Open access
1. Introduction
In this book, apart from the section on the pathogenesis of COVID-19 disease, the factors that play a role in the etiology of the disease in different countries will be evaluated.
2. Discussion
The role of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 has been known from the beginning. The disproportion between angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin1–7 (Ang1,7) occurred by the interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors is very important on the clinical table and prognosis. Other angiotensinases such as PRCP (prolyl carboxypeptidases) and POP (prolyl oligopeptidase) can lessen the deleterious effects of interplays between ACE2 and spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. The deficiency of counter-regulatory RAS mechanisms in the acute phase of COVID-19 is presented by a decline in ACE2 expression due to unaffected activity of other angiotensinases and cannot prevent Ang II accumulation. Again, COVID-19 vaccines augment the endogenous synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Therefore, unwanted effects of COVID-19 vaccination linked with Ang II buildup occur. Comprehension of the associations between the diverse mechanisms of Ang II degradation and buildup provides a chance to understand the pathophysiological cycle between the risk of development to severe types of COVID-19 disease and the possible unwanted effects of COVID-19 vaccination [1].
A zoonotic virus that causes severe respiratory diseases, three major outbreaks of the coronavirus including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and most lately SARS-CoV-2, has been reported since 2002. Over the past few decades, the virus has been capable of mutating and changing, causing it to bypass the animal-to-human species barricade and infect humans. The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 created a serious global public health threat and caused major pandemic outbreaks. The latest pandemic of COVID-19, a disorder produced by SARS-CoV-2, in Wuhan, China’s Hubei Province, has diseased more than 690 million people worldwide and caused fatality more than 6.8 million lives as of June 18, 2023. It has infected 213 other countries/regions worldwide. The virus constantly evolves and changes and spreads through asymptomatic carriers [2].
Epidemiologically, elderly individuals and people with predominant comorbidities are highly susceptible to grave health effects of COVID-19, comprising of cytokine upregulation and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) [3].
Multiple variants of the SARS-CoV-2 are known worldwide. This book discusses the overall picture of the pandemic in Latin America and several other countries, including its most common variants, how they affect surveillance at the genomic level, and the epidemiology of the disease. Again, the effect of COVID-19 vaccinations in Latin America and other countries on the epidemiology of the disease and how it can help alleviate the pandemic were also evaluated [4].
On March 5, 2020, South Africa registered its first imported patient of COVID-19. Since then, patients in South Africa have augmented exponentially with noteworthy communal spread. The situation in South Africa is also discussed in detail in our book [5].
A chapter in our book deals with the link of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) with sleep and cognitive disorders due to COVID-19 in children. As is known, protein adducts of the lipid peroxidation produce HNE was also found to be greater in the plasma of cases who died from the disease, while the total antioxidant capability was lower than the detection limit for most of the serum specimens. This suggests that the patients have active oxidative stress reaction mechanisms that respond to COVID-19 aggression. This may enable options to use antioxidants with a tailored, integrative biomedicine method to avert the initiation of a vicious cycle of HNE-mediated lipid peroxidation in cases with aggressive inflammatory disorders such as COVID-19 [6].
3. Conclusion
We hope that this book will help to understand the effects of lipid peroxidation elements such as HNE, which are little known, on the clinical picture, as well as their effects on the etiopathogenesis
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