Photophysical data of 1O2 probes [13]
\\n\\n
IntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\\n\\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\\n\\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\\n\\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\\n\\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\\n\\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\\n\\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\\n\\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\\n\\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/237"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
After years of being acknowledged as the world's leading publisher of Open Access books, today, we are proud to announce we’ve successfully launched a portfolio of Open Science journals covering rapidly expanding areas of interdisciplinary research.
\n\n\n\nIntechOpen was founded by scientists, for scientists, in order to make book publishing accessible around the globe. Over the last two decades, this has driven Open Access (OA) book publishing whilst levelling the playing field for global academics. Through our innovative publishing model and the support of the research community, we have now published over 5,700 Open Access books and are visited online by over three million academics every month. These researchers are increasingly working in broad technology-based subjects, driving multidisciplinary academic endeavours into human health, environment, and technology.
\n\nBy listening to our community, and in order to serve these rapidly growing areas which lie at the core of IntechOpen's expertise, we are launching a portfolio of Open Science journals:
\n\nAll three journals will publish under an Open Access model and embrace Open Science policies to help support the changing needs of academics in these fast-moving research areas. There will be direct links to preprint servers and data repositories, allowing full reproducibility and rapid dissemination of published papers to help accelerate the pace of research. Each journal has renowned Editors in Chief who will work alongside a global Editorial Board, delivering robust single-blind peer review. Supported by our internal editorial teams, this will ensure our authors will receive a quick, user-friendly, and personalised publishing experience.
\n\n"By launching our journals portfolio we are introducing new, dedicated homes for interdisciplinary technology-focused researchers to publish their work, whilst embracing Open Science and creating a unique global home for academics to disseminate their work. We are taking a leap toward Open Science continuing and expanding our fundamental commitment to openly sharing scientific research across the world, making it available for the benefit of all." Dr. Sara Uhac, IntechOpen CEO
\n\n"Our aim is to promote and create better science for a better world by increasing access to information and the latest scientific developments to all scientists, innovators, entrepreneurs and students and give them the opportunity to learn, observe and contribute to knowledge creation. Open Science promotes a swifter path from research to innovation to produce new products and services." Alex Lazinica, IntechOpen founder
\n\nIn conclusion, Natalia Reinic Babic, Head of Journal Publishing and Open Science at IntechOpen adds:
\n\n“On behalf of the journal team I’d like to thank all our Editors in Chief, Editorial Boards, internal supporting teams, and our scientific community for their continuous support in making this portfolio a reality - we couldn’t have done it without you! With your support in place, we are confident these journals will become as impactful and successful as our book publishing program and bring us closer to a more open (science) future.”
\n\nWe invite you to visit the journals homepage and learn more about the journal’s Editorial Boards, scope and vision as all three journals are now open for submissions.
\n\nFeel free to share this news on social media and help us mark this memorable moment!
\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"9976",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Fuzzy Systems - Theory and Applications",title:"Fuzzy Systems",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book presents some recent specialized works of theoretical study in the domain of fuzzy systems. Over eight sections and fifteen chapters, the volume addresses fuzzy systems concepts and promotes them in practical applications in the following thematic areas: fuzzy mathematics, decision making, clustering, adaptive neural fuzzy inference systems, control systems, process monitoring, green infrastructure, and medicine. The studies published in the book develop new theoretical concepts that improve the properties and performances of fuzzy systems. This book is a useful resource for specialists, engineers, professors, and students.",isbn:"978-1-83962-292-2",printIsbn:"978-1-83962-291-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83962-293-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.87799",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"fuzzy-systems-theory-and-applications",numberOfPages:280,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"5c4c0d41cf25d2e8fda944450ac46d95",bookSignature:"Constantin Volosencu",publishedDate:"January 12th 2022",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9976.jpg",numberOfDownloads:2923,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:1,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:1,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 4th 2020",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 10th 2020",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 9th 2020",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 28th 2021",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 29th 2021",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:'"Politechnica" University Timişoara',position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"12",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"721",title:"Fuzzy Control Systems",slug:"fuzzy-control-systems"}],chapters:[{id:"74023",title:"Existence, Uniqueness and Approximate Solutions of Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94000",slug:"existence-uniqueness-and-approximate-solutions-of-fuzzy-fractional-differential-equations",totalDownloads:373,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this paper, the Cauchy problem of fuzzy fractional differential equations Tγut=Ftut, ut0=u0, with fuzzy conformable fractional derivative (γ-differentiability, where γ∈01) are introduced. We study the existence and uniqueness of solutions and approximate solutions for the fuzzy-valued mappings of a real variable, we prove some results by applying the embedding theorem, and the properties of the fuzzy solution are investigated and developed. Also, we show the relation between a solution and its approximate solutions to the fuzzy fractional differential equations of order γ.",signatures:"Atimad Harir, Said Melliani and Lalla Saadia Chadli",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74023",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74023",authors:[{id:"325545",title:"Dr.",name:"Atimad",surname:"Harir",slug:"atimad-harir",fullName:"Atimad Harir"},{id:"329831",title:"Prof.",name:"Said",surname:"Melliani",slug:"said-melliani",fullName:"Said Melliani"},{id:"329832",title:"Prof.",name:"Lalla Saadia",surname:"Chadli",slug:"lalla-saadia-chadli",fullName:"Lalla Saadia Chadli"}],corrections:null},{id:"75232",title:"(α, β)−Pythagorean Fuzzy Numbers Descriptor Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95007",slug:"-pythagorean-fuzzy-numbers-descriptor-systems",totalDownloads:101,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"By using pythagorean fuzzy sets and T-S fuzzy descriptor systems, the new (α, β)-pythagorean fuzzy descriptor systems are proposed in this paper. Their definition is given firstly, and the stability of this kind of systems is studied, the relation of (α, β)-pythagorean fuzzy descriptor systems and T-S fuzzy descriptor systems is discussed. The (α, β)-pythagorean fuzzy controller and the stability of (α, β)-pythagorean fuzzy descriptor systems are deeply researched. The (α, β)-pythagorean fuzzy descriptor systems can be better used to solve the problems of actual nonlinear control. The (α, β)-pythagorean fuzzy descriptor systems will be a new research direction, and will become a universal method to solve practical problems. Finally, an example is given to illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method.",signatures:"Chuan-qiang Fan, Wei-he Xie and Feng Liu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75232",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75232",authors:[{id:"323276",title:"Mr.",name:"Feng",surname:"Liu",slug:"feng-liu",fullName:"Feng Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"74040",title:"A Study of Fuzzy Sequence Spaces",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94202",slug:"a-study-of-fuzzy-sequence-spaces",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to introduce and study some new ideal convergence sequence spaces FSJθT, FS0JθT and FS∞JθT on a fuzzy real number F defined by a compact operator T. We investigate algebraic properties like linearity, solidness and monotinicity with some important examples. Further, we also analyze closedness of the subspace and inclusion relations on the said spaces.",signatures:"Vakeel A. Khan, Mobeen Ahmad and Masood Alam",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74040",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74040",authors:[{id:"276104",title:"Dr.",name:"Vakeel A.",surname:"Khan",slug:"vakeel-a.-khan",fullName:"Vakeel A. Khan"},{id:"276129",title:"Mr.",name:"Mobeen",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"mobeen-ahmad",fullName:"Mobeen Ahmad"},{id:"326484",title:"Dr.",name:"Masood",surname:"Alam",slug:"masood-alam",fullName:"Masood Alam"}],corrections:null},{id:"75035",title:"Towards a Fuzzy Context Logic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95624",slug:"towards-a-fuzzy-context-logic",totalDownloads:172,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A key step towards trustworthy, reliable and explainable, AI is bridging the gap between the quantitative domain of sensor-actuator systems and the qualitative domain of intelligent systems reasoning. Fuzzy logic is a well-known formalism suitable for aiming at this gap, featuring a quantitative mechanism that at the same time adheres to logical principles. Context logic is a two-layered logical language originally aimed at pervasive computing systems for reasoning about and within context, i.e., changing logical environments. Both logical languages are linguistically motivated. This chapter uncovers the close connection between the two logical languages presenting two new results. First, a proof is presented that context logic with a lattice semantics can be understood as an extension of fuzzy logic. Second, a fuzzification for context logic is proposed. The resulting language, which can be understood as a two-layered fuzzy logic or as a fuzzified context logic, expands both fields in a novel manner.",signatures:"Hedda Schmidtke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75035",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75035",authors:[{id:"330903",title:"Dr.",name:"Hedda",surname:"Schmidtke",slug:"hedda-schmidtke",fullName:"Hedda Schmidtke"}],corrections:null},{id:"76552",title:"Modified Expression to Evaluate the Correlation Coefficient of Dual Hesitant Fuzzy Sets and Its Application to Multi-Attribute Decision Making",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96474",slug:"modified-expression-to-evaluate-the-correlation-coefficient-of-dual-hesitant-fuzzy-sets-and-its-appl",totalDownloads:246,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The main objective of this paper is to understand all the existing correlation coefficients (CoCfs) to determine the relation and dependency between two variables of the fuzzy sets and its extensions for solving decision-making (DM) problems. To study the weighted CoCfs between two variables the environment chosen here is dual hesitant fuzzy set (DHFS) which is a generalization of a fuzzy set which considers the hesitant value of both the membership and non-membership elements of a set. Although there exists CoCfs for DHFS but a detailed mathematical analysis suggests that there exists some shortcomings in the existing CoCfs for DHFS. Thus, an attempt has been made to properly understand the root cause of the posed limitation in the weighted CoCfs for DHFS and hence, modified weighted CoCfs for DHFS has been proposed for solving DHFS multi-attribute decision making (MADM) problems i.e., DM problems in which rating value of each alternative over each criterion is represented by a DHFS in the real-life. Also, to validate the proposed expressions of weighted CoCfs for solving DHFS MADM problems, an existing real-life problem is evaluated and a systematic comparison of the solution is presented for clarification.",signatures:"Akanksha Singh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76552",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76552",authors:[{id:"323223",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Akanksha",surname:"Singh",slug:"akanksha-singh",fullName:"Akanksha Singh"}],corrections:null},{id:"76054",title:"Evaluating the Organizational Hierarchy Using the IFSAW and TOPSIS Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95979",slug:"evaluating-the-organizational-hierarchy-using-the-ifsaw-and-topsis-techniques",totalDownloads:162,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Performance evaluations in organizations are viewed as ideal instruments for evaluating and rewarding the employee’s performance. While much emphasis is laid onto the administering of the evaluation techniques, not much thought has been laid out on assessing the contributions of each hierarchical level. Moreover the manifold decision making criteria can also impact the measurement of pertinent contributions because of their ambivalent characteristics. In such a scenario, intuitionistic fuzzy multi-criteria decision making can help strategists and policy makers to arrive at more or less accurate decisions. This paper restricts itself to six decision making criteria and adopts the intuitionistic fuzzy simple additive weighting (IFSAW) method and TOPSIS method to evaluate and rank the employee cadres. The results obtained were compared and both the methods revealed that the middle management displayed impeccable performance standards over their other counterparts.",signatures:"Mahuya Deb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76054",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76054",authors:[{id:"333037",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahuya",surname:"Deb",slug:"mahuya-deb",fullName:"Mahuya Deb"}],corrections:null},{id:"75699",title:"Data Clustering for Fuzzyfier Value Derivation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96385",slug:"data-clustering-for-fuzzyfier-value-derivation",totalDownloads:302,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The fuzzifier value m is improving significant factor for achieving the accuracy of data. Therefore, in this chapter, various clustering method is introduced with the definition of important values for clustering. To adaptively calculate the appropriate purge value of the gap type −2 fuzzy c-means, two fuzzy values m1 and m2 are provided by extracting information from individual data points using a histogram scheme. Most of the clustering in this chapter automatically obtains determination of m1 and m2 values that depended on existent repeated experiments. Also, in order to increase efficiency on deriving valid fuzzifier value, we introduce the Interval type-2 possibilistic fuzzy C-means (IT2PFCM), as one of advanced fuzzy clustering method to classify a fixed pattern. In Efficient IT2PFCM method, proper fuzzifier values for each data is obtained from an algorithm including histogram analysis and Gaussian Curve Fitting method. Using the extracted information form fuzzifier values, two modified fuzzifier value m1 and m2 are determined. These updated fuzzifier values are used to calculated the new membership values. Determining these updated values improve not only the clustering accuracy rate of the measured sensor data, but also can be used without additional procedure such as data labeling. It is also efficient at monitoring numerous sensors, managing and verifying sensor data obtained in real time such as smart cities.",signatures:"JaeHyuk Cho",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75699",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75699",authors:[{id:"329648",title:"Prof.",name:"JaeHyuk",surname:"Cho",slug:"jaehyuk-cho",fullName:"JaeHyuk Cho"}],corrections:null},{id:"75248",title:"Compensatory Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96050",slug:"compensatory-adaptive-neural-fuzzy-inference-system",totalDownloads:124,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The traditional approach to fuzzy design is based on knowledge acquired by expert operators formulated into rules. However, operators may not be able to translate their knowledge and experience into a fuzzy logic controller. In addition, most adaptive fuzzy controllers present difficulties in determining appropriate fuzzy rules and appropriate membership functions. This chapter presents adaptive neural-fuzzy controller equipped with compensatory fuzzy control in order to adjust membership functions, and as well to optimize the adaptive reasoning by using a compensatory learning algorithm. An analysis of stability and transparency based on a passivity framework is carried out. The resulting controllers are implemented on a two degree of freedom robotic system. The simulation results obtained show a fairly high accuracy in terms of position and velocity tracking, what highlights the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.",signatures:"Rabah Mellah, Hocine Khati, Hand Talem and Said Guermah",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75248",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75248",authors:[{id:"198671",title:"Dr.",name:"Rabah",surname:"Mellah",slug:"rabah-mellah",fullName:"Rabah Mellah"},{id:"346622",title:"Dr.",name:"Hocine",surname:"Khati",slug:"hocine-khati",fullName:"Hocine Khati"},{id:"346623",title:"Dr.",name:"Hand",surname:"Talem",slug:"hand-talem",fullName:"Hand Talem"},{id:"346624",title:"Dr.",name:"Said",surname:"Guermah",slug:"said-guermah",fullName:"Said Guermah"}],corrections:null},{id:"77324",title:"Fuzzy Logic Expert System for Health Condition Assessment of Power Transformers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.98663",slug:"fuzzy-logic-expert-system-for-health-condition-assessment-of-power-transformers",totalDownloads:157,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In the present chapter, a new fuzzy logic (FL) model is proposed to evaluate the overall health index (OHI) of power transformers. The most significant attributes such as dissolved gases, acidity, 2-furfuraldehyde, water content, breakdown voltage and dissipation factor that influence the health condition of transformers solid and liquid insulations are considered. These attributes are further divided into three different sets. Based on these sets, three different sub fuzzy models i.e. F1, F2 and F3 are designed in order to reduce the possible combinations of fuzzy rules. It results in reducing the complexity issues of the proposed OHI model. In addition, consideration of all significant testing parameters makes the model more reliable and accurate. Further, the proposed fuzzy model helps in initiating appropriate and early action on faulty conditions of the transformers. Conventional fuzzy logic models generally utilize large number of inputs and more number of rules in a single fuzzy model. It makes the models complex and inaccurate. Such shortcomings of existing conventional models are successfully overcame by the present proposed model. Furthermore, the results obtained from the proposed model are compared with the results obtained from expert model proposed by Abu-Elanien et al. This comparison ensures the reliability of the proposed method. Also, it is envisioned that the proposed model can be easily implemented by both the experienced and the inexperienced utility managers.",signatures:"Teruvai Manoj and Chilaka Ranga",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/77324",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/77324",authors:[{id:"333002",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Chilaka",surname:"Ranga",slug:"chilaka-ranga",fullName:"Chilaka Ranga"},{id:"417271",title:"Mr.",name:"Teruvai",surname:"Manoj",slug:"teruvai-manoj",fullName:"Teruvai Manoj"}],corrections:null},{id:"78533",title:"Health Monitoring of an Aircraft Fuel System Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99665",slug:"health-monitoring-of-an-aircraft-fuel-system-using-artificial-intelligence-techniques",totalDownloads:201,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Aircraft is a non-linear complex system and is need of regular monitoring. Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) is a process of health management paradigm, which involves system parameter monitoring, assessment of current, future conditions through diagnostic and prognostic approaches by providing required maintenance activities. Deployment of diagnostic, prognostic and health management processes enable to improve the system reliability and reduces the operating cost of the aircraft. Health monitoring and management plays a vibrant role in safe operation and maintenance of aircraft. Soft computing methodologies such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) are used to estimate the health status of fuel system by developing model of a typical pump feed, twin-engine, four-tank small aircraft fuel system using Simulink in the laboratory environment. The controller is designed to generate the signals of the fuel tanks based on the fuel requirement of the engine. The ANFIS based management system helps to detect the faults existing in the fuel system and diagnose those faults using the expert’s logical rules. During a fault ailment, the controller’s performance is evaluated. The efficacy of this intelligent controller is verified with the present fuel control system and ANN controller.",signatures:"Vijaylakshmi S. Jigajinni",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/78533",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/78533",authors:[{id:"329476",title:"Dr.",name:"Vijaylakshmi S.",surname:"Jigajinni",slug:"vijaylakshmi-s.-jigajinni",fullName:"Vijaylakshmi S. Jigajinni"}],corrections:null},{id:"75445",title:"Fuzzy Logic Control with PSO Tuning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96297",slug:"fuzzy-logic-control-with-pso-tuning",totalDownloads:183,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Several applications of artificial intelligence in the area of control of dynamic systems have proven to be an efficient tool for process improvement. In this context, control systems based on fuzzy logic - Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) are part of a series of advances in the areas of control systems. Fuzzy control is based on natural language and therefore has the ability to make approximations closer to the real nature of the problems. The use of metaheuristic algorithms such as the particle swarm optimization (PSO) allows it to provide adequate adjustments to the fuzzy controller in an optimized manner. This technique allows to adjust the FLC in a simple way according to the performance desired by the designer, without the need for a long time of conventional tests.",signatures:"Jeydson Lopes da Silva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75445",authors:[{id:"329341",title:"Dr.",name:"Jeydson Lopes",surname:"Da Silva",slug:"jeydson-lopes-da-silva",fullName:"Jeydson Lopes Da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"76854",title:"Functioning Fuzzy Logic in Optimizing the Solar Systems Work",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97107",slug:"functioning-fuzzy-logic-in-optimizing-the-solar-systems-work",totalDownloads:118,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fuzzy logic has been used in many fields, either to control a specific movement, improve the productivity of a machine, or monitor the work of an electrical or mechanical system or the like. In this chapter, we will discuss what are the basic factors that must be taken to use the fuzzy logic in the aforementioned matters in general, and then focus on its employment in the field of renewable energy. Three main axes for renewable energy are solar panels, a wind turbine and finally, solar collectors. The key to working and the basis of the static system is the mechanism for selecting the inputs that directly affect the output in addition to the methods and activation functions of the fuzzy logic.",signatures:"Daoud Raid, Ahmed Omer and Al-khashab Yaareb",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/76854",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/76854",authors:[{id:"286415",title:"Prof.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Omer",slug:"ahmed-omer",fullName:"Ahmed Omer"},{id:"329474",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daoud",surname:"Raid",slug:"daoud-raid",fullName:"Daoud Raid"},{id:"342060",title:"Dr.",name:"Al-khashab",surname:"Yaareb",slug:"al-khashab-yaareb",fullName:"Al-khashab Yaareb"}],corrections:null},{id:"75188",title:"Location Selection for Smog Towers Using Zadeh’s Z-Numbers Integrated with WASPAS",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95906",slug:"location-selection-for-smog-towers-using-zadeh-s-z-numbers-integrated-with-waspas",totalDownloads:267,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fuzzy sets have been extensively researched and results have been developed based on the extensions of fuzzy sets. In this chapter, fuzzy sets and its extensions are discussed. Z-numbers along with weighted sum product assessment method is used to obtain a feasible solution to the location selection problem for installation of smog towers in a densely populated locality. The degrees of freedom namely degree of membership, degree of non-membership and the degree of hesitancy have been expressed as Zadeh’s Z-number with probability quotient for the degrees. Further, ranking of the alternatives based on Z-numbers and WASPAS to allocate smog towers to residential areas stricken by air pollution.",signatures:"Janani Bharatraj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75188",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75188",authors:[{id:"280068",title:"Dr.",name:"Janani",surname:"Bharatraj",slug:"janani-bharatraj",fullName:"Janani Bharatraj"}],corrections:null},{id:"75189",title:"Fuzzy Modeling of Urban Water Supply Crisis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95882",slug:"fuzzy-modeling-of-urban-water-supply-crisis",totalDownloads:225,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The chaotic growth of cities results in numerous problems related to public health and urban environment. One of these problems is the urban water supply system crisis. This research aims to develop a mathematical model for urban water supply crises (UWC) able to deal with the ambiguity of the real available data. The applied methodology comprises the following steps: (i) identifying the influencing factors in UWC; (ii) proposing a conceptual model for the description of UWC; (iii) collecting and simulating the necessary and available data; (iv) optimizing the conceptual model parameters; and (v) verifying the proposed model performance. The results indicate that there are many influencing factors in UWC. The model developed comprises two parts or two sub-models. The first sub-model explains water consumption, and the second sub-model explains water availability. In the first sub-model, the functions are related to the factors that influence water consumption. In the second sub-model, the functions are related to the factors that influence the availability of water. This research also aims to analyze the possibility of applying Fuzzy Logic to deal with the ambiguity of real data. It was concluded that, with the proposed model, the UWC was modeled appropriately. The model proposed can help to predict the impact of actions such as reducing losses, reducing pressure on the water supply network and intermittent supply on the intensity of water crisis cases in cities.",signatures:"Welitom Ttatom Pereira da Silva and Marco Antonio Almeida de Souza",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/75189",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/75189",authors:[{id:"252827",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Almeida de Souza",slug:"marco-antonio-almeida-de-souza",fullName:"Marco Antonio Almeida de Souza"},{id:"330069",title:"Prof.",name:"Welitom Ttatom",surname:"Pereira da Silva",slug:"welitom-ttatom-pereira-da-silva",fullName:"Welitom Ttatom Pereira da Silva"}],corrections:null},{id:"74830",title:"Fuzzy Multi-Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) Application on Decision Support Systems (SPK) to Diagnose a Type of Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.94614",slug:"fuzzy-multi-attribute-decision-making-fmadm-application-on-decision-support-systems-spk-to-diagnose-",totalDownloads:200,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Fuzzy logic is widely applied to daily life with various methods. One method is fuzzy multi-attribute decision making (FMADM). FMADM is able to select the best alternative from a number of alternatives. In FMADM there is a supporting method so that the results obtained are accurate and optimal, namely the classic MADM method. One method in classic MADM is the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. The SAW method is precisely used to minimize diagnostic errors, but if a decision support system is made, the SAW method still requires a further development method, one of which is the FMADM method with its development. The purposes of this study are to describe the steps of SAW method and the development of FDM in theory, implement SAW method and the development of FDM to diagnose a type of disease and implement it in a decision support system using GUI matlab. The completion step of those two methods is through two stages, the first one will go through FMADM stage with SAW, which is weighted sum, then the output will be used as input to the FDM method based on total integral values. The result of this study is proven by patient experienced initial symptoms of high fever at a temperature of 39.5° C - 40° C, very much spots appear in rumple leed test (> 50 petheciae), bleeding gums, rarely got nausea and headache, as well as diarrhea. Accuracy for the decision support system using MAPE was obtained 93% so that the decision support system with FMADM method to diagnose the disease was feasible to use.",signatures:"Sugiyarto Surono and Mustika Sari",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74830",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74830",authors:[{id:"323266",title:"Mr.",name:"Sugiyarto",surname:"Surono",slug:"sugiyarto-surono",fullName:"Sugiyarto Surono"},{id:"323269",title:"Ms.",name:"Mustika",surname:"Sari",slug:"mustika-sari",fullName:"Mustika Sari"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"2020",title:"New Technologies",subtitle:"Trends, Innovations and Research",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"170d84903f390df23023d0623d8577d3",slug:"new-technologies-trends-innovations-and-research",bookSignature:"Constantin 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\r\n\tThe hyper enthusiasm regarding stem cell therapy has subsided, creating space for discussion about the real possibilities and limitations of cell transplants. It is time to abandon unethical or impossible to introduce into clinical pathways and look again at rudiments and face limitations. This book takes the reader from stem cell biology through clinical applications, ethics, law, and future possibilities. It is a solid base for every scientist interested in the topic of stem cells. Growing recognition of the limitations of stem cell therapies on the one hand and the rapidly increasing number of unethical therapies available in many countries force the quick establishment of the status quo of knowledge in a form accessible to all interested. This book is the answer to the multi-level and complex aspect of using stem cells in humans. It reveals real possibilities of introducing the latest research in the field of stem cell research. Material summarizes the ups and downs of this complex topic and shows the current trends in global markets and universities.
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Kotova",authors:[{id:"4873",title:"Dr.",name:"Valeri",middleName:null,surname:"Kovalev",fullName:"Valeri Kovalev",slug:"valeri-kovalev"},{id:"133838",title:"Prof.",name:"Robert",middleName:null,surname:"Harrison",fullName:"Robert Harrison",slug:"robert-harrison"}]},{id:"8431",title:"Bismuth-doped Silica Fiber Amplifier",slug:"bismuth-doped-silica-fiber-amplifier",signatures:"Young-Seok Seo and Yasushi Fujimoto",authors:[{id:"4778",title:"Researcher",name:"Young-Seok",middleName:null,surname:"Seo",fullName:"Young-Seok Seo",slug:"young-seok-seo"},{id:"4885",title:"Dr.",name:"Yasushi",middleName:null,surname:"Fujimoto",fullName:"Yasushi Fujimoto",slug:"yasushi-fujimoto"}]},{id:"8432",title:"Radio-over-Fibre Techniques and Performance",slug:"radio-over-fibre-techniques-and-performance",signatures:"Roberto Llorente and Marta Beltrán",authors:[{id:"4404",title:"Ms.",name:"Marta",middleName:null,surname:"Beltran",fullName:"Marta Beltran",slug:"marta-beltran"},{id:"16540",title:"Dr.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Llorente",fullName:"Roberto Llorente",slug:"roberto-llorente"}]},{id:"8433",title:"Time-Spectral Visualization of Fundamental Ultrafast Nonlinear-Optical Interactions in Photonic Fibers",slug:"time-spectral-visualization-of-fundamental-ultrafast-nonlinear-optical-interactions-in-photonic-fibe",signatures:"Anatoly Efimov",authors:[{id:"4545",title:"Dr.",name:"Anatoly",middleName:null,surname:"Efimov",fullName:"Anatoly Efimov",slug:"anatoly-efimov"}]},{id:"8434",title:"Dispersion Compensation Devices",slug:"dispersion-compensation-devices",signatures:"Lingling Chen, Meng Zhang and Zhigang Zhang",authors:[{id:"4565",title:"Ms.",name:"Lingling",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Lingling Chen",slug:"lingling-chen"},{id:"4773",title:"Professor",name:"Zhigang",middleName:null,surname:"Zhang",fullName:"Zhigang Zhang",slug:"zhigang-zhang"}]},{id:"8435",title:"Photonic Crystal Fibre for Dispersion Controll",slug:"photonic-crystal-fibre-for-dispersion-controll",signatures:"Zoltán Várallyay and Kunimasa Saitoh",authors:[{id:"4607",title:"Dr.",name:"Zoltan Krisztian",middleName:null,surname:"Varallyay",fullName:"Zoltan Krisztian Varallyay",slug:"zoltan-krisztian-varallyay"},{id:"133834",title:"Prof.",name:"Kunimasa",middleName:null,surname:"Saitoh",fullName:"Kunimasa Saitoh",slug:"kunimasa-saitoh"}]},{id:"8436",title:"Resonantly Induced Refractive Index Changes in Yb-doped Fibers: the Origin, Properties and Application for All-Fiber Coherent Beam Combining",slug:"resonantly-induced-refractive-index-changes-in-yb-doped-fibers-the-origin-properties-and-application",signatures:"Andrei A. Fotiadi, Oleg L. Antipov and Patrice Mégret",authors:[{id:"4725",title:"Dr.",name:"Andrei",middleName:null,surname:"Fotiadi",fullName:"Andrei Fotiadi",slug:"andrei-fotiadi"},{id:"107849",title:"Prof.",name:"Patrice",middleName:null,surname:"Mégret",fullName:"Patrice Mégret",slug:"patrice-megret"},{id:"133847",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",middleName:null,surname:"Antipov",fullName:"Oleg Antipov",slug:"oleg-antipov"}]},{id:"8437",title:"Polarization Coupling of Light and Optoelectronics Devices Based on Periodically Poled Lithium Niobate",slug:"polarization-coupling-of-light-and-optoelectronics-devices-based-on-periodically-poled-lithium-nioba",signatures:"Xianfeng Chen, Kun Liu, and Jianhong Shi",authors:[{id:"4180",title:"Professor",name:"Xianfeng",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Xianfeng Chen",slug:"xianfeng-chen"},{id:"133851",title:"Prof.",name:"Kun",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Kun Liu",slug:"kun-liu"},{id:"133853",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianhong",middleName:null,surname:"Shi",fullName:"Jianhong Shi",slug:"jianhong-shi"}]},{id:"8438",title:"All-Optical Wavelength-Selective Switch by Intensity Control in Cascaded Interferometers",slug:"all-optical-wavelength-selective-switch-by-intensity-control-in-cascaded-interferometers",signatures:"Hiroki Kishikawa, Nobuo Goto and Kenta Kimiya",authors:[{id:"4400",title:"Professor",name:"Nobuo",middleName:null,surname:"Goto",fullName:"Nobuo Goto",slug:"nobuo-goto"},{id:"133356",title:"Prof.",name:"Hiroki",middleName:null,surname:"Kishikawa",fullName:"Hiroki Kishikawa",slug:"hiroki-kishikawa"},{id:"133358",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenta",middleName:null,surname:"Kimiya",fullName:"Kenta Kimiya",slug:"kenta-kimiya"}]},{id:"8439",title:"Nonlinear Optics in Doped Silica Glass Integrated Waveguide Structures",slug:"nonlinear-optics-in-doped-silica-glass-integrated-waveguide-structures",signatures:"David Duchesne, Marcello Ferrera, Luca Razzari, Roberto Morandotti, Brent Little, Sai T. Chu and David J. Moss",authors:[{id:"4405",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Moss",fullName:"David Moss",slug:"david-moss"},{id:"4783",title:"Dr.",name:"David",middleName:null,surname:"Duchesne",fullName:"David Duchesne",slug:"david-duchesne"},{id:"95840",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Razzari",fullName:"Luca Razzari",slug:"luca-razzari"},{id:"135390",title:"Prof.",name:"Marcello",middleName:null,surname:"Ferrera",fullName:"Marcello Ferrera",slug:"marcello-ferrera"},{id:"135391",title:"Prof.",name:"Roberto",middleName:null,surname:"Morandotti",fullName:"Roberto Morandotti",slug:"roberto-morandotti"},{id:"135392",title:"Prof.",name:"Brent",middleName:null,surname:"Little",fullName:"Brent Little",slug:"brent-little"},{id:"135393",title:"Prof.",name:"Sai",middleName:null,surname:"Chu",fullName:"Sai Chu",slug:"sai-chu"}]},{id:"8440",title:"Advances in Femtosecond Micromachining and Inscription of Micro and Nano Photonic Devices",slug:"advances-in-femtosecond-micromachining-and-inscription-of-micro-and-nano-photonic-devices",signatures:"Graham N. Smith, Kyriacos Kalli and Kate Sugden",authors:[{id:"4668",title:"Dr.",name:"Graham",middleName:"N",surname:"Smith",fullName:"Graham Smith",slug:"graham-smith"},{id:"133360",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyriacos",middleName:null,surname:"Kalli",fullName:"Kyriacos Kalli",slug:"kyriacos-kalli"},{id:"133361",title:"Prof.",name:"Kate",middleName:null,surname:"Sugden",fullName:"Kate Sugden",slug:"kate-sugden"}]},{id:"8441",title:"Magneto-Optical Devices for Optical Integrated Circuits",slug:"magneto-optical-devices-for-optical-integrated-circuits",signatures:"Vadym Zayets and Koji Ando",authors:[{id:"4688",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadym",middleName:null,surname:"Zayets",fullName:"Vadym Zayets",slug:"vadym-zayets"},{id:"133363",title:"Prof.",name:"Koji",middleName:null,surname:"Ando",fullName:"Koji Ando",slug:"koji-ando"}]},{id:"8442",title:"Tunable Hollow Optical Waveguide and Its Applications",slug:"tunable-hollow-optical-waveguide-and-its-applications",signatures:"Mukesh Kumar, Toru Miura, Yasuki Sakurai and Fumio Koyama",authors:[{id:"63461",title:"Dr.",name:"Mukesh",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar",fullName:"Mukesh Kumar",slug:"mukesh-kumar"},{id:"133388",title:"Prof.",name:"Toru",middleName:null,surname:"Miura",fullName:"Toru Miura",slug:"toru-miura"},{id:"133402",title:"Prof.",name:"Yasuki",middleName:null,surname:"Sakurai",fullName:"Yasuki Sakurai",slug:"yasuki-sakurai"},{id:"133404",title:"Prof.",name:"Fumio",middleName:null,surname:"Koyama",fullName:"Fumio Koyama",slug:"fumio-koyama"}]},{id:"8443",title:"Regenerated Fibre Bragg Gratings",slug:"regenerated-fibre-bragg-gratings",signatures:"John Canning, Somnath Bandyopadhyay, Palas Biswas, Mattias Aslund, Michael Stevenson and Kevin Cook",authors:[{id:"5461",title:"Professor",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Canning",fullName:"John Canning",slug:"john-canning"},{id:"133394",title:"Dr.",name:"Somnath",middleName:null,surname:"Bandyopadhyay",fullName:"Somnath Bandyopadhyay",slug:"somnath-bandyopadhyay"},{id:"133395",title:"Prof.",name:"Palas",middleName:null,surname:"Biswas",fullName:"Palas Biswas",slug:"palas-biswas"},{id:"133396",title:"Prof.",name:"Mattias",middleName:null,surname:"Aslund",fullName:"Mattias Aslund",slug:"mattias-aslund"},{id:"133397",title:"Prof.",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Stevenson",fullName:"Michael Stevenson",slug:"michael-stevenson"},{id:"133400",title:"Prof.",name:"Kevin",middleName:null,surname:"Cook",fullName:"Kevin Cook",slug:"kevin-cook"}]},{id:"8444",title:"Optical Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes for Fiber-based Device Fabrication",slug:"optical-deposition-of-carbon-nanotubes-for-fiber-based-device-fabrication",signatures:"Ken Kashiwagi and Shinji Yamashita",authors:[{id:"5133",title:"Dr.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kashiwagi",fullName:"Ken Kashiwagi",slug:"ken-kashiwagi"},{id:"38416",title:"Mr.",name:"Shinji",middleName:null,surname:"Yamashita",fullName:"Shinji Yamashita",slug:"shinji-yamashita"}]},{id:"8445",title:"High Power Tunable Tm3+-fiber Lasers and Its Application in Pumping Cr2+:ZnSe Lasers",slug:"high-power-tunable-tm3-fiber-lasers-and-its-application-in-pumping-cr2-znse-lasers",signatures:"Yulong Tang and Jianqiu Xu",authors:[{id:"5449",title:"Prof.",name:"Jianqiu",middleName:null,surname:"Xu",fullName:"Jianqiu Xu",slug:"jianqiu-xu"},{id:"110808",title:"Dr.",name:"Yulong",middleName:null,surname:"Tang",fullName:"Yulong Tang",slug:"yulong-tang"}]},{id:"8446",title:"2 µm Laser Sources and Their Possible Applications",slug:"2-m-laser-sources-and-their-possible-applications",signatures:"Karsten Scholle, Samir Lamrini, Philipp Koopmann and Peter Fuhrberg",authors:[{id:"4951",title:"Dr.",name:"Karsten",middleName:null,surname:"Scholle",fullName:"Karsten Scholle",slug:"karsten-scholle"},{id:"133366",title:"Prof.",name:"Samir",middleName:null,surname:"Lamrini",fullName:"Samir Lamrini",slug:"samir-lamrini"},{id:"133370",title:"Prof.",name:"Philipp",middleName:null,surname:"Koopmann",fullName:"Philipp Koopmann",slug:"philipp-koopmann"},{id:"133371",title:"Mr.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Fuhrberg",fullName:"Peter Fuhrberg",slug:"peter-fuhrberg"}]},{id:"8447",title:"Designer Laser Resonators based on Amplifying Photonic Crystals",slug:"designer-laser-resonators-based-on-amplifying-photonic-crystals",signatures:"Alexander Benz, Christoph Deutsch, Gernot Fasching, Karl Unterrainer, Aaron M. Maxwell, Pavel Klang, Werner Schrenk and Gottfried Strasser",authors:[{id:"4537",title:"DI",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Benz",fullName:"Alexander Benz",slug:"alexander-benz"},{id:"135394",title:"Prof.",name:"Christoph",middleName:null,surname:"Deutsch",fullName:"Christoph Deutsch",slug:"christoph-deutsch"},{id:"135395",title:"Prof.",name:"Gernot",middleName:null,surname:"Fasching",fullName:"Gernot Fasching",slug:"gernot-fasching"},{id:"135396",title:"Prof.",name:"Karl",middleName:null,surname:"Unterrainer",fullName:"Karl Unterrainer",slug:"karl-unterrainer"},{id:"135397",title:"Prof.",name:"Aaron",middleName:null,surname:"Maxwell",fullName:"Aaron Maxwell",slug:"aaron-maxwell"},{id:"135398",title:"Prof.",name:"Pavel",middleName:null,surname:"Klang",fullName:"Pavel Klang",slug:"pavel-klang"},{id:"135399",title:"Prof.",name:"Werner",middleName:null,surname:"Schrenk",fullName:"Werner Schrenk",slug:"werner-schrenk"},{id:"135400",title:"Prof.",name:"Gottfried",middleName:null,surname:"Strasser",fullName:"Gottfried Strasser",slug:"gottfried-strasser"}]},{id:"8448",title:"High-Power and High Efficiency Yb:YAG Ceramic Laser at Room Temperature",slug:"high-power-and-high-efficiency-yb-yag-ceramic-laser-at-room-temperature",signatures:"Shinki Nakamura",authors:[{id:"4143",title:"Dr.",name:"Shinki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakamura",fullName:"Shinki Nakamura",slug:"shinki-nakamura"}]},{id:"8449",title:"Polarization Properties of Laser-Diode-Pumped Microchip Nd:YAG Ceramic Lasers",slug:"polarization-properties-of-laser-diode-pumped-microchip-nd-yag-ceramic-lasers",signatures:"Kenju Otsuka",authors:[{id:"4259",title:"Professor",name:"Kenju",middleName:null,surname:"Otsuka",fullName:"Kenju Otsuka",slug:"kenju-otsuka"}]},{id:"8450",title:"Surface-Emitting Circular Bragg Lasers – A Promising Next-Generation On-Chip Light Source for Optical Communications",slug:"surface-emitting-circular-bragg-lasers-a-promising-next-generation-on-chip-light-source-for-optical-",signatures:"Xiankai Sun and Amnon Yariv",authors:[{id:"4201",title:"Prof.",name:"Xiankai",middleName:null,surname:"Sun",fullName:"Xiankai Sun",slug:"xiankai-sun"},{id:"122981",title:"Dr.",name:"Amnon",middleName:null,surname:"Yariv",fullName:"Amnon Yariv",slug:"amnon-yariv"}]},{id:"8451",title:"Novel Enabling Technologies for Convergence of Optical and Wireless Access Networks",slug:"novel-enabling-technologies-for-convergence-of-optical-and-wireless-access-networks",signatures:"Jianjun Yu, Gee-Kung Chang, Zhensheng Jia and Lin Chen",authors:[{id:"8503",title:"Dr.",name:"Jianjun",middleName:null,surname:"Yu",fullName:"Jianjun Yu",slug:"jianjun-yu"},{id:"133376",title:"Prof.",name:"Gee-Kung",middleName:null,surname:"Chang",fullName:"Gee-Kung Chang",slug:"gee-kung-chang"},{id:"133378",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhensheng",middleName:null,surname:"Jia",fullName:"Zhensheng Jia",slug:"zhensheng-jia"},{id:"139599",title:"Prof.",name:"Lin",middleName:null,surname:"Chen",fullName:"Lin Chen",slug:"lin-chen"}]},{id:"8452",title:"Photonic Crystal Multiplexer/Demultiplexer Device for Optical Communications",slug:"photonic-crystal-multiplexer-demultiplexer-device-for-optical-communications",signatures:"Sahbuddin Shaari and Azliza J. M. Adnan",authors:[{id:"19951",title:"Dr.",name:"Sahbudin",middleName:null,surname:"Shaari",fullName:"Sahbudin Shaari",slug:"sahbudin-shaari"}]},{id:"8453",title:"Improvement Scheme for Directly Modulated Fiber Optical CATV System Performances",slug:"improvement-scheme-for-directly-modulated-fiber-optical-catv-system-performances",signatures:"Hai-Han Lu, Ching-Hung Chang and Peng-Chun Peng",authors:[{id:"4684",title:"Professor",name:"Hai-Han",middleName:null,surname:"Lu",fullName:"Hai-Han Lu",slug:"hai-han-lu"},{id:"62688",title:"Prof.",name:"Peng-Chun",middleName:null,surname:"Peng",fullName:"Peng-Chun Peng",slug:"peng-chun-peng"}]},{id:"8454",title:"Optical Beam Steering Using a 2D MEMS Scanner",slug:"optical-beam-steering-using-a-2d-mems-scanner",signatures:"Yves Pétremand, Pierre-André Clerc, Marc Epitaux, Ralf Hauffe, Wilfried Noell and N.F. de Rooij",authors:[{id:"5054",title:"Dr.",name:"Yves",middleName:null,surname:"Petremand",fullName:"Yves Petremand",slug:"yves-petremand"},{id:"135512",title:"Prof.",name:"Pierre-Andre",middleName:null,surname:"Clerc",fullName:"Pierre-Andre Clerc",slug:"pierre-andre-clerc"},{id:"135514",title:"Prof.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Epitaux",fullName:"Marc Epitaux",slug:"marc-epitaux"},{id:"135516",title:"Prof.",name:"Ralf",middleName:null,surname:"Hauffe",fullName:"Ralf Hauffe",slug:"ralf-hauffe"},{id:"135518",title:"Prof.",name:"Wilfried",middleName:null,surname:"Noell",fullName:"Wilfried Noell",slug:"wilfried-noell"},{id:"135519",title:"Prof.",name:"N.F.",middleName:null,surname:"De Rooij",fullName:"N.F. De Rooij",slug:"n.f.-de-rooij"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11049",title:"Thin Films Photovoltaics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2da6baae76c6fa2f7e62f32cebe249f2",slug:"thin-films-photovoltaics",bookSignature:"Beddiaf Zaidi and Chander Shekhar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"230574",title:"Dr.",name:"Beddiaf",surname:"Zaidi",slug:"beddiaf-zaidi",fullName:"Beddiaf Zaidi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1383",title:"Laser Scanner Technology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"771c3069cd4dc6212513566bc71c2e5e",slug:"laser-scanner-technology",bookSignature:"J. Apolinar Munoz Rodriguez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1383.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"108690",title:"Dr.",name:"J. Apolinar",surname:"Munoz Rodriguez",slug:"j.-apolinar-munoz-rodriguez",fullName:"J. Apolinar Munoz Rodriguez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2196",title:"Organic Light Emitting Devices",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0752ca9019b034c7493b2c793e4e0cc",slug:"organic-light-emitting-devices",bookSignature:"Jai Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2196.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"148578",title:"Prof.",name:"Jai",surname:"Singh",slug:"jai-singh",fullName:"Jai Singh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2478",title:"Optical Communication",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f8af14196b5429d6bf9fcb7db0a39199",slug:"optical-communication",bookSignature:"Narottam Das",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2478.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"15357",title:"Dr.",name:"Narottam",surname:"Das",slug:"narottam-das",fullName:"Narottam Das"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2992",title:"Current Trends in Short- and Long-period Fiber Gratings",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ea3b8fc542d07312526928ba5bac062",slug:"current-trends-in-short-and-long-period-fiber-gratings",bookSignature:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2992.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"29543",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Cuadrado-Laborde",slug:"christian-cuadrado-laborde",fullName:"Christian Cuadrado-Laborde"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3151",title:"Carbon Nanotubes",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9f8d4ba35e0c21e2938bdcd15339c7f",slug:"carbon-nanotubes",bookSignature:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3151.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"9142",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose Mauricio",surname:"Marulanda",slug:"jose-mauricio-marulanda",fullName:"Jose Mauricio Marulanda"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"78471",title:"Photophysical Detection of Singlet Oxygen",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99902",slug:"photophysical-detection-of-singlet-oxygen",body:'Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) is broadly used for those which contain oxygen radical such as superoxide anions (O2.−), hydroxyl radicals (HO.), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO−), hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and singlet oxygen (1O2)(SO). These are usually metabolites of molecular oxygen formed due to normal or abnormal redox function in human body [1]. Numerous studies suggested that ROS can acts as toxins which can reduce the life span by causing ageing [2], synovial fluid degradation [3], neurodegenerative disease [4] etc. Singlet oxygen is known to be a highly reactive oxygen species that can oxidise a broad range of biomolecules including lipids [5], nucleic acids [6, 7] and proteins [8]. The oxidation chemistry of SO provide key mechanism in the regulation of intracellular signalling pathways [9, 10] and eventually connected to human pathophysiology. As SO is a very short lived species (τ1/2 = 10−6 to 10−5 s) in the aqueous milieu) [11] studies towards the molecular mechanism of 1O2 in vivo has been significantly retarded. Direct monitoring of SO phosphorescence also lacks practical utility due to very low photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY≈10−6) [12]. Therefore an enormous demand for SO probe with high sensitivity and large dynamic range is required. In this article various photophysical techniques and related probes usually employed in detecting SO has been delineated in separate paragraph (Figure 1).
The various photophysical singlet oxygen detection techniques based on absorbance or luminescence probes have been described pictorially. From top left clockwise (a) fluorescence detection probe (1,3-diarylisobenzofuran, adapted from [
Ground state of molecular oxygen exists as triplet state with a lowest lying excited state being a singlet state. The singlet state of oxygen can be generated in solution via energy transfer from excited photosensitizers (S, e.g., humic substance or Rose Bengal; Eq. (1)) [17].
The idea to detect environmentally relevant concentration prompted development of molecular probe that can trap SO and can also be used in studying kinetics. Lindig et.al was the first to introduced 9,10-anthracenedipropionic acid (ADPA) as a quantitative efficient 1O2 detection probe [18]. The benefit of using ADPA is that it is water soluble and reacts rapidly and irreversible with 1O2 to form an endoperoxide with the result of photobleaching of absorbance peak approximately at 378 nm (Figure 2) [20]. Craig et.al was the pioneer to demonstrate the use of ADPA for the quantitative measure of 1O2 from the surface of a series of porphyrin-incorporated hydrogels in comparison to the pervious study where ADPA used to ingress into the materials under investigation [19].
The formation of endoperoxide upon reaction of ADPA with 1O2 (adapted from [
Another derivative of anthracene i.e. 9,10-dimethyl anthracene (DMA) reacts almost irreversibly with 1O2 in various organic and aqueous medium with a significantly high rate constant (6.8 × 107–5.7 × 1010 M−1S−1) with the result of producing non fluorescent 9,10-endoperoxide [21, 22, 23, 24]. Elim Albiter et.al reported a facile photosensitized oxidation of 9,10 demethylanthracene with 1O2 in presence of safranin O/silica composite as a heterogeneous photosensitizer [21] in which they reported that oxidation rate does not depend on surface of the composite rather depend only the initial concentration of DMA, light intensity and the amount of composite formed. Their result correlates with the result if the same reaction performed in homogeneous medium. In a similar type experiment Eitan Gross et al. explored DMA inside liposome to study the kinetics of DMA with 1O2 in presence of photosensitizer [22].
Addition of two phenyl group in 9 and 10 position of anthacene generates a stable and specific 1O2 trap, 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA) with higher stability of endoperoxide by reaction with 1O2. However, DPA is not a very suitable candidate as the detection method is based on decrease in absorbance at 355 nm band [25]. V. Nardello et al. enhanced the water solubility of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA) derivative by adding two quaternary ammonium functionality with the phenyl ring that do not interfere with 1O2 and also resulting compound [bis-9,10-anthracene-(4-trimethylphenylamonium) dichloride] BPAA is very much stable with common oxidising agent (Figure 3) [14].
(a) Interaction of
UV–Vis absorption band of BPAA is ranging from 320 to 420 nm which is originated from anthracene core structure and once it binds with 1O2 (Figure 3) the absorbance band is quenched totally confirming the formation of endoperoxide.
Among the various available techniques to detect ROS the fluorescence based methodology is an excellent one because of its high sensitivity, high spatial resolution in imaging techniques and also simplicity during data collection [26, 27]. Fluorescent probes are generally non fluorescent before being oxidised by some oxygen species and they are very much specific to some oxidant. Combination of 1O2 trap and a fluorophores like fluorescein [27, 28] reactive dienes [29] including 9,10-disubstituted anthracene [30, 31, 32, 33] etc. are the usual method to develop a fluorescent 1O2 probe. In fact 1O2 has huge affinity for biomolecules having cisoid-diene structure and easily undergo [2 + 4] cycloaddition reaction [1, 6, 27]. Thus for most of the probes the fluorescent signals were obtained after [2 + 4] cycloaddition reaction between the probe and 1O2 (Figure 4).
Chemical structure of fluorescence detection probes for 1O2, (a) DPBF, (b) PPBF, (c) PyPBF and (d) StPBF (adapted from [
D. Song et.al [13] synthesized a series of compounds of 1,3 Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) which can acts as ratiometric fluorescence detection probe having singlet oxygen binding rate constant of 9.6 × 108 M−1S−1 in water [13]. Once DPBF reacts with 1O2 forms nonfluorescent endoperoxide or 1,2-dibenzoylbenzene thus fluorescence signal becomes off. To overcome this practical difficulties they synthesised three more derivatives of DPBF namely phenanthrene substituted phenylisobenzofuran (PPBF), pyrene substituted phenylisobenzofuran (PyPBF) and 4-(diphenylamino)stilbene substituted derivative (StPBF) by substituting one phenyl group of DPBF (Figure 5) [13].
(a) Fluorescence spectra of StPBF in absence (red in colour) and with gradually increasing concentration of 1O2. The spectra gets blue shifted from 505 nm to 435 nm and fluorescence intensity increases with concentration of 1O2 as directed by arrow in spectra and inset shows the observable colour change from green (in absence) and in presence of 1O2 (blue in colour). (b) Graph of observed rate constant (Kobs) vs. concentration of various 1O2 probe (adapted from [
These 1O2 probes exhibit significant red shift in their emission spectrum as the conjugation increases from DBPF to StPBF.
Upon interaction with 1O2 species the fluorescence signal of DPBF is getting turn off while PPBF, PyPBF and StPBF demonstrate a blue shift of the emission signal with significant ratiometric enhancement of fluorescence as shown in Table 1.
System | λex (nm) | λem nm (probe alone) | λem (probe +1O2) nm | Fl ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPBF +1O2 | 415 | 455 | Turn off | Not determined |
PPBF + 1O2 | 331 | 476 | 370 | FI476/FI370 = 80 |
PPBF + 1O2 | 358 | 512 | 398 | FI512/FI398 = 352 |
StPBF + 1O2 | 350 | 505 | 435 | FI505/FI435 = 14 |
Photophysical data of 1O2 probes [13]
In terms of sensitivity issue a fluorescence probe is always better than probes which work on the basis of absorbance. Umezawa et.al developed a new sensitive and efficient fluorescence probe DPAX namely 9-[2-(3-carboxy-9,10-diphenyl)anthryl]-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one, for the detection of 1O2 by fusing a fluorescein moiety, with DPA which serve the characteristics of fluorescence due to fluorescein as well as a good 1O2 trap for the presence of DPA [34]. DPAX and its derivatives show very low fluorescence intensity in aqueous solution but once binding with 1O2 the corresponding endoperoxide (DPAX-ED) shows excellent fluorescence intensity with quantum yield in the range of 0.5–0.7 (Figure 6) [35]. The DPAX and its derivatives demonstrate excellent selectivity towards 1O2 as the fluorescence intensity remains unchanged upon reaction with hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and nitric oxide [35]. DPAXs are suitable for application in neutral and basic aqueous solution but the fluorescence intensity is known to be decreased under acidic condition due to the protonation of phenoxide oxygen atom; thus are not suitable for application in acidic conditions [32]. The stability of the fluorescence intensity can be enhanced by incorporating electron withdrawing group like Cl, F at 2 and 7 position of the xanthenes moiety leading to generation of two derivatives of DPAX namely DPAX-2(Cl derivative) and DPAX-3(F-derivative). This structural change lowered the Pka value of the phenolic oxygen atom [34].
Reaction of 9-[2-(3-carboxy-9,10-diphenyl)anthryl]-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-ones (DPAXs) with 1O2 to produce corresponding DPAX endoperoxides (DPAX-EPs) (adapted from [
Absorption maxima (A), molar extinction coefficient (ε) and emission maxima (λem) are more or less same for DPAXs and DPAX-EPs but the quantum efficiencies of fluorescence are altered when DPAXs bind with 1O2. The emission maximum of DPAX-2-EP is shifted to longer wavelength than the corresponding DPAX-2 compound in comparison to other DPAXs compounds (Table 2) [34].
Compounds | Absorption maxima(nm) | ε (×104 M−1 cm−1) | λmax (emission) | Quantum yield (Φf) |
---|---|---|---|---|
DPAX-1 | 493 | 6.1 | 516 | 0.007 |
DPAX-1-EP | 494 | 7.9 | 515 | 0.53 |
DPAX-2 | 507 | 5.7 | 524 | 0.006 |
DPAX-2-EP | 506 | 8.9 | 527 | 0.66 |
DPAX-3 | 493 | 7.6 | 514 | 0.006 |
DPAX-3-EP | 494 | 6.7 | 515 | 0.70 |
Absorbance and fluorescence properties of DPAXs and DPAX-EPs (adopted from [36]).
DPAX-2 can be utilised as an efficient 1O2 sensor in both basic and neutral medium. Umezawa et al. used two different 1O2 generation system namely, MnO4−/H2O2 and 3-(4-methyl-1-naphthyl)propionic acid endoperoxide (EP-1) which works in different pH values (10.5 and 7.4 respectively). In both the cases an increase in fluorescence intensity is established when this probe reacts with 1O2 generation system (Figure 7).
Emission spectra of DPAX-2 at 505 nm in reaction with 1O2, generated from MnO4−/H2O2 system. The reaction was performed in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer medium of pH 10.5 containing 0.1 mM EDTA at 25°C (adapted from [
To confirm the specificity of DPAX-2 towards 1O2, fluorescence experiment was performed in presence of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide and nitric oxide but no appreciable change was observed for those species. These observations suggest the specificity of this probe for 1O2 [34].
Following the same approach of Umezawa group, Tanaka et al. synthesised another fluorescence probe molecule for the faster and efficient detection of 1O2, 9-[2-(3-carboxy-9,10-dimethyl)anthryl]-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one (DMAX) (Figure 8), targeting to achieve great sensitivity and rapid rate of formation of endoperoxide compare to already reported one i.e. DPAX (Figure 8) [27]. The crucial point of DMA compound is that it reacts rapidly with 1O2 to give the 9,10 endoperoxide, DMA-EP with rate constant k = 9.1 × 108 M−1 s−1 in water. This observation clearly indicates that DMAX shows much greater sensitivity for 1O2 than DPAX. Comparing to this reaction, the classical singlet oxygen trap 1,3-diphenylisobenzophuran (DPBF) reacts with 1O2 with a comparable rate constant k = 9.6 × 108 M−1 s−1 but DPBF reacts with other reactive oxygen species like hypochlorite, hydroxyl radical to generate the same products.
Reaction of 9-[2-(3-carboxy-9,10-dimethyl)anthryl]-6-hydroxy-3H-xanthen-3-one (DMAX) with 1O2 to produce DMAX-EP (adapted from [
Both DMAX and its endoperoxide DMAX-EP have similar excitation and emission wavelength (λex = 492 nm and λem = 515 nm) but DMAX-EP is highly fluorescent whereas DMAX itself is practically non-fluorescent (Figure 8). From their study Tanaka et al. confirmed that fluorescence intensity of DMAX increases with concentration dependent manner of singlet oxygen generator, 3-(1,4-Dihydro-1,4-epidioxy-4-methyl-1-naphthyl)propionic acid (EP-1) and a good linear relationship has been observed for fluorescence intensity and concentration of EP-1. This enables DMAX to use as a quantitative detection probe for 1O2. Figure 9 demonstrate the change of gradient of fluorescence intensity of DMAX and DPAX-1 with increasing concentration of EP-1 having gradient 1.0 and 1.9 × 10−2 (arbitrary unit)s−1[EP-1 (mM)]−1 for DMAX and DPAX respectively. This result suggests that DMAX reacts with 1O2 more rapidly and sensitivity is 53 times more than that of DPAX [27].
Initial rate of fluorescence increase of DMAX (in hollow sphere) and DPAX-1(in hollow square) with increasing concentration of EP-1 [adapted from [
Tanaka et al. further confirmed that DMAX did not show any change in fluorescence intensity upon reaction with 1.0 mM H2O2, 0.1 mM nitric oxide and 0.2 mM superoxide suggesting the specificity towards 1O2. Further the hydrophobicity of DMAX is less than that of DPAXs making it suitable to use for assays in biological sample [27].
Rare-earth based chelate luminescence probe can also serve significant role in the detection of singlet oxygen. In comparison to organic fluorescence probe rare earth based chelate probes exhibits markedly different advantages including long luminescence lifetime, sharp emission profile, large Stokes shift, which makes them suitable to use in time-resolved luminescence detection of singlet oxygen [36]. Large Stokes shift helps to reduce the influence caused by excitation light effectively. Time resolved luminescence measurement using rare-earth-chelated probe can efficiently reduce the interference originated from the background noise associated with biological sample, scattering lights (Tyndall, Rayleigh and Raman scattering) and the optical components [16]. Rare earth chelate probes which are successfully applied for the detection of singlet oxygen including Eu, Tb and Re based chelate complexes are well-known [16, 31, 37].
Bo Song et al. first synthesised the Eu3+ cheleate based phosphorescence probe, [4′ -(9-anthryl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine-6,6″-diyl] bis (methylenenitrilo) tetrakis (acetate)-Eu3+ (ATTA-Eu3+) (shown in Figure 9) for the time resolved luminescence study. The probe is highly sensitive, selective for 1O2 and water soluble for time resolved luminescence detection of 1O2 with a detection limit of 2.8 nM/L [16]. The almost non luminescent ATTA-Eu3+ specifically reacts with 1O2 to yield its endoperoxide (Figure 10) (EP- ATTA-Eu3+) resulting a great enhancement of luminescence intensity (luminescence quantum yield of EP- ATTA-Eu3+ is 17 fold greater than that of ATTA-Eu3+) as the population of the excited state of Eu3+ was increased enormously after formation of endoperoxide [16, 27]. The endoperoxide compound EP-ATTA-Eu3+ exhibit favourable chemical stability with a conditional stability constant was measured to be 1020 level. Apart from that no decrease in phosphorescence intensity was observed even after storage of EP-ATTA-Eu3+ for several days at room temperature.
The chemical structure and the reaction scheme of (a) ATTA-Eu3+, (b) PATA-Tb3+ and (c) MTTA-Eu3+ with singlet oxygen (adapted from [
Another advantage of EP-ATTA-Eu3+ is that the phosphorescence intensity of EP-ATTA-Eu3+ is stable even at very low pH of 3 whereas in case of fluorescein based probe (DPAXs and DMAXs) the rapid decrease of fluorescence intensity is reported below pH 7 [16, 27].
Mingqian Tan et al. developed another chelate complex of Tb3+, N,N,N´,N´-[2,6-bis-(3′-aminomethyl-1′-pyrazolyl)-4-(9″-anthryl)pyridine] tetrakis(acetate) Tb3+ (PATA-Tb3+), (shown in Figure 10b) is known to be effective fluorescent probe for the detection of 1O2 [38]. Because of the presence of 9-anthryl moiety within the ligand the compound, PATA-Tb3+ is almost non fluorescent but once it reacts with 1O2 the corresponding endoperoxide, EP-PATA-Tb3+ becomes strongly fluorescent with almost 23 fold enhancement of fluorescent quantum yield [39]. PATA- Tb3+ is known to be an excellent fluorescent probe for 1O2 due to the characteristics, including high water solubility, wide applicable pH range and long fluorescence lifetime of endoperoxide (2.76 ms) which makes it suitable for time resolved fluorescent detection with a detection limit as low as 10.8 nM/L [27, 38]. The specificity of PATA- Tb3+ towards 1O2 is also confirmed upon reaction with some other reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radical, superoxide ion, peroxynitrite and hydrogen peroxide, the no significant change of fluorescence intensity support its specificity for 1O2.
To improve the selectivity, sensitivity and rapid reaction with singlet oxygen species, Bo Song et al. introduced a new chelate complex of Eu3+, [4′-(10-methyl-9-anthryl)-2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridine-6,6′′-diyl]bis(methylenenitrilo) tetrakis(acetate)-Eu3+, abbreviated as MTTA- Eu3+ as a 1O2 probe [39]. MTTA- Eu3+ complex is highly water soluble and the reaction rate with 1O2 is much faster in comparison to previously mentioned ATTA-Eu3+ (Figure 10a and c) with reaction rate constant of 1010 M−1S−1. Apart from that this complex can also be applied for a wide pH range from 3 to 10 accompanied by the large enhancement of luminescence quantum yield from 0.90% to 13.8%. The complex is almost non luminescent and when specifically reacts with 1O2 to form the endoperoxide it becomes highly fluorescent with luminescent lifetime changes from 0.8 to 1.29 ms which makes the complex suitable for time gated luminescent measurement. The quantitative detection limit of 1O2 using MTTA- Eu3+ complex is found to be 3.8 nM/L which is very much comparable to the detection limit of ATTA- Eu3+ complex [31, 39].
Though lanthanide based fluorescent probes possess many advantages including low background interference, widely applicable pH range, and excellent water solubility; these probes can be expected to utilise for visualising spatial and temporal distribution of 1O2 in aqueous system but a major drawback of these probes is that they need ultraviolet light for excitation which might cause cell damage, thus limiting their application in biological system. Liu et al. demonstrated a ReI complex, Re(CO)3Cl(aeip){aeip = 2-(anthracen-9-yl)-1-ethyl-imidazo[4,5-f] [1, 10], phenanthroline, which can be excited via visible light of 410 nm wavelength in aqueous medium thus minimising the effect of cell damage (shown in Figure 11) [31]. The ReI complex is non-luminescent in the native state probably due to quenching of luminescence of Re → aeip (M → L) charge transfer transition in the excited state through exchange triplet-triplet intramolecular energy transfer by anthryl moiety as mentioned in similar type ReI complexes [37]. The strong enhancement of luminescence of ReI complex due to the formation of endoperoxide in both neutral and alkaline medium is perceived, that due to the termination of electronic coupling between the anthryl and the parent ReI complex (Figure 11). In comparison to other fluorescent probes of Eu3+ and Tb3+ complexes, ReI complex exhibits higher molar absorption at the visible wavelength of 410 nm and fluorescence can also be initiated with this wavelength of light [31].
The ReI complex and the formation of endoperoxide via reaction with 1O2 (adapted from [
With increasing concentration of 1O2 the luminescence intensity increases as shown in Figure 12 and the luminescence quantum yield changes from 8.9 × 10−5 to 7.1 × 10−4 and 4.7 × 10−5 to 8.7 × 10−4 in neutral and alkaline media [37]. The limit of detection obtained using ReI complex is found to be 4.9 nM/L and 10.5 nM/L in neutral and alkaline medium respectively, which are very much comparable with that obtained for Eu3+ and Tb3+ complex [31, 37, 39].
Changes in the luminescence intensity of ReI complex (λex = 410 nm) with increasing concentration of 1O2 in (a) in neutral and (b) in alkaline medium. The inset of these figures show that the sharp change in luminescence intensity at 565 nm with gradually increasing concentration of 1O2 (adapted from [
The additional benefit of visible light excitation and long lifetime enable ReI complex to be used in biological systems.
In the previous discussion, the detection of 1O2 was based upon either decrease in the absorbance of singlet oxygen probe or enhancement of luminescence signal of fluorescein based probe in presence of 1O2. In this respect Chemiluminescence is supposed to be one of the most suitable methods for singlet oxygen detection as it does not require any excitation light source, so background fluorescence and interference caused by background light can be eliminated. At the same time the signal to noise ratio can be improved and the possible damage of living cell caused by UV irradiation during fluorescence measurement can be eliminated.
A number of Chemiluminescence probes have been developed in recent years for 1O2 detection. Among the mostly used Chemiluminescence probes for 1O2 includes 2-methyl-6-phenyl-3,7-dihydroimidazo[1,2-α] pyrazine-3-one (CLA), and its derivatives MCLA and FCLA [41, 42, 43] (shown in Figure 13). These compounds are very good in detecting 1O2 and spontaneously emit light but the major drawback of these compound is that they not only reacts with singlet oxygen but also with superoxide anion; thus lacks the selectivity for 1O2.
(a) The chemical structure of CLA and its reaction with singlet oxygen; (b) the chemical structure of MCLA and (c) the chemical structure of FCLA (adapted from [
Chemiluminescence probe with a strong electron donor tetra thiafulvalenem (TTF) and anthracene as a luminophore possess excellent selectivity and sensitivity for 1O2 detection. As TTF moiety is a strong electron donor, it enhances the reaction between anthracene skeleton to react specifically with 1O2 to form highly luminescent endoperoxide.
Guanxin Zhang et al. reported 4,4′(5′)-bis[2-(9-anthryloxy)ethylthio] tetrathiafulvalene (as shown in Figure 14) as selective and sensitive probe for 1O2 with a much better response for 1O2, representing better selectivity than CLA [40, 44]. 4,5-dimethylthio-4′-[2-(9-anthryloxy) ethylthio] tetrathiafulvalene was another Chemiluminescence probe with similar functionality [40, 45]. A linear relationships between the Chemiluminescence intensity and the amount of 1O2 was found for H2O2/ClO− system and the LOD of 76 nM/L was reported for 1O2. In mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran and H2O, both the probes cannot be applied. However, tetrathiafulvalene-anthracence dyad1 (as shown in Figure 13c) dissolve easily in methanol and ethanol and permits detection of 1O2 under relatively low polarity solvent.
The chemical structure and reaction scheme of (a) 4,4′(5′)-bis[2-(9-anthryloxy)ethylthio] tetrathiafulvalene, (b) 4,5-dimethylthio-4′-[2-(9-anthryloxy)ethylthio] tetrathiafulvalene with with 1O2 and (c) the chemical structure of tetrathiafulvalene-anthracence dyad1 (adapted from [
Dioxetene chemistry offers potential for selective and sensitive detection of 1O2. McNeill and co-workers reported “trap and trigger” Chemiluminescence probe for 1O2 [46] using Schaap’s dioxetene [47] enol ether precursor to trap the 1O2 in the first step and in the second step Chemiluminescence was triggered by adding fluoride ion. This probe was limited application in organic solvents due to the quenching mechanism of the emitting species in water [48]. Nir Hananya et al. developed a new Chemiluminescence probe by incorporating an electron withdrawing substituent at the ortho position of phenol group of Schaap’s dioxetene, namely SOCL-CPP [15] (Figure 15). SOCL-CPP reacts with 1O2 to generate a phenol-dioxetene species that spontaneously decompose in aqueous medium to generate corresponding electronically excited benzoate ester [15].
Structure of SO chemiluminescent probe
A green light emission is obtained from excited benzoate ester. The incorporation of acrylic acid substituent at the ortho position of phenol is to generate a donor-acceptor pair that enhances the emissive nature of benzoate intermediate [15]. Addition of a chlorine substituents at the ortho position reduces the pKa of the phenol and thus enriches the percentage of phenoxy ion that eventually accelerate the chemiexcitation kinetics of the phenol-dioxitene species to monitor in real time.
Singlet oxygen as a highly reactive form of molecular oxygen plays a vital role in many environmental and biomedical processes. Selective and sensitive detection and quantification of singlet oxygen species provides crucial information for understanding its involvement and mechanism in various processes. EPR method for the detection of 1O2 has major disadvantage of requiring an expensive instrument and complicated operating procedures. Direct photoluminescence measurement from 1O2 at about 1270 nm is useful for singlet oxygen detection but that also suffers drawback due to very low quantum efficiency. UV–Vis absorbance probes for selective detection of 1O2 is significant but low sensitivity put some limitation for spectrophotometric method. Molecular fluorescence or lanthanide based fluorescence probe and Chemiluminescence probe provides high sensitivity and desirable selectivity, therefore ensure great potential for singlet oxygen detection. Additional benefits of fluorescence probe including the capability of detection of 1O2 among various other reactive oxygen species. The temporal and spatial resolution of these probes can provide detailed information on site and the kinetics of singlet oxygen production or decay. In comparison to organic fluorescence probe, lanthanide complex based time gated luminescence probe possess many advantages such as long luminescence lifetime, large Stokes shift and sharp emission profile that makes them suitable for time gated detection mode for minimising background luminescence interference. Chemiluminescence probes does not require any excitation light sources, can be applied in certain cases where background fluorescence and various light scattering phenomena lower the signal to noise ratio. Furthermore, due to high sensitivity of Chemiluminescence detection, only low concentration of probe is necessary eventually decreasing the occurrence of artifactual interference of secondary reactions. Although, much has been conferred in this concise chapter, perhaps these are not all, but the future will invoke more questions and thus newer and emerging methods, would help expand the level of our understanding.
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These geological elements have been evaluated to understand possible cause(s) of rapid decline in pro¬duction. The N5.2 reservoir, located in shallow marine sandstones, offshore Niger Delta, has experienced decline in oil rate with a corresponding increase in water-cut within two years of beginning of production. The main objective of this study is the determination of reservoir architecture in order to individuate the possible cause(s) of rapid production decline. To this aim, several methods have been used, including the seismic attribute analysis, electrofacies analysis, well log and petrophysical correlations. The obtained results show that the N5.2 reservoir is a massive sandy unit, occurring within the paralic Agbada Formation of about 2133 m thick. A contour depth map of the reservoir shows the occurrence of a structural saddle associated with an elongated closure having two structural culminations. Further analysis using the root mean square (RMS) and anti-tracking seismic attributes has indicated a seismic facies parallel to the paleo-coastline direction and several faults and fractures. The high quality of the reservoir, fractures, poor management and water injection may have induced rapid fluid flow and consequently early watercut and decline in production.",book:{id:"7768",slug:"sedimentary-processes-examples-from-asia-turkey-and-nigeria",title:"Sedimentary Processes",fullTitle:"Sedimentary Processes - Examples from Asia, Turkey and Nigeria"},signatures:"Prince Suka Momta",authors:[{id:"228567",title:"Dr.",name:"Prince Suka",middleName:null,surname:"Momta",slug:"prince-suka-momta",fullName:"Prince Suka Momta"}]},{id:"54964",title:"Intermittent Formation, Sedimentation and Deformation History of Cenozoic Forearc Basins along the Northwestern Pacific Margins as an Indicator of Tectonic Scenarios",slug:"intermittent-formation-sedimentation-and-deformation-history-of-cenozoic-forearc-basins-along-the-no",totalDownloads:3244,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:"This chapter examines the basin-filling stratigraphy and major unconformity events of the Cenozoic forearc basins in the NE Japan, SW Japan, Ryukyu and Izu-Bonin forearc territories along the northwestern Pacific margins to obtain information on the background tectonic scenarios along the plate subduction zones. The forearc basin type and tectonic history are characteristic for each forearc territory, reflecting the differences in plate tectonic processes. Several major unconformity events seem to be synchronous for a forearc territory or whole forearc territories around Japan, suggesting that these events originated from more or less wider scale plate tectonic events. In the NE Japan forearc territory, the Oligocene unconformity can be the largest events, which transformed the forearc basin styles from the trench slope break-uplifted, fluvial system-dominated type to the tensional, deeper marine sloped type. In the SW Japan and Ryukyu forearc territories, the latest Oligocene to Middle Miocene gap was the transformation phase from the Palaeogene Shimanto-type forearc and accretionary complex, to the Neogene compressive, sloped to ridged forearc basins, developments of which have been interrupted by several unconformity events possibly related to changes in plate tectonic condition. 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He is currently the Director of the Postgraduate Program in Implantology of the Bioface/UCAM/PgO (Montevideo, Uruguay), Director of the Cathedra of Biotechnology of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain), an Extraordinary Full Professor of the Catholic University of Murcia (Murcia, Spain) as well as the Director of the private center of research Biotecnos – Technology and Science (Montevideo, Uruguay). Applied biomaterials, cellular and molecular biology, and dental implants are among his research interests. He has published several original papers in renowned journals. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. 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Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:42,paginationItems:[{id:"82914",title:"Glance on the Critical Role of IL-23 Receptor Gene Variations in Inflammation-Induced Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105049",signatures:"Mohammed El-Gedamy",slug:"glance-on-the-critical-role-of-il-23-receptor-gene-variations-in-inflammation-induced-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:15,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"82875",title:"Lipidomics as a Tool in the Diagnosis and Clinical Therapy",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105857",signatures:"María Elizbeth Alvarez Sánchez, Erick Nolasco Ontiveros, Rodrigo Arreola, Adriana Montserrat Espinosa González, Ana María García Bores, Roberto Eduardo López Urrutia, Ignacio Peñalosa Castro, María del Socorro Sánchez Correa and Edgar Antonio Estrella Parra",slug:"lipidomics-as-a-tool-in-the-diagnosis-and-clinical-therapy",totalDownloads:7,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82440",title:"Lipid Metabolism and Associated Molecular Signaling Events in Autoimmune Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105746",signatures:"Mohan Vanditha, Sonu Das and Mathew John",slug:"lipid-metabolism-and-associated-molecular-signaling-events-in-autoimmune-disease",totalDownloads:17,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Fatty Acids - Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11669.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"82483",title:"Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105891",signatures:"Laura Mourino-Alvarez, Tamara Sastre-Oliva, Nerea Corbacho-Alonso and Maria G. 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She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI)",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:{name:"Kobe College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. 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Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"11474",title:"Quality of Life Interventions - Magnitude of Effect and Transferability",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11474.jpg",hash:"5a6bcdaf5ee144d043bcdab893ff9e1c",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 7th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"245319",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sage",surname:"Arbor",slug:"sage-arbor",fullName:"Sage Arbor"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11473",title:"Social Inequality - Structure and Social Processes",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11473.jpg",hash:"cefab077e403fd1695fb2946e7914942",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"July 13th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"313341",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Yaroslava",surname:"Robles-Bykbaev",slug:"yaroslava-robles-bykbaev",fullName:"Yaroslava Robles-Bykbaev"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:49,paginationItems:[{id:"83087",title:"Role of Cellular Responses in Periodontal Tissue Destruction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.106645",signatures:"Nam Cong-Nhat Huynh",slug:"role-of-cellular-responses-in-periodontal-tissue-destruction",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Periodontology - New Insights",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11566.jpg",subseries:{id:"1",title:"Oral Health"}}},{id:"83073",title:"Dental and Orofacial Trauma Impacts on Oral-Health-Related—Quality of Life in Children: Low- and Middle-Income Countries",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105845",signatures:"Yolanda Malele-Kolisa, Nazia Khan, Mpho P. 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Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. 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