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\r\n\tThe outcome of cancer therapy with radiation has been improving over the years due to technological progress. However, due to the biological property of cancer, current radiotherapy has limitations. Therefore, in consideration of the dynamics of tumor cells caused by radiation irradiation, attempts are being made to overcome the current drawbacks and to improve radiotherapy. It is expected that carbon ion beams, hyperthermia, oxygen effect, blood flow control, etc. will be used in the future in order to improve the treatments. This book aims to introduce research results of various radioprotective agent development research and hypoxia sensitizers.
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A rise in the demand and supply of media content has been witnessed due to the variety of multimedia platforms available over the internet. Some of the platforms that provide multimedia content over the internet are YouTube [1], Net TV [2], and IPTV [3], etc. Among all data that is transmitted over P2P networks; over 90% of the data is due to video transmission. YouTube is the second most popular site according to the Alexa Ranking System [4]. Demand for multimedia content is increasing due to its widespread use in the communication, entertainment and education sectors [5]. Two different approaches used for video transmission over the network are Video on Demand (VoD) and live video streaming. VoD approach is more competent and convenient for the user, as the user can demand the video whenever they choose to rather than watching it at a particular time. No real time constraints are applied and no broadcast time is fixed only during which the video can be watched [6]. But live video streaming approach follows a specific broadcast time. If a user wants to watch the video, they have to watch it during that broadcast time. The network requirements for live video streaming are more as compared to that for video on demand. Some of the famous commercial P2P live video streaming systems are UUSee [7], Sopcast [8], PPLive [9]. In live video streaming, video transmission is more complex as compared to that in VoD. The complexity of the network has increased over time due to the increase in demand for live streaming. Figure 1 shows the categorization of the video traffic over the Internet. Overall Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of traffic is 24% between the years 2016 and 2021. From the figure, it is also clear that demand for Internet video increased from 51 to 67.4% in the same time span.
Global IP traffic by application category [
Further, this Internet video was also subcategorized to understand the demand of different video categories over the Internet. From the Figure 2, it is easily observed that there is a huge demand for live Internet video and there is 10% increment in it in the period of 2016–2021. Some of the major highlights of video over Internet is describe in (Table 1).
Global internet video by sub-segment [
Streaming or media streaming is a technique for transferring data so that it can be processed as a steady and continuous stream. Video streaming allowed to play the video without completely downloading the file. The Distinguishing distribution techniques for multimedia distribution applies specifically to telecommunication networks, as most of the delivery systems are either inherently streaming (e.g., radio, television) or inherently non-streaming (e.g., books, video cassettes, audio CD’s).
Generally, classification of media over the Internet can be done into two ways Video on Demand (VoD) and Live streaming [10].
Video on demand is a recent exploitation in information storage and communication. Entertainment has undergone several positive changes in the last decade. Video on demand is one of them. It is a technology which combines user requirement, computer network, communication, and video engineering. Video on demand is a system which works like cable television. Contents are pre-recorded and stored at servers. The server may be at one physical location or distributed at different locations. Content is buffered or downloaded before actual play. Video on demand is not so time critical approach like live streaming. Therefore, video can be paused or resumed during the play. Every user is free to choose the program of their demand. It means programs are broadcast according to user requirements. A different user can ask for different services. The user can watch the programs according to their convenience. It may be weekdays or weekends at their choice timing. VoD also provides some special functionality. Users can forward or backward the program according to their convenience. In video on demand a client can download the video and may seek new play position according to his interest. Because the service is new it lacks universal standardization. Figure 3 shows the simple example of video on demand. After capturing the live event from the camera encoding take place. Now encoded video is stored for further demand, and through the streaming server, video in delivered to requester peers A, B and C.
Video on demand.
Live streaming is a video platform that allows users to view any video in real time. Broadcast video content using an audio/video communication media through the Internet. Live stream, can be described as the streaming platform that permits user to view and simulcast video content by the help of any capturing tools like camera or audio recorder through the medium commonly known as the Internet. Live streaming can be described as the act of telecasting any live event which is being performed at real-time in any place by the medium of the Internet. It is not possible for each and every person to be present at many events going on simultaneously at different places. For this, live streaming plays a very important role in entertaining people by broadcasting the live event. For live streaming, a very common example is cricket matches being played at different places which are being telecasted for people entertainment.
Live video streaming is time critical as compared to video on demand. It’s a delay sensitive service. The user can not choose the program at their convenience timing. The event is going on and it is broadcasted to all users. So users don’t not have special features like fast forward or slow the live events. Packet sizes of video which are being sent from server to viewers are not predefined. It makes live streaming more complicated than video on demand. Transmission of the video is very crucial factor in case of live video streaming. Frames should be reached at the destination before its deadline. After deadline frames are useless. So the frames which are urgent should be reached first before other frames. Otherwise, there is an interruption in live video streaming. In video on demand, first of all video is stored and further distributed according to the demand of client. Due to the same, implementation complexity of the video on demand is less as compare to live streaming. Figure 4 shows the simple example of live streaming. After capturing the live event from the camera encoding take place. Now the encoded video is transferred to a streaming server. The streaming server further forwards the video to requester peers A, B and C. A detail comparison of VoD and live streaming is given in Table 2.
Live streaming.
S. no | Property | Effect |
---|---|---|
1 | Quantity of video | It will take approx. 5 million years to individual to watch video, Which will cross global IP in each month in 2021 |
2 | Traffic of video | Video traffic will be approx. 73% up between 2016 and 2021. |
3 | Live video | Live video will grow 15-fold between 2016 and 2021. |
4 | Virtual reality and augmented reality traffic | Will increase 20-fold between 2016 and 2021 |
5 | Internet video to TV | grew 50 percent in 2016 |
6 | Consumer Video-on-Demand (VoD) | Traffic will nearly double by 2021 |
7 | Content Delivery Network (CDN) traffic | It will carry 71 percent of all internet traffic by 2021 |
Video highlights.
S. no | Live streaming | Video on demand |
---|---|---|
1 | In a live streaming session, a live video content is disseminated to all users in real-time. | Video-on-demand users enjoy watching whatever video clips whenever they want |
2 | The video playback on all users is synchronized. | The playback of the same video clip on different users are not synchronized |
3 | All the users watching the same video and same segment. | If the users are watching the same video still the segment may be different |
4 | Less Flexible and convenience to users | VoD is more flexible and convenience to users |
5 | Time Complexity is more | Time Complexity is less |
6 | Space complexity is less | Space Complexity is more |
7 | Generally broadcast or multicast | Generally Multicast or Unicast |
8 | Economical | Required additional hardware and software |
Comparison between live streaming and video on demand.
The architecture use for any system plays very important role in its performance. Therefore, a good architecture is also required to efficiently support video streaming applications. The architectures used for such systems have to support broadly buffering and streaming of audio, video and related data. Client server architecture is conventional and most popular solution for both VoD and live streaming. However architecture is not appropriate due to the scalability and Quality of services of different parameters. This motivates the research community to search for better architecture and to most commonly used architectures are Content Distributed Network (CDN) and Peer to Peer (P2P) network discussed below.
The CDN architecture is a distributed architecture in which data is distributed over the different server. Instead of storing the whole data at an original server, data is distributed at edge or surrogate server as shown in Figure 5. A hierarchy of server is created over the network [11]. When a client wants to communicate it will send a direct request to nearest edge server instead of an original server. If the server is free, it responds back according to data it has for the client. The client gets the response and according to response if it is positive, client start to see the live video. But if the response is negative client has to search another server and repeat the process again until it gets a positive response from the server. The server can share more than one program with multiple clients according to its resource capacity. To overcome the problem of a flash crowd in client-server architecture a new approach called cooperative networking (Coop Net) is discussed [5]. The drawback of Coop Net is that the client cannot work for long duration. Coop net uses distributed streaming and distributed coding approach for transmission of live video streaming. Using the approach robustness of the system is also increased. Control overheard on the client side is minimum and easy to handle due to centralized behaviors of the server. Content distributed network provides reliability. In the client-server architecture, the resource utilization of the client is minimized. Scalability of the content distributed network is a major issue and increases the cost at the server side as the peer increase in the network. Due to the problem of scalability, cost and utilization of peer’s resources researcher are attracted towards peer to peer network.
Content distribution network.
“Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed architecture that partitions tasks or assignments between peers. Peers are similarly advantaged, equipotent contributors in the application” [12]. The prime focus of P2P network is to fair distribution of the content without any extraordinary provision from the network. Aim of P2P network is to reduce the overhead from the server and uses the upload bandwidth of the users. Some of the formal definitions of P2P networks as defined in [13, 14, 15].
Figure 6 shows a tree overlay of peer to peer network with 13 peers and a streaming server. Peer 1 and 2 are receiving the content from the server directly while other peers receive it from their immediate parents instead of direct from server. So upload bandwidth of peers is also used to further upload the content in the network. A comparison of P2P and CDN is given inTable 3.
Peer-to-peer network.
Property | P2P | CDN |
---|---|---|
Resource utilization | Maximized | Less |
Peer role | Peer work as a both client and server | Specific role for client and server |
Scalability | Easy and easily scalable | Limited |
Cost | Low | High |
Monitoring of content provider | Difficult | Easy |
Stability | Low | High |
Service capability | High | Limited |
User management | Distributed | Centralized |
QoS | Best-effort, Cannot be controlled | Can be guaranteed |
Peer authentication | Distributed or no authentication | Centre node authentication |
Services | Heterogeneous | Homogeneous throughout the network |
Reliability | Low | High |
Comparison between P2P and CDN.
Working concept of P2P streaming system is same as BitTorrent [16], parent-child relation is stablishes between the peers from the set of neighbor peers. Landmark implementation of p2p with live video streaming is CoolStreaming [17], and the different issued relate to the implementation of CoolStreaming is disused by N.F. Huang et al. [10] and further visited in [18, 19]. PPLive [20], Sopcast [21], UUSee [22], Bittos [23], PPTV [24] and Mol’s system [25] are some of the influential p2p streaming systems.
In hybrid architecture both CDN and P2P architectures are combined to enhance the efficiency. A content distributed network is more reliable. Even if server is damaged peers can receive the media content from other servers. Peer to peer network is easily scalable and works better when the number of peer are more. Property of both the architectures are combined and a new hybrid architecture comes to light to leverages the characteristics of both the architectures [26]. In hybrid architecture, if a peer fails to deliver the requirements then reliable server takes over and provides the required media content to all the requester peers. Until the peer searches the new parent peer the quality maintenance in the network is the responsibility of the reliable server. Design issues of a hybrid system is discussed by Cui and Nahrstedt [27]. Servers are considered with large storage and bandwidth and peers are considered with limited storage and bandwidth. The link between the peers in the network follows the property of same as in P2Pand CDN. Figure 7 gives an example of hybrid architecture, 15 peers are in the network. Peer 1-4 are in P2P network and receive the content from the server2. Server 1-6 is the part of the content distributed network.
Peer to peer and Content Delivery Network.
Landmark implementation of live video streaming in P2P network is CoolStreaming [13]. Some other popular techniques for P2P are PPTV [14], Mol’s system [15] and Bitos [16]. Different implementation issues regarding CoolStreaming have been discussed in [17]. The design issues of DoNet/CoolStreaming are briefly described [10]. For overlay construction in CoolStreaming swarm based approach is used. An empirical study of CoolStreaming [18] reveals that distribution of media content can also affect the performance of the P2P network.
Some of the most challenging tasks in Multimedia streaming is selfish peer removal, flash crowd and data scheduling due to the frequently changed behavior of peers and network. This chapter primary focus on adaptive multimedia streaming. Further organization of the chapter is as follows. In Section 2, the work on adaptive multimedia streaming has been discussed. Section 2.1, gives the adaptive scheduling scheme, section 2.2 adaptive peer selection. Section 2.3 illustrates the various rate adaptation mechanisms. Last, the chapter concludes in Section 3.
Multimedia streaming architecture can be considered as a request response model and the demand of each client is not fixed also the network configuration can be changes dynamically. So static demand supply mechanism cannot provide the solution of multimedia streaming problem. Multimedia streaming model should be adaptive in nature. Different adaptation techniques can be applicable and some on them is discussed below in detail.
The scheduling strategy changes with any change in the network configuration. So, peer selects the different block of chunk according to its current network configuration or current peer demand. In this section, we discuss the different adaptive parameters which can affect the scheduling strategy and the different adaptive scheduling schemes. InFigure 8; different adaption parameters are discussed. Passive adaptation parameters are those which are pre-defined and do not change in the network for a specific peer. While active adaption parameters are the ones which change as the network condition changes. For a peer, active adaption parameters are dynamic in nature while, the passive adaption parameters are static in nature. This section explains how according to adaption, the choice of scheduling scheme for different parameters changes. Active adaption is dynamic so it is crucial for scheduling scheme and different parameters like peer, congestion etc. affect the scheduling.
Adaptation Techniques.
The relationship between sender and receiver may worsen due to improper resource adjustment. Lack of network knowledge also affects the network performance. Zheng et al. [28] described an adaptive approach, which uses push based scheduling scheme to solve the problem of the unstable relationship between demand and supply [28]. This approach depends on forecasting. The system forecasts the utilization of resources i.e. which resources will probably be insufficient so that resources can be demanded early and scheduling becomes smooth. An Adaptive method is used to select the push peers and the push resources. Peers are chosen according to network conditions and among them, the best peers are selected. Heterogeneity of the network and end devices is a major factor in live video streaming. The different issues that arise are resolution and screen size, delay, variable download bandwidth and processing capability. According to user convenience, the author tries to improve video streaming for end users. This approach provides quality adaptive streaming using scalable video coding (SVC). SVC is a layer coding technique where the video is distributed at different layers i.e. one base layer and multiple enhancement layers [29]. Layer selection is a two-step mechanism, and Quality adaption is provided using layer selection. The first step is Initial Quality Adaption (IQA) and the second step is Progressive Quality Adaption (PQA). Figure 9 depicts the Quality adaptive streaming architecture.
The quality adaptive P2P Streaming Architecture.
The dynamic requirement of peers is satisfied by parameters which are vital for the end user. Approach provides results considering the dynamic effect of nature, and thus it provides better adaptive results regarding block availability and response time for the reply. A solution to the scheduling problem is to find the sender peer and the resource. Many different paths maybe available between the source and destination in the case of mesh overlay. Thus, finding the best path between the sender and receiver also plays a major role in P2P networks. The approaches to path selection using genetic algorithm are used to take care of the same [31]. These methods use mutation and crossover procedures with series of the population. Peers find information about the physical path and this information works as a fitness function for decision making. Traceroute command is used for calculating physical path information; this command dynamically finds changes in the network. Approach adaptively provides the best available path between the sender and the receiver. Using such path selection approach has a positive effect on the network performance regarding the end-to-end delay. Figure 8 shows a classification of the adaptation techniques into two parameters on which they are based. Out of these different parameters adaptive peer selection and adaptive rate selection have a major impact on P2P network, so these two adaptation mechanisms are discussed in detail.
For providing the full bandwidth utilization of the peers available in the specific region E. Karayer provides a multi-generation packet scheduling approach [31]. Different classes according to the desired quality of services are created. Further two scheduling approaches are developed in such a way that first approach consider primarily on single generated problem, while second approach focuses on dynamic programming. Solution of the approaches are achieved using pseudo-polynomial-time. Improved bandwidth efficiency is achieved and verified thorough the simulation results [32]. Another scheme which focuses on multi-chunk and peer selection is defined in [33]. Focus of the approach is to provide usefulness of peers and chunks according to the playback probability of each chunk and streaming rate. Available bandwidth of each peer in the network also play a crucial role for scheduling scheme. Considering this factor J. Zhang [34] provides new approach for the selection of scheduling scheme. Real-time congestion of the environment is also considered for the selection of scheduling. Through the congestion peers are considered as busy, sense busy and idle. As a comparative analysis with CoolStreaming approach provides better Quality of Services (QoS) with respect to delay and throughput. Another approach defined in in [35] uses the 324 bandwidth information of every available peer in the network for selecting a 325 scheduling scheme.
The P2P network approach is scalable, so it can effortlessly be used in a video streaming network. But how a peer finds a perfect video chunk from its neighbor peers is a challenging task in the P2P network. The author X. Liao et al. [36] focuses on this issue and tries to formulate a hybrid scheduling scheme for data transmission in P2P network. Some of the factors which affect scheduling scheme are:
Which part of data to schedule?
Who should be the parent for a particular data packet?
The OCTOPUS approach takes the second factor into prime consideration and uses a score method for parent selection between the available neighbors. The score values calculated between the peers maybe positive or negative and are thus categorized as positive score or negative score. If a client needs data from its neighbor’s buffer cache, it is called a positive score. But if a neighbor requires data from its client’s buffer cache it is called a negative score. In simple terms, data required by the client is positive score and data given by client is the negative score. Eq. (2) represents how a score is calculated, Eq. (2)Eq. (3), Eq. (4) and Eq. (5) are used in this process.
where
The peers exchange buffer map among themselves to update their status. A Buffer map contains of 4 tuples <Pmin, Pmax, Pwant, S[i]>. According to the score value, each peer selects its parents. If score value of j is more for peer i, then peer i selects j as a parent. Scheduling cycle is assumed as T, while R(x) and W(x) as upload bandwidth and initial scheduling bandwidths for peer x. Then the capacity is calculated as P(x) = W(x)*T. Initial scheduling bandwidth of each peer is calculated as W(x) = Sbps/N, where Sbps is streaming rate for the video file and N are the total number of parents. After making the comparison between W(x) and R(x), the bandwidth is adaptively increased or decreased according to the network conditions. This is done so that the upload bandwidth of the peer can be fully utilized. The implementation done by the author shows that OCTOPUS approach gets the desired results. The main consideration of this approach is choosing the best parent peer. Selection of data is also a major concern in the network, but this approach doesn’t consider this issue. Other issues like end device heterogeneity and network configuration have also not been discussed in this approach [36].
Pre-caching of video can solve the issue of selecting an optimal scheduling scheme upto a certain level. Different pre-caching approaches for distributed and centralized settings are given in [37]. Max-weighted independent set (MWIS) method is used for the centralized scheduling setting. The message passing approach is used to find the value of the max-weighted independent set. For distributed scheduling setting, FlashLinQ link scheduling algorithm is used. Pre-caching at single level is not sufficient and can be further improved and the same is discussed by Hui-Hsiang Kao [38]. Hui-Hsiang Kao distribute the caching into two levels and named as prefix and suffix caching. Low startup delay and fast parent searching is achieved using prefix caching while adjustment of cache size is provide by suffix caching. Overall mechanism make sure the reduction in probability of chunk loss.
Peer selection is a prime concern to minimize the start-up delay and to provide high quality video. Round trip time (RTT) and available bandwidth both play a fundamental role in the P2P network. A combination of both parameters has been discussed in Adaptive and Efficient Peer Selection (AEPS) [39]. This approach combines both the factors i.e. RTT and Bandwidth, for video streaming. Different stages used in the architecture are Demand, Query & Rank and Verify. Demand stage is the core step in any P2P network. In this stage, a peer asks for a list of other available peers in the network who can play the role of parent for the client peers. Index server or tracer contains the list of existing peers in the network that have the same video. If there are too many peers in the network, instead of the full list server sends a partial list, and the rest of the list is calculated randomly. On receiving the list, the peer sends a query to all the available parents in the list. In response to the query, client receives a reply message. On the basis of this reply message, client finds the rank of all parent peers. APES scheme considers RTT as a principal factor; client uses this RTT value for ranking peers. Among all peers, if the RTT value of a peer is the highest then ranking of that peer is the lowest and based on the bandwidth further improvement must be made. In stage 3, the path defined by step 2 is verified according to the available bandwidth. The Parents peers are authenticated from the list according to their ranks. Through the experimental results, it is shown that AEPS is more efficient than the ABW based approaches and more accurate than the RTT based methods. APES performs much more efficiently in a general network [39].
The peers are very unpredictable in nature, and a peer cannot trust other peers for good data transmission so, trust is a crucial factor for good data transmission. On the basis of trust model a novel approach, trustworthy-based efficient multipoint relays (TEMRP) is described [40]. Method is described for mobile P2P networks which are a major component of P2P network. Approach tries to improve communication overhead between peers. A comparison is done between the TEMRP, multipoint relay (MPR) and pure flooding methods which reveal some useful results. MPR and flooding approach are very basic strategies for mobile P2P networks. Using the cost model a comparison of the different methods is performed using the resource utilization and latency. Peer calculates trust values based on the past experiences and according to that, it finds the trustworthy peer. Only trustworthy peers are selected as the next relay peer for data transmission. Most trustworthy peer selects the second most trustworthy peer and thus forwards the data further. Broadcast peer also finds the leaf peer and assigns a trustworthy peer for them so data can reach towards the leaf peers. The format of the message is <p1# p1-1, p1-2… p1-m>, peer before #indicates that peer p1 sends data to other peers that are shown after #. Then different trust values are calculated, and cost model is used to derive values for the TEMRP. In the end the cost of relay peer, leaf peer, and the broadcast peer is calculated. The comparison of cost model with MPR model and simple flooding model reveals that energy cost and latency of TEMRP is better than the other two approaches i.e. the MPR and Flooding approach [41].
Divide and conquer approach can be used to find the appropriate peer dynamically. Network Utility Maximization (NUM) problem is formulated first and second problems of NUM approach are solved by using Lyapunov drift plus penalty approach. The dynamic adaptive approach is used which decomposes the problem into two blocks. The first block is used to find the adaptive video quality by using helper selection mechanism. The second block is used for discovering the helper to peer rate. Thus this approach is adaptive in two ways: firstly for selecting of helper and secondly for rate adaption. Queue size also affects the performance of the network so in the approach the queues are assumed to be of the same length. For the purpose of buffering the pre-buffering and re-buffering approaches are used [42]. Networks in live video streaming have a demand for adaptive streaming. Every individual peer tries to improve the quality of media it receives. Peers try to receive the video as smooth as possible. HTTP Adaptive streaming (HAS) can be a solution for adaptive streaming [43] where a video is split into small segments, and then these segments are encoded at different rates. Differentiation between the rates is maintained according to the quality of the video. The decision of choosing any rate among the different possible rates is according to network conditions and the buffer status of the peer. If the network is less congested, then peer can request for better quality, but if the network is congested then, the peer has to adjust with low-quality video. The same approach is used if the buffer is full and if a peer can wait for better quality it will request for a better quality video. But if the buffer is empty and there is a situation of starvation, then the peer can only ask for low-quality video. The approach uses an optimization agent which monitors the network conditions and according to that it calculates the required optimization value and provides the best deal for it. Packet-based traffic estimation model is used for calculating traffic between the peers. A graph is created, and traffic of each path (edge) is calculated. The historical approach is used for calculating or estimating traffic between the peers. Then QoE-driven quality adaption technique is used for quality updating. This approach considers issues like rate and traffic but parameters like chunk utilization and chunk deadline which can also affect the network performance are not considered.
Only adaptive peer selection is not sufficient for improvement of a P2P network hence, overlay adaption and rate adaption are combined in a new scheduling scheme as described by Hao Luan [44]. On the basis of local information; rate controller applies rate adaption in this scheme. This approach is efficient in P2P networks for overlay construction and as a scheduling scheme, but it doesn’t contemplate upon properties like heterogeneity and parameters like delay in the network. A fixed channel uses fixed rate for data transmission over P2P network. If the data rate is high, the chance of data drop increases due to lack of available bandwidth between the peers. But if the data rate is low, then there is a chance of video smoothing and video quality. So the data rate directly affects the performance of video streaming in P2P network. To solve the above problem, an approach for the self-adaptive multi-rate is discussed [45]. The architecture of the approach (MoSee) comprises of three main components: Tracker (register server), broadcasting server (Broadcaster) and the client (Consumer of data). The client maybe wired, or wireless, broadcaster has the responsibility to transfer data to the client according to the client requirements. It also registers the channel it created for the client, with the tracker. Client logs in the register server and finds the list of programs. After choosing the program, the client selects the channel and joins it. In MoSee, a stream of the channel is distributed into sub-streams, and each sub-stream is identified by a unique index. According to network condition and status of its buffer, the client can choose any sub-stream. The sub-stream can also be adaptively changed according to variations in the network. In the starting, the network is unstable, so peer chooses low bit rate stream but after some time when the network becomes stable, the peer chooses the high data rate sub-stream. The concept of multiple sub-streams is introduced to decrease the degree of data sharing between peers who have different data sub-streams. For increasing the level of data sharing between such peers, a different approach is used. In that approach, peers that can download the high data rate also download the low data rate stream for poor peers. When the poor peer (the one with a low download bandwidth) needs the low rate sub-stream, then that peer can provide it the sub-stream. For selecting the neighbor peer, Round Trip time (RTT) value is used, and weights are assigned to different peers, after which the final selection is done.
Different factors like bandwidth heterogeneity, high transmission delay and churn of peers can be very tricky in a P2P network. A different prospective approach, server aided adaptive live video streaming that solves all these issues has been discussed by [46]. Multi-tree overlay approach is used for creating the overlay between the peers in P2P network. The video is sent by multiple peers according to the network conditions and available bandwidth. According to network state, streaming server switches bit stream between the multiple available streams. Rate shaping scheme is also applied to lower the rate for transmitting the stream to remove the effect of network congestion. Two stages are used for rate shaping in a distributed multi-tree overlay. The first stage is the calculation of allocated bandwidth, to compute this; a list of packets received and transmitted is created. According to remaining bandwidth, the most appropriate packet from the list is sent. In the second stage, the optimized scheduler is applied. On the basis of the impact on their performance, the packets are differentiated. This approach is suitable for application on the server side, but in P2P network the approach is not only at server side but also, the actual demand-supply exists between the peers. Another approach for controlling playback rate at run time is described by Maria [47]. This playback rate control method has been discussed in two different cases i.e. nominal and robust case. Remaining upload bandwidth of peers in the network is used for calculating the rate. It dynamically checks the remaining upload bandwidth of peers that are currently active in the network. A theoretical model is described, and the solution for playback rate control is provided.
The Higher rate is required to fulfill the demand of the receiver, and a queuing model can help with the same. If a proper queue is maintained and the proper input is provided to the queue, then appropriate rate can be received by the peers. For adaptive scheduling different queuing models are discussed in the approach like peer and server side [48]. In peer side queue, received data is classified into two classes F (Forwarding) and NF (Non-Forwarding). The forwarding class contains the data which should be forwarded to other peers, and non-forwarding class includes the data which belongs to peer. Thus, there is no need to forward it to other peers. At the server side, two queues are maintained one for data and the other for signal. Pull approach is used for retrieving data by the peers and optimization is done according to the queue status. A distortion rate approach has been discussed by [49], the approach is receiver driven on multipath streaming. First, the parent selection takes place, the most appropriate receiver driven approach is used to find the appropriate parent nodes. Parent selection takes care of optimal end-to-end delay path selection; then the stream flow equations are generated, and a stream flow graph is created. This solution of stream flow graph provides the best rate to the desired peer. To solve the problem of long start-up delay Z defined a low time delay scheduling scheme [50]. The three main methods that are used by the approach are described as copying, grouping based on parts and priority scheduling. The peer is distributed into different groups, and the peers within the same group can exchange data with each other. A peer can also join another group after downloading the content from the first group. This approach is easy to implement as it also reduces the start-up delay in the P2P network.
Because of the properties like user-friendly nature and scalability the demand of video streaming is growing rapidly in the existing age. Demand of client and configuration of network is not static and that’s force to moving towards the adaptation of streaming. Adaptive multimedia mechanism can provide the solution of scalability, network fluctuation, bandwidth availability and improvement in quality of services. So in this chapter we focus on different adaptive multimedia streaming mechanism. There are various mechanisms to provide it. Adaptive scheduling scheme is one of the crucial factors. Other factor which help in adaptive multimedia streaming are rate adaptation and peer adaptation. These factors directly impact the performance of video streaming and improve the overall quality of services for both sender and receiver as well as make the overall experience pleasant for client. Huge amount of work is already discussed but still there is a demand of appropriate adaptive scheduling scheme and the area is still open for further research.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
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\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
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\n\nWork - a Chapter, including Conference Papers, a Scientific Article and any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials forming part of or accompanying the Chapter/Conference Paper.
\n\nMonograph/Compacts - a full manuscript usually written by a single Author, including any and all text, graphics, images and/or other materials.
\n\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
\n\nScientific Journal – Periodical publication intended to further the progress of science.
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
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Zaharia"},{id:"55977",title:"Dr.",name:"Gabriela",middleName:null,surname:"Ioana-Toroimac",slug:"gabriela-ioana-toroimac",fullName:"Gabriela Ioana-Toroimac"},{id:"91185",title:"Prof.",name:"Grecu",middleName:null,surname:"Florina",slug:"grecu-florina",fullName:"Grecu Florina"},{id:"91186",title:"Dr.",name:"Gianina",middleName:null,surname:"Neculau",slug:"gianina-neculau",fullName:"Gianina Neculau"}]},{id:"45249",doi:"10.5772/56414",title:"Challenges and New Advances in Ocean Color Remote Sensing of Coastal Waters",slug:"challenges-and-new-advances-in-ocean-color-remote-sensing-of-coastal-waters",totalDownloads:3268,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:27,abstract:null,book:{id:"3517",slug:"topics-in-oceanography",title:"Topics in Oceanography",fullTitle:"Topics in Oceanography"},signatures:"Hubert Loisel, Vincent Vantrepotte, Cédric Jamet and Dinh Ngoc\nDat",authors:[{id:"66224",title:"Prof.",name:"Hubert",middleName:null,surname:"Loisel",slug:"hubert-loisel",fullName:"Hubert Loisel"},{id:"99752",title:"Dr.",name:"Cédric",middleName:null,surname:"Jamet",slug:"cedric-jamet",fullName:"Cédric Jamet"},{id:"163462",title:"Dr.",name:"Vincent",middleName:null,surname:"Vantrepotte",slug:"vincent-vantrepotte",fullName:"Vincent Vantrepotte"},{id:"167707",title:"MSc.",name:"Dat",middleName:null,surname:"Dinh Ngoc",slug:"dat-dinh-ngoc",fullName:"Dat Dinh Ngoc"}]},{id:"66461",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85139",title:"Fish Sperm Physiology: Structure, Factors Regulating Motility, and Motility Evaluation",slug:"fish-sperm-physiology-structure-factors-regulating-motility-and-motility-evaluation",totalDownloads:1875,totalCrossrefCites:11,totalDimensionsCites:26,abstract:"For reproduction, most fish species adopt external fertilization: their spermatozoa are delivered in the external milieu (marine- or freshwater) that represents both a drastic environment and a source of signals that control the motility function. This chapter is an updated overview of the signaling pathways going from external signals such as osmolarity and ionic concentration and their membrane reception to their transduction through the membrane and their final reception at the flagellar axoneme level. Additional factors such as energy management will be addressed as they constitute a limiting factor of the motility period of fish spermatozoa. Modern technologies used nowadays for quantitative description of fish sperm flagella in movement will be briefly described as they are more and more needed for prediction of the quality of sperm used for artificial propagation of many fish species used in aquaculture. The chapter will present some applications of these technologies and the information to which they allow access in some aquaculture species.",book:{id:"7912",slug:"biological-research-in-aquatic-science",title:"Biological Research in Aquatic Science",fullTitle:"Biological Research in Aquatic Science"},signatures:"Jacky Cosson",authors:[{id:"188281",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacky",middleName:null,surname:"Cosson",slug:"jacky-cosson",fullName:"Jacky Cosson"}]},{id:"20911",doi:"10.5772/19948",title:"The Significance of Suspended Sediment Transport Determination on the Amazonian Hydrological Scenario",slug:"the-significance-of-suspended-sediment-transport-determination-on-the-amazonian-hydrological-scenari",totalDownloads:4156,totalCrossrefCites:13,totalDimensionsCites:24,abstract:null,book:{id:"304",slug:"sediment-transport-in-aquatic-environments",title:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments",fullTitle:"Sediment Transport in Aquatic Environments"},signatures:"Naziano Filizola, Jean-Loup Guyot, Hella Wittmann, Jean-Michel Martinez and Eurides de Oliveira",authors:[{id:"36890",title:"Dr.",name:"Naziano",middleName:null,surname:"Filizola",slug:"naziano-filizola",fullName:"Naziano Filizola"},{id:"60004",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Michel",middleName:null,surname:"Martinez",slug:"jean-michel-martinez",fullName:"Jean-Michel Martinez"},{id:"60005",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean-Loup",middleName:null,surname:"Guyot",slug:"jean-loup-guyot",fullName:"Jean-Loup Guyot"},{id:"102592",title:"Dr.",name:"Hella",middleName:null,surname:"Wittmann",slug:"hella-wittmann",fullName:"Hella Wittmann"},{id:"102593",title:"Mr.",name:"Eurides",middleName:null,surname:"De Oliveira",slug:"eurides-de-oliveira",fullName:"Eurides De Oliveira"}]},{id:"60698",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74923",title:"Overview on Mediterranean Shark’s Fisheries: Impact on the Biodiversity",slug:"overview-on-mediterranean-shark-s-fisheries-impact-on-the-biodiversity",totalDownloads:1108,totalCrossrefCites:14,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:"Bibliographic analysis shows that the Mediterranean Sea is a hot spot for cartilaginous species biodiversity, including sharks, rays, and chimaeras; 49 sharks and 36 rays were recorded in this region. However, they are by far the most endangered group of marine fish in the Mediterranean Sea. The IUCN Red List shows clearly the vulnerability of elasmobranchs and the lack of data; 39 species (53% of 73 assessed species) are critically endangered, endangered, or vulnerable. The biological characteristics of elasmobranchs (low fecundity, late maturity, and slow growth) make them more vulnerable to fishing pressure than most teleost fish. Overfishing, the wide use of nonselective fishing practices, and habitat degradation are leading to dramatic declines of these species in the Mediterranean Sea. In general, elasmobranchs are not targeted but are caught incidentally. In many fisheries, they are, however, often landed and marketed. A decline in cartilaginous fish species landings has been observed while fishing effort has generally increased. Better understanding of the composition of incidental and targeted catches of sharks by commercial fisheries are fundamentally important for the conservation of these populations. Moreover, problems encountered by elasmobranchs in the area are highlighted, and conservation measures are suggested.",book:{id:"6266",slug:"marine-ecology-biotic-and-abiotic-interactions",title:"Marine Ecology",fullTitle:"Marine Ecology - Biotic and Abiotic Interactions"},signatures:"Mohamed Nejmeddine Bradai, Bechir Saidi and Samira Enajjar",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"60368",title:"Biological and Medicinal Importance of Sponge",slug:"biological-and-medicinal-importance-of-sponge",totalDownloads:2550,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Sponges are multicellular, heterotrophic parazoan organisms, characterized by the possession of unique feeding system among the animals. They are the most primitive types of animals in existence, featuring a cell-based organization where different cells have different tasks, but do not form tissues. Sponges (Porifera) are a predominantly marine phylum living from the intertidal to the abyssal (deepest ocean) zone. There are approximately 8500 described species of sponges worldwide with a prominent role in many reef coral communities. Several ecological studies reported have shown that secondary metabolites isolated from sponges often serve defensive purposes to protect them from threats such as predator attacks, biofouling, microbial infections, and overgrowth by other sessile organisms. In the recent years, interest in marine sponges has risen considerably due to presence of high number of interesting biologically active natural products. More than 5300 different natural products are known from sponges and their associated microorganisms, and every year hundreds of new substances are discovered. In addition to the unusual nucleosides, other classes of substances such as bioactive terpenes, sterols, fatty acids, alkaloids, cyclic peptides, peroxides, and amino acid derivatives (which are frequently halogenated) have been described from sponges or from their associated microorganisms. Many of these natural products from sponges have shown a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, neurosuppressive, and antifouling activities. This chapter covers extensive work published regarding new compounds isolated from marine sponges and biological activities associated with them.",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",title:"Biological Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water"},signatures:"Musarat Amina and Nawal M. Al Musayeib",authors:[{id:"213049",title:"Dr.",name:"Musarat",middleName:null,surname:"Amina",slug:"musarat-amina",fullName:"Musarat Amina"},{id:"213050",title:"Dr.",name:"Nawal",middleName:null,surname:"M. Al Musayeib",slug:"nawal-m.-al-musayeib",fullName:"Nawal M. Al Musayeib"}]},{id:"59865",title:"Marine Fisheries in Nigeria: A Review",slug:"marine-fisheries-in-nigeria-a-review",totalDownloads:3898,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:"Fisheries production especially from marine is important for the socio-economic development of Nigerians and its contribution to the nation’s economic growth through the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nigeria is blessed with enough marine fisheries resources that could enhance increased fish production. Yet, fish supply from domestic production is far below the fish demand of her citizens. This chapter is therefore focused on marine fisheries in Nigeria. We adopted a desk review approach. This chapter is divided into different sections such as the Nigerian fisheries sector, marine fisheries resources in Nigeria, status of marine fisheries production in Nigeria, marine fisheries regulations, and constraints to optimal marine fisheries production in Nigeria. We concluded that the contribution of aquaculture to marine fisheries production has been low, compared to the marine capture fisheries production. Also, we noted that despite the availability of regulations, noncompliance by fisher folks has not helped to optimize marine fisheries production. We therefore recommended that the culture of marine fishes should be intensified. Marine waters should also be protected against destruction and pollution as a result of human activities. Available marine fisheries regulations should be enforced and violators of the regulations should be punished as stipulated in the regulations.",book:{id:"6266",slug:"marine-ecology-biotic-and-abiotic-interactions",title:"Marine Ecology",fullTitle:"Marine Ecology - Biotic and Abiotic Interactions"},signatures:"Olalekan Jacob Olaoye and Wahab Gbenga Ojebiyi",authors:null},{id:"57327",title:"Closed Aquaculture System: Zero Water Discharge for Shrimp and Prawn Farming in Indonesia",slug:"closed-aquaculture-system-zero-water-discharge-for-shrimp-and-prawn-farming-in-indonesia",totalDownloads:2495,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:"This chapter focuses on the development and application of zero water discharge (ZWD) system, which has become an alternative solution to conventional methods of aquaculture production. With this system, it is expected to answer many issues in aquaculture cultivation, such as environmental damage, disease outbreak, and land-use change, and to create a sustainable aquaculture cultivation system. ZWD system is an improved batch system with an emphasis on microbial manipulation in rearing tank. The principle of microbial selection is based on the role of each microbial component in nutrient cycle in the rearing tank. This chapter contains in detail how methods and stages are performed in order to conduct this system, including design of construction system, cultivation of microbial components, initial conditioning of this system, and microbial manipulation. The performance of the system was tested in crustacean culture such as white shrimp and giant freshwater prawns, and it showed that the system can increase the average survival rate of 10–20%. In addition, the technical and economic feasibility of this system was evaluated to illustrate the production efficiency upon the application of this system in the industry.",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",title:"Biological Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water"},signatures:"Gede Suantika, Magdalena Lenny Situmorang, Pingkan Aditiawati,\nDea Indriani Astuti, Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah and Harish\nMuhammad",authors:[{id:"216920",title:"Dr.",name:"Gede",middleName:null,surname:"Suantika",slug:"gede-suantika",fullName:"Gede Suantika"},{id:"220079",title:"Dr.",name:"Magdalena Lenny",middleName:null,surname:"Situmorang",slug:"magdalena-lenny-situmorang",fullName:"Magdalena Lenny Situmorang"},{id:"220081",title:"Dr.",name:"Pingkan",middleName:null,surname:"Aditiawati",slug:"pingkan-aditiawati",fullName:"Pingkan Aditiawati"},{id:"220082",title:"Dr.",name:"Dea Indriani",middleName:null,surname:"Astuti",slug:"dea-indriani-astuti",fullName:"Dea Indriani Astuti"},{id:"220083",title:"MSc.",name:"Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur",middleName:null,surname:"Azizah",slug:"fahma-fiqhiyyah-nur-azizah",fullName:"Fahma Fiqhiyyah Nur Azizah"}]},{id:"59973",title:"Genetic Applications in the Conservation of Neotropical Freshwater Fish",slug:"genetic-applications-in-the-conservation-of-neotropical-freshwater-fish",totalDownloads:1668,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:8,abstract:"Neotropical fish correspond to approximately 30% of all fish species worldwide. The diversity of fish species found in Neotropical basins reflects variations in life-history strategies and exhibition of particular morphological, physiological and ecological attributes. These attributes are mainly related to different forms of feeding, life maintenance and reproduction. Today, fish populations are being threatened by anthropogenic actions that are having a visible impact on the natural state of continental aquatic ecosystems. The main causes are overfishing, non-native species introduction, reservoir-dam systems, mining, pollution and deforestation. The biology and population dynamics of the species are still unclear due to lack of research. Genetic tools can be useful resources for the conservation of Neotropical fish species in several ways. Molecular genetic markers are considered powerful tools to identify cryptic and hybrid fish and also allow the evaluation of the genetic variability and structure of populations of Neotropical ichthyofauna. Several analyses of molecular markers have been performed on Neotropical fish, including allozyme analysis, restriction fragment length polymorphisms in regions of DNA (RFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (AFLP), randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers. In order to analyse a high number of markers, next generation sequencing has allowed researchers to generate a large amount of genomic information that can be applied to the conservation of Neotropical fish.",book:{id:"6344",slug:"biological-resources-of-water",title:"Biological Resources of Water",fullTitle:"Biological Resources of Water"},signatures:"Vito Antonio Mastrochirico Filho, Milena V. Freitas, Raquel B.\nAriede, Lieschen V.G. Lira, Natália J. Mendes and Diogo T.\nHashimoto",authors:[{id:"215385",title:"Dr.",name:"Diogo",middleName:null,surname:"Hashimoto",slug:"diogo-hashimoto",fullName:"Diogo Hashimoto"},{id:"226741",title:"MSc.",name:"Vito",middleName:null,surname:"Matrochirico-Filho",slug:"vito-matrochirico-filho",fullName:"Vito Matrochirico-Filho"},{id:"226743",title:"MSc.",name:"Milena",middleName:null,surname:"Freitas",slug:"milena-freitas",fullName:"Milena Freitas"},{id:"226744",title:"MSc.",name:"Raquel",middleName:null,surname:"Ariede",slug:"raquel-ariede",fullName:"Raquel Ariede"},{id:"226745",title:"MSc.",name:"Natália",middleName:null,surname:"Mendes",slug:"natalia-mendes",fullName:"Natália Mendes"},{id:"226746",title:"MSc.",name:"Lieschen",middleName:null,surname:"Lira",slug:"lieschen-lira",fullName:"Lieschen Lira"}]},{id:"62582",title:"Mangrove Species Distribution and Composition, Adaptive Strategies and Ecosystem Services in the Niger River Delta, Nigeria",slug:"mangrove-species-distribution-and-composition-adaptive-strategies-and-ecosystem-services-in-the-nige",totalDownloads:2177,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:"Mangroves of the Niger River Delta grade into several plant communities from land to sea. This mangrove is a biodiversity hot spot, and one of the richest in ecosystem services in the world, but due to lack of data it is often not mentioned in many global mangrove studies. Inland areas are sandy and mostly inhabited by button wood mangroves (Conocarpus erectus) and grass species while seaward areas are mostly inhabited by red (Rhizophora racemosa), black (Laguncularia racemosa) and white (Avicennia germinans) mangroves species. Anthropogenic activities such as oil and gas exploration, deforestation, dredging, urbanization and invasive nypa palms had changed the soil type from swampy to sandy mud soil. Muddy soil supports nypa palms while sandy soil supports different grass species, core mangrove soil supports red mangroves (R. racemosa), which are the most dominant of all species, with importance value (Iv) of 52.02. The red mangroves are adapted to the swampy soils. They possess long root system (i.e. 10 m) that originates from the tree stem to the ground, to provide extra support. The red mangrove trees are economically most viable as the main source of fire wood for cooking, medicinal herbs and dyes for clothes.",book:{id:"6411",slug:"mangrove-ecosystem-ecology-and-function",title:"Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology and Function",fullTitle:"Mangrove Ecosystem Ecology and Function"},signatures:"Aroloye O. Numbere",authors:[{id:"215285",title:"Dr.",name:"Aroloye O.",middleName:null,surname:"Numbere",slug:"aroloye-o.-numbere",fullName:"Aroloye O. 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The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. 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Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. 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Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. 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Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. 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Later, he completed his postdoctoral research at the Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of the Ryukyus, Japan, as a recipient of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) postdoctoral fellowship. He was also the recipient of the Australian Government Endeavour Research Fellowship for postdoctoral research as an adjunct senior researcher at the University of Tasmania, Australia. Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s current work is focused on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of environmental stress tolerance. Dr. Hasanuzzaman has published more than 150 articles in peer-reviewed journals. He has edited ten books and written more than forty book chapters on important aspects of plant physiology, plant stress tolerance, and crop production. According to Scopus, Dr. Hasanuzzaman’s publications have received more than 10,500 citations with an h-index of 53. He has been named a Highly Cited Researcher by Clarivate. He is an editor and reviewer for more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and was a recipient of the “Publons Peer Review Award” in 2017, 2018, and 2019. He has been honored by different authorities for his outstanding performance in various fields like research and education, and he has received the World Academy of Science Young Scientist Award (2014) and the University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 2018. He is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the Royal Society of Biology.",institutionString:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",institution:{name:"Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University",country:{name:"Bangladesh"}}},{id:"187859",title:"Prof.",name:"Kusal",middleName:"K.",surname:"Das",slug:"kusal-das",fullName:"Kusal Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBDeQAO/Profile_Picture_1623411145568",biography:"Kusal K. Das is a Distinguished Chair Professor of Physiology, Shri B. M. Patil Medical College and Director, Centre for Advanced Medical Research (CAMR), BLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapur, Karnataka, India. Dr. Das did his M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Physiology from the University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His area of research is focused on understanding of molecular mechanisms of heavy metal activated low oxygen sensing pathways in vascular pathophysiology. He has invented a new method of estimation of serum vitamin E. His expertise in critical experimental protocols on vascular functions in experimental animals was well documented by his quality of publications. He was a Visiting Professor of Medicine at University of Leeds, United Kingdom (2014-2016) and Tulane University, New Orleans, USA (2017). For his immense contribution in medical research Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India conferred him 'G.P. Chatterjee Memorial Research Prize-2019” and he is also the recipient of 'Dr.Raja Ramanna State Scientist Award 2015” by Government of Karnataka. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB), London and Honorary Fellow of Karnataka Science and Technology Academy, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Karnataka.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University), India",institution:null},{id:"243660",title:"Dr.",name:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda",middleName:null,surname:"Biradar",slug:"mallanagouda-shivanagouda-biradar",fullName:"Mallanagouda Shivanagouda Biradar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243660/images/system/243660.jpeg",biography:"M. S. Biradar is Vice Chancellor and Professor of Medicine of\nBLDE (Deemed to be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India.\nHe obtained his MD with a gold medal in General Medicine and\nhas devoted himself to medical teaching, research, and administrations. He has also immensely contributed to medical research\non vascular medicine, which is reflected by his numerous publications including books and book chapters. Professor Biradar was\nalso Visiting Professor at Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.",institutionString:"BLDE (Deemed to be University)",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"289796",title:"Dr.",name:"Swastika",middleName:null,surname:"Das",slug:"swastika-das",fullName:"Swastika Das",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/289796/images/system/289796.jpeg",biography:"Swastika N. Das is Professor of Chemistry at the V. P. Dr. P. G.\nHalakatti College of Engineering and Technology, BLDE (Deemed\nto be University), Vijayapura, Karnataka, India. She obtained an\nMSc, MPhil, and PhD in Chemistry from Sambalpur University,\nOdisha, India. Her areas of research interest are medicinal chemistry, chemical kinetics, and free radical chemistry. She is a member\nof the investigators who invented a new modified method of estimation of serum vitamin E. She has authored numerous publications including book\nchapters and is a mentor of doctoral curriculum at her university.",institutionString:"BLDEA’s V.P.Dr.P.G.Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology",institution:{name:"BLDE University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"248459",title:"Dr.",name:"Akikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Takada",slug:"akikazu-takada",fullName:"Akikazu Takada",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248459/images/system/248459.png",biography:"Akikazu Takada was born in Japan, 1935. After graduation from\nKeio University School of Medicine and finishing his post-graduate studies, he worked at Roswell Park Memorial Institute NY,\nUSA. He then took a professorship at Hamamatsu University\nSchool of Medicine. In thrombosis studies, he found the SK\npotentiator that enhances plasminogen activation by streptokinase. He is very much interested in simultaneous measurements\nof fatty acids, amino acids, and tryptophan degradation products. By using fatty\nacid analyses, he indicated that plasma levels of trans-fatty acids of old men were\nfar higher in the US than Japanese men. . He also showed that eicosapentaenoic acid\n(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels are higher, and arachidonic acid\nlevels are lower in Japanese than US people. By using simultaneous LC/MS analyses\nof plasma levels of tryptophan metabolites, he recently found that plasma levels of\nserotonin, kynurenine, or 5-HIAA were higher in patients of mono- and bipolar\ndepression, which are significantly different from observations reported before. In\nview of recent reports that plasma tryptophan metabolites are mainly produced by\nmicrobiota. He is now working on the relationships between microbiota and depression or autism.",institutionString:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",institution:{name:"Hamamatsu University School of Medicine",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"137240",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"mohammed-khalid",fullName:"Mohammed Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/137240/images/system/137240.png",biography:"Mohammed Khalid received his B.S. in Chemistry in July 2000, and his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 2007 from the University of Khartoum, Sudan. In 2009 he joined the Dr. Ron Clarke research group at the School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Australia as a postdoctoral fellow where he worked on the Interaction of ATP with the phosphoenzyme of the Na+, K+-ATPase, and Dual mechanisms of allosteric acceleration of the Na+, K+-ATPase by ATP. He then worked as Assistant Professor at the Department of Chemistry, University of Khartoum, and in 2014 was promoted to Associate Professor ranking. In 2011 he joined the staff of the Chemistry Department at Taif University, Saudi Arabia, where he is currently active as an Assistant Professor. His research interests include:\r\n(1) P-type ATPase Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanisms; (2) Kinetics and Mechanism of Redox Reactions; (3) Autocatalytic reactions; (4) Computational enzyme kinetics; (5) Allosteric acceleration of P-type ATPases by ATP; (6) Exploring of allosteric sites of ATPases and interaction of ATP with ATPases located in the cell membranes.",institutionString:"Taif University",institution:{name:"Taif University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"63810",title:"Prof.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Morales-Montor",slug:"jorge-morales-montor",fullName:"Jorge Morales-Montor",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63810/images/system/63810.png",biography:"Dr. Jorge Morales-Montor was recognized with the Lola and Igo Flisser PUIS Award for best graduate thesis at the national level in the field of parasitology. He received a fellowship from the Fogarty Foundation to perform postdoctoral research stay at the University of Georgia. He has 153 journal articles to his credit. He has also edited several books and published more than fifty-five book chapters. He is a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences, Latin American Academy of Sciences, and the National Academy of Medicine. He has received more than thirty-five awards and has supervised numerous bachelor’s, master’s, and Ph.D. students. Dr. Morales-Montor is the past president of the Mexican Society of Parasitology.",institutionString:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",institution:{name:"National Autonomous University of Mexico",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"217215",title:"Dr.",name:"Palash",middleName:null,surname:"Mandal",slug:"palash-mandal",fullName:"Palash Mandal",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217215/images/system/217215.jpeg",biography:null,institutionString:"Charusat University",institution:null},{id:"49739",title:"Dr.",name:"Leszek",middleName:null,surname:"Szablewski",slug:"leszek-szablewski",fullName:"Leszek Szablewski",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49739/images/system/49739.jpg",biography:"Leszek Szablewski is a professor of medical sciences. He received his M.S. in the Faculty of Biology from the University of Warsaw and his PhD degree from the Institute of Experimental Biology Polish Academy of Sciences. He habilitated in the Medical University of Warsaw, and he obtained his degree of Professor from the President of Poland. Professor Szablewski is the Head of Chair and Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw. Professor Szablewski has published over 80 peer-reviewed papers in journals such as Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Biochim. Biophys. Acta Reviews of Cancer, Biol. Chem., J. Biomed. Sci., and Diabetes/Metabol. Res. Rev, Endocrine. He is the author of two books and four book chapters. He has edited four books, written 15 scripts for students, is the ad hoc reviewer of over 30 peer-reviewed journals, and editorial member of peer-reviewed journals. Prof. Szablewski’s research focuses on cell physiology, genetics, and pathophysiology. He works on the damage caused by lack of glucose homeostasis and changes in the expression and/or function of glucose transporters due to various diseases. He has given lectures, seminars, and exercises for students at the Medical University.",institutionString:"Medical University of Warsaw",institution:{name:"Medical University of Warsaw",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"173123",title:"Dr.",name:"Maitham",middleName:null,surname:"Khajah",slug:"maitham-khajah",fullName:"Maitham Khajah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/173123/images/system/173123.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Maitham A. Khajah received his degree in Pharmacy from Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, in 2003 and obtained his PhD degree in December 2009 from the University of Calgary, Canada (Gastrointestinal Science and Immunology). Since January 2010 he has been assistant professor in Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. His research interest are molecular targets for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the mechanisms responsible for immune cell chemotaxis. He cosupervised many students for the MSc Molecular Biology Program, College of Graduate Studies, Kuwait University. Ever since joining Kuwait University in 2010, he got various grants as PI and Co-I. He was awarded the Best Young Researcher Award by Kuwait University, Research Sector, for the Year 2013–2014. He was a member in the organizing committee for three conferences organized by Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, as cochair and a member in the scientific committee (the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Kuwait International Pharmacy Conference).",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"195136",title:"Dr.",name:"Aya",middleName:null,surname:"Adel",slug:"aya-adel",fullName:"Aya Adel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195136/images/system/195136.jpg",biography:"Dr. Adel works as an Assistant Lecturer in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Adel is especially interested in joint attention and its impairment in autism spectrum disorder",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94911/images/system/94911.png",biography:"Dr Boulenouar Mesraoua is the Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology at Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar and a Consultant Neurologist at Hamad Medical Corporation at the Neuroscience Department; He graduated as a Medical Doctor from the University of Oran, Algeria; he then moved to Belgium, the City of Liege, for a Residency in Internal Medicine and Neurology at Liege University; after getting the Belgian Board of Neurology (with high marks), he went to the National Hospital for Nervous Diseases, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom for a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology, under Pr Willison ; Dr Mesraoua had also further training in Epilepsy and Continuous EEG Monitoring for two years (from 2001-2003) in the Neurophysiology department of Zurich University, Switzerland, under late Pr Hans Gregor Wieser ,an internationally known epileptologist expert. \n\nDr B. Mesraoua is the Director of the Neurology Fellowship Program at the Neurology Section and an active member of the newly created Comprehensive Epilepsy Program at Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar; he is also Assistant Director of the Residency Program at the Qatar Medical School. \nDr B. Mesraoua's main interests are Epilepsy, Multiple Sclerosis, and Clinical Neurology; He is the Chairman and the Organizer of the well known Qatar Epilepsy Symposium, he is running yearly for the past 14 years and which is considered a landmark in the Gulf region; He has also started last year , together with other epileptologists from Qatar, the region and elsewhere, a yearly International Epilepsy School Course, which was attended by many neurologists from the Area.\n\nInternationally, Dr Mesraoua is an active and elected member of the Commission on Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR ) , a regional branch of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), where he represents the Middle East and North Africa(MENA ) and where he holds the position of chief of the Epilepsy Epidemiology Section; Dr Mesraoua is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Europeen Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society.\n\nDr Mesraoua's main objectives are to encourage frequent gathering of the epileptologists/neurologists from the MENA region and the rest of the world, promote Epilepsy Teaching in the MENA Region, and encourage multicenter studies involving neurologists and epileptologists in the MENA region, particularly epilepsy epidemiological studies. \n\nDr. Mesraoua is the recipient of two research Grants, as the Lead Principal Investigator (750.000 USD and 250.000 USD) from the Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF) and the Hamad Hospital Internal Research Grant (IRGC), on the following topics : “Continuous EEG Monitoring in the ICU “ and on “Alpha-lactoalbumin , proof of concept in the treatment of epilepsy” .Dr Mesraoua is a reviewer for the journal \"seizures\" (Europeen Epilepsy Journal ) as well as dove journals ; Dr Mesraoua is the author and co-author of many peer reviewed publications and four book chapters in the field of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurology",institutionString:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",institution:{name:"Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar",country:{name:"Qatar"}}},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/282429/images/system/282429.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:"Neurology-Neurophysiology Department of the Children Hospital Agia Sophia",institution:null},{id:"190980",title:"Prof.",name:"Marwa",middleName:null,surname:"Mahmoud Saleh",slug:"marwa-mahmoud-saleh",fullName:"Marwa Mahmoud Saleh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/190980/images/system/190980.jpg",biography:"Professor Marwa Mahmoud Saleh is a doctor of medicine and currently works in the unit of Phoniatrics, Department of Otolaryngology, Ain Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She got her doctoral degree in 1991 and her doctoral thesis was accomplished in the University of Iowa, United States. Her publications covered a multitude of topics as videokymography, cochlear implants, stuttering, and dysphagia. She has lectured Egyptian phonology for many years. Her recent research interest is joint attention in autism.",institutionString:"Ain Shams University",institution:{name:"Ain Shams University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"259190",title:"Dr.",name:"Syed Ali Raza",middleName:null,surname:"Naqvi",slug:"syed-ali-raza-naqvi",fullName:"Syed Ali Raza Naqvi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259190/images/system/259190.png",biography:"Dr. Naqvi is a radioanalytical chemist and is working as an associate professor of analytical chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Advance separation techniques, nuclear analytical techniques and radiopharmaceutical analysis are the main courses that he is teaching to graduate and post-graduate students. In the research area, he is focusing on the development of organic- and biomolecule-based radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and therapy of infectious and cancerous diseases. Under the supervision of Dr. Naqvi, three students have completed their Ph.D. degrees and 41 students have completed their MS degrees. He has completed three research projects and is currently working on 2 projects entitled “Radiolabeling of fluoroquinolone derivatives for the diagnosis of deep-seated bacterial infections” and “Radiolabeled minigastrin peptides for diagnosis and therapy of NETs”. He has published about 100 research articles in international reputed journals and 7 book chapters. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, Punjab Institute of Nuclear Medicine (PINM), Faisalabad and Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology (INOR) Abbottabad are the main collaborating institutes.",institutionString:"Government College University",institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"58390",title:"Dr.",name:"Gyula",middleName:null,surname:"Mozsik",slug:"gyula-mozsik",fullName:"Gyula Mozsik",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/58390/images/system/58390.png",biography:"Gyula Mózsik MD, Ph.D., ScD (med), is an emeritus professor of Medicine at the First Department of Medicine, Univesity of Pécs, Hungary. He was head of this department from 1993 to 2003. His specializations are medicine, gastroenterology, clinical pharmacology, clinical nutrition, and dietetics. His research fields are biochemical pharmacological examinations in the human gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa, mechanisms of retinoids, drugs, capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves, and innovative pharmacological, pharmaceutical, and nutritional (dietary) research in humans. He has published about 360 peer-reviewed papers, 197 book chapters, 692 abstracts, 19 monographs, and has edited 37 books. He has given about 1120 regular and review lectures. He has organized thirty-eight national and international congresses and symposia. He is the founder of the International Conference on Ulcer Research (ICUR); International Union of Pharmacology, Gastrointestinal Section (IUPHAR-GI); Brain-Gut Society symposiums, and gastrointestinal cytoprotective symposiums. He received the Andre Robert Award from IUPHAR-GI in 2014. Fifteen of his students have been appointed as full professors in Egypt, Cuba, and Hungary.",institutionString:"University of Pécs",institution:{name:"University of Pecs",country:{name:"Hungary"}}},{id:"277367",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Daniel",middleName:"Martin",surname:"Márquez López",slug:"daniel-marquez-lopez",fullName:"Daniel Márquez López",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/277367/images/7909_n.jpg",biography:"Msc Daniel Martin Márquez López has a bachelor degree in Industrial Chemical Engineering, a Master of science degree in the same área and he is a PhD candidate for the Instituto Politécnico Nacional. His Works are realted to the Green chemistry field, biolubricants, biodiesel, transesterification reactions for biodiesel production and the manipulation of oils for therapeutic purposes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Instituto Politécnico Nacional",country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"196544",title:"Prof.",name:"Angel",middleName:null,surname:"Catala",slug:"angel-catala",fullName:"Angel Catala",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196544/images/system/196544.jpg",biography:"Angel Catalá studied chemistry at Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina, where he received a Ph.D. in Chemistry (Biological Branch) in 1965. From 1964 to 1974, he worked as an Assistant in Biochemistry at the School of Medicine at the same university. From 1974 to 1976, he was a fellow of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) at the University of Connecticut, Health Center, USA. From 1985 to 2004, he served as a Full Professor of Biochemistry at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. He is a member of the National Research Council (CONICET), Argentina, and the Argentine Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (SAIB). His laboratory has been interested for many years in the lipid peroxidation of biological membranes from various tissues and different species. Dr. Catalá has directed twelve doctoral theses, published more than 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals, several chapters in books, and edited twelve books. He received awards at the 40th International Conference Biochemistry of Lipids 1999 in Dijon, France. He is the winner of the Bimbo Pan-American Nutrition, Food Science and Technology Award 2006 and 2012, South America, Human Nutrition, Professional Category. In 2006, he won the Bernardo Houssay award in pharmacology, in recognition of his meritorious works of research. Dr. Catalá belongs to the editorial board of several journals including Journal of Lipids; International Review of Biophysical Chemistry; Frontiers in Membrane Physiology and Biophysics; World Journal of Experimental Medicine and Biochemistry Research International; World Journal of Biological Chemistry, Diabetes, and the Pancreas; International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy; and International Journal of Nutrition. He is the co-editor of The Open Biology Journal and associate editor for Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity.",institutionString:"Universidad Nacional de La Plata",institution:{name:"National University of La Plata",country:{name:"Argentina"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",slug:"francisco-javier-martin-romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",biography:"Francisco Javier Martín-Romero (Javier) is a Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is also a group leader at the Biomarkers Institute of Molecular Pathology. Javier received his Ph.D. in 1998 in Biochemistry and Biophysics. At the National Cancer Institute (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD) he worked as a research associate on the molecular biology of selenium and its role in health and disease. After postdoctoral collaborations with Carlos Gutierrez-Merino (University of Extremadura, Spain) and Dario Alessi (University of Dundee, UK), he established his own laboratory in 2008. The interest of Javier's lab is the study of cell signaling with a special focus on Ca2+ signaling, and how Ca2+ transport modulates the cytoskeleton, migration, differentiation, cell death, etc. He is especially interested in the study of Ca2+ channels, and the role of STIM1 in the initiation of pathological events.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"217323",title:"Prof.",name:"Guang-Jer",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"guang-jer-wu",fullName:"Guang-Jer Wu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217323/images/8027_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"148546",title:"Dr.",name:"Norma Francenia",middleName:null,surname:"Santos-Sánchez",slug:"norma-francenia-santos-sanchez",fullName:"Norma Francenia Santos-Sánchez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/148546/images/4640_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"272889",title:"Dr.",name:"Narendra",middleName:null,surname:"Maddu",slug:"narendra-maddu",fullName:"Narendra Maddu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/272889/images/10758_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"242491",title:"Prof.",name:"Angelica",middleName:null,surname:"Rueda",slug:"angelica-rueda",fullName:"Angelica Rueda",position:"Investigador Cinvestav 3B",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242491/images/6765_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"88631",title:"Dr.",name:"Ivan",middleName:null,surname:"Petyaev",slug:"ivan-petyaev",fullName:"Ivan Petyaev",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lycotec (United Kingdom)",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"423869",title:"Ms.",name:"Smita",middleName:null,surname:"Rai",slug:"smita-rai",fullName:"Smita Rai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424024",title:"Prof.",name:"Swati",middleName:null,surname:"Sharma",slug:"swati-sharma",fullName:"Swati Sharma",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"439112",title:"MSc.",name:"Touseef",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"touseef-fatima",fullName:"Touseef Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"424836",title:"Dr.",name:"Orsolya",middleName:null,surname:"Borsai",slug:"orsolya-borsai",fullName:"Orsolya Borsai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca",country:{name:"Romania"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"6",type:"subseries",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11402,editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. 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Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. 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Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. 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