Obtaining a Composition Based on Polyvinyl Chloride and Butadiene-Nitrile Rubbers

Abstract

In this work, compositions based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nitrile rubber (SKN-26), and dolomite (a nanoparticle with a size of 56 nm) were studied, and the optimal working receptor based on them was determined. In the future, the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composition were investigated. The compositions were obtained in various combinations of initial components at a temperature of 150–175°C for 8–10 minutes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the process of modifying PVC with SKN-26 using nanoparticles. The resulting optimal composition was recommended for packaging plastic windows, as well as for the production of linoleum.

1. Introduction

One of the main ways to modify a polymer is to change the mechanical properties using plasticizers. Researchers Alizade [1]. Bazhenov et al. [2] modified x polymers with plasticizers and they showed that each plasticizer affects the mechanical properties of polymers in different ways. To increase the mechanical strength of the polymer material, it is necessary to use plasticizers. The addition of a plasticizer to the composition not only increases the strength of the material but also modifies and increases temperature resistance, which is the main factor indicated by Ososhonik et al. [3], Statin et al. [4], and Alizade [1].

It is necessary to use different amounts of plasticizer that change the properties of the same polymer in the same direction. When using this method, the impact of different plasticizers on the same polymer is possible Bilalov et al. [5], Bazhenov et al. [2].

Based on the analysis, is determined that some plasticizers decrease the temperature and increase the elasticity of product in all materials based on PVC. The most appropriate synthetic plasticizers for PVC are dibutyl phthalate (DBP) dioand ctyphthalatela (DOP). adding plasticizers to the composition which is prepared based on PVC causes the decreasing burning durability, was used different fillers and antiprenes Ryzhikova et al. [6], Turayev et al. [7].

Many researchers Bazhenov et al. [2], Kuperman [8], and Sitnikova et al. [9]. proved that to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the composition, it is necessary to add to the composition and flooring, the addition of this filler to a decrease in PVC production and an increase in the capital intensity of product consumption. According to the results of studies of some minerals, such as diopside, mescaline, and phlogopivermiculite, the properties of the combustion process of polymer-based products. It has been established that the addition of a larger variety of fillers leads to a deterioration in the shaping mixture and a deterioration in mechanical and chemical resistance [10, 11, 12].

2. Method

Ecological clean diatomite is used as filler. Diatomite is sediment source clean matter that is used to filter. The recipe is like below:

PVC-65Plasticizerticizer-2 m.p.;

Stabilizer-5 m.p.

Dolomite is binary salt of Ca and Mg carbonates, a pure mineral, and is are more than 95% dolomite in n geode.

In the work, dibutyl phthalate was used as a plasticizer, filler: Dolomite (Its nanoparticles were obtained, 85 nm in size.

3. Results and discussion

To modify PVC E22, SKN-26 rubber was used.

The composition was prepared on a laboratory roller for 8–10 minutes. From the beginning, PVC was added to the rollers of the roller, after 2 minutes rubber SKN-26, at 4 minutes a plasticizer, and at 6 minutes a filler (CaMg (CO3)).

3.1 Determination of the fluidity index of the composition

Determination of the melt flow index of the composition makes it possible to determine in advance the technological parameters and therefore we determined the melt flow index of the obtained composition. When determining the flow index of a polymer melt, we carefully prepared it before testing. We found out how much melt volume is needed so that the viscosity is high and the flow is lower.

$$\mathrm{Q}=\frac{S}{t}·\frac{\pi D_s}{4.}$$E1

Here: Q is the consumed volume of the alloy, cm³/s;

The composition was prepared in two steps. In the first stage, a binary mixture was prepared according to the following recipe (Table 1).

Ingredients	Mass part
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
PVC	100	90	80	60	40	20	100
SKN – 26	—	10	20	40	60	80	100

Table 1.

Preparing process of PVC/SKN – 26 mixture.

In the second stage, studies were carried out to determine the optimal composition of composition. Why were we were killerilleromite) and a plasticizer added to the binary system in various ratios (Table 2).

Ingredients	Mass part
	1	2	3	4	5
PVC	100	90	80	60	40
SKN – 26		10	20	40	60
Dolomite plasticizer	—	3	3	3	3
		5	5	5	5

Table 2.

The process of preparing the composition on based on -SKN-26.

3.2 Study of the rheological properties of the PVC\SKN-26 mixture

After the manufacture of the composition (Table 2) was determined. The fluidity of the composition alloy based on PVC-SKN-40.

4. Discussion

We have studied the rheological properties of the PVC/SKN-26 mixture, c. device IIRT-5 (capillary viscometer). Opt indicators that the fluidity of the composition depends on the volume consumed on the magnitude of the load, and the dependence of the flow rate of the system on the tension, the dependence of the effective viscosity on the tension. The data obtained is shown in Table 3.

No	Influence of load on the fluidity of the melt composition, kg
	14,26	18,92	25,59	33,108
1	68′′04′′′	49′′09′′′	31′′75′′′	17′′63′′′
2	38′′73′′′	18′′24′′′	11′′808′′′	8′′36′′′
3	29′′18′′′	15′′25′′′	10′′90′′′	6′′96′′′
4	17′′32′′′	13′′93′′′	8′′30′′′	6′′08′′′
5	9′′22′′′	7′′05′′′	4′′45′′′	3′′08′′′
6	7′′04′′′	4′′60′′′	3′′24′′′	2′′21′′′
7	5′′20′′′	3′′39′′′	2′′40′′′	1′′58′′′

Table 3.

Rheological properties of the PVC/SKN-26 mixture at a temperature of 170 C (distance S = 20 mm).

The calculation of the pressure that affects each square centimeter of the surface of the sample composition on a capillary viscometer was carried out as follows;

$$\mathrm{P}=\frac{\mathrm{G}}{\frac{\mathrm{\pi }{\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{s}}^2}{4}}$$E2

There: G – load on the sample (13,06 kg; 19,1 kg; 24,56 kg; 32,08 kg),

Dc – diameter of cylinder (0,954 cm).

Calculate pressure (P) on the sample according to the weight of loads:

$$\text{P1}=\frac{13,06}{\frac{3,14·{\left(\mathrm{0,954}\right)}^2}{4}}=\frac{13,06}{\mathrm{0,785}·{\left(\mathrm{0,954}\right)}^2}=\frac{13,06}{0,7144}=\mathrm{18,281}\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$$E3

$$\text{P2}=\frac{19,02}{0,7144}=26,2837\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$$E4

$$\text{P3}=\frac{25,56}{0,7244}=35,3838\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$$E5

$$\text{P4}=\frac{31,08}{0,7244}=\mathrm{44,28,404}\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$$E6

Calculate displacement tension (τ) of the binary mixture from the endpoint of the capillary of the device according to the calculated pressure:

$$\mathrm{\tau }=\frac{\mathrm{P}·\mathrm{r}}{2\mathrm{l}}$$E7

Tere: τ – radius of capillary (0,05 cm);

l – length of capillary (0,8 cm).

Calculate displacement tension according to the pressure on the polymer alloy:

$$\text{τ1}=\frac{\mathrm{18,281}·0,05}{2·0,8}=\frac{0,91405}{1,6}=0,5712\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2=\mathbf{0}\mathbf{,}\mathbf{5712}·\mathbf{9}$$E8

$$\text{P3}=\frac{24,56}{0,7144}=\mathrm{34,378}\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$$E9

$$\text{P4}=\frac{32,08}{0,7144}=\mathrm{44,904}\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2$$E10

Calculate displacement tension (τ) of the binary mixture from the endpoint of the carillonary the device according to the calculated pressure:

$$\mathrm{\tau }=\frac{\mathrm{P}·\mathrm{r}}{2\mathrm{l}}$$E11

here: τ – radius of capillary (0,05 cm);

l – length of the capillary (0,8 cm).

Calculate displacement tension according to the pressure on the polymer alloy:

$${\mathrm{\tau }}_{1=}{\frac{\mathrm{18,281}·0,05}{2·0,8}}_{=}{\frac{0,91405}{1,6}}_{=}0,5712\mathrm{kg}/{\mathrm{cm}}^2=0,5712·9806·104=56,012·104\mathrm{Pa}$$E12

$${\mathrm{\tau }}_2=\frac{\mathrm{26,623}·0,05}{1,6}=0,8319\mathrm{kg}/\text{cm2}=0,8319·9806=\mathrm{81,576}·104\mathrm{Pa}$$E13

$${\mathrm{\tau }}_3=\frac{\mathrm{34,378}·0,05}{1,6}=\mathrm{10,743}\mathrm{kg}/\text{cm2}=\mathrm{10,743}·9806=10,5346·104\mathrm{Pa}$$E14

$${\mathrm{\tau }}_4=\frac{\mathrm{44,904}·0,05}{1,6}=\mathrm{140,325}\mathrm{kg}/\text{cm2}=\mathrm{140,325}·9806=13,7603·104\mathrm{Pa}$$E15

Calculate logarithmic of displacement tension:

$$log{\mathrm{\tau }}_1=log\left(56012\right)=4,75log{\mathrm{\tau }}_3=log\left(10,5346\right)=5,02$$E16

$$log{\mathrm{\tau }}_2=log\left(81576\right)=4,91log{\mathrm{\tau }}_4=log\left(13,7603\right)=5,14$$E17

At a temperature of 170°C, we calculated the volume flow rate (Q) of the samples, for each bias voltage using the formula:

$$\mathrm{Q}=\mathrm{S}/\mathrm{t}\left(\mathrm{\pi D}\_\mathrm{s}^2\right)/4$$E18

Here: S is the distance to the sample (0.02 cm);

t is the time to overcome the set distance (seconds). The results obtained are presented in Tables 4 and 5.

No	G1 (14,26 kg)	G2 (21,12 kg)	G3 (23,66 kg)	G4 (29,98 kg)
Q1	110,094	3,1	661,123	79,618,904
Q2	25,765	699,865	10,213,457	15,1209
Q3	596,574	85,856,328	12,2876	19,87,956
Q4	6,529,845	99,554,257	15,33,489	22,9843
Q1	198,774	40,001	5,11,657	789,763
Q2	2,987,568	5,879,533	11,99,345	17,0909
Q3	37,999,496	800,969	12,8786	19,99,873
Q4	8,884,539	13,80,095	18,190,202	21,99,060
Q5	14,77,497	25,11,456	28,99,910	41,997,738
Q6	22,88,968	33,11,060	41,90,973	61,98,715
Q7	26,9985	40,553,214	57,87,884	89,8795

Table 4.

Depending on the load, the amount of the consumed volume of the composition depends on the load.

No	τ1, sec-1	τ2, sec-1	τ3, sec-1	τ4, sec-1
$\dot{\mathrm{\gamma }}$1	0,643	0,98,765	18,264	2987
γ2	0,87,965	20,097	20,829	300,988
γ3	0,99,872	29,879	38,778	51,234
γ4	19,879	311,431	54,536	6768
γ5	400,034	50,098	70,987	14,09490
γ6	601,124	80,078	10,1276	17,657 54
γ7	8100	998,768	14,9453	24,6589

Table 5.

Displacement rate (ɣ) versus bias voltage (τ).

The dependence of the amount of spent melt of the composition on the magnitude of the loadable 5.

Studies have shown that a direct dependence of the consumed volume of the composite mixture on the amount of SKN-26 in the composite mixture has been established. Increases with the amount of PVC. As a result, it was determined that for the value of the displacement rate during the capillary movement of the samples, the optimal temperature is 170°C. Thus, the corresponding to each displacement voltage is calculated by the following formula:

$${}_{\mathrm{ɣ}=}\frac{\mathrm{Q}}{\mathrm{\pi r}3}$$E19

Table 5 shows the results obtained below.

To calculate the slip speed, we used the following formula:

$$\mathrm{ɣ}̇=\left(3+\mathrm{p}\right)\mathrm{ɣ}$$E20

There: n – is the angle of the tangent of the curve that reflects abnormal viscosity. Here: n is the angle of the tangent curve reflecting the anomalous viscosity. The data obtained are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Dependency of the consumed volume of PVC/SKN-18 composition by the effect.

As can be seen from Figure 1 the dependence of the displacement rate on the displacement stress of the melt composition based on a mixture of PVC/SKN-26 at a temperature of 150–175°C is shown, the unit τ (τ1) is called Newton’s condition. Under these conditions, the studied system has a maximum viscosity. The nature of the polymer melt with a large amount of τ (τ2, τ3) showed that they are not controlled by the Newtonian state. This is the region of anomalous viscosity associated with the effective viscosity. Lower Newtonian viscosity is observed at the maximum value of τ (τ4).

When the content of rubber SKN 10–20 m.ch. in the PVC/SKN-26 mixture, the nature of the curve of the polymer mixture is in the Newtonian conditions τ1 and τ2. With SKN-26, more than 30 mass parts of the polymer melt are in a non-Newtonian state and τ3 and τ4, which is an undesirable state.

Study of the physical and mechanical properties of a composite material based on PVC/SKN-26.

After the preparation of the composition and the study of its rheology, their physical and mechanical properties were determined, the data obtained are shown in Table 6.

No	Physical-mechanical properties	Composition code
		1	2	3	4	5	6
1.	Hardness limit in stretching, MPa	68	75.6	76.8	73.4	75.9	68.1
2.	Relative extension,%	130	139	141	149	152	154
3.	Remain deformation,%	9.98	10.1	10.8	10.9	11.2	12.3
4.	Elasticity %	22	22.9	23.1	24.7	23.9	24.0
5.	Hardness for TM – 2 device	69	66	67	66.9	66.1	84.0

Table 6.

Physical and mechanical properties of composite material based on PVC/SKN-26.

Based on the results obtained, we conclude that the properties of the modified composition using nanoparticles are better than those of the unmodified composition. The physical and mechanical properties of the composition showed that, compared with the composition based on the composition without nanoparticles, the tensile hardness limit was 76.8 MPa by 66 MPa, and the elongation was 153% by 120%, and the elasticity was 24% by 21%, friction resistance 16 g per 19.9 g. So, it is obvious that adding 3–5.dolomite is the best option and allows you to get the desired composition.

5. Conclusion

Dolomite was added as a filler to the PVC/SKN-26–100/20 binary mixture in various amounts and the rheological properties were studied. It is determined that the optimal amount of dolomite (3–5 parts by weight).

The composite mixture was prepared by adding dihydroxyphthalate to the PVC/SKN-26/100/20/10 mixture. DOP is 10 and nanoparticles 3–5 mass parts.

It has been established that the resulting composition meets stringent standards and harsh conditions of use. For this purpose, it was proposed to use this composite material in the production of plastic windows, and linoleum.