tree. Natura is also promoting the bio-industrialization in the Amazon itself. It opened the Ecopark, an industrial complex in Benevides, near Belém, state of Pará.
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The third example is the FLORAUP digital platform that shows how information technology can be used to foster direct connection between local producers, from their remote locations in the forest, with potential buyers of their Amazon biodiversity products. After 1 year on air, the platform has only 57 registries, perhaps due to the relatively low digital connectivity of remote communities across the Amazon.
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Finally, the fourth example is ORIGENS BRASIL, a production chain tracking digital platform. The platform allows anybody to know instantly the origin of the product that contains assets of Amazonian biodiversity since its raw material harvesting, its history and actors involved in the production. This is done simply by pointing a smartphone to the product packaging, which is equipped with a QR Code that accesses a remote live database. If one assumes that responsible consumers are an accelerating trend, such traceability platforms are in dire need for the Amazon.
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4.5. Traditional bio-industries
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Natural products developed on a sustainable basis have a long history in the Amazon since the rubber boom years. An increasing demand for these products for traditional and innovative uses in the food, cosmetics, perfumery and pharmaceutical industries has promoted new business opportunities in the Brazilian Amazon. As part of this trend, advances in biotechnology research have demonstrated a key role in expanding this potential, thus boosting the value chains that have as one of the main attributes the bio-industries focused on the processing of forest raw materials into biodiversity products.
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This research evaluated 25 enterprises that markets non-timber products of Amazonian biodiversity. The sample encompasses a range of segments, types, sizes and bio-assets processed. From international corporations with more than 100 years in the market of extracting the finest Amazonian essences, to innovative indigenous entrepreneurship of collecting and selling forest’s native species seeds in large amounts to support much needed reforestation efforts elsewhere.
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These industries deliver a vast array of products: It ranges from an exfoliating agent of açaí seed (Beraca company) to a powder form of the same fruit for energy drinks (Yerbalatina Phytoactives and 100% Amazônia companies). The Amazon-based bio-industry is also well-defined and consolidated in the supplying chains of oils and essences. As early as 1921, the essential oil extracted from the pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora) wood, a native tree from the Amazon, which is rich in the aromatic compound linalool, was the main ingredient of the famous French perfume Chanel n° 5 [35]. From them on, the supplying of the finest and unique ingredients from the Amazon biodiversity thrived, adopting, mostly, adequate standards for social and environmental sustainability, which was not always the case with Pau-Rosa. Today, extracts of cumaru are present in the most famous and popular fragrances (Givaudan company) and the ingredients market for the cosmetics industry is supplied with essential oils of priprioca (Laszlo Aromaterapia & Aromatologia companies), pracaxi (Amazon Forest Trading company); copaiba (IFF—International Flavors & Fragrances company) and andiroba (Amazonoil company), among many other.
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Another sector that has shown significant growth is the food, functional food and nutraceutical industries (e.g., Sambazon, Tahuamanu companies). Companies in this sector tap in the healthy food market and, by applying relatively low-end technologies, have put Amazon bio-actives available worldwide at anyone’s table. As a rule of thumb, most sectors have benefited from the adoption of newer and accessible technologies in their processing facilities. From Brazil nuts micro-factories for peeling seeds (COOPERACRE cooperative) to agrosilviculture producer’s cooperatives focused on traditional bio-industries (CAMTA, RECA cooperatives).
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In our study, we analyzed many products offered by the Amazon traditional bio-industries based on two defining axis: the amount of technology involved in the making of their products and the degree to which they are closer or further to their original state as furnished by Nature. It was a qualitative analysis and it shows status classes for these products. The diagram in Figure 8 shows the result of this qualitative analysis.
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Figure 8.
Diagram depicting status classes for Amazon bio-industry products based on the amount of technology involved in their making and the degree to which they are closer or further to their original raw material state as furnished by nature [21].
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As it might be expected, values such as environmental sustainability, social development and fair-trade are a matter of concern for virtually all operations, to a greater or lesser extent, from small chestnut cooperatives to the giants of the essences and cosmetics sector. Nevertheless, there are reports of large traditional bio-industry operations that required botanical resources at large scales that have driven transformation in the supplying of natural asset, once coming from extractivism or agroforestry systems, into an asset generated from monocultures in the agroindustry’s usual patterns. It also disrupted traditional handmade extractive processes [60]. Accommodating increasing demands for bio-products with limitations inherent to Nature’s carrying capacity and traditional and local people culture, needs and potentials for insertion into new economic development paradigm is an imperative challenge for a real sustainable Amazon development strategy.
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The industrial sector transforming biodiversity assets into available consumables act in the interface between biodiversity, biotechnology and bio-industry, which involves a complex system of partnerships between companies, universities, research institutes, official financial agencies, organized communities and cooperatives inside and outside the Amazon region.
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5. Amazonia Third Way as a disruptive alternative
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The Amazonia Third Way initiative is conceived as a disruptive social and technological transformation toward a sustainable Amazonian development path. It calls for ‘an Amazon-specific Fourth Industrial Revolution innovation (4IR) “ecosystem”. This system must be able to rapidly prototype and scale innovations that apply a combination of advanced digital, biological, and material technologies to the Amazon’s renewable natural resources, biomimetic assets, environmental services, and biodiverse molecules and materials’ [2].
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In support of socioeconomic development, systemic innovations will also apply to enhancing biodiversity-based value chains. Ideally, these would shape a unique ‘Amazon-brand’ able to conquer global markets [61, 62, 63].
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The Amazonia Third Way Initiative promotes in-depth research on alternative pathways for sustainably developing the Amazon territory, in harmony with the twenty-first century’s Zeitgeist. Forests in the Amazon are the result of evolution over millions of years. Nature has developed a wide variety of biological assets, which include metabolic pathways, and genes of life on land, in aquatic ecosystems, and in their natural products—both, chemical and material—in conjunction with biomimetic assets, that is, the functions and processes used by nature.
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4IR technologies increasingly harness these assets across many industries from pharmaceutics to energy, food, cosmetics, materials and mobility. Indeed, they are making profits, but to date these profits have not been channeled back to conserve the Amazon and to support the custodians of nature—indigenous and traditional communities—and also urban population in the region.
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Within a proper legal and ethical framework, the Amazonia Third Way Initiative offers unprecedented opportunities to local populations to develop a vibrant, socially inclusive ‘standing-forest, flowing-river’ green economy. By harnessing nature’s value through physical, digital and biological technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution, we can simultaneously protect the Amazon ecosystems and their traditional custodians.
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The region is still largely disconnected from the main centers of technological innovation dealing with 4IR technologies and the advanced bio-economy. The Amazonia Third Way Initiative is conceived as a multi-level path toward a new inclusive bio-economy, combining a highly innovative, entrepreneurial and technological economy with the re-valuation of non-timber forest products and industries with low-end technologies.
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5.1. Determinants of sustainable development pathways for the Amazon
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The conceptual framework for the Third Way follows the overall structure of Figure 9 for the determinants of sustainable pathways for the Amazon.
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Figure 9.
Determinants of sustainable pathways for the Amazon. The Amazonia third way initiative seeks ‘to add value to the heart of the forest’ by promoting a novel sustainable development paradigm based upon harnessing biological and biomimetic assets of Amazon biodiversity.
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At the broader level, first we need to understand the nature of the socioeconomic and political drivers accounting for the rapid transformation of the Amazon in the last 50 years and the consequences of the resource-intensive development policies in action in contrast with the view of forest preservation and setting aside large tracts for conservation.
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As mentioned before, the Third Way Initiative is not one more attempt to reconcile resource-intensive development with conservation. Instead, it will seek to implement the twenty-first century paradigm of knowledge societies to Amazon realities through research and development, entrepreneurship, twenty-first century skills and education, and fit for purpose sustainable development policies toward a standing forests-flowing rivers inclusive bio-economy.
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Second, we deal with solution spaces, recognizing that an important effort has been done to identify and diagnose the risks to the Amazon of the current development actions and policies, including their fragilities. We are in urgent need to find feasible solutions of a different nature: driven by communities and by an entrepreneurial revolution powered by the Fourth Industrial Revolution and not only by powerful legacies, assisted by altogether more sustainable policies based on knowledge, be it scientific/technological or traditional.
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Third, we discuss in more detail the role of some key enablers and catalysts to jumpstart sustainable pathways for the Amazon in two categories, those to enable a biodiversity-based development, namely research, development and innovation; harnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies to unlock the economic value of nature; and conducive regulatory framework; and those necessary to implement such novel paradigm, agroforestry systems; innovative entrepreneurship; bio-industries; product-based and knowledge-based value chains.
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5.2. Fourth Industrial Revolution and innovation ecosystems in the Amazon
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Within the Amazonia Third Way initiative, an approach has been developed to operationalize the principles and practices that will allow a proposed paradigm shift for Amazon sustainable development. It defines seven interconnected realms: (1) the existing natural knowledge; (2) the ability for learning from nature; (3) the capacity to applying biodiversity-based knowledge to human needs; (4) the capacity to producing biodiversity-based goods and solutions; (5) the insertion of biodiversity-originated products on a local-to-global bio-economy; (6) the fair sharing of socioeconomic benefits and life quality improvement for all; and (7) the rising of an Amazon Biome intrinsic valuing. With the advancements of 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR) technologies and its wide accessibility, we identified ways it can interact and make feasible a game-changing realization of such realms. We call ‘Amazonia 4.0’ the prospects of realization of these seven elements by means of technological accessibility and resources, and market transformation made available by the 4IR.
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The existing Natural knowledge is an initial condition of the system; it does not depend on any human technology. It is a source of information we inherited from evolutionary processes, occurring associated with 3.7 billion years old life on Earth. The A3W initiative targets to keep it going its course, valorizing it in many ways.
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Learning from Nature is inherent to humans ever since we became a species (Homo sapiens) as a part of the Natural system. Ancient and traditional knowledge come greatly from observing and interacting with the natural elements. As we evolve, we became more apt to understand Nature’s intrinsic knowledge with the building of science and its instruments. With 4IR technologies, which include biotechnology, advanced computing, genomics, nanosciences, materials science and advanced sensor platforms, we can learn from Nature in a depth and such fast pace never imagined before.
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Applying knowledge from Nature to human needs is the next natural consequence. This is the realm of invention and innovation. 4IR technologies can boost invention and prototyping of new products and solutions. More than just facilitating invention, it creates demand for new solutions, advanced materials and innovative products.
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Once a new biodiversity-based product or solution is developed, producing it in varying scales is the next outcome. It may utilize biodiversity inputs directly on its making or can only be sourced from biodiversity knowledge. To carryout industrial operation in the Amazon has been always a challenging, if not impossible, operation. With the changes brought by 4IR technologies and market demands, industrial equipment became smarter, lighter and customizable. It became possible to have plenty of electrical solar-powered energy in the forest, with equipment connected with satellite internet and local crews trained with virtual and augmented reality, for example. With 4IR technologies, including advanced sensors and AI, it is possible to control more precisely the use of natural resources to prevent possible negative impacts.
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Insertion of biodiversity-originated products on a local-to-global bio-economy is a key for driving wide interest in conserving the bio-assets. Different than the traditional model of supplying commodities for further processing and generating value away from its origins, 4IR technologies and new manufacturing paradigm eases and redefines the possibilities to produce in close association with the local people on local environments, yet reaching global markets. Complicated logistic typical of a vast forest territory can be easily offset using self-flying cargo drones, for example.
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Fair sharing of socioeconomic benefits and life quality improvement for all involved, including forest stakeholders and final consumers can be levered by 4IR technologies and social changes brought by the technological revolution. With distributed ledger technologies like blockchain and holochain, we propose the creation of the Amazon BioBank. It is a framework for attributing value to many instances of Amazon socio-biodiversity. Biological assets, biomimetic insights and discoveries, traditional knowledge, local people forest skills and other sources of resources will be registered in the Amazon BioBank digital platform through holochain distributed ledger technology [64]. The Amazon BioBank share common principles with the Earth Bank of Codes [65].
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Aside from any specific technology, the ultimate, long-term result of these chain of events and realizations would be the rising of a socially shared Amazon Biome intrinsic value. The social valuing of Nature and its knowledge as an end in itself is an ideal state of relationship between humans and other elements of the natural system. By becoming acquainted and perceiving many times actual benefit from products and solution based on the Amazon biodiversity, made available by the chain of events depicted above, one can realize the value of the tropical forest. As a utilitarian value first, that over time may crystalize as core life, intrinsic value, forming the personal and social foundations to hold attitudes and behaviors that imply, support and demand conserving the Amazon Biome.
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The ‘innovation ecosystems’ proposed in the Amazonia Third Way initiative are creative-productive arrangements based on the Amazon 4.0 principles that synergistically align several ‘ignition powers’ for a novel Amazon bio-economy. Major research laboratories and universities are knowledge centers on biodiversity. Processes, molecules and genetic information with potential for diverse uses are discovered on daily basis. Start-ups are companies that specialize in rapidly transforming knowledge into business that tends to transform traditional consumer and service markets. Prospects for the industries with Internet of Things, or 4.0, announce new products to be created with computational tools, to be ‘uploaded’ and produced at any scale. Inventors and new businesses can idealize customized or niche-specific products, which are done automatically, even overnight. A dynamically well-developed and structured environment for locally rooted associations of (1) knowledge, (2) business and (3) production form the ‘innovation ecosystems’. They are a way for transforming the biological wealth of the Amazon into economic wealth, locally anchored, with social benefits for communities and sustainable mechanisms for conservation of the forest.
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5.3. Capacity development as a necessary condition for the Amazonia Third Way initiative
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To begin to walk down the Third Way we need, above all, capacity development.
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As results of the long-standing Program to Protect the Rainforests of Brazil (PPG-7) show, the lack of entrepreneurial skills has stood in the way of developing a non-timber bio-economy in the Amazon. Only with field-based knowledge and supporting academic curricula can tap into the Amazon’s biological and biomimetic assets, and the mainstreaming of a standing forest-flowing river, biodiversity-based bio-economy be achieved. To do that, we propose the development of a capacity program ‘Amazon Creative Labs’ (ACL). The program is designed to promote technical, technological and entrepreneurial capacity development focused on non-timber products of the Amazon biodiversity, with training events carried out directly at local communities and towns throughout Amazon region.
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We propose the launching of Amazon Creative Labs (ACLs)—laboratories for innovative experimentation set up throughout Amazonia. They will provide intensive training linked to local potentials to generate a virtuous insertion on bio-economy-related new opportunities. Typically, Creative Labs will be located in smaller communities, villages and towns, assembled on tents or on floating platforms packed with state-of-the-art equipment and technology for both, wide audience learning processes and core value chain local development.
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Amazon Creative Labs will enable development of small-scale innovation ecosystems for co-design, co-development and co-creation of solutions and applications, serving as an effective interface with the knowledge and practices of the Amazon people.
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The Amazon Creative Labs will operationalize sustainable ‘Solution Spaces’ (see Figure 1). It is of critical importance that the Labs be community oriented, joining technology and traditional knowledge, and designed to contribute toward a strong local and regional economy.
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The Labs will promote capacity development activities focused on a number of products of Amazon biodiversity illustrative of an array of bio-economic and even bio-artistic applications, such as food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, fragrances, pharmaceuticals, industrial oils, art crafts, bio-art, biomimicry, etc. Training activities can enable local communities to gather more information on the natural resources available to them, including the use of high-end technologies such as, genome sequencing.
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The exposure to 4IR technologies will allow innovative concepts to emerge. With the assistance of technology experts on the one hand, and entrepreneurship specialists on the other, groups of participants from Amazonian communities, villages and towns will be invited to develop new applications and to prototype (at least digitally) such innovations. The Labs’ creative environment will bring 4IR concepts like mass customization, democratized invention and smart & autonomous factories, powered by Industrial IoT, to a meaningful level with practical outcomes accessible at planned local and regional clusters of custom-sized processing and manufacturing plants.
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Alongside communities—forest people, riverine communities and agroforestry farmers—young undergraduate or just graduated students interested in creating sustainable biodiversity-based businesses in the Amazon will be engaged. The expectation is that such ‘on the ground’ collaboration will give rise to new partnerships.
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The Amazon Creative Labs design includes solar photovoltaic panels, convertors and batteries, for steady power supplying, and connection to broadband satellite internet. These features will allow digital, internet-connected equipment to work for prototyping potential applications of new products and processes. These infrastructures, operating in remote regions of the Amazon, are also proof of concept of how the newest available and accessible technologies can reach and benefit the whole spectrum of the social pyramid, from their everyday life to new work opportunities.
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ACLs also include a focus on the realm of biomimetic, that is, the functions, processes and mechanisms of living organisms that, once learned, can provide insights and solutions for engineering new technologies and innovative products. They also leverage applications, including the high-end of genetic resources and genomics; prototype innovative processing of materials through the diverse links of value chains—raw materials, intermediate products, all the way to finished products.
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To illustrate the potential of ACLs, we designed the three following conceptual examples of applications, based on currently available technologies and equipment. A final design should incorporate new technological solutions specifically tailored for solving implementation and scaling challenges and include consultation with local communities for accessing their specific needs, priorities and potentials.
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A line of Amazon Creative Labs will deal with value chains feed by inputs from local biodiversity and an example of that is themed after nutraceutical Cupulate, a chocolate made from the seeds of Amazon fruit Cupuaçu, instead of cacao. From forest picking to creating a final product that combines basic Cupulate with other products of very high nutritional value, the lab also includes utilizing a 3D food printer for unique chocolate designs and precise dosage of the added natural micronutrients. A by-product of Cupulate-making is cupuaçu pulp, which is then freeze-dried in a value chain of its own. Heavy-lift electric-powered drones can help overcome logistics challenges the region poses, by easily and quickly taking loads of nutraceutical cupulate sculptures and bars to a nearby gateway.
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Another example of ACLs focus is the Brazil Nuts value chain, known for the discrepancies between its higher cost for consumers and the low remuneration local people who harvest it from the forest receive. To change this, in one end, the ACLs will target extractivism issues, like processes precariousness that halts productivity and seeds’ price, with accessible technological resources including GIS mapping, micro-controlled sensors arrays (for health safety on seed’s harvesting and storing) and comprehensive traceability systems (origin and processes). At the same time, ACLs will carry out further locally based nut processing, using equipment that extracts oil and flour, by-products with greater trading value. With top technical education and processes precisely controlled with the aid of computers, sensors and biotechnological checks for sanitary standards, it becomes possible to output export-grade quality products strait from the forest vicinities. Those inputs also allow bringing to small villages the manufacture of even more processed products targeted to the natural cosmetics and nutraceuticals markets.
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Another line of ACLs will tackle the potential of making Amazon local inhabitants aware of the genetic value of biodiversity and to take part in genome sequencing projects. The lab will take participants into a knowledge journey departing from the biodiversity that can be seen all the way to the microscopic and nanoscopic structures of it, and to the grasping of the molecular coding of life. To achieve this, the Lab will make use of optical and portable electron scanning microscopes and virtual and augmented reality gear, furnished with contents to experience and understand organic chemistry complex structures. At the end, participants will carry out actual DNA sequencing through ultra-portable genome sequencers, allowing for registering genomes of species and benefiting from the provisions of benefit sharing of the Nagoya Protocol of Access and Benefit Sharing (ABS).
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6. Discussion and conclusions: envisioning the future for the Amazon
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Systemic risks to the maintenance of the Amazon forest due to the synergistic combination of the main human drivers of change—namely regional climate change due to both deforestation and global warming, and augmented forest vulnerability due to fires—poses an urgent challenge to avoid an irreversible threshold being transgressed that would threaten to turn over 50% of the forest in degraded savannas in the second half of this century [2].
\n
The natural resource-intensive mode of development (the Second Way) is the dominant mode of development and receives generous government subsidies for its continued advancement. Investments in conservation, forest restoration and a sustainable economy in the global tropics of about $20 billion annually receive less than 3% of total investments. The bulk of investments (around $770 billion annually) goes to the expansion of commodities frontier of cattle, grains, oil palm [66] and also to road, energy and mining infrastructure, which are also key drivers of deforestation [67]. One more detrimental effect of such path is the increasing rural violence in the Amazon. Brazil has the highest number of assassinated rural and environmental leaders since 2015, with more than 140 killings, mostly in the Amazon [68].
\n
It is becoming crystal clear that trying to reconcile resource-intensive development with conservation is not leading to lasting and permanent solutions. Deforestation rates are still very high and do not show a tendency to go down near zero and rural violence is on the rise. Social inequalities in the Amazon remain high and are not improving at a fast pace at least to bring social indicators to the national averages of the Amazonian countries. Imposing strict conservation to protect large swathes of the forest has had clear successes over the last decades in the Amazon—about 50% of the Amazon forest is under some kind of protection. However, that in itself does not guarantee protection forever for tropical forests and eventually may affect the livelihoods of local population as is the case documented for Madagascar [69] who may bear a high cost for forest conservation.
\n
The Amazon Third Way Initiative seeks to demonstrate the urgent need for a conceptual, educational and entrepreneurial revolution—a revolution based on knowledge, traditional and scientific. The current economy of meat, grain and timber in the Brazilian Amazon is less than $10 billion a year. The economy associated to biological assets of Amazon biodiversity in a few industries (food, cosmetics, oils, etc.) is already worth 30% of that and distributes income in fairer ways and benefits more of the local population. However, that is a tiny portion of the potential of a sustainable economy hidden in the biological and biomimetic assets of Amazon biodiversity that the Amazon Third Way initiative attempts to address and give visibility to. We will be estimating the real hidden economic value of these assets in a next phase of the initiative.
\n
The Amazon forest is not a void of human presence. Diverse communities live all over the region. Even some communities of new settlers of the 1970s and 1980s have looked to find ways of generating income in agroforestry systems. There is rich traditional knowledge in many of indigenous and caboclo communities. Supporting the diversity of communities and economic pathways for a standing forest-flowing rivers economy is mandatory.
\n
From a more general standpoint, sustainable development pathways based on natural resources exploitation should in principle put the local populations as priority. That is not the case for the Amazon currently (low HDI and other social indicators). Therefore, the Third Way Initiative also proposes that new sustainable paradigms have the development policy as a central tenet. The sustainable economy should first and utmost be means of wellbeing to the Amazonian people. That is not the case of the Second Way, where the Amazon is seen important for intensive resource exploitation for the Amazonian countries as a whole and taxation of the resource wealth should redistribute benefits as public services for all in the Amazon. However, a regressing taxation system does not realize that.
\n
The Amazon has a number of good examples of biology laboratories and a number of entrepreneurship initiatives that beyond economic development target social responsibility and deployment of sustainable biodiversity value chains. They are true pioneers into the new era of sustainability. However, they are as yet a small minority. They may even accrue national and international visibility and are role models, but in critically insufficient numbers to create momentum economically and socially to give clout to the rupture needed to put Amazon on a different track.
\n
The new model must rely on these existing good examples, on the diversities of forest communities across the Amazon, on state-of-the art knowledge generations laboratories and innovative entrepreneurship and build up from there.
\n
In due course, one has to build up momentum for enhancing the policies that are necessary to uplift the Third Way; investment in zero-deforestation value chains; reducing the enormous subsidies for commodities that drive deforestation; but as importantly invest in knowledge generation through a network of advanced biology laboratories in the Amazon, in Amazonian Countries and internationally in association with private R&D labs and science-based start-ups and creation of innovation ecosystems throughout the regions. That is a pre-requisite to the development of local next generation bio-industries in towns and cities of the future.
\n
By attracting venture capital and productive investments both for R&D and for industries, the political interest in the Third Way will rise in the eyes of governments to a tipping point in which government investments and subsidies will start to flow to this other type of economy, even on the absence of visionary governments that would see the potential of a new Amazon bio-economy and would design the pathways to reach it.
\n
The implications of harnessing the Fourth Industrial Revolution to unlock the economic value of the Amazon’s biological and biomimetic assets for governments, start-ups, corporations and R&D centers are profound. Partnerships among public and private R&D innovation labs to create a number of hubs of innovation throughout the region is necessary. This would accelerate new research and development leading to new products and innovations relevant for many industries locally and worldwide. Amazonian countries with immensely valuable natural assets would have an additional source of income to help protect these resources and support indigenous and traditional communities. These funds would create a new incentive on the part of communities and governments to protect rather than destroy natural habitats. The interest in understanding and sustainably using our biological and biomimetic assets could propel a new era of scientific exploration of life on the planet. Large new markets for sustainably sourced innovation could be created. Technology companies and start-ups seeking to demonstrate compliance with the Nagoya Protocol could be certified, through the transparency that distributed ledger technology offers.
\n
In sum, development policy in the Amazon has historically taken two pathways. The first embraces nature conservation and protects large swathes of territory from any human activity. The second approach has focused on conversion or degradation of forests for the production of agricultural commodities like meat and soya or tropical timber at the forest frontier, and also mineral commodities and the build-out of massive hydropower generation capacity. These uses together have been historically responsible for the massive deforestation of the Amazon.
\n
There is, however, a Third Way within reach in which we aggressively embrace high-tech innovation and look at the Amazon as a tremendous source of biological and biomimetic assets that can provide new, innovative products and services for current and new markets. System-level change in the Amazon as proposed cannot be executed single-handedly. On the contrary, we are proposing collaboration with leading public, private, academic and philanthropic actors for the journey ahead, engaging Indigenous and traditional communities across Amazonian countries, uniting the best capabilities of regulators, R&D centers, universities, technology start-ups and visionary companies all over the world.
\n
The Amazonia Third Way can be the most effective Land Use Change Planning policy for the Amazon because it is fully based on a standing forest-flowing river bio-economy. If successful, this new development model can be applied to all tropical regions helping to preserve the Earth’s great biological diversity. We have an important choice to make. The future of the Amazon and its impact on the planet lie so clearly in the balance. Time is not on our side, but we can still choose the Third Way.
\n
\n
Acknowledgments
\n
This work has been supported by the National Institute of Science and Technology for Climate Change via CNPq Grant Number 573797/2008-0 and FAPESP Grant Number 2008/57719-9 and additional financial support by the Climate and Land Use Alliance (CLUA) and Moore Foundation. We express our thanks to Juan Carlos Castilla-Rubio and Luciana Castilla for their contributions to the development of the Amazon Third Way Initiative.
\n
\n',keywords:"Amazon, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Amazonia Third Way, Amazonia 4.0, Amazon sustainable development, land use",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/63918.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/63918.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/63918",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/63918",totalDownloads:1779,totalViews:438,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:12,totalAltmetricsMentions:53,impactScore:4,impactScorePercentile:90,impactScoreQuartile:4,hasAltmetrics:1,dateSubmitted:"March 21st 2018",dateReviewed:"July 20th 2018",datePrePublished:"November 5th 2018",datePublished:"March 13th 2019",dateFinished:"October 4th 2018",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Abstract For the last two decades, the Amazon development debate has been torn between attempts to reconcile two rather opposing views of land use: on one hand, a vision of setting aside large tracts of the Amazon forests for conservation purposes (referred hereafter to as The First Way) and, on the other hand, seeking a ‘sustainable’ resource-intensive development, mostly through agriculture/livestock, energy and mining (referred hereafter to as The Second Way). The decrease of Brazilian Amazon deforestation from 2005 to 2014 (about 75% decline) opens a window of opportunity to conceive a novel sustainable development paradigm: The Amazonia Third Way initiative (A3W). It can represent a new opportunity emerging to protect the Amazon ecosystems and the indigenous and traditional peoples who are their custodians and at the same time develop a vibrant, socially inclusive biodiversity-driven ‘green economy’ in the Amazon by harnessing Nature’s value through the physical, digital and biological technologies of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR). 4IR technologies are increasingly harnessing these assets across many industries from pharmaceutical to energy, food, cosmetics, materials and mobility, and making profits. A3W addresses ways to channel to the Amazon the benefits of the 4IR for the creation of bio-industries and local development as it protects the forests.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/63918",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/63918",book:{id:"7476",slug:"land-use-assessing-the-past-envisioning-the-future"},signatures:"Ismael Nobre and Carlos A. Nobre",authors:[{id:"251339",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Nobre",fullName:"Carlos Nobre",slug:"carlos-nobre",email:"cnobre.res@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"251344",title:"Dr.",name:"Ismael",middleName:null,surname:"Nobre",fullName:"Ismael Nobre",slug:"ismael-nobre",email:"nobreismael@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null}],sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Methodological framework",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Land use trends and planning: evidences of future land use change pathways",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3_2",title:"Land use change in the Amazon: sustainability or deforestation?",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5",title:"4. Identification of issues and opportunities for sustainable socioeconomic development",level:"1"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.1. Conceptual failures for sustainable tropical development",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.2. Potential of a biodiversity-based bio-economy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_7_2",title:"4.3. Summary of Amazon value chains",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"4.4. Innovative entrepreneurship leveraging relatively low-end technologies",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"4.5. Traditional bio-industries",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"5. Amazonia Third Way as a disruptive alternative",level:"1"},{id:"sec_11_2",title:"5.1. Determinants of sustainable development pathways for the Amazon",level:"2"},{id:"sec_12_2",title:"5.2. Fourth Industrial Revolution and innovation ecosystems in the Amazon",level:"2"},{id:"sec_13_2",title:"5.3. Capacity development as a necessary condition for the Amazonia Third Way initiative",level:"2"},{id:"sec_15",title:"6. Discussion and conclusions: envisioning the future for the Amazon",level:"1"},{id:"sec_16",title:"Acknowledgments",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Lovejoy TE, Nobre CA. Amazon tipping point (Editorial). Science Advances. 2018;4. http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/eaat2340/tab-pdf\n\n'},{id:"B2",body:'Nobre CA, Sampaio G, Borma L, Castilla-Rubio JC, Silva JS, Cardoso M. Fate of the Amazon forests and the Third Way. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Sep 2016;113(39):10759-10768. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605516113\n'},{id:"B3",body:'RAISG. Amazônia 2017—Áreas protegidas e territórios indígenas. Available from: www.raisg.socioambiental.org\n\n'},{id:"B4",body:'Adeney JM, Christensen NL, Pimm SL. 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Fourth Industrial Revolution for the Earth Series. 2018. Available from: www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Harnessing_4IR_Life_on_Land.pdf [Accessed: May 18, 2018]\n'},{id:"B66",body:'Haupt F et al. Progress on the New York Declaration on Forests. Finance for Forests. Goals 8 and 9 Assessment Report. Available from: forestdeclaration.org. New York. 2017\n'},{id:"B67",body:'Sonter L et al. Mining drives extensive deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Nature Communications. 2017;8:1013-1018. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00557-w\n'},{id:"B68",body:'Global Witness. Defender of the Earth: Global Killings of Land and Environmental Defenders in 2016. Global Witness Org. 2017. Available from: www.globalwitness.org\n\n'},{id:"B69",body:'Poudyal M, Jones JPG, Sarobidy Rakotinarivo O, Hockley N, Gibbons JM, Mandimbiniana R, et al. Who bears the cost of forest conservation? Peer Journal—Life and Environment. 2018;6:e5106. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5106\n'}],footnotes:[],contributors:[{corresp:"yes",contributorFullName:"Ismael Nobre",address:"nobreismael@gmail.com",affiliation:'
Independent Consultant, Brazil
'},{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Carlos A. Nobre",address:null,affiliation:'
Institute of Advanced Studies/University of São Paulo, Brazil
WRI Brazil, Brazil
'}],corrections:null},book:{id:"7476",type:"book",title:"Land Use",subtitle:"Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future",fullTitle:"Land Use - Assessing the Past, Envisioning the Future",slug:"land-use-assessing-the-past-envisioning-the-future",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",bookSignature:"Luís Carlos Loures",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7476.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:"978-1-78985-704-7",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-703-0",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-073-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",slug:"luis-loures",fullName:"Luis Loures"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"849"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"65663",type:"chapter",title:"Introductory Chapter: Land-Use Planning and Land-Use Change as Catalysts of Sustainable Development",slug:"introductory-chapter-land-use-planning-and-land-use-change-as-catalysts-of-sustainable-development",totalDownloads:1201,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Luis Carlos Loures",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",fullName:"Luis Loures",slug:"luis-loures"}]},{id:"63661",type:"chapter",title:"Dynamics of the Land Use Changes and the Associated Barriers and Opportunities for Sustainable Development on Peripheral and Insular Territories: The Madeira Island (Portugal)",slug:"dynamics-of-the-land-use-changes-and-the-associated-barriers-and-opportunities-for-sustainable-devel",totalDownloads:1177,totalCrossrefCites:13,signatures:"Rui Alexandre Castanho, Sérgio Lousada, José Manuel Naranjo\nGómez, Patrícia Escórcio, José Cabezas, Luis Fernández-Pozo and\nLuís Loures",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"108118",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Loures",fullName:"Luis Loures",slug:"luis-loures"},{id:"215341",title:"Prof.",name:"José",middleName:null,surname:"Cabezas Fernández",fullName:"José Cabezas Fernández",slug:"jose-cabezas-fernandez"},{id:"215342",title:"Prof.",name:"José Manuel",middleName:null,surname:"Naranjo Gómez",fullName:"José Manuel Naranjo Gómez",slug:"jose-manuel-naranjo-gomez"},{id:"222742",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Fernández-Pozo",fullName:"Luis Fernández-Pozo",slug:"luis-fernandez-pozo"},{id:"248645",title:"Dr.",name:"Sérgio",middleName:null,surname:"Lousada",fullName:"Sérgio Lousada",slug:"sergio-lousada"},{id:"248646",title:"Dr.",name:"Patrícia Carlota",middleName:null,surname:"Escórcio",fullName:"Patrícia Carlota Escórcio",slug:"patricia-carlota-escorcio"},{id:"290571",title:"Dr.",name:"Rui Alexandre",middleName:null,surname:"Castanho",fullName:"Rui Alexandre Castanho",slug:"rui-alexandre-castanho"}]},{id:"64827",type:"chapter",title:"Effects of Agricultural Land Use on the Ecohydrology of Small- Medium Mediterranean River Basins: Insights from a Case Study in the South of Portugal",slug:"effects-of-agricultural-land-use-on-the-ecohydrology-of-small-medium-mediterranean-river-basins-insi",totalDownloads:1175,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Paula Matono, Teresa Batista, Elsa Sampaio and Maria Ilhéu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"151113",title:"Prof.",name:"Elsa",middleName:"Paula Morgado",surname:"Sampaio",fullName:"Elsa Sampaio",slug:"elsa-sampaio"},{id:"252057",title:"Prof.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ilhéu",fullName:"Maria Ilhéu",slug:"maria-ilheu"},{id:"252082",title:"Dr.",name:"Paula",middleName:null,surname:"Matono",fullName:"Paula Matono",slug:"paula-matono"},{id:"252086",title:"Dr.",name:"Teresa",middleName:null,surname:"Batista",fullName:"Teresa Batista",slug:"teresa-batista"}]},{id:"63031",type:"chapter",title:"Agricultural Zoning and Policy Conflict: Thailand’s Experience",slug:"agricultural-zoning-and-policy-conflict-thailand-s-experience",totalDownloads:1090,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Nararuk Boonyanam",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"250154",title:"Dr.",name:"Nararuk",middleName:null,surname:"Boonyanam",fullName:"Nararuk Boonyanam",slug:"nararuk-boonyanam"}]},{id:"63038",type:"chapter",title:"Consequences from Land Use and Indirect/Direct Land Use Change for CO2 Emissions Related to Agricultural Commodities",slug:"consequences-from-land-use-and-indirect-direct-land-use-change-for-co2-emissions-related-to-agricult",totalDownloads:1124,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefan J. Hörtenhuber, Michaela C. Theurl, Gerhard Piringer and\nWerner J. Zollitsch",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"249395",title:"Dr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:null,surname:"Hörtenhuber",fullName:"Stefan Hörtenhuber",slug:"stefan-hortenhuber"},{id:"258027",title:"Dr.",name:"Michaela C.",middleName:null,surname:"Theurl",fullName:"Michaela C. Theurl",slug:"michaela-c.-theurl"},{id:"258028",title:"Dr.",name:"Gerhard",middleName:null,surname:"Piringer",fullName:"Gerhard Piringer",slug:"gerhard-piringer"},{id:"258029",title:"Prof.",name:"Werner",middleName:null,surname:"Zollitsch",fullName:"Werner Zollitsch",slug:"werner-zollitsch"}]},{id:"63289",type:"chapter",title:"Land Acquisition and Use in Nigeria: Implications for Sustainable Food and Livelihood Security",slug:"land-acquisition-and-use-in-nigeria-implications-for-sustainable-food-and-livelihood-security",totalDownloads:3524,totalCrossrefCites:5,signatures:"Isaac B. Oluwatayo, Omowunmi Timothy and Ayodeji O. 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Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",middleName:null,surname:"Numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere"}]},{id:"65057",title:"Public Perceptions of Values Associated with Wildfire Protection at the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Synthesis of National Findings",slug:"public-perceptions-of-values-associated-with-wildfire-protection-at-the-wildland-urban-interface-a-s",signatures:"Jason Gordon, Adam S. Willcox, A.E. Luloff, James C. Finley and Donald G. 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1. Introduction
It will take many years to mend broken relationships and trust in Indigenous communities and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people [1].
Trust is at the heart of many organizational strategies from different sectors. Yet while the outcome of trusting relationships is indisputable, its determinants are less well known. In various organizational contexts, organizations implement strategies to build trust, which will be adjusted according to contexts, such as in the case of a multicultural organization. In this chapter, we go further by analyzing the determinants of social relations that lead to the trust of Indigenous workers and the extent to which trust influences social and professional integration as well as retention of these workers. To do this, first, we present the issue of current Indigenous employment conditions and its link with trust. The next three sections deal respectively with the conceptual and theoretical framework on which trust is based, examining the determinants that influence the confidence of Indigenous workers in the mining and power generation sectors, and then analyzing and defining interpretation of the elements selected.
2. Problem
According to the National Native Economic Development Council (CNDEA), which has developed economic development indices to assess the general results of the various communities, Indigenous remain markedly excluded from economic systems [1]. Despite the fact that an improvement in economic development was observed between 2006 and 2016 [1], it remains lower than that of the Quebec or Canadian population. Likewise, the level of poverty and food insecurity are problematic in several indigenous communities [2, 3] and their well-being index, assessed according to income, level of education, infrastructure. Housing, as well as the employment rate, show poor results on most indicators [2, 3, 4]. In this context, employment is of major importance for Indigenous people and for the cultural, social, and economic development of their communities.
The various statistics available related to work or the labor market for Indigenous present data that are not very comparable to the rest of the Quebec and Canadian population. In particular, few jobs are available in the communities, the unemployment rate is higher among Indigenous than among Quebeckers and Canadians, and employment rates are lower [5]. According to Posca [6], the gap between the participation rate and the employment rate of Indigenous people indicates that Indigenous people are less likely to be employed than non-Indigenous people in the labor force. Then, data from the Labor Force Survey show that Quebec has a lower employment rate (64.3%) among Indigenous than the other Canadian provinces and territories [7].
However, Indigenous people represent a significant labor pool. Their birth rate is higher than in the Quebec and Canadian populations and the demographics, in both community and urban settings, are growing strongly. For example, according to Howard et al. [8], approximately 600,000 young Indigenous will arrive on the job market before 2026. However, even if we note an increasing presence of Indigenous workers on the Quebec and Canadian labor market [9], the number of jobs available in the community is insufficient to allow everyone to be professionally active. One solution lies in the possibility of working outside their community, in an urban setting or in organizations located close to their community, for example, with natural resource operators.
For those who choose to work in non-Indigenous organizations, there are many challenges. Among other things, intercultural professional meeting is inevitable between indigenous and non-Indigenous workers and requires the establishment of a relationship based on trust, as a necessary condition to allow the socio-professional integration of indigenous workers [10]. However, it appears, in general, and for all the historical and current reasons known [11], that trust is not very present in the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous and that some are tinged with mistrust. For example, trust in public services in general is low [12, 13, 14]. At the same time, mistrust in criminal justice is great [15, 16], and Indigenous people have developed a constant and deep mistrust of Canada’s political and judicial systems ([11], p. 215). In short,
“The destructive effects of residential schools, the Indian Act and the Crown\'s inability to honor treaty promises have undermined relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people. The most significant damage is the breakdown of trust between the Crown and Indigenous peoples. This rupture must be repaired” ([11], p. 204).
This lack of confidence is also reflected in non-Indigenous organizations where Indigenous people want to take jobs. However, the non-Indigenous organization may be seen by the Indigenous worker as a representative of society and relationships are affected. While the socioeconomic development of Indigenous people requires successful integration into employment, it also requires a multidimensional approach [1]. Based on the results of previous research, we believe that trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers is one of those dimensions that needs to be addressed. Confidence makes possible the social cohesion necessary in a professional framework and allows the regulation of intercultural relations between workers, even the reduction of the uncertainty or insecurity that indigenous workers may feel when faced with non-Indigenous people [17]. In addition, it is reputed to facilitate the socio-professional integration of Indigenous workers [10]. It is therefore relevant to analyze the determinants of social relations that influence the trust between Indigenous workers in their colleagues. This reflection also aims to provide possible solutions to facilitate confidence in this intercultural context as a means of facilitating the social and professional integration of indigenous workers.
3. Objectives and research questions
Our objective is, on the one hand, to update and enrich the results of previous1 research using secondary data from different industrial sectors (mining and energy). On the other hand, it aims to take stock of the determinants of trust in these sectors and to determine the potential impact of trust on social and professional integration and on the retention of indigenous workers in nongovernmental organizations.
Two questions guide our thinking:
What are the determinants likely to influence the confidence of indigenous workers in their non-Indigenous colleagues in the organization of the mining or energy sector?
What is the potential impact of trust on social and professional integration and on the retention of indigenous workers?
4. Conceptual and theoretical framework
4.1 A definition of trust
“Trust is honoring the bonds that unite us” (Indigenous worker).
The concept of trust is complex, multidimensional and is characterized differently depending on the context and the people involved. It is characterized by notions of expectations, anticipation, and positive belief [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. In the organization, the worker who trusts another worker knows that he can anticipate some of his behaviors or attitudes: he will therefore not be largely surprised or caught off guard. He trusts, because he has no apprehension or uncertainty vis-à-vis the behaviors and attitudes of the other and following the considering and the calculation of the risks related to his decision and according to the gains or losses he might encounter. For example, he will trust if he can expect, for example, the benevolence, competence, or reliability of the other. From his thoughts, he knows if it is in his best interests to trust. If so, he determines that the other is trustworthy, because his interests or motives lead to the almost certainty that the other will be loyal. At least he is better able to assess reliability and the likelihood of loyalty.
On the other hand, trust is a risk that makes the worker a little more vulnerable, a little more subordinate, and a little more dependent [24, 26, 27, 28, 29]. To gain confidence, a step must be taken, a leap in commitment [24, 28], which goes beyond reason alone and which can be emotional, spontaneous, or based on feelings. In a sense, for a worker, trust is the sign of a reciprocal belief in interdependence, as if the other became just as vulnerable as him [26, 30] and that he could lose, or win, in a more or less equal relationship at the start. It nevertheless implies a non-definitive character, depending on the evolution of the relationship [29, 30].
Calculation and rationality are the basis of the reluctance to agree to trust: if the worker always had more to gain than to lose, it would no longer be a matter of either a risk or a risk uncertainty. In addition, trust is built up gradually [15, 23], with varying degrees of involvement.
Then, the characteristics of intercultural environments, those that involve the encounter between Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers, complicate this decision whether to trust the other. Among other things, uncertainties arise, which are linked to the ignorance of the other and the difficulty of anticipating their behavior and attitudes toward them [17, 26, 31, 32]. As in other settings that involve other complexities, trust becomes dynamic [15, 18, 19, 30], as it develops, maintains, decreases, or breaks. The bonds of the members of a team in which the expertise and roles are complementary “must” to some extent be based on a feeling of trust: the work of some depends on the work of others. In such a context of reciprocity, the interest in trusting is great since the mutuality of benefits facilitates the calculation on which the decision will be made.
4.2 Affective and cognitive foundations of trust
“Building trust, encouraging inclusion and fostering reconciliation” ([11], p. 340).
In this chapter, the notion of trust is based on a dichotomous vision, which, however, offers a series of nuances between its ends: it is affective (based on benevolence, the desire to get closer, a positive feeling toward the other, even the identification with the other or the internalization of his values, without a priori, etc.) or cognitive (based on the knowledge held about the other, intelligence, reasoning, learning over time, etc.) [15, 23, 24].
Thus, conscious affective and cognitive foundations are involved in the decision to grant confidence (see following table Table 1). For example, a worker might find it easier to place his trust in another worker who has the same values as him, whom he has known for some time, who has ethnic or cultural characteristics closer to his own, who has a similar representation of work or family, or which he has heard very positively from several of his colleagues. Then, this same worker could, in theory, have more difficulty trusting a new worker whom he does not know and whom he has never seen, who was trained in a school other than his own, or who speaks another language. Whether voluntary or not, these foundations influence workers.
Affective trust foundation
+ or – (shades)
Cognitive trust foudation
Previous links between workers
Shared common values (cultural, family, etc.)
Emotions, intuitions and irrationality
Decision based on feelings or on the relationship
Personal identification with the other
Sense of belonging to the same group (social, ethnic, professional, etc.)
Confidence can fluctuate depending on emotional or cognitive foundations, for example: time, situations experienced with others, positive or negative experiences, new knowledge, etc.
Information available on the competence, responsibility or reliability of the other
Personal justifications and rationality
Accumulation of knowledge about others and their environment
Reciprocal representations of work, competence, etc.
Similar way of working
Decision based on judgment or discernment
Political issues related to the relationship
Table 1.
The foundations of affective trust and cognitive trust.
Then, trust is not one-sided. It concerns a relationship between two parties that have expectations, anticipations, reasons to trust and others, not to risk the bet. The two are responsible for building this relationship, which does not depend solely on the worker who fits into an organization. Also, while emphasizing the importance of the trust that individuals place in representatives of an organization (organizational trust) or in institutions (institutional trust) [17, 32, 33], the reflection in this text bears on only on the trust of Indigenous workers in their colleagues (interindividual trust). All share the same space framed by standards specific to a given organization in each territory. In the context of this chapter, the reflection focuses on the trust that Indigenous workers have in their non-Indigenous colleagues in Quebec and non-Indigenous organizations.
In general, trust is approached and analyzed from the angle of a social relationship between indigenous and non-Indigenous workers, which has its source in a colonialist dynamic marked by power issues and underpinned by relationships with the other, to its history, its characteristics, its relation to the territory, etc., which influence the decision to trust. We believe—and our premise is—that the relationship between the two groups is unequal, that one group is more vulnerable than the other [11], and that relationships of mistrust can be created and reinforced because of these elements, even before the meeting between the workers.
Finally, our approach to trust is multidimensional and contextual. Our experience and our previous research on the question of trust lead to a broad understanding of it in an approach that touches on several dimensions (social, cultural, political, historical, etc.) and more specifically according to the contexts [34]. Thus, this chapter does not address trust as it occurs in almost homogeneous cultural environments (for example, a predominantly Quebec organization that welcomes very few Indigenous workers) or in multicultural environments. Rather, it does so in this very particular so-called bicultural (and bi-homogeneous) context, that is, a context in which two almost homogeneous and more or less numerous groups meet.
More specifically, this chapter discusses the determinants of social relations that influence the confidence of Indigenous workers in their colleagues in the specific context of the socio-professional integration of Indigenous workers in non-Indigenous organizations.
4.3 Determinants of trust
“The hope of a new relationship (…) in order to trust each other and to walk side by side” ([11], p. 420).
In addition to the emotional and cognitive foundations, which serve as the basis for trust, in this text we mobilize relational and personal determinants of trust that come from previous research on the construction of trust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in the education sector [17]. They seemed to us to be an interesting grid for the analysis of secondary data resulting from two studies2 on the employment integration of Indigenous workers in non-Indigenous communities in the mining and energy sectors in Quebec. The common point of this research is the encounter between workers from two different cultures (Indigenous and Quebecois) who belong to the same geopolitical territory (Quebec).
The determinants of trust are those elements that indicate and delimit with precision what is to be implemented to encourage the construction of relationships of trust between workers and the human and social aspects, which govern their interactions in the context of work. They are presented in the following box (Box 1). It is from these determinants that we examine data emerging from another context: organizations in the mining and energy sectors.
Relational and personal determinants of trust.
Relational determinants
Initial relationships or interactions between two people, including the first opinion on the qualities, abilities or skills of the other from the first interactions with the other;
Reciprocal expectations of people promote or inhibit the emergence of behaviors likely to determine trust;
The cost associated with the exchange, that is, the risk of inequality between people or non-reciprocity, then the benefit that one person derives from the other;
The nature and duration of the relationship, the degree of familiarity that determines part of the predictability of the behavior of the other;
The function and roles of the people involved in the organization;
The reciprocity of the feeling of trust.
Déterminants personnels
Worker who gives his trust (i.e. the one who gives his trust)
Worker who is trustworthy (i.e. the one you trust)
The autonomy and room for maneuver granted;
The natural propensity to grant it;
Previous experiences in a multicultural environment;
Knowledge of the other’s culture;
The person’s propensity to trust or not, which is at the heart of his thinking and which conditions, in a sense, the degree of involvement in the relationship;
The general propensity of the person, depending on the circumstances, to take risks;
The feeling of personal efficiency and professional competence;
The natural or intuitive predisposition to trust others;
Personal values, which guide the choice of behavior.
Feedback given on the work;
Competence or skill;
The consistency of behaviors such as discretion, fairness, predictability or the quality of judgment;
Discretion;
The availability;
Integrity or moral values, such as honesty, sincerity or keeping promises;
Loyalty and commitment, benevolent intentions, shared values, concern for others or the desire for their protection;
Openness, for example accessibility, information sharing or willingness to share ideas;
Respect for promises;
The accuracy or frequency of the information shared and the modes of communication;
Cultural and ethnic origin different from his own.
5. Results: a review of the determinants of trust in the mining and energy sector context
Considering data on the context of Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers in the mining and energy sectors, the determinants are organized a little differently. Rather than considering determinants depending on whether they are relational or personal in nature, they appear grouped into two “new” categories. We present them in this section.
5.1 Determinants prior to the social relationship that influence trust
First, the repercussions of history and of colonialist heritage on work influence the level of trust Indigenous workers develop in their non-Indigenous colleagues. The colonialist heritage on which Quebec was built continues to shape, among other things, ways of thinking and structure relations between workers [12]. These relationships are tainted by the oppression experienced historically through various actions aimed at colonization, then cultural assimilation, which are still perpetuated today in different forms. Historical background also includes evangelization and forced schooling in boarding schools (as well as all the cultural, spiritual, social, or moral losses that they imply), which have disturbed several generations of Indigenous and still mark, notably in an intergenerational way, certain people. The consequences of these breaches of trust had “serious consequences well beyond the residential schools” ([11], p. 236). In the organization, feelings among Indigenous workers, which vary from a feeling of unease to a feeling of oppression, reverberate in different ways in their social relationships with non-Indigenous workers and influence their propensity to give their trust. Relationships are also marked by the mistrust that arose from the colonization process during which the Indigenous were imposed on institutions and systems of thought that were distant from their own systems (social, cultural, political, etc.). Organizational life, by requiring compliance with rules and norms, can recall this process and the imposition of a whole foreign social system on the Indigenous, which caused unforgettable prejudices, which still affect intercultural relations today [11, 12].
Workers may fear to experience this type of relationship again or in a different, more subtle, even unconscious form in the non-Indigenous worker who reproduces colonizing behaviors, often without knowing it. Then, it can be difficult for a Indigenous worker who has experienced the direct or indirect consequences of the colonialist heritage to fit into an environment where non-Indigenous are mostly the decision-makers of all decisions affecting his/her professional development in the organization. This is reflected even among Indigenous workers according to their personal trajectory: “People who come from reserves, they really have a longer way to go than those who come from Abitibi, that’s day and night” (non-Indigenous worker). Another adds that these latter went to school with the whites. “That’s it, they’ve been assimilated since they were very young” (non-Indigenous worker). In a work setting, a Indigenous worker might fear the imposition of a one-sided relationship. On the other hand, this situation leads Indigenous workers to confuse cultural assimilation with assimilation into an organizational culture and to a specific team and job dynamics. A change in behavior or attitudes may indeed be desired by a workplace (or its representative, the employer), and Indigenous workers who have less professional experiences in this type of organization or sector may have thought that the milieu wanted to “culturally” assimilate them. To this is added the fact that the company specializes in the production and processing of a single resource distributed to all consumers. This favored the construction of a traditional organizational culture based on the performance and productivity of its workforce and without considering the contribution of other cultures in the organization of work and talent management.
The cultural stake of intergroup or interethnic meetings is another important determinant of social relations on which the trust of indigenous workers is based. Among other things, ignorance of the other (as much as the ignorance of the characteristics of Indigenous workers for non-Indigenous workers and vice versa) carries potential conflict that undermines trust. It brings its share of prejudices and stereotypes that undermine the building of trust. Then, it is also the source of a lack of adaptation of the environment to accommodate the Indigenous workers. Blind to the real characteristics, issues, and realities experienced by these workers, organizations find it difficult to intervene knowingly or in such a way as to recognize practices, representations of work, or important values in the eyes of Indigenous workers [10]. In general, non-Indigenous workers know little and are less interested in the culture and traditions of Indigenous communities [35]. Then, the lack of knowledge and respect for elements of indigenous cultures, in addition to their negative impact on confidence, is at the origin of the dissatisfaction of indigenous workers and can undermine the integration and retention efforts of the Indigenous workforce in non-Indigenous organizations [36, 37, 38, 39].
The recent commissions of inquiry on the realities lived by Indigenous people report that the truncated public image of Indigenous people is also responsible for maintaining ignorance of them, including under-representation and the folkloric way of portraying them, in particular by conveying stereotypes [11, 12, 13]. In short, ignorance and lack of understanding of certain social and psychological repercussions of elements linked to the history of communities, particularly those concerning colonization, evangelization, and residential schools, affect trust [32, 40]. On the other hand, for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers, training helps to overcome these shortcomings and the lack of knowledge of others, which two workers express as follows:
“I think it was good [the training]. He explained to us the whole reality of arriving in an environment where it\'s just white people and the difficulty of not being able to trust everyone” (non-Indigenous worker).
“I find that what is lacking in terms of training is to make a profile of whites to [Indigenous] (…). They make us the profile of the [Indigenous] before joining us, not personalized, but rather integral. But the reverse is not done, they do not explain to [Indigenous] what a White” (non-Indigenous worker).
In the context of the data used for the drafting of this chapter, the circles surveyed are bicultural, which generates a particular dynamic where two groups tend to form and to mix less [17, 32]. Specific identities (linked to ethnocultural, linguistic, or spiritual affiliations) characterize them and the individual identification or belonging of workers to one or the other of the groups seems to be “taken for granted” to them. The self-registration of indigenous workers in a particular affiliation leads some of them to isolate themselves socially and without too much interaction with workers belonging to other spheres of affiliation. Moreover, a particular phenomenon of voluntary social isolation, a form of self-marginalization of indigenous workers (for example, indigenous workers who take their meals and do leisure activities only among themselves) becomes a way for them to protect their own cultural belonging and their sense of security in the face of difference [10]. A non-Indigenous worker also evokes the relevance of workers mixing and suggests that this rapprochement could encourage an Indigenous worker to confide in:
“By being together more often, [Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers] create a real dynamic, a real relationship [of trust]. (…) The goal is for integration to be facilitated. If the relationship is great between the men, maybe I as [Indigenous] could possibly confide in [a member of my team]” (non-Indigenous worker).
Then, as the following worker puts it, the development of a relationship of trust in which the person can confide also depends on complicity, the demonstration of concern for the other, and discretion.
“I consider [the confidence] to be fine today. [This Indigenous worker] confides in me very fat, that things are wrong with them and the small problems. I have a good bond with him. He trust me. He must know that I won\'t tell anyone. In individual meetings it remains between us. I do everything to help these people” (non-Indigenous manager).
Thus, this mixture would promote exchanges and communication in general in the team, even within the organization. Then, it possibly allows for greater confidence and eventually makes it possible to achieve common organizational goals.
While the concept of individual identity plays a role in building trust, much like other emotional foundations, that of professional identity also plays a role. A Indigenous worker who identifies with his trade as an electrician and has a strong sense of professional competence, for example, would tend to trust another electrician more easily than he finds competent. The information he has about him (cognitive basis) could then be sufficient to take the risk of trusting him, bypassing the feeling of identity threat (personal and cultural).
Cultural differences have a particular impact on the emotional, then cognitive, foundations of workers. These include representations of work that differ, but also representations of the organization of work and teams. They go to the heart of workers’ tasks. For example, an Indigenous worker reports a situation in which his Indigenous colleague lacked confidence in his boss. Since he does not share his (ethnic) culture, he fears that he will be less understood.
“His boss mugs him in a corner or makes him empty trash cans, (…) he [my Indigenous colleague] was tired, (…). He didn\'t have the instinct to talk about it, he didn\'t trust the boss because he was white. He didn\'t want to talk to her about it because he didn\'t feel the boss was going to be there for him” (Indigenous worker).
In the following example, a non-Indigenous worker talks about the emergence of cultural tensions related to everyone’s adaptation to the other’s culture. He clearly relates the difference between emotional foundations (I would trust you, because I appreciate you) and cognitive foundations (I would trust you, because I understand the way you work, and it corresponds to what I know). However, it is clear in his remarks that cultural adaptation to one another is important.
“There are cultural tensions, meaning that everyone has different ways of working. It\'s not personal; I may like you well, but not like the way you operate according to your culture and without adapting to the other on the other side” (non-Indigenous worker).
Other representations, such as those of family, divide workers when it comes to setting priorities that directly or indirectly affect work. For example, close family for the majority of Indigenous people is similar to what non-Indigenous people commonly refer to as extended family. Also, a Indigenous worker could arrive late, which would have an impact on the work to be done within his team, because he wanted to help a member of his family whom he considers “close.” However, in the conception of most of non-Indigenous workers, work might come before this extended family. A manager in the human resources department of a mining organization in Quebec told us about an exchange she had with an Indigenous worker who arrived late at the workplace:
“I asked him why he was late. He explained to me that he had to help his aunt. After telling him that was not a valid reason, he replied, as if it was obvious: ‘But she’s my aunt! Would you have left her alone?’”
In this example, the comparison of values in connection with representations of work and family is interesting to recognize. This manager was subsequently able to support this worker in his management of time and priorities. She taught him that he did not have to choose between his aunt and his job and that he could do both. However, taking the example from the perspective of the Indigenous worker, the manager’s lack of understanding of her situation is a sufficient reason, at the outset, to hesitate to place her trust in her, since she does not have the same values or at least not the same order of priority of those values as it does.
The major direct consequence of cultural differences between workers is systemic discrimination and racism [11, 12, 13, 41, 42, 43]. For example, reports Caron [35], indifference and detachment from colleagues or superiors to Indigenous cultural identity can create stereotypes and systemic racism. The presence of racism in a work environment is one of the greatest obstacles to the integration of Indigenous workers and will have a relatively pronounced impact on their employment outcomes [10, 35, 37]. One concrete consequence relates to the difficulty for Indigenous workers to express themselves, which makes building social relationships more difficult: “One characteristic that we Indigenous people have is that we don’t talk a lot. We are afraid of being judged” (Indigenous worker). Thus, for reasons of systemic discrimination and racism, Indigenous workers are reluctant to take this “social risk” of approaching each other and, possibly in their relationship, of trusting them.
Whether they are incidents or cultural prejudices that indigenous workers have themselves experienced [11, 12, 13] or that they have experienced by proxy (members of their family who would have suffered, for example), fear or sometimes anger or indifference makes professional experience in a non-Indigenous environment a considerable challenge, especially in relation to the establishment of relationships of trust. Then, to some extent, members of their nations may question the need to work outside of their community and for non-Indigenous employers. In this sense, these workers must be solid in a community context that may appear closed, impermeable, and complex about relations with the outside world [32] and in a national political context of very delicate relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous [12].
Then, cultural differences, racism, or discrimination brings cultural biases into relationships. For the next two non-Indigenous workers, one way to resolve or break free from these situations is to take this risk of trusting.
“We all have cultural biases, but if both stick to their position and there is never one who takes the risk of trusting the other, it will stay that way for years to come, and in labor relations too” (non-Indigenous worker).
“Trust is a circle, who is the first to trust the other? There has to be one who does it” (non-Indigenous worker).
“Current” determinants of the social relationship that influence trust
Different determinants of the social relationship between workers influence the confidence of Indigenous workers in their colleagues. First, the individual and collective adherence to a system of norms and rules demanded by the organization would have an impact. In the organizational context of meeting between Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers, it is not always easy to comply with certain standards and rules since many are implicit. Indigenous workers face the complexity of a social organization that they are less familiar with and that do not always correspond to this knowledge, practices, values, or beliefs. This situation has consequences for the establishment of a relationship of trust.
For example, for fear of being rejected for reasons of behavior or words, Indigenous workers are reluctant to act or speak out. The cultural insecurity they experience leads them to reduce social relations [44]. However, silence is not always a sign of mistrust. A Indigenous worker reports that individual characteristics such as the ability to express oneself also play a role and are not a sign of a lack of willingness to trust or fit into the community.
“It\'s not because we don\'t have confidence that we don\'t speak, but sometimes also, it\'s not everyone who has the ability to express themselves, it\'s not everyone who is able to put words to what they think is not always easy, you know” (Indigenous worker).
In addition, the difficulty, in some cases, in anticipating the behavior of their non-Indigenous colleagues marks the relationship: it remains difficult to place one’s trust in a person whose behavior or reaction cannot be predicted. If cognitive confidence is based on this possibility of anticipating the behavior of the other, this difficulty has repercussions on the decision of a worker to take this social risk, since his knowledge of the other and of the system is irrelevant. On the contrary, the ability of the Indigenous worker to anticipate the behavior of the other favorably influences confidence.
Despite the existence of some training sessions on Indigenous cultures, a certain level of ignorance still exists among non-Indigenous workers. Added to the organizational culture and its exigencies in terms of standardized processes, it is difficult for Indigenous workers to be engaged and to fully contribute. This difficulty is partly explained by cultural and social differences in the functioning or exercise of management practices, but also in terms of individual interests and the organization of professional relations. It can also be the effect of divergent representations of work. Before getting to know these peculiarities better, Indigenous workers remain on “their guard.” It takes time for them to understand the parameters of the system into which they are operating. In short, this phenomenon exacerbates the ability to bet on trust: from experience, unfamiliar territory may seem undermined.
Confidence in this case is given once the system is better known and the standards are accepted as specific to the organization and its culture and not related to the feeling of a demand for conformance to a culture in the sense of ethnicity and society (assimilation to organizational culture versus cultural assimilation). Indigenous workers, like all workers elsewhere, must be willing to conform to, and even assimilate into, an organizational culture. Thus, behaviors become easier to anticipate, predictable, even more consistent, and cognitive confidence easier to grant. Common cultural (organizational) benchmarks are thus built, and it becomes easier for the Indigenous worker to see the match between his interests and those of the other, then to create a zone of trust. However, indigenous workers sometimes interpret compliance with the system of standards and rules as exposure to some vulnerability, or even possible “subordination.” This potential for vulnerability seems more difficult to accept, since it involves a risk for these workers.
Other determinants emerge from the analysis of social relations between indigenous and non-Indigenous workers. For example, repeated positive interactions improve communication, information sharing or the clarification of mutual expectations. Attitudinal and behavioral characteristics of workers (demonstration of intercultural skills, discretion, keeping promises, openness, ability to admit mistakes, etc.) also lead to trust more easily. For example, a Indigenous worker explains that the concern that members of her team had for her gave her confidence.
“The moral side for example, the motivation, it was good. I was moving away from my family, I came here, but they took me under their wings, I felt confident with them and supported” (Indigenous worker).
In short, level of trust among Indigenous workers relies on the nature of their social relations. The latter intervene by minimizing the risk inherent in trust. Also, the foundations of affective (common and shared values, identification with others, feeling of belonging, etc.) or cognitive (information about the other, representations of work, judgment, etc.) trust seem few and not frequent. For example, values seem uncommon and shared between Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers. Indigenous workers identify little with other workers, and a sense of belonging seems diffuse. In a more rational calculation, workers may consider that trust is too high a bet because the sources of mistrust are numerous and varied. That is because knowledge about the other is insufficient to be certain of their behavior toward them or because experiential events related to the story are negative or negatively interpreted.
5.2 Being trustworthy
While Indigenous workers are trusted, non-Indigenous workers must also be trustworthy and play a role in building social relationships between Indigenous workers and themselves. This section reports what non-Indigenous workers suggest as ways to foster the confidence of Indigenous workers.
Being trustworthy presents characteristics very close to the need for cultural security of indigenous workers [44]. The culturally safe approach is to build trust with Indigenous workers. To do this, organizations will recognize the role of socioeconomic conditions, history, and politics in interpersonal relationships. Cultural safety also relies on understanding the power imbalance inherent in these relationships, the underlying discrimination, and the need to rectify inequities by making changes in the system [45]. “A safe work environment increases self-confidence as well as individual performance, well-being, and job satisfaction. It helps ensure better integration and retention of Indigenous workers in an organization, in addition to supporting their professional development” ([37], p. 63). For example, for a non-Indigenous manager, the need for cultural safety may be met when a competent mentor accompanies the Indigenous worker:
“When you have a good coach with [the Indigenous worker], it becomes like your father and that person has a lot of confidence” (non-Indigenous manager).
In addition, several organizations have begun to recognize the need to adapt their work environment, through the implementation of a practice of supporting Indigenous workers in changes in their relationship with work over and generations [10, 38].
The Truth and reconciliation of Canada (TRC) suggests certain practices or strategies to induce trust or minimize mistrust between Indigenous and non-Indigenous that are consistent with cultural safety and the type of environment being studied. Some of them apply very well to organization and intercultural relations between workers: opening the door to positive and productive communications, affirming pride in indigenous cultures, teaching, and creating cultural knowledge and appreciation or work with partners from Indigenous communities to help achieve their own goals.
All these practices are based on the recognition of indigenous specificity in all areas of life and on the reduction of cultural distance. This is made possible thanks, among other things, to the integration of strategic orientations within organizations. This integration shows a real openness and generates changes in operating methods, including ways of planning, and carrying out recruitment and training for indigenous workers.
Current adaptations in the organizations visited relate to cultural accommodations (for example, allowing time to participate in seasonal or traditional activities [8]), including models, elements, and Indigenous values in the workplace (for example, meals inspired by Indigenous cultures) or rapid intervention when discriminatory behaviors are identified.
The importance of supporting the heterogeneity of cultural identities within the work environment and collectivism [10, 35] is materialized by showing more flexibility, by revising policies for work–life balance so that they are coherent and that they adjust to the cultural and personal realities of Indigenous workers [38, 46]. Through training, non-Indigenous workers, including managers, improve their intercultural skills. For example, they become more aware that the behaviors they adopt may be reminiscent of discriminatory or colonizing behaviors. Thus, they increase the potential for sensitivity to the cultural reality of Indigenous people [43] and are better able to rectify inequities caused by systemic discrimination.
Workers report that to gain the confidence of Indigenous workers, it is necessary to trust them first and to give them the autonomy and the leeway that allow them to find their ways of working and to achieve their objectives:
“You have to give them confidence. (…) It seems that we do not delegate enough the chance to make their own trail” (non-Indigenous manager).
“I\'m trying to change my approach to give them a little more rope so that they can take the tools themselves and develop their technique. For example, this week, I took out all the inspection papers, I gave them: ‘Here you guys are great, read this, you are starting to have experience, you are capable’, I let them go with the leaves, and if there is anything, they come to see me” (non-Indigenous manager).
In this sense, these workers will be able to develop their confidence because representatives of the organization believe in them. As such, a senior executive of a large organization that hosts a few hundred Indigenous workers noted that trust is based on listening to and showing concern for Indigenous workers and then recognizing their needs and facilitating their progression in the organization.
“For the establishment of a relationship of trust, it is giving the feeling that you are heard, listened to by the hierarchical line, (…). At the [Indigenous] level, it takes listening and maybe it takes an adjustment of our expectations. Like anyone who progresses in our business, we give mandates that they are able to carry out with a level of difficulty increasing over time according to the experience and the capacities and interests they have” (executive non-Indigenous superior).
Finally, being trustworthy has several important dimensions that representatives of organizations must consider. They allow indigenous workers to place their trust in them, and it facilitates their integration into employment and their retention in these mining and energy sectors.
To conclude this section, examining the determinants that have been updated in the light of new research data leads to some interesting clarifications (see next box (Box 2)). They allow the organization to identify sources of confidence that will lead them toward the achievement of their objectives regarding the social and professional integration and the retention of indigenous workers, the subject of the next section.
Past and current determinants of confidence of indigenous workers in mining and energy sectors.
Prior determinants to social relationship that lead to trust
Repercussions of history and of colonialist heritage or work
Intercultural issues
Bicultural environments
Lack of knowledge of the other
The truncated public image
Personal and professional identification
A confrontation of values
Systemic discrimination and racism
Cultural incidents or prejudices
Organization of work and teams
Current determinant of social relationships that lead to trust
Worker who gives his trust (i.e., the one who gives his trust)
Individual and collective adherence to a system of standards and rules.
The fear of being rejected
Some insecurity
Difficulty anticipating the behavior of the other
Lack of knowledge of the other’s culture and the organizational culture
Cultural and social differences in the operation or exercise of management practices
Common cultural (organizational) references
Repeated positive interactions
Good communication
Information sharing
Worker who is trustworthy (i.e., the one you trust)
Fulfill the need for cultural security
Recognize the role of socioeconomic conditions, history and politics in interpersonal relationships
Understand the power imbalance inherent in these relationships, the underlying discrimination and the need to rectify inequities
Open the door to positive and productive communications
Affirm the pride of indigenous cultures
Teach and create cultural knowledge and appreciation
Work with partners from Indigenous communities to help achieve their own goals
Implement support practices
Recognition of indigenous specificity
Reduce cultural distance
Integrate strategic orientations
Stay open
Change operating modes
Adapt or make cultural accommodations
Support the heterogeneity of cultural identities
Be flexible
Revise personal and professional life balance policies
Train and be trained
Be sensitive to cultural reality
The clarification of reciprocal expectations
Certain attitudinal and behavioral characteristics
6. Analysis and interpretation: trust, social and professional integration and employment retention of indigenous workers
The analysis of the determinants of confidence in the mining and energy sectors provides some observations about the social and professional integration and job retention of Indigenous workers. In this final section, we first present some thoughts that have emerged on the trust relationship between workers, and then we discuss the link between trust, inclusion, and retention.
First, let us come back to the concept of trust. In the light of the elements presented, it seems that “trusting” in this intercultural context means accepting a certain vulnerability in a power relationship that is often asymmetrical or perceived as such. Origgi [47] writes that trusting also involves giving others some power over yourself and accepting the inherent vulnerability. However, Indigenous workers already feel in a position of inferiority; trust, for them, may then consist of becoming even more vulnerable. Thus, the unequal relationship between indigenous and non-Indigenous workers partly supposes that the agreement of trust is perhaps a bet that they find more difficult to make.
The heavy weight of history and current postcolonialism still operates within organizations and undermines trust, then social and professional integration by marking relationships, sometimes even before their creation. It intervenes in the decision to grant or not trust and prevents the risk-taking associated with it. We wrote a few years ago [33] that time alone would allow generations to live better with the repercussions of colonialism, including racism and discrimination. However, recent discoveries in connection with the education of several generations of Indigenous children in residential schools have exacerbated what we thought was improving. Today, the lack of confidence of Indigenous people is directly linked to these repercussions. Also, the bet of trust for Indigenous is certainly riskier. Nonetheless, we can think that a positive story repeated over a long period and that cultural proximity will produce the opposite feeling in the long run.
We believe that if all relinquish power or if it is shared equally among all workers, trust will allow the creation of a stronger group whose cohesion will bring significant social capital that will facilitate not only trust, but social and professional integration and retention of indigenous workers.
In this sense, it may be necessary to “frame” the relationship of trust by determining and planning strategies and measures to this end to foster the confidence of the Indigenous worker. While taking into consideration that time is a guarantee for success and that results will only be possible after efforts have been made, strategies should focus on the importance of Indigenous culture in and for the organization. These actions involve collaboration with indigenous partners who can facilitate the presence of indigenous cultural landmarks and symbols within the organization.
As part of the identification of reciprocal expectations, a reflection must be initiated on intercultural social relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous workers. This reflection must question the place of Indigenous culture in intercultural relations and in relation to Quebec’s organizations whose activities take place on ancestral indigenous territories.
Some findings show that the lack of common reflection, even though groups have started inserting Indigenous workers into employment, but that the main stakeholders, even if they are sometimes consulted, are no longer sufficiently involved in these processes. However, it seems important that Indigenous be part of the thinking of organizations that set up integration strategies, with more concrete and not just symbolic actions. Reconciliations are possible, and we feel that those in charge or representatives, on both sides, are ready, supportive, and open to such discussions. In this, the organizations will gain social legitimacy among Indigenous.
An organization alone should focus on the strategies it can implement. However, these must take into consideration and distinguish between what is possible to do at its level and what is not within its purview. Also, there are different levels of trust (societal, organizational, within the team, inter-individual…) that influence each other. Distinguishing them would allow organizations to better approach their efforts. For an organization, beyond strategies and their implementation, it is their real and genuine intention to include indigenous workers that makes a difference in their decision to give their trust or not.
Confidence seems to be a key of major importance that has the potential to minimize the issues related to the social and professional integration and retention of Indigenous workers in Quebec organizations. The reflections that begin this chapter allow to conclude that the thinning of the borders between groups and individuals rests on this risk to be taken in order to generate confidence and possibly leads to a facilitated social and professional integration and to a more great retention.
More concretely, organization that manages to get indigenous workers gives its trust and is willing to take some actions and implements certain strategies that can lead to the success of the workers’ professional projects:
Smoothing out intercultural and intergroup differences: avoiding natural segregation, intervening quickly on the marks of discrimination, leaving less possibility of self-marginalization, insisting on the common characteristics of groups, etc.
Recognition of the “sovereignty” of the territory (symbolic and current belonging to the territory).
Repeated positive professional interactions (collaboration, teamwork, activities, shared meals, etc.).
Establishment of supra-professional links (hockey team, leisure activities on work sites, etc.).
Flexible interventions within the organization and work-family-community balance practices.
Establishment of “external” partnerships involving indigenous communities and nations (for recruitment, monitoring, etc.).
Inclusive representation of all groups within the organization (give an important place to Indigenous).
Explicit desire to adapt to others and to adapt their organizational methods and processes to the needs of indigenous workers.
Strengthening of knowledge related to indigenous cultures and intercultural skills of workers, so as to minimize uncertainties related to socio-professional contexts.
Focus on relationships within the organization, avoiding giving too much importance to social and political contexts.
Support for indigenous workers, which includes a marked attention to the potential identity threat that the worker might feel and work with him on perceptions of cultural acculturation or assimilation on the part of the organization.
Finally, Indigenous confidence must be “systemic” and be embedded in several layers of society. It is an endemic and structural issue, and our thinking emerges in a context of relative instability where relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous in Quebec and more broadly in Canada are strained. Both organization and individuals do not have all the power to change things, but they have the responsibility to attempt actions and strategies at their level, to promote the establishment of a strong bond of trust between indigenous workers and the organization and its members.
7. Conclusion
The purpose of this chapter was to update the determinants of social relations that influence trust between indigenous and non-Indigenous workers in the context of the mining and energy sectors. Also, the determinants of trust have been described as a strategy to act on issues of social and professional integration of indigenous workers in non-Indigenous organizations. In short, trust seems to be an avenue to be developed for the integration and retention of indigenous workers and, thus, for indigenous communities to improve current living conditions. The contribution of this chapter is therefore based on the place to be given to trust, which is presented as a key for the development of strategies for organizations that are willing to support their indigenous workers in their social and professional integration efforts. More generally, the reflection initiated in this chapter suggests that we must find ways to better reflect the identities and multiple needs of workers in a space shared by two groups.
\n',keywords:"trust, Indigenous peoples, institutions, organizations, emotions",chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/80366.pdf",chapterXML:"https://mts.intechopen.com/source/xml/80366.xml",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/80366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/80366",totalDownloads:59,totalViews:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,dateSubmitted:"September 20th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2021",datePrePublished:"February 4th 2022",datePublished:null,dateFinished:"February 4th 2022",readingETA:"0",abstract:"Several contemporary societies are facing important issues regarding the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. The difficulties of establishing dialogs based on lasting positive intercultural relations have repercussions within the institutions and organizations of a given society. Between the affective and relational sphere and the professional sphere, links are forged, which reproduce complex social relationships, even conflicting ones. This is the context in which our chapter’s proposal fits. By focusing on the determinants of social relations at work in these daily encounters between non-Indigenous and Indigenous in the workplace and the bonds of trust, or mistrust, which ensue, we will question the premises of social relations between non-Indigenous and Indigenous. These questions emanate from various research studies that we have carried out in recent years in organizations in the mining and energy sectors.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/80366",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/80366",signatures:"Emilie Deschênes and Sebastien Arcand",book:{id:"10673",type:"book",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Psychology of Trust",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,isbn:"978-1-83969-873-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83969-872-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83969-874-3",isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null,sections:[{id:"sec_1",title:"1. Introduction",level:"1"},{id:"sec_2",title:"2. Problem",level:"1"},{id:"sec_3",title:"3. Objectives and research questions",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4",title:"4. Conceptual and theoretical framework",level:"1"},{id:"sec_4_2",title:"4.1 A definition of trust",level:"2"},{id:"sec_5_2",title:"4.2 Affective and cognitive foundations of trust",level:"2"},{id:"sec_6_2",title:"4.3 Determinants of trust",level:"2"},{id:"sec_8",title:"5. Results: a review of the determinants of trust in the mining and energy sector context",level:"1"},{id:"sec_8_2",title:"5.1 Determinants prior to the social relationship that influence trust",level:"2"},{id:"sec_9_2",title:"5.2 Being trustworthy",level:"2"},{id:"sec_11",title:"6. Analysis and interpretation: trust, social and professional integration and employment retention of indigenous workers",level:"1"},{id:"sec_12",title:"7. Conclusion",level:"1"}],chapterReferences:[{id:"B1",body:'Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 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In: Rapport soumis à: Fonds de recherche du Québec—Société et culture (FRQSC) et au Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale (MTESS). Quebec: Université Laval; 2019'},{id:"B47",body:'Origgi G. Is trust an epistemological notion? Episteme. 2004;1(1):61'}],footnotes:[{id:"fn1",explanation:"This research focused on the determinants of trust in social and professional relationships between indigenous and non-Indigenous workers in the education sector. These are two groundbreaking research studies that focus on the training and employment integration of Indigenous workers. The first was carried out as part of a postdoctoral fellowship at HEC Montreal. (Deschênes, 2017, unpublished), and the second was commissioned by the Niskamoon Society ([17], unpublished)."},{id:"fn2",explanation:"The results of the two studies are unpublished. They are presented in two research reports. The first postdoctoral fellowship (HEC) and private research (Niskamoon)"}],contributors:[{corresp:null,contributorFullName:"Emilie Deschênes",address:null,affiliation:'
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UK Research and Innovation (former Research Councils UK (RCUK) - including AHRC, BBSRC, ESRC, EPSRC, MRC, NERC, STFC.) Processing charges for books/book chapters can be covered through RCUK block grants which are allocated to most universities in the UK, which then handle the OA publication funding requests. It is at the discretion of the university whether it will approve the request.)
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Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"41",type:"subseries",title:"Water Science",keywords:"Water, Water resources, Freshwater, Hydrological processes, Utilization, Protection",scope:"
\r\n\tWater is not only a crucial substance needed for biological life on Earth, but it is also a basic requirement for the existence and development of the human society. Owing to the importance of water to life on Earth, early researchers conducted numerous studies and analyses on the liquid form of water from the perspectives of chemistry, physics, earth science, and biology, and concluded that Earth is a "water polo". Water covers approximately 71% of Earth's surface. However, 97.2% of this water is seawater, 21.5% is icebergs and glaciers, and only 0.65% is freshwater that can be used directly by humans. As a result, the amount of water reserves available for human consumption is limited. The development, utilization, and protection of freshwater resources has become the focus of water science research for the continued improvement of human livelihoods and society.
\r\n
\r\n\tWater exists as solid, liquid, and gas within Earth’s atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Liquid water is used for a variety of purposes besides drinking, including power generation, ecology, landscaping, and shipping. Because water is involved in various environmental hydrological processes as well as numerous aspects of the economy and human society, the study of various phenomena in the hydrosphere, the laws governing their occurrence and development, the relationship between the hydrosphere and other spheres of Earth, and the relationship between water and social development, are all part of water science. Knowledge systems for water science are improving continuously. Water science has become a specialized field concerned with the identification of its physical, chemical, and biological properties. In addition, it reveals the laws of water distribution, movement, and circulation, and proposes methods and tools for water development, utilization, planning, management, and protection. Currently, the field of water science covers research related to topics such as hydrology, water resources and water environment. It also includes research on water related issues such as safety, engineering, economy, law, culture, information, and education.
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He has chaired or acted as a technical committee member for twenty-five international forums (conferences). Dr. Shang graduated from Tsinghua University, China, in 2010 with a Ph.D. in Engineering. Prior to that, he worked as a research fellow at Harvard University from 2008 to 2009. Dr. Shang serves as a senior research engineer at the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR) and was awarded as a distinguished researcher at National Taiwan University in 2017.",institutionString:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institution:{name:"China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",issn:"2754-6713"},editorialBoard:[{id:"216491",title:"Dr.",name:"Charalampos",middleName:null,surname:"Skoulikaris",slug:"charalampos-skoulikaris",fullName:"Charalampos Skoulikaris",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRMsbQAG/Profile_Picture_2022-04-21T09:31:55.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aristotle University of Thessaloniki",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"300124",title:"Prof.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Shahady",slug:"thomas-shahady",fullName:"Thomas Shahady",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002kuIgmQAE/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:32:10.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lynchburg College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{id:"81644",title:"Perspective Chapter: Ethics of Using Placebo Controlled Trials for Covid-19 Vaccine Development in Vulnerable Populations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104776",signatures:"Lesley Burgess, Jurie Jordaan and Matthew Wilson",slug:"perspective-chapter-ethics-of-using-placebo-controlled-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-development-in-vu",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"SARS-CoV-2 Variants - Two Years After",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11573.jpg",subseries:{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[],lsSeriesList:[],hsSeriesList:[],sshSeriesList:[],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"news.detail",path:"/news/step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414/",hash:"",query:{},params:{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414"},fullPath:"/news/step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414/",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()