Introductory Chapter: Plan and Preparedness to Prevent and Combat against the Pandemic RNA Virus Infection

1. Introduction

Emerging and re-emerging of infectious diseases are one of the major public health threats for human health population globally [1, 2]. Nonetheless, infectious disease remains huge burden in the least developing countries with low and lower-middle incomes [1]. Additionally, more deaths were records from emerging and re-emerging viral diseases and new virus infections in contrast to seasonal and endemic infection that continued throughout the twenty-first century [3]. For example, the world has been struggling with the epidemic of dengue virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Zika virus, influenza virus, rabies virus, Nipah virus, and Ebola virus as in Table 1 [4].

Years	Pandemics	Pathogens	Reservoir Host	Deaths (Mortality rate)	Reproduction number	Reference
1889–1893	Russian flu	Influenza A/H3N8?	Avian	1.5million (1.56%/1000)	2.15%	[10]
1918–1919	Spanish Flu	Influenza A/H2N2	Avian	50 million	2.4–10.6%	[10]
1957–1959	Asian Flu	Influenza A/H2N2	Avian	1.5–2 million (1.2–2.6%)	1.8%	[10]
1968–1970	Hong Kong Flu	Influenza A/H3N2	Avian	1 million (0.10–0.28%)	1.06–2.06%	[10]
2002–2003	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	SARS-CoV1	Bats, palm civets	811 (9–10%)	2–4%	[10]
2009–2010	Swine Flu	Influenza A/H1N1	Pigs	18,209		[10]
2015-	Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)	MERS-CoV	Bats, dromedary camels	858 (30%)	048–8.59%	[10]
2019-ongoing	COVID-19	SARS-CoV2	Bats, pangolins, civet cat	7 million (0.6–2%)	1–2.56%	[10]

Table 1.

Pandemic of RNA viruses causing infection globally from 1983 to 2022.

Among infectious diseases, RNA viruses are one of the primary causes of human infection and the prognosis of wherever new RNA viruses are likely to be exposed is an important public health alarming like ongoing pandemic (SARS-CoV-2), and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been infected more than 5,20,373,492 million people with over 6,270,232 deaths globally as reported by WHO, May 14, 2022 [5]. For instance, COVID-19 pandemic had caused a huge devastating influence on lives and livelihoods around the worldwide [3]. Therefore, emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases remain as the significant causes of human and animal morbidity and mortality to significant health care expenses in developing as well as developed countries [1]. Mostly, human RNA virus can be evolved and discovery owing to socioeconomic, land use, climate, and biodiversity variables. Abnormally, vector-borne viruses and severely zoonotic viruses are more related to climate and biodiversity, whereas non-vector-borne viruses and human transmissible viruses are more connected with urbanization. According to previous studies, it is revealed that predicted areas are in three new regions including East and Southeast Asia, India, and Central America from 2010 to 2019, probably by increasing surveillance and diversity of their virome [6].

Monkey pox is caused by chicken pox virus, one of the viral zoonotic diseases that was first recognized in human in 1970 at Democratic Republic of the Congo in a 9-year-old boy and also has been reported since 1970 from 11 African countries. Monkey pox has been reported to be outbreak leading to more than 70 cases of monkey pox from US (September 2018), UK (September 2018; December 2019; May 2021; and May 2022), Singapore (May 2018), and USA (July–November 2021). According to promedmail.org, recently have been identified the confirmed cases of monkey pox virus from Spain (14 cases; May 2022), France (1 cases; May 20, 2022), Belgium (2 cases), Germany (1 case), Italy (1 case; May 19, 2022), Sweden (1 case, May 19, 2022), Portugal (14 cases), UK (9 cases, May 6, 2022), Canada (2 cases), and Australia (1 cases, May 20, 2022) with cases fatality ratio around 3–6% [7, 8]. Additionally, WHO have been also reported the virus named called as acute hepatitis of unknown origin as April 21, 2022 with at least 169 cases from 11 countries located in the WHO European Region and one country in the WHO Region of the Americas (Table 1) [9].

One health approach should be rigorously engaged to detect new RNA virus cases, by surveillance as well as isolated and separate the suspected human and animal, laboratory diagnosis of infectious and zoonotic diseases, and treating them by providing early warning to veterinary and human public health authorities [10, 11, 12, 13]. This chapter will provide the overview essence on globally concern and emerging public health RNA virus infections such as SARS-CoV2, RSV, Influenza virus, HIV, and others. The main importance of this chapter was to clearly understand the molecular epidemiology pattern, transmission dynamics, host response, viral evolution, molecular biology, pathogenesis mechanism of viral infection, diagnosis, and control about the RNA virus infection. This study will be help to provide the updating research information to the policy maker or planner for further diagnosis and treatment with genotyping tools, control, and prevention for further outbreak of diseases from RNA viruses’ infection in tropical and subtropical countries by employing the One Health approach.