\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"1464",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Advanced Plasma Spray Applications",title:"Advanced Plasma Spray Applications",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Recently, plasma spray has been received a large number of attentions for various type of applications due to the nature of the plasma plume and deposition structure. The plasma gas generated by the arc, consists of free electrons, ionized atoms, some neutral atoms, and undissociated diatomic molecules. The temperature of the core of the plasma jet may exceed up to 30,000 K. Gas velocity in the plasma spray torch can be varied from subsonic to supersonic using converging-diverging nozzles. Heat transfer in the plasma jet is primarily the result of the recombination of the ions and re-association of atoms in diatomic gases on the powder surfaces and absorption of radiation. Taking advantages of the plasma plume atmosphere, plasma spray can be used for surface modification and treatment, especially for activation of polymer surfaces. I addition, plasma spray can be used to deposit nanostructures as well as advanced coating structures for new applications in wear and corrosion resistance. Some state-of-the-art studies of advanced applications of plasma spraying such as nanostructure coatings, surface modifications, biomaterial deposition, and anti wear and corrosion coatings are presented in this book.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-51-0349-3",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-6160-8",doi:"10.5772/1921",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"advanced-plasma-spray-applications",numberOfPages:252,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"ae66339c844ea8b473cc76ad34b38b04",bookSignature:"Hamidreza Salimi Jazi",publishedDate:"March 21st 2012",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1464.jpg",numberOfDownloads:49695,numberOfWosCitations:120,numberOfCrossrefCitations:58,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:7,numberOfDimensionsCitations:146,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:9,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:324,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 12th 2011",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 10th 2011",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 14th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 14th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"February 13th 2012",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"102953",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamidreza",middleName:null,surname:"Salimi Jazi",slug:"hamidreza-salimi-jazi",fullName:"Hamidreza Salimi Jazi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/102953/images/system/102953.jpg",biography:"Hamidreza Salimi Jazi graduated from Isfahan University of Technology (IUT) with B.Sc. (1994) and M.Sc. (1999) in Materials Engineering Department. He received his PhD degree from the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the University of Toronto in 2005. Before joining Isfahan University of Technology, he held postdoctoral and instructor positions at the Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, University of Toronto and collaborated in some research projects with Pratt & Whitney Canada, GE Global research US, PyroGenesis Canada. He joined the Department of Materials Engineering at the Isfahan University of Technology in 2010. His main research interests are the study of thermal spray coatings, near-net shape forming of alloys, composites, and sandwich structures, thermal spray coatings for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, and nano structure materials.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"0",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"919",title:"Tissue Engineering",slug:"biomaterials-tissue-engineering"}],chapters:[{id:"32974",title:"Thermal Sprayed Coatings Used Against Corrosion and Corrosive Wear",doi:"10.5772/34448",slug:"thermal-sprayed-coatings-used-against-corrosion-and-corrosive-wear",totalDownloads:21945,totalCrossrefCites:38,totalDimensionsCites:89,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"P. Fauchais and A. Vardelle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32974",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32974",authors:[{id:"100195",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Vardelle",slug:"vardelle",fullName:"Vardelle"},{id:"100197",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Fauchais",slug:"pierre-fauchais",fullName:"Pierre Fauchais"}],corrections:null},{id:"32975",title:"The Influence of Dry Particle Coating Parameters on Thermal Coatings Properties",doi:"10.5772/35346",slug:"the-influence-of-dry-particle-coating-parameters-on-thermal-coatings-properties",totalDownloads:4356,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ricardo Cuenca-Alvarez, Carmen Monterrubio-Badillo, Fernando Juarez-Lopez, Hélène Ageorges and Pierre Fauchais",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32975",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32975",authors:[{id:"103999",title:"Dr.",name:"Ricardo",surname:"Cuenca-Alvarez",slug:"ricardo-cuenca-alvarez",fullName:"Ricardo Cuenca-Alvarez"},{id:"104010",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Fauchais",slug:"pierre-fauchais",fullName:"Pierre Fauchais"},{id:"104012",title:"Dr.",name:"Hélène",surname:"Ageorges",slug:"helene-ageorges",fullName:"Hélène Ageorges"},{id:"105229",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmen",surname:"Monterrubio-Badillo",slug:"carmen-monterrubio-badillo",fullName:"Carmen Monterrubio-Badillo"},{id:"136067",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando",surname:"Juarez-Lopez",slug:"fernando-juarez-lopez",fullName:"Fernando Juarez-Lopez"}],corrections:null},{id:"32976",title:"Isothermal Oxidation Behavior of Plasma Sprayed MCrAlY Coatings",doi:"10.5772/32731",slug:"isothermal-oxidation-behavior-of-the-plasma-sprayed-mcraly-coatings",totalDownloads:3262,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:6,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dowon Seo and Kazuhiro Ogawa",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32976",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32976",authors:[{id:"52857",title:"Prof.",name:"Kazuhiro",surname:"Ogawa",slug:"kazuhiro-ogawa",fullName:"Kazuhiro Ogawa"},{id:"92485",title:"Dr.",name:"Dowon",surname:"Seo",slug:"dowon-seo",fullName:"Dowon Seo"}],corrections:null},{id:"32977",title:"Analysis of Experimental Results of Plasma Spray Coatings Using Statistical Techniques",doi:"10.5772/33032",slug:"study-of-erosion-wear-characteristics-of-al2o3-tio2-composite-coatings-using-neural-computation",totalDownloads:2387,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"S.C. Mishra",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32977",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32977",authors:[{id:"93729",title:"Dr.",name:"Subash",surname:"Mishra",slug:"subash-mishra",fullName:"Subash Mishra"}],corrections:null},{id:"32978",title:"Plasma Sprayed Bioceramic Coatings on Ti-Based Substrates: Methods for Investigation of Their Crystallographic Structures and Mechanical Properties",doi:"10.5772/34573",slug:"plasma-sprayed-bioceramic-coatings-on-ti-based-substrates-methods-for-investigation-of-their-crystal",totalDownloads:3864,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Ivanka Iordanova, Vladislav Antonov, Christoph M. Sprecher, Hristo K. Skulev and Boyko Gueorguiev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32978",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32978",authors:[{id:"100747",title:"Dr.",name:"Boyko",surname:"Gueorguiev",slug:"boyko-gueorguiev",fullName:"Boyko Gueorguiev"},{id:"100919",title:"Prof.",name:"Ivanka",surname:"Iordanova",slug:"ivanka-iordanova",fullName:"Ivanka Iordanova"},{id:"119646",title:"Dr.",name:"Vladislav",surname:"Antonov",slug:"vladislav-antonov",fullName:"Vladislav Antonov"},{id:"119647",title:"MSc.",name:"Christoph",surname:"Sprecher",slug:"christoph-sprecher",fullName:"Christoph Sprecher"}],corrections:null},{id:"32979",title:"Effect of Hydrothermal Self-Healing and Intermediate Strengthening Layers on Adhesion Reinforcement of Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings",doi:"10.5772/32740",slug:"effect-of-hydrothermal-self-healing-and-intermediate-strengthening-layers-on-adhesion-reinforcement-",totalDownloads:2538,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Chung-Wei Yang and Truan-Sheng Lui",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32979",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32979",authors:[{id:"92516",title:"Prof.",name:"Truan-Sheng",surname:"Lui",slug:"truan-sheng-lui",fullName:"Truan-Sheng Lui"},{id:"103467",title:"Prof.",name:"Chung-Wei",surname:"Yang",slug:"chung-wei-yang",fullName:"Chung-Wei Yang"}],corrections:null},{id:"32980",title:"Solution and Suspension Plasma Spraying of Nanostructure Coatings",doi:"10.5772/34449",slug:"solution-and-suspension-plasma-spraying-of-nanostructure-coatings",totalDownloads:4853,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:33,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"P. Fauchais and A. Vardelle",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32980",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32980",authors:[{id:"100195",title:"Dr",name:null,surname:"Vardelle",slug:"vardelle",fullName:"Vardelle"},{id:"100197",title:"Dr.",name:"Pierre",surname:"Fauchais",slug:"pierre-fauchais",fullName:"Pierre Fauchais"}],corrections:null},{id:"32981",title:"A Solid State Approach to Synthesis Advanced Nanomaterials for Thermal Spray Applications",doi:"10.5772/32642",slug:"a-solid-state-approach-to-synthesis-advanced-nanomaterials-for-thermal-spray-applications-",totalDownloads:3344,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Behrooz Movahedi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32981",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32981",authors:[{id:"92198",title:"Dr.",name:"Behrooz",surname:"Movahedi",slug:"behrooz-movahedi",fullName:"Behrooz Movahedi"}],corrections:null},{id:"32982",title:"Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet Induced Graft-Polymerization for Flame Retardant Silk",doi:"10.5772/28047",slug:"atmospheric-pressure-plasma-jet-induced-graft-polymerization-for-flame-retardant-silk",totalDownloads:3146,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Dheerawan Boonyawan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/32982",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/32982",authors:[{id:"72548",title:"Dr.",name:"Dheerawan",surname:"Boonyawan",slug:"dheerawan-boonyawan",fullName:"Dheerawan Boonyawan"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3420",title:"Advances in Biomaterials Science and Biomedical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"381d506a331ddc9ae4d423dea265e0a2",slug:"advances-in-biomaterials-science-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Rosario Pignatello",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3420.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64447",title:"Prof.",name:"Rosario",surname:"Pignatello",slug:"rosario-pignatello",fullName:"Rosario Pignatello"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2300",title:"Microwave Materials Characterization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"25921c01ddbac11535ce589c4007a695",slug:"microwave-materials-characterization",bookSignature:"Sandra Costanzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2300.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"51071",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",surname:"Costanzo",slug:"sandra-costanzo",fullName:"Sandra Costanzo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1508",title:"The Transmission Electron Microscope",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"40719eadb88b36d3aab9d67fbef67fe3",slug:"the-transmission-electron-microscope",bookSignature:"Khan Maaz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1508.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"107765",title:"Dr.",name:"Maaz",surname:"Khan",slug:"maaz-khan",fullName:"Maaz Khan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6141",title:"Polymerization",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6253d53d2d87cf7917080428071127f0",slug:"recent-research-in-polymerization",bookSignature:"Nevin Cankaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6141.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"175645",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Nevin",surname:"Çankaya",slug:"nevin-cankaya",fullName:"Nevin Çankaya"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5922",title:"Materials, Technologies and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6fe31fadb436b2596163e60fd63dedbd",slug:"scaffolds-in-tissue-engineering-materials-technologies-and-clinical-applications",bookSignature:"Francesco Baino",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5922.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"188475",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesco",surname:"Baino",slug:"francesco-baino",fullName:"Francesco Baino"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"47331",slug:"correction-to-the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",title:"Correction to: The Cultural Reinforcers of Child Abuse",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/47331.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/47331",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/47331",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/47331",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/47331",chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}]}},chapter:{id:"37763",slug:"the-cultural-reinforcers-of-child-abuse",signatures:"Essam Al-Shail, Ahmed Hassan, Abdullah Aldowaish and Hoda Kattan",dateSubmitted:"November 8th 2011",dateReviewed:"June 14th 2012",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"July 11th 2012",book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"85712",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:"M.",surname:"Hassan",fullName:"Ahmed Hassan",slug:"ahmed-hassan",email:"amh_64@hotmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"139594",title:"Prof.",name:"Essam",middleName:null,surname:"Al-Shail",fullName:"Essam Al-Shail",slug:"essam-al-shail",email:"shail@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"Alfaisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149745",title:"Dr.",name:"Hoda",middleName:null,surname:"Kattan",fullName:"Hoda Kattan",slug:"hoda-kattan",email:"hoda@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:{name:"King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"149746",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Aldowaish",fullName:"Abdullah Aldowaish",slug:"abdullah-aldowaish",email:"dowaish@kfshrc.edu.sa",position:null,institution:null}]},book:{id:"2663",title:"Child Abuse and Neglect",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Approach",fullTitle:"Child Abuse and Neglect - A Multidimensional Approach",slug:"child-abuse-and-neglect-a-multidimensional-approach",publishedDate:"July 11th 2012",bookSignature:"Alexander Muela",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2663.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"138437",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Muela Aparicio",slug:"alexander-muela-aparicio",fullName:"Alexander Muela Aparicio"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8862",leadTitle:null,title:"Aluminium Alloys and Composites",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Aluminium (Al) is a metal of great importance because of its excellent corrosion resistance, high electrical and thermal conductivity, good reflectivity, and very good recycling characteristics. The properties of heat-treatable Al-alloys can be further enhanced by the inclusion of a reinforcing phase that increases the mechanical properties of the overall composite. This book is a comprehensive guide on the different types of aluminum alloys and the new advances that have been made in developing and manufacturing aluminum alloys and composites. This text provides a comprehensive overview of the processing, formability, and chemical composition of aluminum alloys and composites. Part One is focused on evaluating the types and properties of advanced aluminum alloys and composites, while Part Two explores characterization. The advantage of this book is that it provides a detailed review of major advances that have occurred in the development and application of aluminum alloys and composites while outlining a development strategy for these materials.",isbn:"978-1-78984-515-0",printIsbn:"978-1-78984-514-3",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-080-2",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81519",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"aluminium-alloys-and-composites",numberOfPages:182,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"57e5fedfca420ce68029b02e20a79651",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke",publishedDate:"March 4th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8862.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:10938,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:35,numberOfDimensionsCitations:70,numberOfTotalCitations:127,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 29th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 19th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"January 18th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 8th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 7th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/138778/images/system/138778.jpg",biography:"Dr. Kavian Omar Cooke joined the University of Bradford, England, in 2017, where he is an Associate Professor of Material Science and Engineering and Director of Post Graduate Research Studies. Before coming to the University of Bradford, Dr. Cooke served as Programme Director of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Technology, Jamaica. He was awarded a Ph.D. in Materials Engineering from the University of Calgary in 2011, which focused on transient liquid phase diffusion bonding of particle-reinforced aluminum alloys. His qualifications also include a BEng with honours and an MPhil from the University of Technology, Jamaica in Mechanical Engineering and an MBA in Management from Patten University, California. Dr. Cooke is a reviewer for several international journals. In 2013, he won the prestigious President Research Excellence Award from the University of Technology, Jamaica, for research excellence in surface and interface engineering. Dr. Cooke is also a chartered engineer (CEng), a member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), a fellow of the UK Higher Education Academy (FHEA), and a member of the Caribbean Academy of Science.",institutionString:"University of Bradford",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Bradford",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"930",title:"Metallurgy",slug:"materials-science-composite-materials-metallurgy"}],chapters:[{id:"70514",title:"Introductory Chapter: Structural Aluminum Alloys and Composites",slug:"introductory-chapter-structural-aluminum-alloys-and-composites",totalDownloads:910,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}]},{id:"62120",title:"Aluminum Mineral Processing and Metallurgy: Iron-Rich Bauxite and Bayer Red Muds",slug:"aluminum-mineral-processing-and-metallurgy-iron-rich-bauxite-and-bayer-red-muds",totalDownloads:1461,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"221673",title:"Dr.",name:"Yingyi",surname:"Zhang",slug:"yingyi-zhang",fullName:"Yingyi Zhang"},{id:"251993",title:"Prof.",name:"Yuanhong",surname:"Qi",slug:"yuanhong-qi",fullName:"Yuanhong Qi"},{id:"252009",title:"Prof.",name:"Jiaxin",surname:"Li",slug:"jiaxin-li",fullName:"Jiaxin Li"}]},{id:"68558",title:"Aluminium and Its Interlinking Properties",slug:"aluminium-and-its-interlinking-properties",totalDownloads:1016,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"283479",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathambarajan",surname:"Velmanirajan",slug:"kathambarajan-velmanirajan",fullName:"Kathambarajan Velmanirajan"},{id:"288095",title:"Dr.",name:"K",surname:"Anuradha",slug:"k-anuradha",fullName:"K Anuradha"}]},{id:"70002",title:"Composites and Alloys Based on the Al-Ce System",slug:"composites-and-alloys-based-on-the-al-ce-system",totalDownloads:1038,totalCrossrefCites:3,authors:[{id:"206168",title:"Mr.",name:"David",surname:"Weiss",slug:"david-weiss",fullName:"David Weiss"}]},{id:"67052",title:"Novel Applications of Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites",slug:"novel-applications-of-aluminium-metal-matrix-composites",totalDownloads:2797,totalCrossrefCites:25,authors:[{id:"286492",title:"Mr.",name:"Francis",surname:"Nturanabo",slug:"francis-nturanabo",fullName:"Francis Nturanabo"},{id:"299246",title:"Prof.",name:"Leonard",surname:"Masu",slug:"leonard-masu",fullName:"Leonard Masu"},{id:"299247",title:"Prof.",name:"John Baptist",surname:"Kirabira",slug:"john-baptist-kirabira",fullName:"John Baptist Kirabira"}]},{id:"67176",title:"Effect of Grain Size on Superplastic Deformation of Metallic Materials",slug:"effect-of-grain-size-on-superplastic-deformation-of-metallic-materials",totalDownloads:1205,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"288303",title:"Prof.",name:"Jayaganthan",surname:"Rengaswamy",slug:"jayaganthan-rengaswamy",fullName:"Jayaganthan Rengaswamy"},{id:"288336",title:"Dr.",name:"Raja",surname:"A",slug:"raja-a",fullName:"Raja A"},{id:"296893",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhishek",surname:"Tiwari",slug:"abhishek-tiwari",fullName:"Abhishek Tiwari"},{id:"296895",title:"Mr.",name:"Srinivasa Rakesh",surname:"Ch",slug:"srinivasa-rakesh-ch",fullName:"Srinivasa Rakesh Ch"}]},{id:"69454",title:"Wear Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy 8011 with 4% Fly Ash Composites by Using Sensitivity Analysis",slug:"wear-behaviour-of-aluminium-alloy-8011-with-4-fly-ash-composites-by-using-sensitivity-analysis",totalDownloads:616,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"282552",title:"Dr.",name:"Magibalan",surname:"S",slug:"magibalan-s",fullName:"Magibalan S"}]},{id:"69724",title:"Experimental Investigations on AA 6061 Alloy Welded Joints by Friction Stir Welding",slug:"experimental-investigations-on-aa-6061-alloy-welded-joints-by-friction-stir-welding",totalDownloads:896,totalCrossrefCites:4,authors:[{id:"285121",title:"Dr.",name:"P.",surname:"Hema",slug:"p.-hema",fullName:"P. Hema"}]},{id:"67310",title:"Aluminum Alloys Behavior during Forming",slug:"aluminum-alloys-behavior-during-forming",totalDownloads:999,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"283483",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Perumalla",surname:"Janaki Ramulu",slug:"perumalla-janaki-ramulu",fullName:"Perumalla Janaki Ramulu"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"247041",firstName:"Dolores",lastName:"Kuzelj",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/247041/images/7108_n.jpg",email:"dolores@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6172",title:"Creep",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e4bebb76aea6fbaad3502b8de2a43e7c",slug:"creep",bookSignature:"Tomasz Tanski, Marek Sroka and Adam Zielinski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6172.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15700",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomasz Arkadiusz",surname:"Tański",slug:"tomasz-arkadiusz-tanski",fullName:"Tomasz Arkadiusz Tański"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6873",title:"Magnesium",subtitle:"The Wonder Element for Engineering/Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"36f7a7ad1be568643bb9e63cbf6d96e5",slug:"magnesium-the-wonder-element-for-engineering-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Manoj Gupta",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6873.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"206890",title:"Prof.",name:"Manoj",surname:"Gupta",slug:"manoj-gupta",fullName:"Manoj Gupta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1373",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Applications and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e9ae5ae9167cde4b344e499a792c41c",slug:"ionic-liquids-applications-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1373.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"9177",title:"Particle Filter for Depth Evaluation of Networking Intrusion Detection Using Coloured Petri Nets",doi:"10.5772/7521",slug:"particle-filter-for-depth-evaluation-of-networking-intrusion-detection-using-coloured-petri-nets",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/9177.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/9177",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/9177",totalDownloads:2200,totalViews:111,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:1,impactScorePercentile:57,impactScoreQuartile:3,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/9177",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/9177",book:{id:"3780",slug:"petri-nets-applications"},signatures:"Chien-Chuan Lin and Ming-Shi Wang",authors:null,sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3780",type:"book",title:"Petri Nets",subtitle:"Applications",fullTitle:"Petri Nets Applications",slug:"petri-nets-applications",publishedDate:"February 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Pawel Pawlewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3780.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-047-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5867-7",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:13,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"4487",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlewski",slug:"pawel-pawlewski",fullName:"Pawel Pawlewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"616"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"9175",type:"chapter",title:"An Application of GSPN for Modeling and Evaluating Local Area Computer Networks",slug:"an-application-of-gspn-for-modeling-and-evaluating-local-area-computer-networks",totalDownloads:1947,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Masahiro Tsunoyama and Hiroei Imai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9176",type:"chapter",title:"Architecture of Computer Intrusion Detection Based on Partially Ordered Events",slug:"architecture-of-computer-intrusion-detection-based-on-partially-ordered-events",totalDownloads:2210,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Liberios Vokorokos and Anton Balaz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9177",type:"chapter",title:"Particle Filter for Depth Evaluation of Networking Intrusion Detection Using Coloured Petri Nets",slug:"particle-filter-for-depth-evaluation-of-networking-intrusion-detection-using-coloured-petri-nets",totalDownloads:2200,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Chien-Chuan Lin and Ming-Shi Wang",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9178",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling and Analyzing Software Architecture Using Object-Oriented Petri Nets and Pi-Calculus",slug:"modeling-and-analyzing-software-architecture-using-object-oriented-petri-nets-and-pi-calculus",totalDownloads:1797,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Zhenhua Yu, Xiao Fu, Yu Liu, JingWang and Yuanli Cai",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9179",type:"chapter",title:"Systolic Petri Nets",slug:"systolic-petri-nets",totalDownloads:1613,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Alexandre Abellard and Patrick Abellard",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9180",type:"chapter",title:"Towards Rewriting Semantics of Software Architecture Specification",slug:"towards-rewriting-semantics-of-software-architecture-specification",totalDownloads:1826,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Yujian Fu, Zhijiang Dong, Phil Bording and Xudong He",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9181",type:"chapter",title:"Transfer-Resource Graph and Petri-net for System-on-Chip Verification",slug:"transfer-resource-graph-and-petri-net-for-system-on-chip-verification",totalDownloads:1790,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Xiaoxi Xu and Cheng-Chew Lim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9182",type:"chapter",title:"Using Petri nets for modeling and verification of Hybrid Systems",slug:"using-petri-nets-for-modeling-and-verification-of-hybrid-systems",totalDownloads:1948,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ricardo Rodriguez, Otoniel Rodriguez, Gerardo Reyes and Vianey Cruz",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9183",type:"chapter",title:"A new Control Synthesis Approach of P-Time Petri Nets",slug:"a-new-control-synthesis-approach-of-p-time-petri-nets",totalDownloads:1633,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Bonhomme Patrice",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9184",type:"chapter",title:"CL-MAC: Cross-layer MAC Protocol for Delay Sensitive Wireless Sensor Network Applications",slug:"cl-mac-cross-layer-mac-protocol-for-delay-sensitive-wireless-sensor-network-applications",totalDownloads:2363,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Kechar Bouabdellah and Sekhri Larbi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9185",type:"chapter",title:"Distributed Implementation of Petri nets in Control Applications",slug:"distributed-implementation-of-petri-nets-in-control-applications",totalDownloads:2e3,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Ramon Piedrafita, Danilo Tardioli and Jose Luis Villarroel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9186",type:"chapter",title:"Hybrid State Petri Nets which Have the Analysis Power of Stochastic Hybrid Systems and the Formal Verification Power of Automata",slug:"hybrid-state-petri-nets-which-have-the-analysis-power-of-stochastic-hybrid-systems-and-the-formal-ve",totalDownloads:1687,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Mariken H.C. Everdij and Henk A.P. Blom",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9187",type:"chapter",title:"Reachability Analysis of Time-Critical Systems",slug:"reachability-analysis-of-time-critical-systems",totalDownloads:1571,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Stefan Hudak, Stefan Korecko and Slavomir Simonak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9188",type:"chapter",title:"Supervisory Control and High-level Petri nets",slug:"supervisory-control-and-high-level-petri-nets",totalDownloads:2752,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Chiheb Ameur Abid, Sajeh Zairi and Belhassen Zouari",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9189",type:"chapter",title:"Using Petri Net for Modeling and Analysis of a Encryption Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks",slug:"using-petri-net-for-modeling-and-analysis-of-a-encryption-scheme-for-wireless-sensor-networks",totalDownloads:2664,totalCrossrefCites:4,signatures:"Hugo Rodriguez, Ruben Carvajal, Beatriz Ontiveros, Ismael Soto and Rolando Carrasco",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9190",type:"chapter",title:"Diagnosability in Switched Linear Systems",slug:"diagnosability-in-switched-linear-systems",totalDownloads:1638,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lizette Rubio- Gomez, David Gomez-Gutierrez, Antonio Ramirez-Trevino, Javier Ruiz-Leon and Guillermo Ramirez-Prado",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9191",type:"chapter",title:"Fault Diagnosis for Complex Systems Using Coloured Petri Nets",slug:"fault-diagnosis-for-complex-systems-using-coloured-petri-nets",totalDownloads:2132,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"L. Rodriguez, E. Garcia, F. Morant, A. Correcher and E. Quiles",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9192",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling and Fault Diagnosis by Means of Petri Nets. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Application",slug:"modelling-and-fault-diagnosis-by-means-of-petri-nets-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-application",totalDownloads:2531,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Miguel Trigos, Antonio Barrientos, Jaime del Cerro and Hermes Lopez",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9193",type:"chapter",title:"Design and Implementation of Hierarchical and Distributed Control for Robotic Manufacturing Systems Using Petri Nets",slug:"design-and-implementation-of-hierarchical-and-distributed-control-for-robotic-manufacturing-systems-",totalDownloads:1918,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Genichi Yasuda",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9194",type:"chapter",title:"Performance Evaluation of Distributed Systems: a Component-Based Modeling Approach Based on Object Oriented Petri Nets",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-distributed-systems-a-component-based-modeling-approach-based-on-object-or",totalDownloads:1876,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Aladdin Masri, Thomas Bourdeaud'hui and Armand Toguyeni",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9195",type:"chapter",title:"Using Petri Nets to Model and Simulation Production Systems in Process Reengineering (Case Study)",slug:"using-petri-nets-to-model-and-simulation-production-systems-in-process-reengineering-case-study-",totalDownloads:3186,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Pawlewski Pawel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9196",type:"chapter",title:"Workflow Diagnosis Using Petri Net Charts",slug:"workflow-diagnosis-using-petri-net-charts",totalDownloads:1450,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Calin Ciufudean and Constantin Filote",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9197",type:"chapter",title:"Evaluation of Power System Security with Petri Nets",slug:"evaluation-of-power-system-security-with-petri-nets",totalDownloads:3053,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Jose L. Sanchez, Mario A. Rios and Gustavo Ramos",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9198",type:"chapter",title:"Fault Diagnosis on Electric Power Systems Based on Petri Net Approach",slug:"fault-diagnosis-on-electric-power-systems-based-on-petri-net-approach",totalDownloads:5703,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Alejandra Santoyo-Sanchez, José Alberto Gutiérrez-Robles, Elvia Ruiz-Beltrán, Carlos Alberto De Jesús-Velasquez, Luis Isidro Aguirre-Salas and Victor Ortiz-Muro",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9199",type:"chapter",title:"GPenSIM: A New Petri Net Simulator",slug:"gpensim-a-new-petri-net-simulator",totalDownloads:3477,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Reggie Davidrajuh",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9200",type:"chapter",title:"Assessing Risks in Critical Systems Using Petri Nets",slug:"assessing-risks-in-critical-systems-using-petri-nets",totalDownloads:2251,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Lucio Flavio Vismari and Joao Batista Camargo Junior",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9201",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling and Analysis of Traffic Light Control Systems Using Timed Coloured Petri nets",slug:"modelling-and-analysis-of-traffic-light-control-systems-using-timed-coloured-petri-nets",totalDownloads:4739,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Yi-Sheng Huang and Ta-Hsiang Chung",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9202",type:"chapter",title:"Traffic Network Control Based on Hybrid System Modeling",slug:"traffic-network-control-based-on-hybrid-system-modeling",totalDownloads:2222,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Youngwoo Kim",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9203",type:"chapter",title:"Using Petri Nets in the Analysis of Sequential Automata Models with Direct Applications on the Transport Systems with Accumulation Areas",slug:"using-petri-nets-in-the-analysis-of-sequential-automata-models-with-direct-applications-on-the-trans",totalDownloads:1398,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Dan Ungureanu-Anghel",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9204",type:"chapter",title:"An Approach Based in Petri Net for Requirement Analysis",slug:"an-approach-based-in-petri-net-for-requirement-analysis",totalDownloads:1934,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Ermeson Andrade, Paulo Maciel, Gustavo Callou, Bruno Nogueira and Carlos Araujo",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9205",type:"chapter",title:"Intuitive Transformation of UML2 Activities into Fundamental Modeling Concept Petri Nets and Colored Petri Nets",slug:"intuitive-transformation-of-uml2-activities-into-fundamental-modeling-concept-petri-nets-and-colored",totalDownloads:2252,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Anthony Spiteri Staines",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9206",type:"chapter",title:"Multilevel Petri Nets for the Specification and Development of Workflow Automation Systems",slug:"multilevel-petri-nets-for-the-specification-and-development-of-workflow-automation-systems",totalDownloads:2079,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Marina Flores-Badillo and Ernesto Lopez-Mellado",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9207",type:"chapter",title:"An Application of Petri Nets to e/m-Learning Environments",slug:"an-application-of-petri-nets-to-e-m-learning-environments",totalDownloads:1620,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cristina De Castro and Paolo Toppan",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]},{id:"9208",type:"chapter",title:"Petri Nets-based Models for Web Services Composition",slug:"petri-nets-based-models-for-web-services-composition",totalDownloads:2701,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Huaikou Miao and Tao He",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[null]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2185",title:"Petri Nets",subtitle:"Manufacturing and Computer Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd35e0811ba40522bbb37a6ad2390bc4",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",bookSignature:"Pawel Pawlewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4487",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Pawlewski",slug:"pawel-pawlewski",fullName:"Pawel Pawlewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"38506",title:"Automated Petri-Net Modelling for Batch Production Scheduling",slug:"automated-petri-net-modelling-for-batch-production-scheduling",signatures:"Dejan Gradišar and Gašper Mušič",authors:[{id:"144539",title:"Dr.",name:"Dejan",middleName:null,surname:"Gradisar",fullName:"Dejan Gradisar",slug:"dejan-gradisar"},{id:"147007",title:"Prof.",name:"Gašper",middleName:null,surname:"Mušič",fullName:"Gašper Mušič",slug:"gasper-music"}]},{id:"38492",title:"Specifying and Verifying Holonic Multi-Agent Systems Using Stochastic Petri Net and Object-Z: Application to Industrial Maintenance Organizations",slug:"specifying-and-verifying-holonic-multi-agent-systems-using-stochastic-petri-net-and-object-z-applica",signatures:"Belhassen Mazigh and Abdeljalil Abbas-Turki",authors:[{id:"142692",title:"Dr.",name:"Belhassen",middleName:null,surname:"Mazigh",fullName:"Belhassen Mazigh",slug:"belhassen-mazigh"},{id:"155278",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdeljalil",middleName:null,surname:"Abbas-Turki",fullName:"Abdeljalil Abbas-Turki",slug:"abdeljalil-abbas-turki"}]},{id:"38504",title:"A Computationally Improved Optimal Solution for Deadlocked Problems of Flexible Manufacturing Systems Using Theory of Regions",slug:"a-computationally-improved-optimal-solution-for-deadlocked-problems-of-flexible-manufacturing-system",signatures:"Yen-Liang Pan",authors:[{id:"142645",title:"Prof.",name:"Yen-Liang",middleName:null,surname:"Pan",fullName:"Yen-Liang Pan",slug:"yen-liang-pan"}]},{id:"38505",title:"Implementation of Distributed Control Architecture for Multiple Robot Systems Using Petri Nets",slug:"implementation-of-distributed-control-architecture-for-multiple-robot-systems-using-petri-nets",signatures:"Gen'ichi Yasuda",authors:[{id:"11527",title:"Prof.",name:"Gen\\'Ichi",middleName:null,surname:"Yasuda",fullName:"Gen\\'Ichi Yasuda",slug:"gen'ichi-yasuda"}]},{id:"38503",title:"Measurement of Work-in-Process and Manufacturing Lead Time by Petri Nets Modeling and Throughput Diagram",slug:"measurement-of-work-in-process-and-manufacturing-lead-time-by-petri-nets-modeling-and-throughput-dia",signatures:"Tiago Facchin and Miguel Afonso Sellitto",authors:[{id:"100796",title:"Dr.",name:"Miguel",middleName:null,surname:"Sellitto",fullName:"Miguel Sellitto",slug:"miguel-sellitto"},{id:"143809",title:"BSc.",name:"Tiago",middleName:null,surname:"Facchin",fullName:"Tiago Facchin",slug:"tiago-facchin"}]},{id:"38500",title:"Workflow Modelling Based on Synchrony",slug:"workflow-modelling-based-on-synchrony",signatures:"Chongyi Yuan",authors:[{id:"143083",title:"Dr.",name:"Chongyi",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Chongyi Yuan",slug:"chongyi-yuan"}]},{id:"38493",title:"Construction and Application of Learning Petri Net",slug:"construction-and-application-of-learning-petri-net",signatures:"Liangbing Feng, Masanao Obayashi, Takashi Kuremoto and Kunikazu Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"14090",title:"Prof.",name:"Masanao",middleName:null,surname:"Obayashi",fullName:"Masanao Obayashi",slug:"masanao-obayashi"},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto"},{id:"15896",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",fullName:"Kunikazu Kobayashi",slug:"kunikazu-kobayashi"},{id:"15897",title:"Dr.",name:"Liangbing",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",fullName:"Liangbing Feng",slug:"liangbing-feng"}]},{id:"38494",title:"Control Interpreted Petri Nets - Model Checking and Synthesis",slug:"control-interpreted-petri-nets-model-checking-and-synthesis",signatures:"Iwona Grobelna",authors:[{id:"144901",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Iwona",middleName:null,surname:"Grobelna",fullName:"Iwona Grobelna",slug:"iwona-grobelna"}]},{id:"38502",title:"Sequential Object Petri Nets and the Modeling of Multithreading Object-Oriented Programming Systems",slug:"sequential-object-petri-nets-and-the-modeling-of-multithreading-object-oriented-programming-systems",signatures:"Ivo Martiník",authors:[{id:"144552",title:"PhD.",name:"Ivo",middleName:null,surname:"Martiník",fullName:"Ivo Martiník",slug:"ivo-martinik"}]},{id:"38515",title:"Fluid Stochastic Petri Nets: From Fluid Atoms in ILP Processor Pipelines to Fluid Atoms in P2P Streaming Networks",slug:"fluid-stochastic-petri-nets-from-fluid-atoms-in-ilp-processor-pipelines-to-fluid-atoms-in-p2p-stream",signatures:"Pece Mitrevski and Zoran Kotevski",authors:[{id:"144058",title:"Prof.",name:"Pece",middleName:"J.",surname:"Mitrevski",fullName:"Pece Mitrevski",slug:"pece-mitrevski"},{id:"148361",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoran",middleName:null,surname:"Kotevski",fullName:"Zoran Kotevski",slug:"zoran-kotevski"}]},{id:"38499",title:"Performance Evaluation of Distributed System Using SPN",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-distributed-system-using-spn",signatures:"Razib Hayat Khan, Poul E. Heegaard and Kazi Wali Ullah",authors:[{id:"150886",title:"Mr.",name:"Razib Hayat",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",fullName:"Razib Hayat Khan",slug:"razib-hayat-khan"},{id:"155603",title:"Prof.",name:"Poul E",middleName:null,surname:"Heegaard",fullName:"Poul E Heegaard",slug:"poul-e-heegaard"},{id:"156101",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazi Wali",middleName:null,surname:"Ullah",fullName:"Kazi Wali Ullah",slug:"kazi-wali-ullah"}]},{id:"38501",title:"State of the Art in Interactive Storytelling Technology: An Approach Based on Petri Nets",slug:"state-of-the-art-in-interactive-storytelling-technology-an-approach-based-on-petri-nets",signatures:"Hussein Karam Hussein Abd El-Sattar",authors:[{id:"145661",title:"Dr.",name:"Hussein",middleName:null,surname:"Abd El-Sattar",fullName:"Hussein Abd El-Sattar",slug:"hussein-abd-el-sattar"}]},{id:"38497",title:"Timed Petri Nets in Performance Exploration of Simultaneous Multithreading",slug:"timed-petri-nets-in-performance-exploration-of-simultaneous-multithreading",signatures:"Wlodek M. Zuberek",authors:[{id:"146442",title:"Dr.",name:"Wlodek",middleName:null,surname:"Zuberek",fullName:"Wlodek Zuberek",slug:"wlodek-zuberek"}]},{id:"38510",title:"A Petri Net-Based Approach to the Quantification of Data Center Dependability",slug:"a-petri-net-based-approach-to-the-quantification-of-data-center-dependability",signatures:"Gustavo Callou, Paulo Maciel, Dietmar Tutsch, Julian Araújo, João Ferreira and Rafael Souza",authors:[{id:"30126",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Romero Martins",surname:"Maciel",fullName:"Paulo Maciel",slug:"paulo-maciel"},{id:"121996",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Callou",fullName:"Gustavo Callou",slug:"gustavo-callou"},{id:"148639",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",fullName:"Carlos Araujo",slug:"carlos-araujo"},{id:"148867",title:"Mr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira"},{id:"148871",title:"Prof.",name:"Dietmar",middleName:null,surname:"Tutsch",fullName:"Dietmar Tutsch",slug:"dietmar-tutsch"},{id:"157701",title:"BSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",fullName:"Rafael Souza",slug:"rafael-souza"}]},{id:"38514",title:"Grammars Controlled by Petri Nets",slug:"grammars-controlled-by-petri-nets",signatures:"J. Dassow, G. Mavlankulov, M. Othman, S. Turaev, M.H. Selamat and R. Stiebe",authors:[{id:"4909",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed",middleName:null,surname:"Othman",fullName:"Mohamed Othman",slug:"mohamed-othman"},{id:"125169",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohd Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Selamat",fullName:"Mohd Hasan Selamat",slug:"mohd-hasan-selamat"},{id:"148659",title:"Dr.",name:"Sherzod",middleName:null,surname:"Turaev",fullName:"Sherzod Turaev",slug:"sherzod-turaev"},{id:"148673",title:"Mr.",name:"Gairatzhan",middleName:null,surname:"Mavlankulov",fullName:"Gairatzhan Mavlankulov",slug:"gairatzhan-mavlankulov"},{id:"150127",title:"Prof.",name:"Juergen",middleName:null,surname:"Dassow",fullName:"Juergen Dassow",slug:"juergen-dassow"},{id:"156645",title:"Dr.",name:"Ralf",middleName:null,surname:"Stiebe",fullName:"Ralf Stiebe",slug:"ralf-stiebe"}]},{id:"38516",title:"Timed Petri Nets",slug:"timed-petri-nets",signatures:"José Reinaldo Silva and Pedro M. G. del Foyo",authors:[{id:"148751",title:"Dr.",name:"José Reinaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",fullName:"José Reinaldo Silva",slug:"jose-reinaldo-silva"}]},{id:"38507",title:"Boolean Petri Nets",slug:"boolean-petri-nets",signatures:"Sangita Kansal, Mukti Acharya and Gajendra Pratap Singh",authors:[{id:"142895",title:"Dr.",name:"Gajendra Pratap",middleName:null,surname:"Singh",fullName:"Gajendra Pratap Singh",slug:"gajendra-pratap-singh"},{id:"144997",title:"Dr.",name:"Sangita",middleName:null,surname:"Kansal",fullName:"Sangita Kansal",slug:"sangita-kansal"},{id:"146140",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukti",middleName:null,surname:"Acharya",fullName:"Mukti Acharya",slug:"mukti-acharya"}]},{id:"38498",title:"Performance Evaluation of Timed Petri Nets in Dioid Algebra",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-timed-petri-nets-in-dioid-algebra",signatures:"Samir Hamaci, Karim Labadi and A. Moumen Darcherif",authors:[{id:"144973",title:"Dr.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Hamaci",fullName:"Samir Hamaci",slug:"samir-hamaci"}]},{id:"38496",title:"Reachability Criterion with Sufficient Test Space for Ordinary Petri Net",slug:"reachability-criterion-with-sufficient-test-space-for-ordinary-petri-net",signatures:"Gi Bum Lee, Han Zandong and Jin S. Lee",authors:[{id:"145450",title:"Dr.",name:"GiBum",middleName:null,surname:"Lee",fullName:"GiBum Lee",slug:"gibum-lee"}]},{id:"38508",title:"A Forward On-The-Fly Approach in Controller Synthesis of Time Petri Nets",slug:"a-forward-on-the-fly-approach-in-controller-synthesis-of-time-petri-nets",signatures:"Parisa Heidari and Hanifa Boucheneb",authors:[{id:"133716",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanifa",middleName:null,surname:"Boucheneb",fullName:"Hanifa Boucheneb",slug:"hanifa-boucheneb"},{id:"145832",title:"Dr.",name:"Parisa",middleName:null,surname:"Heidari",fullName:"Parisa Heidari",slug:"parisa-heidari"}]},{id:"38495",title:"Petri Nets Models for Analysis and Control of Public Bicycle-Sharing Systems",slug:"petri-nets-models-for-analysis-and-control-of-public-bicycle-sharing-systems",signatures:"Karim Labadi, Taha Benarbia, Samir Hamaci and A-Moumen Darcherif",authors:[{id:"11428",title:"Dr.",name:"Karim",middleName:null,surname:"Labadi",fullName:"Karim Labadi",slug:"karim-labadi"},{id:"145768",title:"Mr.",name:"Taha",middleName:null,surname:"Benarbia",fullName:"Taha Benarbia",slug:"taha-benarbia"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2185",title:"Petri Nets",subtitle:"Manufacturing and Computer Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd35e0811ba40522bbb37a6ad2390bc4",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",bookSignature:"Pawel Pawlewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4487",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Pawlewski",slug:"pawel-pawlewski",fullName:"Pawel Pawlewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3780",title:"Petri Nets",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1f80da4d06e2b7b4076e74797319265",slug:"petri-nets-applications",bookSignature:"Pawel Pawlewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4487",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",surname:"Pawlewski",slug:"pawel-pawlewski",fullName:"Pawel Pawlewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4460",title:"Advances in Petri Net",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb16f30c8c97de6bf750fde5e04363ae",slug:"advances-in-petri-net-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tauseef Aized",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10867",title:"Prof.",name:"Tauseef",surname:"Aized",slug:"tauseef-aized",fullName:"Tauseef Aized"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5330",title:"Petri Net",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ebb7d10fa68cbcab11de39a524f2581",slug:"petri_net_theory_and_applications",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"81515",title:"Modern Acquisition of Personalised Head-Related Transfer Functions: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102908",slug:"modern-acquisition-of-personalised-head-related-transfer-functions-an-overview",body:'
Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) describe the filtering of the acoustic field produced by a sound source arriving at the listener’s ear. The filtering is the effect of the interaction of the sound field with the listener’s anatomy and has various properties. First, the incoming sound wave arrives at the ipsilateral pinna, i.e., the ear closer to the sound source, and then at the contralateral ear, i.e., the ear away from the sound source. This time difference between ipsilateral and contralateral ear is usually described as the interaural time difference (ITD). Second, larger anatomical structures, i.e., torso, shoulders and head, affect frequencies up to 3 kHz in a comparatively trivial way. As the listener’s torso and head shadow the sound wave arriving at the contralateral ear, interaural level differences (ILDs) arise. Third, the incoming sound is filtered in a complex way by the shape of the listener’s pinnae. These monaural time-frequency-filtering effects become especially important for higher frequency regions (above approximately 4 kHz) and sound directions inducing the same ITDs and ILDs [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Humans have learned to interpret this acoustic filtering to span an auditory space as an internal model of their natural environment [7]. Because the pinna shape is unique for every person, HRTFs are considered listener-specific [8, 9, 10], similar to a fingerprint [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. With an individually fitted HRTF dataset, it is possible for a person to perceive sounds (in a virtual environment) via headphones as if the sounds would originate from their (physical) position around the listener.
Both interaural and monaural features for a single sound direction can be represented by a binaural HRTF pair [11]. In signal processing terms, a binaural HRTF pair can be described as
where
There are several options to set a specific coordinate system to systematically describe directions for HRTFs. From the physical perspective, the
Coordinate systems typically used in the HRTF acquisition and representation. The dashed line represents the interaural axis, and the arrow represents the viewing direction. (a) Spherical coordinate system with the azimuth and elevation angles. (b) Simple interaural-polar coordinate system with the lateral and polar angles obtained by rotation the poles of the spherical system. (c) Modified interaural-polar coordinate system with the lateral and polar angles corresponding to the azimuth angle in the horizontal plane and the elevation angle in the median plane.
The understanding of these coordinate systems is important because state-of-the-art acquisitions and representations of HRTFs utilise those systems. For example, Figure 2 shows HRTFs along the Frankfurt and the median plane. These various coordinate systems are used in HRTF visualisation, in various HRTF-related software packages such as the SOFA toolbox [15], and in auditory modelling, e.g., the Auditory Modelling Toolbox (AMT) [16, 17].
HRTF magnitude spectra for the listeners (a) NH236 and (b) NH257, both from the ARI database [
HRTF acquisition can be classified into three categories: acoustic measurement, numerical calculation, and personalisation [18].
The acoustic measurement is traditionally designed as the measurement of the impulse response between source and receiver in an anechoic or semianechoic chamber, describing the transmission path from a sound source to the ear [11, 19]. A comprehensive review of the established state-of-the-art acoustic techniques to measure HRTFs can be found in [20]. Thus, in this chapter, Section 3, we only briefly provide an overview of the traditional acoustic HRTF measurement approaches, highlight some of their differences and new trends and focus on the requirements for the acoustic measurement.
Numerical HRTF calculation simulates the acoustic measurement by considering a 3D representation of the listener’s geometry and the positions of multiple external sound sources, for which the generated sound pressure at the entrance of the ear canal is calculated. This technique has become more popular and is the main focus of this chapter. To this end, in Section 4, we provide an overview of the principles of various numerical calculation approaches including a comparison of the mentioned methods.
Personalisation of HRTFs describes the process of adapting an existing set of generic data guided by listener-specific information, either with the help of objective or subjective personalisation method. The objective personalisation has been approached from two different domains: the geometric domain, in which listener-specific anthropometric data are measured and used to personalise a generic geometric model from which HRTFs are then simulated; or the spectral domain, in which a generic HRTF set is directly personalised based on listener-specific information. Examples for personalisation approaches include utilising frequency scaling [21], parametric modelling of peaks and notches [22], active shape modelling (ASM) [23], principal component analysis (PCA) in both geometric [24] and spectral domains [25, 26, 27, 28, 29], multiple regression analysis [30], independent component analysis (ICA) [31], large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) [25, 32], local neighbourhood mapping [33], neural networks [34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41] and linear combination of HRTFs [42]. Despite many efforts worldwide [43, 44, 45, 46], the link between the morphology and HRTFs is not fully understood yet, mostly because of the high dimensionality of the problem. Most recent tools for studying that link are rooted in aligning high-resolution pinna representations to target representations facilitated with parametric pinna models [47, 48].
In the subjective personalisation, listeners are confronted with several sets of HRTFs and an algorithm (usually based on the evaluation of localisation errors, i.e., the difference between perceived and actual sound-source location) adapts the HRTF sets aiming at converging at listener-specific HRTFs [9, 49]. For an educated guess for the initial sets, anthropometric data can be used to pre-scale the HRTF sets, or the HRTF sets can be pre-selected via psychoacoustic models [50]. Clustering of the HRTF sets can further improve the relevance and reduce the duration of the personalisation procedure [49, 51].
All these methods aim at providing a specific quality in terms of acoustic and psychoacoustic properties. In the following section, we describe the acoustic properties and psychoacoustic requirements for human HRTFs, both of which lay the base for HRTF acquisition. Then, we briefly describe the most important requirements for the acoustic HRTF measurement, complementing the work of Li and Peissig [20]. Finally, we describe approaches for numeric HRTF calculation in greater detail.
In this section, we describe the acoustic properties of HRTFs and relate them to psychophysical properties of human hearing with the goal to derive the minimum requirements for sufficiently accurate HRTF acquisition by means of perception. We analyse spectral, temporal and spatial aspects of HRTFs and consider contributions of distinct parts of the human body to these aspects.
Humans can hear frequencies roughly between 20 Hz and 20 kHz, with frequencies at the lower end being perceived as vibrations or creaks, and with the upper end decreasing with age and duration of noise exposure [52]. From the psychoacoustic perspective, frequencies down to 90 Hz contribute to sound lateralisation, i.e., localisation on the interaural axis within the head [53], and up to 16 kHz to sound localisation, i.e., localisation outside the head [54], defining the smallest frequency range for the HRTF acquisition. Figure 2 shows the amplitude spectra of a binaural HRTF pair of two listeners. For each listener, the left and right columns show HRTFs of the left and right ear, respectively. The top row shows the HRTFs along the median, i.e., for the lateral angle of zero, from the front, via up, to the back. The bottom row shows the HRTFs along the Frankfurt plane, i.e., the horizontal plane located at the eye level. Figure 2 demonstrates that HRTFs vary across ears, frequency, sound-source positions and listeners. The bottom panels emphasise the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral ear, showing the dynamic range, especially for frequencies higher than 6 kHz.
Assuming the propagation medium is air and a sonic speed of 340 m/s, the human hearing frequency range translates to wavelengths approximately between 1.7 cm and 17 m, resulting in different body parts affecting HRTFs in different frequency regions. The reflections of the torso create spatial-frequency modulations in the range of up to 3 kHz [1]. This effect can be observed in the top row of Figure 2, in the form of elevation-dependent spectral modulations along the median plane [55, 56]. Another contribution comes from the head, which shadows frequencies above 1 kHz. This effect can be observed in both rows of Figure 2, with large changes in the spectra beginning at around 1 kHz [57]. A large contribution is that of the pinna: The resonances and reflections within the pinna geometry create spectral peaks and notches, respectively, in frequencies above 4 kHz [54]. This effect can be observed in the bottom row of Figure 2.
From the perceptual perspective, the quality of these HRTF spectral profiles is important in many processes involved in spatial hearing. For example, sound-localisation performance deteriorates when these spectral profiles are disturbed by means of introducing spectral ripples [58], reducing the number of frequency channels [59] or spectral smoothing [60]. From the acoustic perspective, these spectral profiles show modulation depths of up to 50 dB [11], defining the required dynamic range in the process of HRTF acquisition.
The temporal aspects of HRTF acquisition are shown in Figure 3 as the head-related impulse responses (HRIRs), i.e., HRTFs in the time domain, of the same listeners as in Figure 2. There are a few things to consider. First, the minimum length of the measurement is bounded by the length of the HRIRs. Their amplitude decays within the first 5 ms, setting the requirement for the room impulse response during the measurements [61]. After the 5 ms, the HRIRs decay below 50 dB, setting the requirement on the broadband signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the measurements. Further, because of the human sensitivity to interaural disparities, HRTF acquisition also requires an interaural temporal synchronisation. While sound sources placed in the median plane cause an ITD of zero (theoretically, reached only for identical path lengths to the two ears), just small deviations from the median plane cause potentially perceivable non-zero ITDs. Human listeners can detect ITDs being as small as 10 μs [53, 62], defining the interaural temporal precision required in the HRTF acquisition process. The ITD increases with the lateral angle of the sound source, reaching its extreme values for sources placed near the interaural axis [63, 64]. The largest ITD depends on the distance between the listener’s two ears, mostly being defined by the listener’s head width and depth [65], reaching ITDs of up to ±800 μs. That ITD range translates to the sound’s time of arrival (TOA) at an ear varying in the range of 1.6 ms, which needs to be considered in HRTF measurement by providing sufficient temporal space in the resulting impulse response.
HRTF log-magnitudes in time domain along the eye-level horizontal plane for the same listeners as in
HRTFs are continuous functions in space, even though, they are traditionally acquired for a finite set of spatial positions. From the
HRTFs are listener-specific, i.e., they vary among the listeners [21]. The reasons for that inter-individual variation are usually rooted in listener-specific morphology of the head and ears. For example, the variation in the head width of approximately ±2 cm across the population causes variation in the largest ITD in the range of ±80 μs [89]. Figure 4 shows HRTF-relevant parts of the human body, where Figure 4a shows rough measures of the body and Figure 4b shows areas of the pinna responsible for the distinct spectral features in higher frequencies. The width and depth of head and torso have a large effect on HRTFs in the lower frequencies. The inter-individual variation in the pinnae geometry causes variations in HRTFs in frequencies above 4 kHz, with listener-specific differences of up to 20 dB [11]. The inter-individual variation in the HRTFs is rather complex because the pinna is a complex biological structure—small variations in geometry (in the range of millimetres) may cause drastic changes in HRTFs [90] along the vertical planes in high frequencies [11], see Figure 2. However, not all pinna regions affect HRTFs equally [91]. Basically, the convex curvatures of the pinnae contribute to focusing the incoming sound waves towards the entry of the ear canals, comparable to a satellite dish. Figure 4b shows the anatomical areas important for localisation of sounds [48, 56, 88, 92, 93]. Currently, the description of the pinna geometry is not a trivial task. Pinnae have been described by means of anthropometric data stored in various data collections, e.g., [67, 69, 89, 94, 95, 96]. While the parameters used in these data collections do not seem to completely describe a pinna geometry from scratch, recent efforts aim at parametric pinna models able to generate non-pathological pinna geometries for arbitrary listeners [47, 48]. Such models describe the pinna geometry by means of various control points placed on the surface of a template pinna geometry. Figure 5 shows two examples of the implementation of such models. In Figure 5a, the pinna geometry is parametrised with the help of Beziér curves, i.e., polynomials within a spatial boundary [47]. Figure 5b shows a different approach; here, the parameterisation of the pinna is utilised with control points that move proximal local areas [48]. These parametric pinna models represent a step towards understanding the link between HRTFs and specific anatomical regions of the pinnae, and provide potential to synthesise large datasets of pinnae, e.g., in order to provide data for machine-learning algorithms.
HRTF-relevant parts of the human body. (a): Head and torso represented with simple shapes based on [
Examples of parametric pinna models. (a): Model from [
In addition to the geometry, skin and hair may have an impact on HRTFs [97, 98] because of their direction-dependent absorption of the acoustic energy, especially at high frequencies. However, recent studies have shown that hair does not influence the localisation performance, but rather the perception of timbre instead [95, 99, 100, 101].
The principle of an acoustic HRTF measurement relies on the system identification of the HRTF considered as a linear and time-invariant system. Here, an HRTF describes the propagation path between a microphone and a loudspeaker. Because of the binaural synchronisation, HRTFs are measured simultaneously at the two ears. The measurements are commonly performed for many source positions because of the required high spatial resolution. Recently, the details of the acoustic measurements, including a comprehensive list of HRTF measurement sites has been reviewed [20]. Thus, we only briefly introduce the basics and focus on the most recent advances in the acoustic HRTF measurement.
Typically, two omnidirectional microphones are placed in both ear canals, and the loudspeakers are arranged around the listener, ideally, with the number of loudspeakers corresponding to the number of HRTF positions to be measured. Figure 6 shows two examples of measurement setups of various complexity: In Figure 6a, the listener is located on a turntable and moves within a fixed near-complete circular loudspeaker array. Figure 6b shows a similar approach with a near-complete spherical loudspeaker array, and Figure 6c shows the placement of a microphone in the ear canal so that it is membrane lines up with the entrance of the ear canal. Actually, it does not matter whether the microphones or loudspeakers are placed in the ear canal—this approach of ‘reciprocity’ is usually facilitated in numeric HRTF calculations (Section 4.4). However, setups with loudspeakers in the ears [102] lack signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the amplitude of the source signal needs to be low enough to not harm the listener, making the setup impractical for experiments. With the microphones in the ears, the most simple setups consist of a single loudspeaker moved around the listener [103]. Unfortunately, such setups lead to a long measurement duration for a dense set of HRTF positions. With the increasing availability of multichannel sound interfaces and adequate electroacoustic equipment, over the decades, the number of actually used loudspeakers increased. Setups with only a single loudspeaker moving around the listener have been replaced by setups with loudspeaker arcs surrounding the listener. In those setups, the listener sits on a turntable and either the listener (e.g., Figure 6a) or the loudspeaker arc is rotated [89, 104].
(a) Example of an HRTF measurement setup with mechanical rotation required. Listener sits on a chair (mounted on a turntable) surrounded by a loudspeaker arc (22 loudspeakers ranging from −30 to 210° in 5°-steps). A head-tracker mounted on the head of the listener tracks head movements, triggering the need for measurement repetition in case of too large movements. (b) Example of more recent HRTF setups. 91 loudspeakers are mounted in a near-complete spherical array reducing the total measurement duration. (c) Example for a microphone placement in an HRTF measurement. Note the closed ear canal and the head-tracker sensor.
Recent approaches follow one of two different directions; On the one hand, generic and individual HRTFs are measured with a growing number of loudspeakers used in specialised facilities [67, 95]. Some even with such a large amount of loudspeakers that the listener is rotated for a few discrete positions, and post-processing algorithms interpolate between HRTF directions, e.g., the setup in Figure 6b. On the other hand, user-friendly individual HRTF measurement approaches are suggested, showing a trend towards decreasing the complexity of the measurement setup and using widely available equipment. In these approaches, only a single speaker is used and the listener is asked to move the head until a dense setup of HRTF directions can be obtained. These measurements enable simple systems to be used at home [105, 106], in which a head-tracking system records the listener’s head movements in real time and adapts the measured spatial HRTF grid. Head-above-torso orientations have to be considered additionally [100], but they reduce the complexity of the measurement setup and enable using widely available equipment, e.g., a commercially available VR headset and one arbitrary loudspeaker, in regular rooms, thus increasing the user-friendliness for setups [105].
Most of those recent approaches consider spatially discrete positions of the listener and/or the loudspeakers. In order to tackle the trade-off between high spatial resolution and long measurement duration, other recent advances have been made towards spatially continuous measurement approaches [107, 108, 109]. These approaches enable the measuring of all directions around the listener for a single elevation within less than 4 minutes [110]. Certainly, an advantage of such an approach is the access to the spatially continuous information, which is important especially for frontal HRTF directions. With more and more silent turntables and swivelled chairs, achieving a high SNR is not a big issue. Most recent approaches related to the spatially continuous measurement utilise Kalman filters to acquire system parameters representing HRTFs, and thus speed up the HRTF measurement in a multi-channel setup [111]. Compared to spatially discrete approaches, the spatially continuous method can achieve accuracy within a spectral error of 2 dB [109].
The requirements of the room are not rigorous: In principle, the measurement room does not have to be perfectly anechoic, but it has to fulfil some requirements regarding size and reverberation time. Room modes may exist below 500 Hz as they can be neglected in that frequency range [1]. Acceptable measurement results can be obtained as long as the first room reflection arises after 5 ms such that the measured room impulse responses can be truncated without truncating the HRIRs. Medium and large surfaces, i.e., the mount of the loudspeakers, the loudspeaker arc, the turntable, listener seat, etc., can potentially cause acoustical reflections overlapping with the direct sound path within the first 5 ms of the HRTF. These reflections are usually damped, e.g., by covering the speakers in absorption material. Before the measurement, the listener’s head has to be aligned in the measurement setup, adjusting the ears to the interaural axis of the system and the head to the Frankfurt plane. This alignment can be supported by, e.g., a laser system. The orientation and position of the listener’s head should be monitored throughout the measurement procedure in order to detect listener’s unwanted movements or position drifts. This helps when having to repeat potentially corrupted measurements.
The loudspeakers used for the measurements need to show a fast impulse response decay; fast enough to not interfere with the temporal characteristics of the HRTFs. This can be achieved by using loudspeaker drivers with light membranes, simple electric processing and no acoustic feedback such as a bass-reflex system. The acoustic short-circuit usually limits the lower frequency range of the loudspeakers, and multidriver systems are a common solution to that problem. In order to achieve a spatially compact acoustic source in a multidriver system, it is common to use coaxial loudspeaker drivers with an omnidirectional directivity pattern in HRTF measurement systems [112].
The placement of the microphones can also be an issue. Early setups used an open ear canal where the microphones were positioned close to the eardrum [11]. However, the effect of the ear canal does not seem to be direction-dependent, and its consideration in the measurement introduces technical difficulties and a large measurement variance [19, 113, 114]. Nowadays, the microphones are usually placed at the entrance of the ear canal which is acoustically blocked [11, 20]. Blocking the ear canal can be achieved by using microphones enclosed in earplugs made from foam or silicone or by wrapping the microphone in skin-friendly tape before inserting it. Note that such a measurement captures all directional-dependent features of the acoustic filtering by the outer ear, however, the directional-independent filtering by the ear canal is not captured. All cables from the microphone have to be flexible enough to minimise their effect on the acoustics within the pinna—one way is to lead the cable through the incisura intertragica and secure it with tape on the cheek, see Figure 6c.
In general, system identification can be performed with a variety of excitation signals. While previously Golay codes or other broadband signals have been used [115], more recently, the multiple exponential sweep method (MESM) [112] has been established and further improved [116], enabling fast HRTF measurement at high SNRs, reducing the discomfort for the listener. Still because of the imperfections in the electro-acoustic setup, a reference measurement is required to estimate the basis of the measurement without the effect of the listener, i.e., to estimate
Figure 7 shows measurement grids of three exemplary setups and one measurement grid of a simulation setup. Figure 7a and b correspond to the measurement setups in Figure 6a and b. In these setups, not every loudspeaker plays a stimulus at every position around the listener. An extreme case is a loudspeaker positioned at
Four examples of spatial HRTF grid resolutions. (a) Almost spherical loudspeaker arc with moving listener, see also
The repeatability of the measurement is an important issue. Within a single laboratory, changes in the room conditions such as temperature and humidity, as well as changes in the setup such as the ageing of the equipment may compromise the repeatability of the HRTF measurement [11, 20]. When comparing the HRTFs measurement across the labs, differences in the setups play also a role. In inter-laboratory and inter-method HRTF measurement comparison obtained for the same artificial head, severe ITD variations of up to 200
Once the HRTFs have been measured for all source positions, post-processing needs to be done before the HRTFs are ready to be used. First, in order to account for acoustic artefacts caused by the measurement room, a frequency-dependent windowing function is usually applied truncating the HRIRs [100, 117, 118]. Second, the measured HRIRs are equalised by the impulse response obtained from the reference measurements, i.e., with the microphone placed at the centre of the coordinate system with the listener absent. This equalisation can be either free-field or diffuse-field. For the free-field equalisation, the reference measurement is required only for the frontal direction (0° azimuth, 0° elevation) [54], whereas for the diffuse-field equalisation, the reference measurement is the root mean square (RMS) impulse response of all directions [75], and the results are commonly denoted as directional transfer functions (DFT) [119]. Third, in most common rooms and even in (semi)anechoic rooms, reflections (or room modes) cause artefacts below 400 Hz, confounding the free-field property of HRTFs. Additionally, most loudspeakers used in the measurement are not able to reproduce low frequencies with sufficient power. Since the listener’s anthropometry has a small effect on HRTFs in the low-frequency range, HRTFs can be extrapolated towards lower frequencies with a constant magnitude and linear phase [20, 117]. Further post-processing steps may include spectral smoothing to account for listener position inaccuracies [60, 120] or adding a fractional delay to account for temperature changes followed by onset changes of the time signals [100].
The availability of acoustical HRTF measurements was a big step towards personalised binaural audio and virtual reality experience. However, even a fast or continuous measurement method requires the listener to sit still for a few minutes [104, 110, 112] in a specialised lab facility. Recent advances have been made towards both large-scale high-resolution and small-scale at-home easy-to-use solutions, providing HRTF acquisition to a large audience. Still, the imperfections in the electro-acoustic equipment set drawbacks of the acoustic measurement. Here, recent advances in the numeric calculations of the HRTFs can provide an interesting alternative.
Generally, the calculation of HRTFs simulates the effects of the pinna, head and torso on the sound field at the eardrum. The goal is to numerically obtain the sound pressure at the two ears for a given set of frequencies and spatial positions. There are many methods to simulate wave propagation [121]. When applied to the HRTF calculation, all of the methods require a geometric representation of head and pinnae as input. For an accurate set of HRTFs, an exact 3D representation of the geometry, especially that of the pinnae with all their crests and folds, is of utmost importance [90]. The 3D geometry is represented using a discrete and finite set of elements, further denoted as ‘mesh’. A mesh is a representation of the region of interest (ROI), i.e., the object’s volume and surface, with the help of simple geometric elements. In most applications, the faces of these elements are assumed to be flat, which in turn explains the preference for triangular faces because they are always flat and therefore have one unique normal vector. This is not always the case for other shapes, e.g., quadrilaterals.
The requirements on the mesh have to consider geometrical as well as acoustical aspects. From the acoustic perspective, a typical rule of thumb for numerical calculation requires the average edge length (AEL) of elements to be at least a sixth of the smallest wavelength [122], which corresponds to an AEL of 3.5 mm for frequencies up to 16 kHz. However, in order to describe the pinna geometry sufficiently accurate, the average edge length (AEL) of the elements in the mesh needs to be around 1 mm, independently of the calculation method [90]. Some numerical calculation algorithms are, in general, more efficient and stable if the geometries are represented locally with elements of similar sizes and as regular as possible, e.g., almost equilateral triangles. To this end, the mesh may undergo a so-called
Pinna meshes represented by various AELs [
Interestingly, only the pinna regions contributing to the HRTF (compare Figure 4b) require to be accurately represented [56] and the remainder of the geometry can be more roughly modelled. This applies especially to the head, torso and neck, which can be represented by larger elements. These anatomical parts can additionally be approximated by simple geometric shapes, e.g., a sphere for the head, a cylinder for the neck and a rectangular cuboid or an ellipsoid representing the torso [65], see e.g., Figure 4a. To emphasise the sophisticated direction dependency of the pinna, Figure 9 shows the calculated sound pressure distribution over the surface of the pinna. This simulation is calculated by defining one element in the centre of the ear canal as a sound source and evaluating the resulting sound pressure field at the vertices of the rest of the geometry; the procedure is explained thoroughly in Section 4.4.
Magnitude of the sound pressure calculated for each element of the surface for a 13-kHz sound source placed in the ear canal. Note the high dynamic range containing peaks (red) and notches (blue) in the distribution pattern in the area of the pinna.
The geometry can be captured via numerous approaches [124]: a laser scan [125], medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [69, 126] and computer tomography (CT) [90], or photogrammetric reconstruction [127]. Laser, MRI and CT scans yield high-resolution meshes offering a small geometric error, but in turn, they need a special equipment. The laser scans are based on line-of-sight propagation and are able to measure short distances with an accuracy of up to 0.01 mm. The downside of line-of-sight propagation is that the manifolds of the pinnae are not easy to capture. In the medical imaging approaches, different downsides arise; acquiring the pinnae geometry via MRI is not a trivial process because they are flattened by the head support. This leads to two separate MRI measurements of each ear. The anatomy is then captured in ‘slices’ that can be stitched together in the postprocessing rather easily. The CT captures the anatomy in a similar way, but due to the high radiation exposure, such scans are usually not done with human subjects but with (silicone) mouldings of the listener’s ear. The overall procedure may take more time than an acoustic HRTF measurement and require the listener to either manufacture a moulding or meeting rather specific criteria for the scanning equipment (e.g., no tattoos, piercings, or implants). As an alternative, recent advances have been made for more widely applicable approaches such as photogrammetry [23, 128]. Photogrammetry is not only non-invasive but also can be done with widely available equipment, e.g., a smartphone or digital camera, without having the listener to travel to a specialised facility. In a nutshell, the photogrammetrical approach works as follows: a set of photographs from different directions is made for each ear [127, 129], the so-called
Simulations of acoustics require the information about the acoustic properties of the simulated objects. The HRTFs can be simulated with the 3D geometry represented as fully reflective, i.e., all surfaces having infinite acoustic impedance. With respect to localisation performance, only a small
In order to calculate HRTFs with sufficient spectral accuracy, the number of elements needs to be in the range of several tens of thousands, which might be important for the requirements of the computational power. Such large numerical problems usually require large amount of memory being in the range of Gigabytes. Nevertheless, the calculation time may reach a few days, especially when calculating HRTFs for many frequencies with high-resolution meshes. Note that if the used algorithm calculates HRTFs for each frequency independently, the calculations can be performed in parallel, and computer clusters can be used. This reduces the calculation time to a few hours for HRTFs the full hearing range and a mesh of several tens of thousands of elements.
All the algorithms for numerical HRTF calculation are based on the propagation of sound waves in the free field around a scattering object (also “scatterer”), usually described by the Helmholtz equation
where
In order to solve the Helmholtz equation for a given scatterer, boundary conditions are necessary. The
where
with
For the calculation of HRTFs, the Helmholtz equation can be solved numerically by means of various approaches, which are based on a discretisation of the exterior domain
The finite-element method (FEM) solves the Helmholtz equation, Eq. (2), considering the scattering object or the domain around it as a volume [132]. Figure 10 shows an example of a finite (domain) volume
2D representation of meshes used in FEM. The elements are uniformly distributed and fitted to the boundary of the domain
Secondly, the unknown pressure
of so-called ansatz functions
where
and
In general, the unknown coefficients
When calculating HRTFs, the space around the scatterer is assumed to be continuous and infinite; in practice, this space has to be discretised and truncated to a finite domain by inserting a virtual boundary. When applied to the calculation of HRTFs, a virtual boundary of the (now finite) domain
The FEM has been widely used in HRTF calculations [137, 138, 139, 140, 141] and yields similar results to acoustical HRTF measurements with spectral magnitude errors of approximately 1 dB [137, 141]. The downside, however, is the need to model 3D volumes around the head, resulting in models of a high number of elements, having a strong impact on the calculation duration.
A similar approach as the FEM can also be followed in the time domain. By using a short sound burst in the time domain as an input signal, the HRTFs within a wide frequency range can be calculated at once. This approach is called the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method [142] and can be derived by solving the wave equation in the time domain
where
defining the number of cells the sound propagates per time step. Typically, in order to obtain stable HRTF calculations, the Courant number is
Figure 11 shows a 2D representation of a mesh used in the FDTD method. Note that because the mesh needs to consist of evenly spaced elements, most of the objects cannot be represented accurately and a sampling error is introduced at the boundary surface
2D representation of meshes used in the FDTD method. Note that in this representation, the object surface
Because of the additional sampling errors for irregular domains, recent advances have been made towards using quasi-cartesian grids [148], dynamically choosing grid resolutions [149], or towards the finite-volume method (FVTD), which is based on energy conservation and dissipation of the system as a whole and uses the integral formulation of the FDTD [150]. One solution approach there is to adaptively sample the grid at the boundary and introduce unstructured or fitted cells [151, 152]. A thorough comparison between FEM, FDTD and FVTD methods is available in [153].
In fact, the FDTD method has been widely applied to HRTF calculations [145, 146, 154, 155], and it certainly offers the advantage of calculating broadband HRTFs while not introducing additional computational cost when multiple inputs or outputs are used. However, because of the complex geometry of the pinnae, a submillimetre sampling grid is required, resulting in the need for a delicate preprocessing.
The boundary element method (BEM) is based on a special set of test functions in the weak formulation of the Helmholtz equation Eq. (3), namely the Green’s function
where
where
In comparison with the other two methods, the BEM has the advantage that only the
2D representation of a BEM mesh. Note that only the boundary of the surface
In order to solve a BEM problem, the BIE is discretized and solved by using methods such as the Galerkin, collocation or Nyström [157, 158, 159], all with the common goal of yielding a linear system of equations.
For the Galerkin method, the unknown pressure is approximated by a linear combination of ansatz functions as in Eq. (4). The BIE is again multiplied with a set of test functions (similar to the test functions
and
Another commonly used approach especially used in engineering is collocation with constant elements, i.e., the sound field is assumed to be constant on each element of the mesh, and the BIE is solved at the midpoints
The BIE is solved for a given set of frequencies and the solutions
The discretisation of just the surface introduces additional challenges. First, the Green’s function becomes singular at the boundary where
In order to efficiently deal with such large systems, the BEM can be coupled with methods speeding up matrix–vector multiplications, such as the fast-multipole method (FMM) [163] or
is found. This approximation has two advantages: the local expansions
Although the Helmholtz equation for external problems has a unique solution at all frequencies, the BIE has uniqueness problems at certain critical frequencies [159, 167]. Thus, to avoid numerical problems, the BEM needs to be stabilised at these frequencies, e.g., by using the Burton-Miller method [167]. BEM has been widely used to calculate HRTFs [165, 168, 169, 170, 171] analysing the process from various perspectives. When applied to an accurate and high-resolution representation of the pinna geometry, BEM can yield similar results to the acoustic HRTF measurements by means of sound localisation performance [101, 172].
In principle, in order to calculate an HRTF set, the Helmholtz equation needs to be solved for every source position
Helmholtz’ reciprocity theorem states that switching source and receiver positions do not affect the observed sound pressure. When applied to HRTF calculations, virtual loudspeakers are placed in the entrance of the ear canal (replacing the virtual microphones) and the many simulated sound sources are represented by many virtual microphones (replacing the many virtual loudspeakers around the listener). By doing so, the computationally expensive part of the BEM, i.e., solving a linear system of equations to calculate the sound pressure at the surface, needs to be done only twice, namely once for each ear. Subsequently, the sound pressure at positions around the head can be calculated fairly easy and efficiently.
In more detail, assume that a point source with strength
The reciprocal sound source can be modelled by vibrating elements
where
Note that this equation is calculated after a discretisation, and because
Reciprocity, combined with FMM-coupled BEM has been applied to calculate HRTFs, enabling calculations for a large spatial HRTF set within a few hours even on a standard desktop computer [172].
Over decades, HRTFs have been collected and stored in databases. Such databases are important for educational aspects, training of neural network algorithms [34, 37] and further research [23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 173]. While in the early HRTF research days, HRTFs have been stored by each lab in a different format, since 2015, the spatially oriented format for acoustics (SOFA) is available to store HRTFs in a flexible but well-described way facilitating an easy exchange between the labs and applications. SOFA is a standard of the Audio Engineering Society under the name AES69. SOFA provides a uniform description of spatially oriented acoustic data such as HRTFs, spatial room impulse responses, and directivities [15].
When it comes to anthropometric data, unfortunately, there is currently no common format to specify and exchange anthropometric data. This is partially because currently, it is not known, which data are important. Some laboratories use the CIPIC parameters [89], some have extended them [174], and others have created whole new sets of parameters [128, 175]. An overview of currently used anthropometric parameters can be found in [176]. The development of parametric pinna models may shed light on the relevance of parameters needed to be stored in the future. The listener’s geometry can also be stored in non-parametric representations such as meshes and point clouds of listener’s ears and head. To this end, typical 3D dataset formats are used, e.g., OBJ, PLY or STL. These formats are widely used in computer graphics and thus easily accessible by many corresponding applications. A large collection of HRTF databases stored in SOFA, with some of them combined with meshes stored in OBJ, PLY and STL files is available at the SOFA website.1
When HRTFs are obtained, there is strong demand to evaluate their quality. This is especially interesting when comparing the results from numerical HRTF calculations. The evaluations can be performed at various levels: geometrical, acoustical and perceptive. The evaluation at the geometric level can be done by comparing the deviation between two meshes of the pinna and representing the deviation as the Hausdorff distance [177]. The evaluation at the acoustic level can be done by calculating the spectral distortion
where
With a specialised measurement setup, acoustic HRTF measurements can be done within a few minutes. Still, such setups are expensive and require the listener to sit or stand still for the whole measurement duration. The requirement of specialised components has been limiting the popularity of the acoustic methods. Recent advances, however, have been made by integrating head-movement tracking in systems to be used at home, especially since the commercialisation of VR headsets. These advances provide an easy-to-use measurement setup, but still need investigation on how many and which measurement positions are crucial to acquire a sufficient measurement grid for perceptually valid HRTFs.
With the availability of numerical HRTF calculations, the acquisition of personalised HRTFs has undergone significant advances. While the acoustic HRTF measurement still remains the reference acquisition method, numerical HRTF calculation paves the road towards personalised HRTFs available for a wide audience. The most widely used approaches, FEM, FDTD, BEM and BEM coupled with the FMM, when applied under optimal conditions, can yield acoustically and perceptually valid results.
Machine learning and neural networks gain increasing popularity and, in the future, may even further push the usability of numerical HRTF calculations. For example, neural networks might be able to support the photogrammetric mesh acquisition or even estimate the HRTFs directly from listener-specific anthropometric data such as photographs. Further improvements in terms of efficiency, accuracy and precision are still ongoing subject of research.
Despite the clear definition when it comes to storing an HRTF data set by means of SOFA, a similar definition for the description of anthropometric data is still not available. This might be rooted in our poor understanding of the importance of parts of the pinna and its contribution to the HRTF. Here, a clear goal is to better understand the anthropometry and its relation with HRTFs. All this future work heads into the direction of expanding the access to personalised HRTFs enabling their availability for everyone.
This work was supported by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG, project ‘softpinna’ 871263) and the European Union (EU, project ‘SONICOM’ 101017743, RIA action of Horizon 2020). We thank Harald Ziegelwanger for visualising the sound pressure in Figure 9.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
",metaTitle:"Publishing Process Steps and Descriptions",metaDescription:"This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with InTechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Publishing Process Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"page/publishing-process-steps",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\\n\\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\\n\\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\\n\\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\\n\\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\\n\\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\\n\\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\\n\\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\\n\\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\\n\\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\\n\\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\\n\\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\\n\\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\\n\\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\\n\\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\\n\\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\\n\\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\\n\\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\\n\\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\\n\\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\\n\\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'1. SEND YOUR PROPOSAL
\n\nPlease complete the publishing proposal form. The completed form should serve as an overview of your future Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book. Once submitted, your publishing proposal will be sent for evaluation, and a notice of acceptance or rejection will be sent within 10 to 30 working days from the date of submission.
\n\n2. SUBMIT YOUR MANUSCRIPT
\n\nAfter approval, you will proceed in submitting your full-length manuscript. 50-130 pages for compacts, 130-500 for Monographs & Edited Books.Your full-length manuscript must follow IntechOpen's Author Guidelines and comply with our publishing rules. Once the manuscript is submitted, but before it is forwarded for peer review, it will be screened for plagiarism.
\n\n3. PEER REVIEW RESULTS
\n\nExternal reviewers will evaluate your manuscript and provide you with their feedback. You may be asked to revise your draft, or parts of your draft, provide additional information and make any other necessary changes according to their comments and suggestions.
\n\n4. ACCEPTANCE AND PRICE QUOTE
\n\nIf the manuscript is formally accepted after peer review you will receive a formal Notice of Acceptance, and a price quote.
\n\nThe Open Access Publishing Fee of your IntechOpen Compacts, Monograph or Edited Book depends on the volume of the publication and includes: project management, editorial and peer review services, technical editing, language copyediting, cover design and book layout, book promotion and ISBN assignment.
\n\nWe will send you your price quote and after it has been accepted (by both the author and the publisher), both parties will sign a Statement of Work binding them to adhere to the agreed upon terms.
\n\nAt this step you will also be asked to accept the Copyright Agreement.
\n\n5. LANGUAGE COPYEDITING, TECHNICAL EDITING AND TYPESET PROOF
\n\nYour manuscript will be sent to Straive, a leader in content solution services, for language copyediting. You will then receive a typeset proof formatted in XML and available online in HTML and PDF to proofread and check for completeness. The first typeset proof of your manuscript is usually available 10 days after its original submission.
\n\nAfter we receive your proof corrections and a final typeset of the manuscript is approved, your manuscript is sent to our in house DTP department for technical formatting and online publication preparation.
\n\nAdditionally, you will be asked to provide a profile picture (face or chest-up portrait photograph) and a short summary of the book which is required for the book cover design.
\n\n6. INVOICE PAYMENT
\n\nThe invoice is generally paid by the author, the author’s institution or funder. The payment can be made by credit card from your Author Panel (one will be assigned to you at the beginning of the project), or via bank transfer as indicated on the invoice. We currently accept the following payment options:
\n\nIntechOpen will help you complete your payment safely and securely, keeping your personal, professional and financial information safe.
\n\n7. ONLINE PUBLICATION, PRINT AND DELIVERY OF THE BOOK
\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
\n\nIf you feel that IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs or Edited Books are the right publishing format for your work, please fill out the publishing proposal form. For any specific queries related to the publishing process, or IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs & Edited Books in general, please contact us at book.department@intechopen.com
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:8616},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:7693},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:3005},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:15646},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1284},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:22554}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134465},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"dateEndThirdStepPublish"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11369",title:"RNA Viruses",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"52f8a3a1486912beae40b34ac557fed3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Yogendra Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11369.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"278914",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yogendra",surname:"Shah",slug:"yogendra-shah",fullName:"Yogendra Shah"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11027",title:"Basics of Hypoglycemia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"98ebc1e36d02be82c204b8fd5d24f97a",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Alok Raghav",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11027.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"334465",title:"Dr.",name:"Alok",surname:"Raghav",slug:"alok-raghav",fullName:"Alok Raghav"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11610",title:"New Insights in Herbicide Science",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"eb3830b8176caf3d1fd52c32313c5168",slug:null,bookSignature:"Ph.D. Kassio Ferreira Mendes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11610.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11124",title:"Next-Generation Textiles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"093f9e26bb829b8d414d13626aea1086",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Hassan Ibrahim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11124.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"90645",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",surname:"Ibrahim",slug:"hassan-ibrahim",fullName:"Hassan Ibrahim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11561",title:"Zeolite From Wastes - New Perspectives on Innovative Resources and Their Valorization Process",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3ed0dfd842de9cd1143212415903e6ad",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Claudia Belviso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11561.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"61457",title:"Dr.",name:"Claudia",surname:"Belviso",slug:"claudia-belviso",fullName:"Claudia Belviso"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11709",title:"Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"cc0e61f864a2a8a9595f4975ce301f70",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Shilpa Mehta and Dr. Resmy Palliyil Gopi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11709.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"342545",title:"Dr.",name:"Shilpa",surname:"Mehta",slug:"shilpa-mehta",fullName:"Shilpa Mehta"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11889",title:"Sexual Disorders and Dysfunctions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b988fda30a4e2364ee9d47e417bd0ba9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11889.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"167875",title:"Dr.",name:"Dhastagir Sultan",surname:"Sheriff",slug:"dhastagir-sultan-sheriff",fullName:"Dhastagir Sultan Sheriff"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11721",title:"Hypothermia and Hyperthermia - Physiology Concepts and Clinical Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0b0d0d929b72cece233f4b8cd014550c",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marinos Kosmopoulos",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11721.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"442908",title:"Dr.",name:"Marinos",surname:"Kosmopoulos",slug:"marinos-kosmopoulos",fullName:"Marinos Kosmopoulos"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11688",title:"Advances in Drug Delivery Methods",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"b237999737fb375b4f629ab01a498a9f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11688.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"340226",title:"Prof.",name:"Bhupendra",surname:"Prajapati",slug:"bhupendra-prajapati",fullName:"Bhupendra Prajapati"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11570",title:"Influenza - New Approaches",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"157b379b9d7a4bf5e2cc7a742f155a44",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Seyyed Shamsadin Athari and Dr. Entezar Mehrabi Nasab",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11570.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"139889",title:"Dr.",name:"Seyyed Shamsadin",surname:"Athari",slug:"seyyed-shamsadin-athari",fullName:"Seyyed Shamsadin Athari"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11759",title:"Copper - From the Mineral to the Final Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"afea7aef1cb09fc3a1a5d619152d02a6",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Daniel Fernández González and Dr. Luis Felipe Verdeja González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11759.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"211395",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Fernández González",slug:"daniel-fernandez-gonzalez",fullName:"Daniel Fernández González"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Carmine Massarelli and Dr. Claudia Campanale",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:36},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:22},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:60},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:14},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:106},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:386},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4438},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11042",title:"Complementary Therapies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9eb32ccbef95289a133a76e5808a525b",slug:"complementary-therapies",bookSignature:"Mario Bernardo-Filho, Redha Taiar, Danúbia da Cunha de Sá-Caputo and Adérito Seixas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11042.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"157376",title:"Prof.",name:"Mario",middleName:null,surname:"Bernardo-Filho",slug:"mario-bernardo-filho",fullName:"Mario Bernardo-Filho"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10037",title:"Thermoelectricity",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ad1d3f637564a29cf1636759f5401994",slug:"thermoelectricity-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Guangzhao Qin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10037.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"188870",title:"Mr.",name:"Guangzhao",middleName:null,surname:"Qin",slug:"guangzhao-qin",fullName:"Guangzhao Qin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11357",title:"Sustainable Crop Production",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ee41e09e4ad6a336ca9f0e5462da3904",slug:"sustainable-crop-production-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Vijay Singh Meena, Mahipal Choudhary, Ram Prakash Yadav and Sunita Kumari Meena",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11357.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"420235",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijay",middleName:null,surname:"Meena",slug:"vijay-meena",fullName:"Vijay Meena"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10863",title:"Cardiac Rhythm Management",subtitle:"Pacing, Ablation, Devices",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a064ec49b85ebfc60585c9c3690af53a",slug:"cardiac-rhythm-management-pacing-ablation-devices",bookSignature:"Mart Min and Gabriel Cismaru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10863.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"62780",title:"Prof.",name:"Mart",middleName:null,surname:"Min",slug:"mart-min",fullName:"Mart Min"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10874",title:"Insights on Antimicrobial Peptides",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"23ca26025e87356a7c2ffac365f73a22",slug:"insights-on-antimicrobial-peptides",bookSignature:"Shymaa Enany, Jorge Masso-Silva and Anna Savitskaya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10874.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",slug:"shymaa-enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11137",title:"Mineralogy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e0e4727c9f1f9b34d788f0dc70278f2b",slug:"mineralogy",bookSignature:"Miloš René",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11137.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"142108",title:"Dr.",name:"Miloš",middleName:null,surname:"René",slug:"milos-rene",fullName:"Miloš René"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10882",title:"Smart Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"70c3ce4256324b3c58db970d446ddac4",slug:"smart-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Usama Ahmad, Md. Faheem Haider and Juber Akhtar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10882.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10885",title:"Snake Venom and Ecology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cc4503ed9e56a7bcd9f2ca82b0c880a8",slug:"snake-venom-and-ecology",bookSignature:"Mohammad Manjur Shah, Umar Sharif, Tijjani Rufai Buhari and Tijjani Sabiu Imam",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10885.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"94128",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad Manjur",middleName:null,surname:"Shah",slug:"mohammad-manjur-shah",fullName:"Mohammad Manjur Shah"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10381",title:"Electrocatalysis and Electrocatalysts for a Cleaner Environment",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9dbafb0b297cf5cbdb220707e022a228",slug:"electrocatalysis-and-electrocatalysts-for-a-cleaner-environment-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10381.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"236596",title:"Dr.",name:"Lindiwe Eudora",middleName:null,surname:"Khotseng",slug:"lindiwe-eudora-khotseng",fullName:"Lindiwe Eudora Khotseng"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10900",title:"Prunus",subtitle:"Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9261926500acb26c4ae5a29eee78f0db",slug:"prunus-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Ayzin B. Küden and Ali Küden",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10900.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"July 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"200365",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayzin B.",middleName:"B.",surname:"Küden",slug:"ayzin-b.-kuden",fullName:"Ayzin B. Küden"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"63",title:"Business Administration",slug:"business-management-and-economics-business-administration",parent:{id:"7",title:"Business, Management and Economics",slug:"business-management-and-economics"},numberOfBooks:58,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:1123,numberOfWosCitations:881,numberOfCrossrefCitations:874,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1580,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"63",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11258",title:"Innovation, Research and Development and Capital Evaluation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a644b267db0cddd8a16f0dfadf03bad6",slug:"innovation-research-and-development-and-capital-evaluation",bookSignature:"Luigi Aldieri",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11258.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"246585",title:"Prof.",name:"Luigi",middleName:null,surname:"Aldieri",slug:"luigi-aldieri",fullName:"Luigi Aldieri"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10915",title:"Leadership",subtitle:"New Insights",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0d72e79892f2a020cee66a52d09de5a4",slug:"leadership-new-insights",bookSignature:"Mário Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10915.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11956",title:"Integrating Quality and Risk Management in Logistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7a708a069296dbd9d73d67a3b74fd264",slug:"integrating-quality-and-risk-management-in-logistics",bookSignature:"Marieta Stefanova",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11956.jpg",editedByType:"Authored by",editors:[{id:"448989",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Marieta",middleName:"Georgieva",surname:"Stefanova",slug:"marieta-stefanova",fullName:"Marieta Stefanova"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"4",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Authored by"}},{type:"book",id:"10226",title:"Risk Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9b65afaff43ec930bc6ee52c4aa1f78f",slug:"risk-management",bookSignature:"Muddassar Sarfraz and Larisa Ivascu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10226.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260655",title:"Dr.",name:"Muddassar",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muddassar-sarfraz",fullName:"Muddassar Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10551",title:"Beyond Human Resources",subtitle:"Research Paths Towards a New Understanding of Workforce Management Within Organizations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4a34551c1324fb084e902ad7f56e584d",slug:"beyond-human-resources-research-paths-towards-a-new-understanding-of-workforce-management-within-organizations",bookSignature:"Gonzalo Sánchez-Gardey, Fernando Martín-Alcázar and Natalia García-Carbonell",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10551.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"332101",title:"Prof.",name:"Gonzalo",middleName:null,surname:"Sánchez",slug:"gonzalo-sanchez",fullName:"Gonzalo Sánchez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9546",title:"E-Business",subtitle:"Higher Education and Intelligence Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f36f73e0d1eee6ab21c285209ba01734",slug:"e-business-higher-education-and-intelligence-applications",bookSignature:"Robert M.X. Wu and Marinela Mircea",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9546.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190913",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert M.X.",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"robert-m.x.-wu",fullName:"Robert M.X. Wu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10020",title:"Operations Management",subtitle:"Emerging Trend in the Digital Era",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"526f0dbdc7e4d85b82ce8383ab894b4c",slug:"operations-management-emerging-trend-in-the-digital-era",bookSignature:"Antonella Petrillo, Fabio De Felice, Germano Lambert-Torres and Erik Bonaldi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10020.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"181603",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonella",middleName:null,surname:"Petrillo",slug:"antonella-petrillo",fullName:"Antonella Petrillo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7807",title:"A Closer Look at Organizational Culture in Action",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"05c608b9271cc2bc711f4b28748b247b",slug:"a-closer-look-at-organizational-culture-in-action",bookSignature:"Süleyman Davut Göker",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7807.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190035",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Süleyman Davut",middleName:null,surname:"Göker",slug:"suleyman-davut-goker",fullName:"Süleyman Davut Göker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7799",title:"Digital Leadership",subtitle:"A New Leadership Style for the 21st Century",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"04acd8ff54f1ae641699692e90c508b3",slug:"digital-leadership-a-new-leadership-style-for-the-21st-century",bookSignature:"Mario Franco",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7799.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"105529",title:"Dr.",name:"Mário",middleName:null,surname:"Franco",slug:"mario-franco",fullName:"Mário Franco"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9332",title:"Application of Decision Science in Business and Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"72ccbc5aab28621bad2e810c4bd5bd53",slug:"application-of-decision-science-in-business-and-management",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9332.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7570",title:"Strategic Management",subtitle:"a Dynamic View",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f64ac900c22d892e48ff84a23668f124",slug:"strategic-management-a-dynamic-view",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7570.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9337",title:"Sustainable Management Practices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ef070ee744c15a1084cca5bb546816df",slug:"sustainable-management-practices",bookSignature:"Muddassar Sarfraz, Muhammad Ibrahim Adbullah, Abdul Rauf and Syed Ghulam Meran Shah",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9337.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"260655",title:"Dr.",name:"Muddassar",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muddassar-sarfraz",fullName:"Muddassar Sarfraz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:58,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"35715",doi:"10.5772/38693",title:"The Role and Importance of Cultural Tourism in Modern Tourism Industry",slug:"the-role-and-importance-of-cultural-tourism-in-modern-tourism-industry",totalDownloads:41060,totalCrossrefCites:30,totalDimensionsCites:60,abstract:null,book:{id:"2298",slug:"strategies-for-tourism-industry-micro-and-macro-perspectives",title:"Strategies for Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Strategies for Tourism Industry - Micro and Macro Perspectives"},signatures:"Janos Csapo",authors:[{id:"118766",title:"Dr.",name:"János",middleName:null,surname:"Csapó",slug:"janos-csapo",fullName:"János Csapó"}]},{id:"38973",doi:"10.5772/51460",title:"Risk Management in Construction Projects",slug:"risk-management-in-construction-projects",totalDownloads:102498,totalCrossrefCites:33,totalDimensionsCites:52,abstract:null,book:{id:"2175",slug:"risk-management-current-issues-and-challenges",title:"Risk Management",fullTitle:"Risk Management - Current Issues and Challenges"},signatures:"Nerija Banaitiene and Audrius Banaitis",authors:[{id:"139414",title:"Dr.",name:"Nerija",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitiene",slug:"nerija-banaitiene",fullName:"Nerija Banaitiene"},{id:"149658",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrius",middleName:null,surname:"Banaitis",slug:"audrius-banaitis",fullName:"Audrius Banaitis"}]},{id:"12330",doi:"10.5772/10393",title:"Drilling Fluid Technology: Performances and Environmental Considerations",slug:"drilling-fluid-technology-performances-and-environmental-considerations",totalDownloads:34579,totalCrossrefCites:20,totalDimensionsCites:49,abstract:null,book:{id:"3726",slug:"products-and-services--from-r-d-to-final-solutions",title:"Products and Services",fullTitle:"Products and Services; from R&D to Final Solutions"},signatures:"Mohamed Khodja, Malika Khodja-Saber, Jean Paul Canselier, Nathalie Cohaut and Faïza Bergaya",authors:null},{id:"35523",doi:"10.5772/38092",title:"New Opportunities for the Tourism Market: Senior Tourism and Accessible Tourism",slug:"new-opportunities-for-the-tourism-market-senior-tourism-and-accessible-tourism",totalDownloads:16616,totalCrossrefCites:19,totalDimensionsCites:47,abstract:null,book:{id:"1852",slug:"visions-for-global-tourism-industry-creating-and-sustaining-competitive-strategies",title:"Visions for Global Tourism Industry",fullTitle:"Visions for Global Tourism Industry - Creating and Sustaining Competitive Strategies"},signatures:"Elisa Alén, Trinidad Domínguez and Nieves Losada",authors:[{id:"115524",title:"Dr.",name:"Elisa",middleName:null,surname:"Alen",slug:"elisa-alen",fullName:"Elisa Alen"},{id:"118677",title:"Dr.",name:"Trinidad",middleName:null,surname:"Dominguez",slug:"trinidad-dominguez",fullName:"Trinidad Dominguez"},{id:"118678",title:"MSc.",name:"Nieves",middleName:null,surname:"Losada",slug:"nieves-losada",fullName:"Nieves Losada"}]},{id:"17370",doi:"10.5772/16376",title:"Mental Fatigue Measurement Using EEG",slug:"mental-fatigue-measurement-using-eeg",totalDownloads:6071,totalCrossrefCites:24,totalDimensionsCites:39,abstract:null,book:{id:"146",slug:"risk-management-trends",title:"Risk Management Trends",fullTitle:"Risk Management Trends"},signatures:"Shyh-Yueh Cheng and Hong-Te Hsu",authors:[{id:"24884",title:"Dr.",name:"Shyh-Yueh",middleName:null,surname:"Cheng",slug:"shyh-yueh-cheng",fullName:"Shyh-Yueh Cheng"},{id:"24893",title:"Dr.",name:"Hong-Te",middleName:null,surname:"Hsu",slug:"hong-te-hsu",fullName:"Hong-Te Hsu"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"55499",title:"Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations: A Case Study of Istanbul Foundation for Culture and Arts",slug:"human-resources-management-in-nonprofit-organizations-a-case-study-of-istanbul-foundation-for-cultur",totalDownloads:2299,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency and importance of human resources management in nonprofit organizations. The understanding was included to the literature as personnel management at the beginning of the twentieth century and it turned into an approach as human resources management in the 1980s. It could be observed that many organizations, which deem the human as the most critical stakeholder, adopt a traditional way of personnel management in operating human resources. The employees play a key role in the success of an organization. For this reason, subjects such as recruitment, training, development, career management, performance appraisal, occupational health, and safety are the fundamental functions of human resources management. The study examines to what extent these roles are evaluated through a case study. The subject matter of the study is the most powerful culture and art foundation in Turkey. Compared to many other nonprofit organizations, the foundation actively performs a variety of services within a year worldwide. The fact that the total number of employees might rise up to 800, including the field personnel, indicates the need of a good functioning human resources management. The human resources practices of the foundation are examined and evaluated within that scope.",book:{id:"5826",slug:"issues-of-human-resource-management",title:"Issues of Human Resource Management",fullTitle:"Issues of Human Resource Management"},signatures:"Beste Gökçe Parsehyan",authors:[{id:"189113",title:"Dr.",name:"Beste",middleName:null,surname:"Gokce Parsehyan",slug:"beste-gokce-parsehyan",fullName:"Beste Gokce Parsehyan"}]},{id:"70045",title:"Islamic Leadership: Comparisons and Qualities",slug:"islamic-leadership-comparisons-and-qualities",totalDownloads:2959,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:6,abstract:"This chapter explores the concept and principles Islamic leadership which generate qualities. These qualities differentiate the Islamic leadership with other leadership concepts. The fundamental sources of Islamic leadership and guidance for the Muslim leaders are Al-Qur’an and Hadith. The sub-topics related to the Islamic leadership elaborate all attributes (traits, skills, power, authority) needed by the leaders. This content analysis method is based on a review of literature and other secondary data. The information in this chapter expectedly will give understanding on the importance of the Islamic leadership concept and can be useful or as a reference for further studies.",book:{id:"7799",slug:"digital-leadership-a-new-leadership-style-for-the-21st-century",title:"Digital Leadership",fullTitle:"Digital Leadership - A New Leadership Style for the 21st Century"},signatures:"Ahmad Rafiki",authors:[{id:"307090",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Ahmad",middleName:null,surname:"Rafiki",slug:"ahmad-rafiki",fullName:"Ahmad Rafiki"}]},{id:"63695",title:"The Role of National Cultures in Shaping the Corporate Management Cultures: A Three-Country Theoretical Analysis",slug:"the-role-of-national-cultures-in-shaping-the-corporate-management-cultures-a-three-country-theoretic",totalDownloads:5013,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"This chapter explores answers to the question that how national cultures influence the management cultures of organizations. In this case, therefore, differences and similarities among the national cultures of Pakistan, Mexico, and the USA are under investigation in order to analyze the impacts of such differences and similarities on the management cultures of organizations located in these countries. The outcomes of the analysis based on the existing literature suggest that differences in national cultures greatly influence the way organizations are managed in these countries. These findings present cross-cultural management challenges for organizations working in these countries, especially when they want to build trilateral or bilateral business partnerships. This is in addition to the fact that the USA and Mexico are geographically far from Pakistan.",book:{id:"7251",slug:"organizational-culture",title:"Organizational Culture",fullTitle:"Organizational Culture"},signatures:"Mohammad Ayub Khan and Laurie Smith Law",authors:[{id:"247709",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"mohammad-khan",fullName:"Mohammad Khan"},{id:"247712",title:"Prof.",name:"Laurie Smith",middleName:null,surname:"Law",slug:"laurie-smith-law",fullName:"Laurie Smith Law"}]},{id:"60433",title:"The Role of Leadership in the Professional Development of Subordinates",slug:"the-role-of-leadership-in-the-professional-development-of-subordinates",totalDownloads:2639,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:"Professional development is relevant for the workers themselves, for the organizations, and, in a more macro view, also for the countries. In this sense, this chapter aims to discuss the influence of leadership in the professional development of subordinates, pointing out the importance of leadership performance. To achieve this goal, research results are presented on the relationship between leadership and professional development of subordinates. Research in the field shows that professional development is directly related to the day-to-day activities of workers and should be part of a broader process of continuous learning, which results both from formal and informal learning actions. The debate proposed for this chapter considers that professional development is more directly related to the combination of cognitive, affective, and behavioral processes that involve learning than the specific results of certain formal or informal learning actions. Thus, we discuss how the relations established with the leadership in the work environment can influence the professional development of the subordinates besides the type of learning provided to the workers. This discussion can shift the focus of research—currently centered on learning modes—to a focus on leadership practices for skills development and the consequent career progression of subordinates.",book:{id:"6781",slug:"leadership",title:"Leadership",fullTitle:"Leadership"},signatures:"Luciana Mourão",authors:[{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão"}]},{id:"55244",title:"Corporate Governance and Fraud: Evolution and Considerations",slug:"corporate-governance-and-fraud-evolution-and-considerations",totalDownloads:3067,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"There are many definitions of Corporate Governance, as a structure, as process, as policies, as mechanisms, but despite their differences of focus, they mainly addressed the sustainable economic growth and protection of shareholders and other stakeholder’s rights. The purpose here is to present the evolution of the main principles and frameworks as corporate and financial environment changes and set new challenges. Some important scandals that revealed the weaknesses of corporate governance frameworks are described to complement the comprehension of the object of it. It is detached the aspects simulated or ignored and the subsequent enforcement and monitoring response. Discussion about the new challenges, what corporate governance is supposed to provide and what it can promote, closes this chapter.",book:{id:"5968",slug:"corporate-governance-and-strategic-decision-making",title:"Corporate Governance and Strategic Decision Making",fullTitle:"Corporate Governance and Strategic Decision Making"},signatures:"Ana Paula Paulino da Costa",authors:[{id:"201677",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Paula P.",middleName:null,surname:"Costa",slug:"ana-paula-p.-costa",fullName:"Ana Paula P. Costa"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"63",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[{id:"82344",title:"Supply Chain: A Modeling-Based Approach for Cyber-Physical Systems",slug:"supply-chain-a-modeling-based-approach-for-cyber-physical-systems",totalDownloads:4,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105527",abstract:"Within the frame of this chapter, the author focuses on the distribution processes of green supply chain solutions and describes a potential mathematical model, taking environmental aspects into consideration. The first part of the chapter includes a systematic literature review. Based on the identified research gap, a new mathematical model is described, which makes it possible to describe last-mile logistics processes from an environmental point of view. The functional model of the distribution system includes the potential of Industry 4.0 technologies, which makes it possible to gather real-time information from the distribution process and use real-time status information for a sophisticated design and operation. The mathematical model of this approach defines an NP-hard optimization problem; therefore, heuristic optimization algorithm is supposed to solve the design and operation tasks of the green distribution problem. As the computational results show, cyber-physical systems increase the performance of green supply chain solutions and have a great impact on operational cost. As the numerical example shows, the integrated approach resulted in a 5.3% cost reduction in transportation operations.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Ágota Bányai"},{id:"82191",title:"Open Innovation Strategies on New Product and Process Development Prospects: A Case of the Automotive Component Manufacturers in South Africa",slug:"open-innovation-strategies-on-new-product-and-process-development-prospects-a-case-of-the-automotive",totalDownloads:7,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105035",abstract:"Competition between South African Automotive Component Manufacturers ACMs has focused on activities associated with supply chain management such as transporting raw materials and finished products. However, these activities are non-value, adding, so they are an area of relative opportunities for cost reduction; hence new product development presents a significant boost to competitiveness. This chapter\\'s primary goal is to determine which open innovation practices can benefit ACMs in developing new products and processes by using a sample survey of 10 ACMs in the automotive manufacturing industry in South Africa. The study adopted a quantitative methodology approach using a 5 Likert structured questionnaire. Data were collected from 33 respondents, including owners, senior and junior managers of ACMs. The results identified that idea generation positively influences the Open Innovation activity of seeking new outside applications for internally developed innovations, knowledge, tools and ideas on new product development. The significant implications are that ACMs should improve their dynamic capabilities to turn ideas generated into new innovative products to remain competitive. This chapter contributes to the existing knowledge by suggesting a contextualised impact of open innovation strategy on sustainable new product development of ACMs in South Africa.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Arthur Mzwandile Gonyora and Pfano Mashau"},{id:"81340",title:"Sustainable and Efficient City Logistics",slug:"sustainable-and-efficient-city-logistics",totalDownloads:31,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104413",abstract:"This article is discussing the basic trend and challenges in city logistics operations. The role of each actor in city logistics has been highlighted. The actors have enabled city logistics to generates the main benefits for the city logistics operations need to focus. Critical trends and challenges that contributed towards city logistics development has shown that city logistics efficiency need to be addressed to ensure sustainable impact to the cities. Different approaches in making the city logistics operations were implemented to ensure that the customers get their possession according to the stipulated time. The usage of new technology has also assisted in enhancing the efficiency of city logistics deliveries. By providing the right strategies, the objective of achieving sustainable city logistics can be obtained.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Shahrin Nasir"},{id:"81222",title:"Industry 4.0: The Tenets of the Next Generation of Supply Chain Management",slug:"industry-4-0-the-tenets-of-the-next-generation-of-supply-chain-management",totalDownloads:28,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102979",abstract:"The supply chain industry is at the crossroads of the business revolution through the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), impacting business activities across industries. The transformative elements of 4IR offer individual consumers, corporations, and governments unprecedented opportunities to link, collaborate, process, and manage rising consumer and business data to boost decision-making, efficiency, and productivity. Evidence shows that have applied a mix of collaborative and innovative technologies to internal and external activities to manage supply chain disruptions. The groundbreaking technological advancements paved the way for the supply industry to shift supply business prototypes from traditional supply chain models to supply web models. The shift has helped firms resolve national and global supply chain disruptions. The present chapter introduces the Supply Web (SW) concept and its distinctive tenets by adding to the growing body of the evolving Industry 4.0 field, knowledge to help advance the field. The author calls on governments, the global supply industry, and academia to consider embracing the new SW paradigm evolving under 4IR to help resolve societal and consumer challenges emerging in the 21st Century.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Andre T. Mayounga"},{id:"80946",title:"Industry 4.0 Technologies Impact on Supply Chain Sustainability",slug:"industry-4-0-technologies-impact-on-supply-chain-sustainability",totalDownloads:53,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102978",abstract:"A supply chain is a network that links technology, activities, resources and organisations involved in the manufacturing and distribution of product and services. Supply Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR) defines basic processes of the supply chain (SC) into five categories as Plan, Source, Make, Delivery and Return. The search for a more sustainable production and consumption system is so relevant today that the United Nations (UN) have selected it as one of their paramount societal objectives for sustainable development. The implementation of sustainability in production and consumption processes aims to mitigate negative pressures on the ecosystem generated by products, services, and transportation. Industry 4.0 (I40) technologies have sparked interest in recent years. The advanced digital technologies of I40 such as big data analytics (BDA), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), internet of things (IoT) and sensors, block chain technology (BCT), robotic systems (RS), cloud computing (CC), cyber-physical system (CPS), additive manufacturing (AM) /3D printing (3D), virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), autonomous vehicles (AV), and drones have found applications in many processes of manufacturing, logistics and SC. The benefits are sustainability, efficiency, cost reduction, transparency, traceability, and collaboration. In addition to benefits, I40 implementation is not free from challenges.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Mohammad Akhtar"},{id:"80711",title:"Enhancing the Resilience of Sustainable Supplier Management through Combination with Lean and Audit",slug:"enhancing-the-resilience-of-sustainable-supplier-management-through-combination-with-lean-and-audit",totalDownloads:44,totalDimensionsCites:0,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102465",abstract:"Industry 4.0 has positive effect on the enhancing of the resilience. However, if the resilience can be promoted by lean and auditing environment priority, after further combine with industry 4.0 environment, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, two research questions should be verified priority: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behaviour by suppliers? PLS and the Sobel test were applied to survey data from 231 Chinese manufacturers to test and verify research questions. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response, manufacturing process coupling, and further strengthen supplier management robustness, further enhance the prevention ability of resilience in dealing with opportunistic behaviour. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has the indirect effect of strengthening emergency-response ability. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behaviour of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits also trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance.",book:{id:"11263",title:"Supply Chain - Recent Advances and New Perspectives in the Industry 4.0 Era",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11263.jpg"},signatures:"Ping-Kuo Chen, Qiu-Rui He and Xiang Huang"}],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:26},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:6,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/27.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"148497",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Emin",surname:"Aydin",slug:"mehmet-aydin",fullName:"Mehmet Aydin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148497/images/system/148497.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mehmet Emin Aydin is a Senior Lecturer with the Department of Computer Science and Creative Technology, the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK. His research interests include swarm intelligence, parallel and distributed metaheuristics, machine learning, intelligent agents and multi-agent systems, resource planning, scheduling and optimization, combinatorial optimization. Dr. Aydin is currently a Fellow of Higher Education Academy, UK, a member of EPSRC College, a senior member of IEEE and a senior member of ACM. In addition to being a member of advisory committees of many international conferences, he is an Editorial Board Member of various peer-reviewed international journals. He has served as guest editor for a number of special issues of peer-reviewed international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of the West of England",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:20,paginationItems:[{id:"82526",title:"Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Methods Addressing the Scalability Challenge",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105627",signatures:"Theocharis Kravaris and George A. Vouros",slug:"deep-multiagent-reinforcement-learning-methods-addressing-the-scalability-challenge",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",subseries:{id:"27",title:"Multi-Agent Systems"}}},{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:9,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7723",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Applications in Medicine and Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7723.jpg",slug:"artificial-intelligence-applications-in-medicine-and-biology",publishedDate:"July 31st 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"a3852659e727f95c98c740ed98146011",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Artificial Intelligence - Applications in Medicine and Biology",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7656",title:"Fuzzy Logic",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7656.jpg",slug:"fuzzy-logic",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",hash:"54f092d4ffe0abf5e4172a80025019bc",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Logic",editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"9963",title:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9963.jpg",slug:"advances-and-applications-in-deep-learning",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",hash:"0d51ba46f22e55cb89140f60d86a071e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Advances and Applications in Deep Learning",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. He obtained both his M.Sc. and Ph.D. from the University of Liverpool, England, in the field of Intelligent Systems. He is a full professor at the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, and a member of the National System of Researchers (SNI) since 2009. Dr. Aceves Fernandez has published more than 80 research papers as well as a number of book chapters and congress papers. He has contributed in more than 20 funded research projects, both academic and industrial, in the area of artificial intelligence, ranging from environmental, biomedical, automotive, aviation, consumer, and robotics to other applications. He is also a honorary president at the National Association of Embedded Systems (AMESE), a senior member of the IEEE, and a board member of many institutions. His research interests include intelligent and embedded systems.",institutionString:"Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro",institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Queretaro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:8,paginationItems:[{id:"11662",title:"Limnology - The Importance of Monitoring and Correlations of Lentic and Lotic Waters",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11662.jpg",hash:"f1043cf6b1daae7a7b527e1d162ca4a8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 10th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"315689",title:"Dr.",name:"Carmine",surname:"Massarelli",slug:"carmine-massarelli",fullName:"Carmine Massarelli"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11665",title:"Recent Advances in Wildlife Management",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11665.jpg",hash:"73da0df494a1a56ab9c4faf2ee811899",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 25th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"75563",title:"Dr.",name:"Farzana Khan",surname:"Perveen",slug:"farzana-khan-perveen",fullName:"Farzana Khan Perveen"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"10845",title:"Marine Ecosystems - Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Human Impacts",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10845.jpg",hash:"727e7eb3d4ba529ec5eb4f150e078523",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"June 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"320124",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana M.M.",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"ana-m.m.-goncalves",fullName:"Ana M.M. Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11650",title:"Aquifers - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11650.jpg",hash:"27c1a2a053cb1d83de903c5b969bc3a2",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"271093",title:"Dr.",name:"Abhay",surname:"Soni",slug:"abhay-soni",fullName:"Abhay Soni"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"12223",title:"Sustainable Management of Natural Resources",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12223.jpg",hash:"1881a08bbd8f5dc1102c5cb7c635bc35",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 19th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"144417",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Nazip",surname:"Suratman",slug:"mohd-nazip-suratman",fullName:"Mohd Nazip Suratman"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"81909",title:"Educational Paradigm with Ubuntu Mindset: Implications for Sustainable Development Goals in Education",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104929",signatures:"George Frempong and Raavee Kadam",slug:"educational-paradigm-with-ubuntu-mindset-implications-for-sustainable-development-goals-in-education",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:5,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:11,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/90846/images/system/90846.jpg",institutionString:"İskenderun Technical University",institution:{name:"İskenderun Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition - Production, Health and Environment",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/310962/images/system/310962.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8737",title:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8737.jpg",slug:"rabies-virus-at-the-beginning-of-21st-century",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sergey Tkachev",hash:"49cce3f548da548c718c865feb343509",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Rabies Virus at the Beginning of 21st Century",editors:[{id:"61139",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Tkachev",slug:"sergey-tkachev",fullName:"Sergey Tkachev",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61139/images/system/61139.png",institutionString:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institution:{name:"Russian Academy of Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10496",title:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10496.jpg",slug:"advanced-studies-in-the-21st-century-animal-nutrition",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"László Babinszky, Juliana Oliveira and Edson Mauro Santos",hash:"8ffe43a82ac48b309abc3632bbf3efd0",volumeInSeries:8,fullTitle:"Advanced Studies in the 21st Century Animal Nutrition",editors:[{id:"53998",title:"Prof.",name:"László",middleName:null,surname:"Babinszky",slug:"laszlo-babinszky",fullName:"László Babinszky",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/53998/images/system/53998.png",institutionString:"University of Debrecen",institution:{name:"University of Debrecen",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Hungary"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10497",title:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10497.jpg",slug:"canine-genetics-health-and-medicine",publishedDate:"June 2nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland",hash:"b91512e31ce34032e560362e6cbccc1c",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Canine Genetics, Health and Medicine",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8545",title:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8545.jpg",slug:"animal-reproduction-in-veterinary-medicine",publishedDate:"January 20th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Faruk Aral, Rita Payan-Carreira and Miguel Quaresma",hash:"13aaddf5fdbbc78387e77a7da2388bf6",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Animal Reproduction in Veterinary Medicine",editors:[{id:"25600",title:"Prof.",name:"Faruk",middleName:null,surname:"Aral",slug:"faruk-aral",fullName:"Faruk Aral",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/25600/images/system/25600.jpg",institutionString:"Independent Researcher",institution:{name:"Harran University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9081",title:"Equine Science",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9081.jpg",slug:"equine-science",publishedDate:"September 23rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Rutland and Albert Rizvanov",hash:"ac415ef2f5450fa80fdb9cf6cf32cd2d",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Equine Science",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8460",title:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8460.jpg",slug:"reproductive-biology-and-technology-in-animals",publishedDate:"April 15th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Juan Carlos Gardón Poggi and Katy Satué Ambrojo",hash:"32ef5fe73998dd723d308225d756fa1e",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Reproductive Biology and Technology in Animals",editors:[{id:"251314",title:"Dr.",name:"Juan Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gardón",slug:"juan-carlos-gardon",fullName:"Juan Carlos Gardón",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/251314/images/system/251314.jpeg",institutionString:"Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Spain",institution:{name:"Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8524",title:"Lactation in Farm Animals",subtitle:"Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8524.jpg",slug:"lactation-in-farm-animals-biology-physiological-basis-nutritional-requirements-and-modelization",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Naceur M'Hamdi",hash:"2aa2a9a0ec13040bbf0455e34625504e",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Lactation in Farm Animals - Biology, Physiological Basis, Nutritional Requirements, and Modelization",editors:[{id:"73376",title:"Dr.",name:"Naceur",middleName:null,surname:"M'Hamdi",slug:"naceur-m'hamdi",fullName:"Naceur M'Hamdi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73376/images/system/73376.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7144",title:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7144.jpg",slug:"veterinary-anatomy-and-physiology",publishedDate:"March 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Catrin Sian Rutland and Valentina Kubale",hash:"75cdacb570e0e6d15a5f6e69640d87c9",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology",editors:[{id:"202192",title:"Dr.",name:"Catrin",middleName:null,surname:"Rutland",slug:"catrin-rutland",fullName:"Catrin Rutland",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Nottingham",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7233",title:"New Insights into Theriogenology",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7233.jpg",slug:"new-insights-into-theriogenology",publishedDate:"December 5th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rita Payan-Carreira",hash:"74f4147e3fb214dd050e5edd3aaf53bc",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"New Insights into Theriogenology",editors:[{id:"38652",title:"Prof.",name:"Rita",middleName:null,surname:"Payan-Carreira",slug:"rita-payan-carreira",fullName:"Rita Payan-Carreira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRiFPQA0/Profile_Picture_1614601496313",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Évora",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Nutrition",value:20,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Reproductive Biology and Technology",value:28,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Animal Science",value:19,count:5}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:303,paginationItems:[{id:"313921",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan M.",middleName:null,surname:"Heshmati",slug:"hassan-m.-heshmati",fullName:"Hassan M. Heshmati",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313921/images/system/313921.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hassan Massoud Heshmati is an endocrinologist with 46 years of experience in clinical research in academia (university-affiliated hospitals, Paris, France; Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) and pharmaceutical companies (Sanofi, Malvern, PA, USA; Essentialis, Carlsbad, CA, USA; Gelesis, Boston, MA, USA). His research activity focuses on pituitary tumors, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancers, osteoporosis, diabetes, and obesity. He has extensive knowledge in the development of anti-obesity products. Dr. Heshmati is the author of 299 abstracts, chapters, and articles related to endocrinology and metabolism. He is currently a consultant at Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC, Anthem, AZ, USA.",institutionString:"Endocrinology Metabolism Consulting, LLC",institution:null},{id:"76477",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirza",middleName:null,surname:"Hasanuzzaman",slug:"mirza-hasanuzzaman",fullName:"Mirza Hasanuzzaman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/76477/images/system/76477.png",biography:"Dr. Mirza Hasanuzzaman is a Professor of Agronomy at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Bangladesh. He received his Ph.D. in Plant Stress Physiology and Antioxidant Metabolism from Ehime University, Japan, with a scholarship from the Japanese Government (MEXT). Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/198499/images/system/198499.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Daniel Glossman-Mitnik is currently a Titular Researcher at the Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados (CIMAV), Chihuahua, Mexico, as well as a National Researcher of Level III at the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, México. His research interest focuses on computational chemistry and molecular modeling of diverse systems of pharmacological, food, and alternative energy interests by resorting to DFT and Conceptual DFT. He has authored a coauthored more than 270 peer-reviewed papers, 32 book chapters, and 4 edited books. He has delivered speeches at many international and domestic conferences. He serves as a reviewer for more than eighty international journals, books, and research proposals as well as an editor for special issues of renowned scientific journals.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"428313",title:"Dr.",name:"Sambangi",middleName:null,surname:"Pratyusha",slug:"sambangi-pratyusha",fullName:"Sambangi Pratyusha",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"CGIAR",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"15",type:"subseries",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11411,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,series:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983"},editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",slug:"azhar-rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",slug:"sergey-sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:10,paginationItems:[{id:"82196",title:"Multi-Features Assisted Age Invariant Face Recognition and Retrieval Using CNN with Scale Invariant Heat Kernel Signature",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104944",signatures:"Kamarajugadda Kishore Kumar and Movva Pavani",slug:"multi-features-assisted-age-invariant-face-recognition-and-retrieval-using-cnn-with-scale-invariant-",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"82063",title:"Evaluating Similarities and Differences between Machine Learning and Traditional Statistical Modeling in Healthcare Analytics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105116",signatures:"Michele Bennett, Ewa J. Kleczyk, Karin Hayes and Rajesh Mehta",slug:"evaluating-similarities-and-differences-between-machine-learning-and-traditional-statistical-modelin",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81791",title:"Self-Supervised Contrastive Representation Learning in Computer Vision",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104785",signatures:"Yalin Bastanlar and Semih Orhan",slug:"self-supervised-contrastive-representation-learning-in-computer-vision",totalDownloads:30,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Pattern Recognition - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11442.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79345",title:"Application of Jump Diffusion Models in Insurance Claim Estimation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99853",signatures:"Leonard Mushunje, Chiedza Elvina Mashiri, Edina Chandiwana and Maxwell Mashasha",slug:"application-of-jump-diffusion-models-in-insurance-claim-estimation-1",totalDownloads:10,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81471",title:"Semantic Map: Bringing Together Groups and Discourses",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103818",signatures:"Theodore Chadjipadelis and Georgia Panagiotidou",slug:"semantic-map-bringing-together-groups-and-discourses",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"79491",title:"Fuzzy Perceptron Learning for Non-Linearly Separable Patterns",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101312",signatures:"Raja Kishor Duggirala",slug:"fuzzy-perceptron-learning-for-non-linearly-separable-patterns",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Raja Kishor",surname:"Duggirala"}],book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"81331",title:"Machine Learning Algorithm-Based Contraceptive Practice among Ever-Married Women in Bangladesh: A Hierarchical Machine Learning Classification Approach",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103187",signatures:"Iqramul Haq, Md. Ismail Hossain, Md. Moshiur Rahman, Md. Injamul Haq Methun, Ashis Talukder, Md. Jakaria Habib and Md. Sanwar Hossain",slug:"machine-learning-algorithm-based-contraceptive-practice-among-ever-married-women-in-bangladesh-a-hie",totalDownloads:21,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining - Annual Volume 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11422.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"80937",title:"Assessing Heterogeneity of Two-Part Model via Bayesian Model-Based Clustering with Its Application to Cocaine Use Data",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103089",signatures:"Ye-Mao Xia, Qi-Hang Zhu and Jian-Wei Gou",slug:"assessing-heterogeneity-of-two-part-model-via-bayesian-model-based-clustering-with-its-application-t",totalDownloads:24,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78846",title:"Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100376",signatures:"R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and Veeranjaneyulu N",slug:"clustering-algorithms-an-exploratory-review",totalDownloads:146,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}},{id:"78463",title:"Clustering by Similarity of Brazilian Legal Documents Using Natural Language Processing Approaches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99875",signatures:"Raphael Souza de Oliveira and Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"clustering-by-similarity-of-brazilian-legal-documents-using-natural-language-processing-approaches",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Data Clustering",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10820.jpg",subseries:{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:7,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7102",title:"Pneumonia",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7102.jpg",slug:"pneumonia",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Nima Rezaei",hash:"9fd70142814192dcec58a176749f1b60",volumeInSeries:13,fullTitle:"Pneumonia",editors:[{id:"116250",title:"Dr.",name:"Nima",middleName:null,surname:"Rezaei",slug:"nima-rezaei",fullName:"Nima Rezaei",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/116250/images/system/116250.jpg",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9615",title:"Chikungunya Virus",subtitle:"A Growing Global Public Health Threat",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9615.jpg",slug:"chikungunya-virus-a-growing-global-public-health-threat",publishedDate:"February 9th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",hash:"c960d94a63867dd12a8ab15176a3ff06",volumeInSeries:12,fullTitle:"Chikungunya Virus - A Growing Global Public Health Threat",editors:[{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9619",title:"Epstein-Barr Virus",subtitle:"New Trends",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9619.jpg",slug:"epstein-barr-virus-new-trends",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Emmanuel Drouet",hash:"a2128c53becb6064589570cbe8d976f8",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Epstein-Barr Virus - New Trends",editors:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9613",title:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9613.jpg",slug:"dengue-fever-in-a-one-health-perspective",publishedDate:"October 28th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",hash:"77ecce8195c11092230b4156df6d83ff",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Dengue Fever in a One Health Perspective",editors:[{id:"176579",title:"Dr.",name:"Márcia Aparecida",middleName:null,surname:"Sperança",slug:"marcia-aparecida-speranca",fullName:"Márcia Aparecida Sperança",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/176579/images/system/176579.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal do ABC",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7887",title:"Hepatitis B and C",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7887.jpg",slug:"hepatitis-b-and-c",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",hash:"8dd6dab483cf505d83caddaeaf497f2c",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Hepatitis B and C",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/73208/images/system/73208.jpg",institutionString:"University of Oviedo",institution:{name:"University of Oviedo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"7064",title:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7064.jpg",slug:"current-perspectives-in-human-papillomavirus",publishedDate:"May 2nd 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"d92a4085627bab25ddc7942fbf44cf05",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Current Perspectives in Human Papillomavirus",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"6667",title:"Influenza",subtitle:"Therapeutics and Challenges",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6667.jpg",slug:"influenza-therapeutics-and-challenges",publishedDate:"September 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shailendra K. Saxena",hash:"105e347b2d5dbbe6b593aceffa051efa",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Influenza - Therapeutics and Challenges",editors:[{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:90,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:133,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:107,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:6,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:17,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine"},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation"},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:null},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/9177",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"9177"},fullPath:"/chapters/9177",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()