Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers.
We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too.
To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India:
CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd.
www.cbspd.com
|
customercare@cbspd.com
Industry 4.0 has positive effect on the enhancing of the resilience. However, if the resilience can be promoted by lean and auditing environment priority, after further combine with industry 4.0 environment, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, two research questions should be verified priority: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behaviour by suppliers? PLS and the Sobel test were applied to survey data from 231 Chinese manufacturers to test and verify research questions. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response, manufacturing process coupling, and further strengthen supplier management robustness, further enhance the prevention ability of resilience in dealing with opportunistic behaviour. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has the indirect effect of strengthening emergency-response ability. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behaviour of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits also trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance.
*Address all correspondence to: a1104100@ms23.hinet.net
1. Introduction
To deal with heavy competitive pressure, building a supply chain has become an important competitive strategy. Under the supply chain, the effective practice of using more operations between manufacturers and suppliers is critical to promote competitiveness and increase common economic profit; however, it also leads to increased pollution emissions. Considering social pressure, more manufacturers have adopted remedies to deal with pollution. However, if pollution emissions continue to increase, remedy costs are increased and lead to a reduction in common profits. Reducing remedy costs may cause conflict relative to social awareness.
To avoid this conflict, the development of sustainable supplier management is necessary. Sustainability is the concept of balancing the environmental, social, and economic profit cycles. To realize sustainability, resilience is a critical factor. Resilience is the capability of supply chains to prevent, respond, and recover from uncertainty risk [1, 2]. When they possess stronger resilience, manufacturers can strengthen environmental prevention, continue to detect potential problems caused by environmental pollution and recover from them in the shortest period, avoid large improvement costs, maintain economic profits, and meet green and satisfactory social requirements.
However, it is possible that profit motives will still drive suppliers to engage in opportunistic behavior and indirectly increase pollution emissions, further breaking sustainability. These opportunistic behaviors are hard to prevent and control even when there is awareness of opportunistic behavior, and pollution emissions usually become quite serious. Therefore, opportunistic behaviors are like uncertainty risks. If opportunistic behavior is hard to prevent when it appears, how to reduce and recover from the damage of opportunistic behavior in the shortest time is an important research issue.
To enhance the recovery ability of resilience, current theory indicates that information integration [3] and the preparation of redundancy resources [4] are two critical factors. When opportunistic behavior appears, a great information-sharing mechanism can adjust redundancy resources in the shortest period to recover from damage. Even so, redundancy resources, such as inventories, will increase long-term costs, and their preparation and adjustment also affect operational efficiency. Therefore, although redundancy resources reduce the damage level of opportunistic behavior and provide faster recovery, they also raise recovery costs and affect operational efficiency.
Based on the above, researchers, such as Spieske and Birkel [5], found that the development of the industry 4.0 environment has a positive effect on the improvement of resilience. It can integrate related information and further realize the supply chain visibility, help manufacturers and partners to avoid the preparation of redundancy resources, and raise a fast-responding ability. Therefore, it certainly has a positive effect on resilience ability raising. However, the industry 4.0 environment is hard to implement and establish. Based on the above, a lean environment should be established on a priority basis [6]; in addition, the lean environment should have a great auditing mechanism to ensure the lean practice. Even though, improvement of resilience admits of no delay. Therefore, if the improvement of resilience needs to await the finished development of the industry 4.0 environment, the development period will be vulnerable and is hard to control pollution emission. However, if the combination of lean and audit mechanisms has a positive effect to enhance the prevention ability of resilience, it can help the manufacturer to promote gradually the resilience. When the industry 4.0 environment is established, the resilience will become stronger. Even though, does the combination of lean and auditing have a positive effect on resilience?
Lean practices are used to eliminate redundant activities and achieve the maximization of operational efficiency through pull production, 5S, employee involvement, and total productive maintenance (TPM) [7]. Related research, such as that by Spiegler et al. and Birkie [8, 9], has indicated that the elimination of redundancy activities goes against the recovery ability of resilience. However, according to a few successful cases, such as the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and Samsung Group, if manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and further enhance prevention resilience, then they are better able to prevent and control the appearance of opportunistic behavior and reduce recovery costs. If lean practices are combined with an audit mechanism, then synergy will occur and strengthen the prevention ability of resilience.
However, how do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the ability of resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior? Why does the combination of lean practices with an audit mechanism strengthen the practice effect of pull production and employee involvement and even produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behavior by suppliers? The purpose of this study is to explore these research questions.
This chapter contributes to the operations management and sustainable development literature in two ways. First, our research results can guide managers in setting a suitable mechanism through a combination of lean practices and audits to enhance resilience and ensure sustainable supplier management within their organization, avoid the damage caused by opportunistic behavior of suppliers, achieve the goal of sustainability, and not rely on redundant resources. Second, understanding the role of audit in lean practices can guide manufacturers in knowing how to promote the audit mechanism.
2.1 Prevention and control of opportunistic behavior and resilience
The definition of sustainability in the supply chain is “the strategic, transparent integration and achievement of an organization’s environmental, social and economic goals in the systematic co-ordination of key inter-organizational business processes for improving the long-term economic performance of the individual company and its supply chains” [10]. Sustainable supply chains also emphasize supplier management and promote the gradual development of sustainable supplier management [11].
To maintain sustainability, Rajesh and Ravi [12] believed that stronger resilience is necessary. Resilience can be defined as the ability of a system to prevent and recover from disruptions with negative effects and unpredictable risk events and return to a better situation [13, 14, 15]. Unpredictable risks are hard to avoid; however, compared with unpredictable natural risks, artificial risks are common. Of all unpredictable artificial risks, destructive opportunistic behavior by suppliers is the worst.
Opportunistic behavior by suppliers is not purposeful. The appearance of opportunistic behavior is usually profit-oriented, and suppliers worry about damage to their profits [16], which is a normal mindset. If we analyze a profit distribution based on the product selling price, the supplier’s profit is just a small ratio of the selling price. Therefore, it is easy to trigger opportunistic behaviors that attempt to increase profits. These opportunistic behaviors may reduce production costs and increase profits; however, they also may indirectly increase pollution. Crucially, the probability of opportunistic behavior by suppliers is higher than other unpredictable risks and is hard to prevent. Therefore, researchers believe that manufacturers should enhance the recovery ability of resilience to reduce the damage level of opportunistic behavior. If prevention ability is increased, its efficiency is lower than that of its prevention ability and has no effect on the prevention and control of opportunistic behavior.
However, more manufacturers have indicated that enhancing the prevention ability of resilience has a substantial positive effect on the prevention and control of opportunistic behavior. If the prevention ability of resilience is increased, its efficiency is better than that of its recovery ability. Related studies, such as those by Pereira et al. and Brown and Badurdeen [17, 18], have also found that real-world enhancement of resilience is used to prevent and control opportunistic behavior. Therefore, enhancing the prevention ability of resilience is related to controlling opportunistic behavior. When the prevention ability of resilience is enhanced, opportunistic behavior by suppliers can be effectively prevented and controlled. Therefore, we developed the following hypothesis:
H1. When the prevention ability of resilience is enhanced, opportunistic behavior by suppliers can be prevented and controlled.
2.2 Lean and resilience
Lean is a business model that originated with Toyota Production Systems (TPS) that first came to be known in Western countries as “just-in-time” (JIT) manufacturing [19]. In the 1980s, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology coined the term “lean” to describe the simplicity of some car assembly plants, with Toyota being the best example [20]. Lean focuses on the elimination of everything that does not add value to the product and therefore is considered a “waste” of resources, such as overproduction, wait for time, transport, overprocessing, inventory, unnecessary motion, defects, and rework [21], to deliver quality products at a low cost with high productivity [22]. Studies, such as those by Kalyar et al. and Yu et al. [23, 24], argue that the practice of lean depends on related means or tools, including employees’ involvement, pull production, elimination of waste, and 5S or total productive maintenance (TPM). Through lean, redundancy resources will be eliminated and reduce related costs and operational efficiency will also be promoted.
However, how can resilience prevention be enhanced through lean? The critical factor is supplier management robustness. A few successful cases indicate that promotion of the pull production process and driving employee involvement can enhance supplier management robustness. However, why do these two mechanisms have a positive effect on promoting supplier management robustness and further enhancing the prevention ability of resilience? We contemplate the following dynamics:
Enhancing responsible purchasing: Responsible purchasing means that every supplier needs to bear responsibility for tracking material quality, maintaining replenishment efficiency, and ensuring stable purchasing sourcing [25]. Lean elicits and avoids redundant production activities. When improving pull production, the supplier is required to bear the purchase responsibility to strengthen the purchasing process and avoid redundant production activities due to purchasing problems with raw material. When responsible purchasing is enhanced, supplier management robustness can be strengthened. Therefore, according to Carvalho et al. and Azadegan et al. [26, 27], if any supplier exhibits an opportunistic behavior that could affect production efficiency and cause pollution to increase, it is easy to catch due to responsible purchasing. Thus, responsible purchasing becomes an inhibitor to prevent and control the appearance of opportunistic behavior. Based on the above, responsible purchasing has a positive effect on the prevention ability of resilience [28].
Enhancing emergency-response ability: Emergency-response ability means that manufacturers or suppliers can respond immediately or even control for damage before it is caused [29]. Lean thinking encourages all employees of manufacturers and suppliers to continually become involved [30, 31] in promoting pull production. To ensure that continuous involvement produces a positive effect, employees need to be trained. Training improves employees’ ability to respond to emergencies. Sabadka [32] indicated that when adopting a training programme to promote employee involvement, the emergency-response ability of employees will increase. When a supplier exhibits opportunistic behavior, any employee from a manufacturer or another supplier can be immediately aware of the behavior and respond, even controlling damage before it is caused [33]. Based on the above, enhancing emergency-response ability is deemed to strengthen supplier management robustness and further enhance the prevention ability of resilience [34, 35].
Enhancing manufacturing process coupling: Manufacturing process coupling is defined as deployed with manufacturers’ and suppliers’ processes [36]. According to Ugochukwu et al. [37], to avoid inventory and overproduction and raw material waste and improve just-in-time results, pull production pushes the accumulation of inventory control in the different manufacturing process levels and production process linking suppliers and manufacturers to enhance production efficiency. Therefore, the coupling of the manufacturing process between manufacturers and suppliers is enhanced and shows a closer linkage [38]. At that time, production operations between manufacturers and suppliers will be a staggered arrangement, which will enhance supplier management robustness [39]. However, enhancing manufacturing process coupling may have an indirect positive effect on resilience. The process between manufacturers and suppliers is complex; if that process can become strongly coupled, it can be deemed that manufacturers expand their control power to the supplier. Manufacturers can deeply understand any situation from suppliers, shorten the time to respond to immediate related problems from suppliers, and further control the response to those problems [40], which is similar to promoting the positive effect of emergency-response ability on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience [41, 42].
Based on the above, three hypotheses are developed to explore our first research question.
H2a: Establishing responsible purchasing has a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience.
H2b: Enhancing emergency-response ability has a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience.
H2c: Enhancing manufacturing process coupling has a positive effect on enhancing emergency-response ability.
2.3 Synergy of combination with audit
According to the Oxford dictionary, an audit is defined as a systematic review or assessment [43]. In the past, the concept of an audit has usually been applied in the quality management field, and its purpose is to self-assess to allow continuous improvement to further ensure that the system, process, or product satisfies requirements or criteria [44]. Recently, the concept of audit mechanisms has also been implemented in green improvement. When an audit mechanism is applied to the green improvement field, its purpose is to measure the performance of pollution-prevention activities [45, 46].
With the practice of lean proven to have a positive effect on green environmental improvements, an increasing number of studies, such as those by de Freitas et al. and Leong et al. [47, 48], have found that combining audits can produce synergy to promote green environmental development. Audits can help manufacturers assess and monitor lean processes, avoid any redundant activities causing pollution emissions, and further prevent and control pollution. The audit process can be divided into two phases, including the development of prevention standards or criteria and follow-up and assessment [49]. The development of prevention standards is beforehand work, and suppliers or partners are required to follow. Then, under lean practices, follow-up suppliers or partners follow the standards or criteria. In addition, manufacturers play the role of leader auditors to assess whether these suppliers and partners attend to and obey these standards or criteria. When these two phases are combined with lean, it is similar to the monitoring process of lean practice efficiency in green environmental improvement [50].
Pull production and employee involvement are two important mechanisms in lean practice. This study believes that these two mechanisms can promote supplier management robustness and further enhance resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior by suppliers to avoid sustainable disruptions. According to the experiences of a few successful cases, if lean is combined with audits, it can produce positive synergy to strengthen the practice of pull production and employee involvement and have a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience. However, why these effects occur requires an understanding of the following dynamics:
Development of standards and criteria to control dysfunctional behavior. Dysfunctional behavior is a resistance phenomenon [51, 52] that derives from a conflict of interest. The appearance of opportunistic behavior is based on profit orientation. Pull production and employee involvement can enhance manufacturing process coupling, responsible purchasing, and emergency-response ability to restrain these opportunistic behaviors. However, though they can be restrained, these factors are hard to control further. According to Feld [53], designing the standards and criteria of audits is based on real demand and decisions about the environment. Through these standards and criteria, suppliers will be able to understand their opportunistic behaviors that cause risk and could lead to serious damage which makes it difficult for these suppliers to obtain more profit. Therefore, this strategy can control their dysfunctional behavior. When dysfunctional behavior is controlled, it can ensure the enhancement of manufacturing process coupling, responsibility purchasing, and emergency-response ability to produce better effects [54, 55, 56], further strengthening resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior. Based on the above, we develop the following three hypotheses to explore.
H3a: Control of dysfunctional behavior through the development of standards and criteria will strengthen responsible purchasing.
H3b: Control of dysfunctional behavior through the development of standards and criteria will strengthen emergency-response ability.
H3c: Control of dysfunctional behavior through the development of standards and criteria will strengthen manufacturing process coupling.
Follow-up and assessment will trigger a trade-off. Although the purpose of follow-up and assessment is to establish a process to help and guide suppliers to follow related standards and criteria to cooperate in improving pull production and employee involvement, follow-up and assessment processes trigger supplier trade-off [57, 58]. Specifically, under the follow-up and assessment process, manufacturers have the responsibility to help suppliers to understand that they will encounter related risks and lose related benefits. As a reminder of the previous discussion, the appearance of opportunistic behavior comes from a concern about losing profit and not bearing related costs. Therefore, the process of follow-up and assessment is a chance to communicate thoroughly with suppliers about delivery risks and strengthen cooperative intentions to maintain suppliers’ benefits [59]. Based on the above, audits will trigger a trade-off in risks and benefits that will guide suppliers to self-control opportunistic behavior and heighten their intention to cooperate in enhancing supplier management robustness [57, 60, 61]. Trade-off enhances the control effect of dysfunctional behavior. Therefore, we develop the following three hypotheses to explore.
H4a: Triggering of a trade-off has a mediating effect on the control of dysfunctional behavior and the enhancement of responsible purchasing.
H4b: Triggering of a trade-off has a mediating effect on the control of dysfunctional behavior and the enhancement of emergency-response ability.
H4c: Triggering of a trade-off has a mediating effect on the control of dysfunctional behavior and the enhancement of manufacturing process coupling.
2.4 Theoretical framework
According to the related literature review and hypotheses development, this study develops the theoretical framework shown in Figure 1. In line with Figure 1, this study further tests the path relationships amongst the prevention ability of resilience, prevention and control of opportunistic behavior, enhancement of manufacturing process coupling, the establishment of a responsible purchasing process, emergency-response ability training, control of dysfunctional behavior, and triggering of a trade-off. Through the verification of our theoretical framework, we can explore and explain our research questions.
3.1 Questionnaire, operationalization and variables of the constructs, data collection, and sample profile
To test our research hypotheses and further explore our theoretical framework, this study utilizes survey-based empirical data from Chinese manufacturers. As part of a broader research project, a cross-sectional survey instrument was first designed. In line with the theoretical framework described in Figure 1, the questionnaire encompasses seven constructs, including enhancing the prevention ability of resilience, prevention and control of opportunistic behavior, manufacturing process coupling, responsible purchasing processes, and emergency-response ability; controlling dysfunctional behavior; triggering trade-off. According to related studies, we defined the operationalization of each construct and its related variables. These variables became the items or questions in the questionnaire, as shown in Table 1.
Constructs
Variables
Operationalization
Citation source
1. Through pull production, will the following indices be enhanced significantly and further promote manufacturing process coupling between your company and suppliers?
Enhancing of manufacturing process coupling (M)
M1. Efficiency of VMI and Kanban system
Manufacturing process coupling is deployed with suppliers′ processes through pull production
M2. Efficiency of manufacturing information integration
M3. Efficiency of production modules integration between manufacturers and suppliers
2. When improving pull production, will the following indices be enhanced significantly and further promote the supplier’s responsible purchasing?
Enhancing of responsible purchasing (P)
P1. Enhancing of purchasing quality of raw material P2. Every supplier has stable purchasing sourcing P3. Every supplier can achieve stable replenishment P4. Every supplier can provide stable inventory planning
Supplier bears the responsibility to track material quality, maintain replenishment, and ensure stable sourcing
3. Through the promotion of employee involvement, will the following indices be enhanced significantly and further promote your company’s emergency-response ability?
Enhancing of emergency-response ability (E)
E1. Enhanced forecasting of the damage path when a supplier exhibits opportunistic behavior
Emergency-response ability means that manufacturers can respond immediately and even control damage before it is caused
C2. Observing whether a supplier breaches the agreed-upon cooperation to maximize its own benefit
C3. Observing whether a supplier takes advantage of accidents to make compromises
5. Which capability should be enhanced if a company hopes to obtain greater prevention ability of resilience?
Enhancing the prevention ability of resilience (R)
R1. Enhancing process monitoring capability
Resilience can be defined as the ability of a system to prevent and recover from disruptions with negative effects and unpredictable risk events and return to a better situation
R2. Possessing the capability to detect unusual behavior in the pre-crisis stage
R3. Enhancing the early response capability to any possible accidents
6. Under the audit process, develop and require that the supplier abides by standards and criteria that ensure and control for supplier behavior that is necessary for lean practice. However, how does the development of standards and criteria control the certainty of supplier cooperation with lean practice?
Control of dysfunctional behavior (D)
D1. Control of resistance to cooperation
Try to control the resistance phenomenon and raise cooperation intention, cognition, and awareness
7. Under the audit process, follow up and assess whether the supplier follows the standards and criteria related to cooperating with a lean practice that is important at a given stage. However, how can the follow-up and assessment enhance the certainty that the supplier will cooperate with lean practice?
Triggering of a trade-off (T)
T1. Supplier begins to think of the risk of opportunistic behavior
Trigger the trade-off in risk and benefit and guide supplier to self-control the opportunistic behavior
T2. Supplier is aware that opportunistic behavior will lead to unstable profits
T3. Supplier understands that opportunistic behavior is undesirable if it hopes to increase its profits through stable cooperation
Table 1.
Questionnaire content, operationalization, variables of each construct, and citation source.
Based on the questionnaire, we attempted to collect related empirical data. Questionnaires were sent to 373 manufacturing companies in China. We received 231 valid responses, for a response rate of 61.93%. To characterize the profile of the companies in the sample, we investigated three characteristics—enterprise size, product type, and age of implementation of lean and audit for the promotion of supplier management robustness and resilience. According to aggregated results, the characteristics of the respondents are shown in Table 2.
Characteristics
Profiles
Enterprise size (number of employees)
Up to 100 = 4.33% Between 101 and 300 = 28.57% Between 301 and 500 = 30.3% Between 501 and 1000 = 24.68% Above 1000 = 12.12%
Type of product
Manufacture of Smart Grid and Intelligent Electrical Apparatus = 23.81% Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment = 21.21% Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products = 14.72% Manufacture of electrical equipment = 3.46% Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers, and semi-trailers = 5.63% Manufacture of other components = 22.08% Others = 9.09%
Age of implementation of lean and audit
Under 1 year = 6.06% 1 year to 3 years = 37.23% 3 years to 5 years = 28.14% 5 years to 7 years = 14.29% Over 7 years = 14.29%
Table 2.
Sample profiles.
3.2 Method
Partial least squares (PLS) analysis is a convenient method for estimating path relationship models with latent variables while including mediation effects. Because the theoretical framework of this study involves many path relationships and mediation effects, PLS is adopted as the main method to test our theoretical framework and hypotheses.
In PLS analysis, bootstrapping is used to test the statistical significance of the hypothesized relationships. The bootstrapping procedure entails generating 5000 subsamples of randomly selected cases with replacement. Under the analysis process, the path coefficients are generated for each randomly selected subsample, and the t-value is calculated for every coefficient. According to the calculation results, the path coefficient and t-value are statistically significant and applied to evaluate the research hypotheses. As the analysis tool, we used SmartPLS 3.0.
In addition to PLS, we also used the Sobel test to verify the mediating effect. According to Hayes [70], a large sample may cause an error in evaluating the mediation effect when PLS is used for testing. However, the Sobel test can overcome this problem. For verification, Preacher and Leonardelli developed a free tool to perform the Sobel test. The test results verify the mediating effect. The tool is provided on the lab website of Preacher and Leonardelli.
However, to first test the theoretical framework and hypotheses with PLS, the validity and reliability of the constructs should be tested. To measure validity and reliability, factor loadings, composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and discriminant validity are the main indices. Regarding the requirements of the indices, the factor loadings should exceed 0.4 [71]; the CR and AVE should exceed 0.7 and 0.5 [72]. An exception is that if AVE is lower than 0.5 but higher than 0.36 and CR is above 0.7, then the situation can be accepted [73]. Discriminant validity is adopted to measure whether each construct can be discriminated from others’ constructs. Therefore, the correlation between the constructs should be tested. If the correlation value is lower than 0.7, then every construct can be discriminated [73].
Finally, the model’s goodness of fit should be measured. Regarding goodness of fit, the standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) is used as the main index. The SRMR was initially proposed for use in combination with CB-SEM, but it has also been extended to PLS. The SRMR is reported to be an approximate measure of model goodness of fit and has been widely adopted for this purpose. Thus, SRMR is adopted to measure the model’s goodness of fit.
Before testing the hypotheses, we test the validity and reliability of the constructs and discriminant validity. According to Table 3, all the factor loadings exceed 0.4. Therefore, the factor loadings satisfied the requirement. Regarding CR, according to Table 3, all the CR values exceed 0.7. Regarding AVE, the AVE values for the prevention and control of opportunistic behavior and triggering of a trade-off are higher than 0.5 and satisfy the measurement requirements. However, the values of enhancing manufacturing process coupling, responsible purchasing, emergency-response ability, and the prevention ability of resilience, as well as controlling dysfunctional behavior, are less than 0.5 but higher than 0.36. As noted by Fornell and Larcker [73], this situation may still be considered acceptable. Next, we test for discriminant validity. According to Table 4, the correlation values between constructs are lower than 0.7, and the test results satisfy the requirements.
Constructs
Variables
Factoring loading
CR
AVE
Enhancing of manufacturing process coupling (M)
M1
.532
.707
.448
M2
.681
M3
.785
Enhancing of responsible purchasing (P)
P1
.570
.739
.414
P2
.612
P3
.717
P4
.673
Enhancing of emergency-response ability (E)
E1
.681
.732
.410
E2
.618
E3
.658
E4
.616
Prevention and control of opportunistic behavior (C)
C1
.805
.824
.610
C2
.769
C3
.769
Enhancing of prevention ability of resilience (R)
R1
.749
.719
.462
R2
.652
R3
.634
Control of dysfunctional behavior (D)
D1
.579
.704
.429
D2
.797
D3
.570
Triggering of a trade-off (T)
T1
.798
.783
.547
T2
.686
T3
.733
Table 3.
Construct measures assessment: composite reliability and convergent validity.
Mean
SD
(M)
(P)
(E)
(C)
(R)
(D)
(M)
3.945
.549
(P)
3.930
.551
.402
(E)
3.986
.513
.338
.332
(C)
3.856
.785
.539
.409
.489
(R)
4.196
.482
.405
.268
.467
.473
(D)
4.003
.531
.278
.182
.409
.297
.487
(T)
4.133
.589
.454
.358
.406
.412
.521
.437
Table 4.
Discriminant validity (correlation).
4.2 Estimation of the theoretical framework
The PLS analysis test results are shown in Table 5. This table shows the path coefficients, results of the t-statistics value, and an explanation of the construct variances. In terms of the construct variances, we find that each of the endogenous variables is adequate, explaining 20% of the variance for enhancing manufacturing process coupling, 19.4% of the variance for enhancing responsible purchasing, 35.6% of the variance for enhancing emergency-response ability, 29.7% of the variance for enhancing the prevention ability of resilience, 23.7% of the variance for preventing and controlling opportunistic behavior, and 20.6% of the variance for triggering trade-off.
Hypotheses
Path coefficient
t-value
Results
H1
Enhancing of responsible purchasing ➔ Enhancing of prevention ability of resilience
Regarding the test results of the hypotheses, the path coefficient for the relationship between the enhancement of resilience and the prevention and control of opportunistic behavior is 0.487 (p < .01); thus, enhancing the prevention ability of resilience has a positive effect on the prevention and control of opportunistic behavior, which supports H1. The path coefficient for the relationship between enhancing responsible purchasing and enhancing the prevention ability of resilience is 0.310 (p < .01); thus, enhancing responsible purchasing has a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience, which supports H2a. H2b is supported because the path coefficient is 0.321 (p < .01); thus, enhancing emergency-response ability has a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience. The path coefficient for the relationship between enhancing manufacturing process coupling and enhancing emergency-response ability is 0.195 (p < .01); thus, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has a positive effect on enhancing emergency-response ability, which supports H2c.
The path coefficients for the relationship between the control of dysfunctional behavior, enhancement of responsible purchasing, enhancement of emergency-response ability, and enhancement of manufacturing process coupling are 0.193 (p < .01), 0.385 (p < .01), and 0.301 (p < .01); thus, the control of dysfunctional behavior has a positive effect on enhancing responsible purchasing, enhancing emergency-response ability, and enhancing manufacturing process coupling, which supports H3a, H3b, and H3c. The path coefficient for the relationship between the control of dysfunctional behavior and the triggering of a trade-off is 0.454 (p < .01), the path coefficients for the relationship between the triggering of a trade-off and the enhancing of responsible purchasing with enhancing emergency-response ability and enhancing manufacturing process coupling are 0.318 (p < .01), 0.168 (p < .05), and 0.221 (p < .01), respectively; thus, we find that the triggering of a trade-off has mediating effects on the relationships between controlling dysfunctional behavior and enhancing responsible purchasing, enhancing emergency-response ability, and enhancing manufacturing process coupling, which supports H4a, H4b, and H4c, respectively. In terms of measuring model fit, the SRMR is the main index used. According to the test, the SRMR is 0.087, and the model fit can be accepted.
This study also adopts the Sobel test to verify mediating effects, and the test results are shown in Table 6. According to Table 6, the test results of the p-value for hypotheses H4a, H4b, and H4c are lower than 0.01, which means that the mediating effect of the triggering of a trade-off exists and has a positive effect on the relationships between the control of dysfunctional behavior, enhancing of responsible purchasing, enhancing of emergency-response ability, and enhancing of manufacturing process coupling.
This section discusses the test results and answers further research questions. The first question is, how do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the ability of resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior by suppliers? Our test results indicate that because the good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices enhances responsible purchasing and emergency-response ability to promote supplier management robustness, this practice has a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience and further proves and controls opportunistic behavior by suppliers. Specifically, enhancing responsible purchasing is much like attributing responsibility. If a supplier exhibits opportunistic behavior based on a profit orientation, its purchasing efficiency will appear unusual and its purchasing quality will decrease, which will indirectly cause an increase in pollution. Due to the attribution of responsibility, each supplier has its own responsible purchase sourcing and needs to bear responsibility for its raw material quality; as a result, manufacturers can quickly become aware of opportunistic behavior by suppliers, which produces a warning effect and restrains any intention of opportunistic behavior. This is just like strengthening supplier management robustness and can be deemed that the prevention ability of resilience is enhanced.
The enhancement of emergency-response ability is based on the promotion of employee involvement. To ensure that lean practices are followed, lean usually encourages employee involvement. To promote involvement efficiency, manufacturers usually design related training programmes. In addition to employees from manufacturers, employees from related suppliers also need to be trained. Through effective training, employees from manufacturers and suppliers can come to possess rich knowledge and cognition not only to improve lean practices and their response-ability but also to increase them [74]. A few researchers, such as Minh et al. [75], have found that increasing response-ability has a positive effect on supplier management. Therefore, when a supplier exhibits opportunistic behavior, employees of manufacturers and other suppliers can adopt emergency responses and further control. Therefore, it can be deemed that supplier management robustness is strengthened and has a positive effect on enhancing the prevention ability of resilience.
Pull production also enhances manufacturing process coupling. When a complex process between manufacturers and suppliers is an effective coupling, it has a positive effect on the promotion of emergency-response ability. More employees of manufacturers or other suppliers will have the chance to intervene in the manufacturing process. Therefore, when any supplier exhibits unusual behavior, employees of manufacturers or other suppliers become aware of this behavior faster and can thus prevent or control it more quickly. Based on the above, manufacturing process coupling can be deemed to have a positive effect on strengthening supplier management robustness and indirectly enhancing the prevention ability of resilience. Therefore, manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior.
The second research question is why does the combination of lean practice with an audit mechanism strengthen the practice effect of pull production and employee involvement and produce synergy to strengthen the prevention ability of resilience and further control opportunistic behavior by suppliers? Developing related standards and criteria and improving follow-up/assessment are two important aspects of the audit process. These standards and criteria are guidelines that guide suppliers to cooperate with the practices of pull production and employee involvement. When suppliers fully follow these guidelines, their emergency-response ability, responsible purchasing, and manufacturing process coupling will be enhanced. The development of these standards and criteria is based on real situational demands. However, before requiring suppliers to follow these guidelines, manufacturers as auditors have the responsibility to explain these standards and criteria and help suppliers to understand efficiency and how they can maintain profits by following these standards and criteria to improve pull production and employee involvement [76]. Actually, the appearance of opportunistic behavior is based on profit orientation. For the appearance of opportunistic behavior, the supplier must exhibit some dysfunctional behavior during the cooperation process. If suppliers can understand the positive efficiency of these standards and criteria and ensure that their profits can be maintained, these standards and criteria can control suppliers’ dysfunctional behavior and further eliminate opportunistic behavior [77].
However, to ensure that these suppliers can fully follow these standards and criteria, manufacturers usually play the role of auditors in follow-up and assessment. Under the follow-up and assessment process, manufacturers have the responsibility to communicate with suppliers and help them to understand the risk of opportunistic behavior and the potential damage to profits. In the real world, considerations of profit maintenance certainly trigger a trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit. According to Bahr and Sweeney [78], this is a powerful influence that guides suppliers to follow the standards and criteria that improve pull production and employee involvement and eliminate opportunistic behavior. Based on the above, this is why combining audit mechanisms with lean practices can strengthen the practice of pull production and employee involvement and enhance the preventive ability of resilience to deal with opportunistic behavior by suppliers.
To enhance the prevention ability of resilience to deal with opportunistic behaviors by suppliers and further maintain effective sustainability, this study explored two research questions: How do manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices that can strengthen supplier management robustness and enhance the prevention ability of resilience to deal with opportunistic behavior? Why does the combination of lean with an audit mechanism strengthen the practice effect of pull production and employee involvement and even produce synergy to prevent and control opportunistic behavior by suppliers?
According to the test results, effective practice of pull production and employee involvement can enhance responsible purchasing, emergency-response ability, and manufacturing process coupling and further strengthen supplier management robustness, which enhances the prevention ability of resilience to deal with opportunistic behavior. In addition, enhancing manufacturing process coupling has an indirect effect, strengthening emergency-response ability and further enhancing the prevention ability of resilience. The audit mechanism can control the dysfunctional behavior of the supplier, further guiding cooperation with the practice of pull production and employee involvement; in addition, audits trigger the supplier’s trade-off mindset in terms of risk and profit maintenance. Based on the prior discussion, this trade-off mindset can enhance the ability of resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior.
Regarding the academic implications of this study, although some conflict exists between lean and resilience, our research proved that if manufacturers make good use of pull production and employee involvement when implementing lean, it can enhance manufacturing process coupling, responsible purchasing, and emergency-response ability; strengthen supplier management robustness; further enhance the ability of resilience to prevent and control opportunistic behavior. Therefore, our research results provide a new vision and expand research knowledge on the relationship between lean and resilience. In terms of practical implications, our research results can help manufacturers to understand the importance of the practice of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices and guide manufacturers to think about how to establish an effective audit process and environment to strengthen the practice efficiency of pull production and employee involvement to enhance the prevention ability of resilience to deal with opportunistic behavior by suppliers.
Although our research results provide many valuable suggestions, there are a few limitations. First, although the research results explained how the practice of pull production and employee involvement under lean practices can enhance resilience to maintain sustainable supplier management, how to effectively practice these two mechanisms has not been explored. In addition, the research results clarified why the combination of lean and audits can produce synergy for enacting resilience; however, a method to design an effective audit process is also lacking. Future research can explore these two limitations in greater depth.
This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant no. 71872131) and STU Scientific Research Initiation Grant (SRIG, Grant no. 20007).
1.Ponomarov SY, Holcomb MC. Understanding the concept of supply chain resilience. The International Journal of Logistics Management. 2009;20:124-143. DOI: 10.1108/09574090910954873
2.Day JM. Fostering emergent resilience: The complex adaptive supply network of disaster relief. International Journal of Production Research. 2014;52:1970-1988. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2013.787496
3.Dubey R, Gunasekaran A, Childe SJ, Papadopoulos T, Blome C, Luo Z. Antecedents of resilient supply chains: An empirical study. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. 2017;66:8-19. DOI: 10.1109/TEM.2017.2723042
4.Tan WJ, Zhang AN, Cai W. A graph-based model to measure structural redundancy for supply chain resilience. International Journal of Production Research. 2019;57:6385-6404. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2019.1566666
5.Spieske A, Birkel H. Improving supply chain resilience through industry 4.0: A systematic literature review under the impressions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 2021;158:107452. DOI: 10.1016/j.cie.2021.107452
6.Umar M, Khan SAR, Yusliza MY, Ali S, Yu Z. Industry 4.0 and green supply chain practices: An empirical study. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management. 2021;71(3):814-832. DOI: 10.1108/IJPPM-12-2020-0633
7.Ruiz-Benítez R, López C, Real JC. The lean and resilient management of the supply chain and its impact on performance. International Journal of Production Economics. 2018;203:190-202. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2018.06.009
8.Spiegler VL, Naim MM, Wikner J. A control engineering approach to the assessment of supply chain resilience. International Journal of Production Research. 2012;50:6162-6187. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2012.710764
9.Birkie SE. Operational resilience and lean: In search of synergies and trade-offs. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. 2016;27:185-207. DOI: 10.1108/JMTM-07-2015-0054
10.Carter CR, Rogers DS. A framework of sustainable supply chain management: Moving toward new theory. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 2008;38:360-387. DOI: 10.1108/09600030810882816
11.Brandenburg M, Rebs T. Sustainable supply chain management: A modeling perspective. Annals of Operations Research. 2015;229:213-252. DOI: 10.1007/s10479-015-1853-1
12.Rajesh R, Ravi V. Supplier selection in resilient supply chains: A grey relational analysis approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015;86:343-359. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.08.054
13.Gouda SK, Saranga H. Sustainable supply chains for supply chain sustainability: Impact of sustainability efforts on supply chain risk. International Journal of Production Research. 2018;56:5820-5835. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2018.1456695
14.Ye F, Hou G, Li Y, Fu S. Managing bioethanol supply chain resiliency: A risk-sharing model to mitigate yield uncertainty risk. Industrial Management & Data Systems. 2018;118:1510-1527. DOI: 10.1108/IMDS-09-2017-0429
15.Chen Y, Chen IJ. Mixed sustainability motives, mixed results: The role of compliance and commitment in sustainable supply chain practices. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 2019;24:622-636. DOI: 10.1108/SCM-10-2018-0363
16.Lui SS, Ngo HY. Drivers and outcomes of long-term orientation in cooperative relationships. British Journal of Management. 2012;23:80-95. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00719.x
17.Pereira CR, Christopher M, Da Silva AL. Achieving supply chain resilience: The role of procurement. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 2014;19:626-642. DOI: 10.1108/SCM-09-2013-0346
18.Brown A, Badurdeen F. Increased supply chain resilience through consideration of disruption impact severity in the supplier segmentation process. In: IIE Annual Conference; December 2015; Parramatta. Gogia: Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers (IISE); 2015. p. 1815
19.Sugimori Y, Kusunoki K, Cho F, Uchikawa S. Toyota production system and kanban system materialization of just-in-time and respect-for-human system. The International Journal of Production Research. 1977;15:553-564. DOI: 10.1080/00207547708943149
20.Womack JP, Jones DT, Roos D. The Machine That Changed the World. New York: Rawson Associates; 1990
22.Franchetti M, Bedal K, Ulloa J, Grodek S. Lean and green: Industrial engineering methods are natural stepping stones to green engineering. Industrial Engineer. 2009;41:24-30
23.Kalyar MN, Shafique I, Abid A. Role of lean manufacturing and environmental management practices in eliciting environmental and financial performance: The contingent effect of institutional pressures. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019;26:24967-24978. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05729-3
24.Yu W, Chavez R, Feng M, Wong CY, Fynes B. Green human resource management and environmental cooperation: An ability-motivation-opportunity and contingency perspective. International Journal of Production Economics. 2020;219:224-235. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.06.013
25.Sanders A, Elangeswaran C, Wulfsberg JP. Industry 4.0 implies lean manufacturing: Research activities in industry 4.0 function as enablers for lean manufacturing. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management (JIEM). 2016;9:811-833. DOI: 10.3926/jiem.1940
26.Carvalho H, Maleki M, Cruz-Machado V. The links between supply chain disturbances and resilience strategies. International Journal of Agile Systems and Management. 2012;5:203-234. DOI: 10.1504/IJASM.2012.047653
27.Azadegan A, Patel PC, Zangoueinezhad A, Linderman K. The effect of environmental complexity and environmental dynamism on lean practices. Journal of Operations Management. 2013;31:193-212. DOI: 10.1016/j.jom.2013.03.002
28.Laasch O, Gherardi S. Delineating and reconnecting responsible management, learning, and education (RMLE): A research agenda through a social practices lens. In: Academy of Management Annual Meeting; August 2019; Boston, New York, USA: Academy of Management (AOM); 2019
29.Lilien L, Gupta A, Yang Z. Opportunistic resource utilization networks—A new paradigm for specialized ad hoc networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering. 2010;36:328-340. DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2009.03.010
30.Bruun P, Mefford RN. Lean production and the Internet. International Journal of Production Economics. 2004;89:247-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2003.10.007
31.Bon AT, Kee TS. Implementation of Lean manufacturing for productivity improvement in Malaysia. In: International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management (IEOM); March 2015; Dubai. New York: IEEE; 2015. pp. 1-6
32.Sabadka D. Innovation lean principles in automotive green manufacturing. Acta Logistica. 2014;1:23-27
33.Holden RJ. Lean thinking in emergency departments: A critical review. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2011;57:265-278. DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.08.001
34.Wilson G. Six Sigma and the Product Development Cycle. London: Routledge; 2005. DOI: 10.4324/9780080493084
35.Das K. Integrating resilience in a supply chain planning model. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management. 2018;35:570-595. DOI: 10.1108/IJQRM-08-2016-0136
36.Golini R, Kalchschmidt M. Managing inventories in global sourcing contexts: A contingency perspective. International Journal of Production Economics. 2015;165:64-78. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2015.03.022
37.Ugochukwu P, Engström J, Langstrand J. Lean in the supply chain: A literature review. Management and Production Engineering Review. 2012;3:87-96
38.Pakdil F, Leonard KM. Implementing and sustaining lean processes: The dilemma of societal culture effects. International Journal of Production Research. 2017;55:700-717. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2016.1200761
39.Azevedo SG, Carvalho H, Cruz-Machado V. LARG index: A benchmarking tool for improving the leanness, agility, resilience and greenness of the automotive supply chain. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 2016;23:1472-1499. DOI: 10.1108/BIJ-07-2014-0072
40.Guo S, Li T, Zhou K. An improved case retrieval method for the production manufacturing process of aluminum electrolysis. In: International Conference on Industrial Informatics-Computing Technology, Intelligent Technology, Industrial Information Integration (ICIICII); December 2017; China. New York: IEEE; 2017. pp. 16-20
41.Narasimhan R, Swink M, Kim SW. Disentangling leanness and agility: An empirical investigation. Journal of Operations Management. 2006;24:440-457. DOI: 10.1016/j.jom.2005.11.011
42.Scarlat RO, Cisneros AT, Koutchesfahani T, Hong R, Peterson PF. Preliminary safety analysis of a PBMR supplying process heat to a co-located ethylene production plant. Nuclear Engineering and Design. 2012;251:53-59. DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2011.10.069
43.Charalambous CP. Surgical Audit. In: Charalambos PC, editor. Career Skills for Surgeons. Cham: Springer; 2017. pp. 197-211
44.Garza-Reyes JA. A systematic approach to diagnose the current status of quality management systems and business processes. Business Process Management Journal. 2018;24:216-233. DOI: 10.1108/BPMJ-12-2016-0248
45.Bhupendra KV, Sangle S. Pollution prevention strategy: A study of Indian firms. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2016;133:795-802. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.169
46.Shohihah I, Djamhuri A, Purwanti L. Determinants of internal audit effectiveness and implication on corruption prevention in the religious ministry. Wacana Journal of Social and Humanity Studies. 2018;21
47.de Freitas JG, Costa HG, Ferraz FT. Impacts of Lean Six Sigma over organizational sustainability: A survey study. Journal of Cleaner roduction. 2017;156:262-275. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.054
48.Leong WD, Lam HL, Ng WPQ, Lim CH, Tan CP, Ponnambalam SG. Lean and green manufacturing—A review on its applications and impacts. Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability. 2019;3:5-23. DOI: 10.1007/s41660-019-00082-x
49.Stephenson M, Mcarthur A, Giles K, Lockwood C, Aromataris E, Pearson A. Prevention of falls in acute hospital settings: A multi-site audit and best practice implementation project. International Journal for Quality in Health Care. 2016;28:92-98. DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzv113
50.Dieste M, Panizzolo R. The effect of lean practices on environmental performance: An empirical study. In: Alves AC, Kahlen FJ, Flumerfelt S, Siriban-Manalang AB, editors. Lean Engineering for Global Development. Cham: Springer; 2019. pp. 225-258. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-13515-7_8
51.Franklin S. Sexism as a means of reproduction: Some reflections on the politics of academic practice. New Formations. 2015;86:14-33. DOI: 10.3898/NEWF.86.01.2015
52.Yushak MS, Dollah R, Bakar NA. The adoption of lean principles to reduce resistance to change in transforming a shipyard. Journal of Business Management and Accounting. 2016;6:105-121
53.Feld WM. Lean Manufacturing: Tools, Techniques, and How to Use Them. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2000. DOI: 10.1201/9781420025538
54.Price K, Weaver J, Tribbett SB, Carpenter C. Using the lean process to achieve skin-to-skin after cesarean births. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 2015;44:S16-S17. DOI: 10.1111/1552-6909.12682
55.Ferri LM, Pedrini M. Socially and environmentally responsible purchasing: Comparing the impacts on buying firm’s financial performance, competitiveness and risk. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2018;174:880-888. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.035
56.Sahoo S. Assessing lean implementation and benefits within Indian automotive component manufacturing SMEs. Benchmarking: An International Journal. 2020;27:1042-1084. DOI: 10.1108/BIJ-07-2019-0299
57.Gonzalez-Padron TL. Ethics in the supply chain: Follow-up processes to audit results. Journal of Marketing Channels. 2016;23:22-33. DOI: 10.1080/1046669X.2016.1147341
58.Demartini C, Trucco S. Integrated Reporting and Audit Quality. Cham: Springer; 2017
59.Setyaningrum D, Kuntadi C. The effects of competence, independence, audit work, and communication on the effectiveness of internal audit. Journal of Economics, Business, & Accountancy Ventura. 2019;22:39-47. DOI: 10.14414/jebav.v22i1.879
60.de Campos JGF, de Mello AM. Transaction costs in environmental purchasing: Analysis through two case studies. Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management. 2017;10:87-102. DOI: 10.12660/joscmv10n1p87-102
61.Akhavan RM, Beckmann M. A configuration of sustainable sourcing and supply management strategies. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management. 2017;23:137-151. DOI: 10.1016/j.pursup.2016.07.006
62.Cagliano R, Caniato F, Spina G. The linkage between supply chain integration and manufacturing improvement programmes. International Journal of Operations & Production Management. 2006;26:282-299. DOI: 10.1108/01443570610646201
63.Wagner B, Svensson G. Sustainable supply chain practices: Research propositions for the future. International Journal of Logistics Economics and Globalisation. 2010;2:176-186. DOI: 10.1504/IJLEG.2010.032432
64.van Weele A, van Tubergen K. Responsible purchasing: Moving from compliance to value creation in supplier relationships. In: Bouchery Y, Corbett CJ, Fransoo JC, Tan T, editors. Sustainable Supply Chains. Cham: Spriger; 2017. pp. 257-278
65.Scholten K, Scott PS, Fynes B. Mitigation processes–antecedents for building supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 2014;19:211-228. DOI: 10.1108/SCM-06-2013-0191
66.Tieman M. Halal risk management: Combining robustness and resilience. Journal of Islamic Marketing. 2017;8:461-475. DOI: 10.1108/JIMA-06-2015-0041
67.Wang Z, Ye F, Tan KH. Effects of managerial ties and trust on supply chain information sharing and supplier opportunism. International Journal of Production Research. 2014;52:7046-7061. DOI: 10.1080/00207543.2014.932931
68.Chowdhury MMH, Quaddus M. Supply chain readiness, response and recovery for resilience. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. 2016;21:709-731. DOI: 10.1108/SCM-12-2015-0463
69.Sharma SK, Bhat A. An empirical investigation of the contribution of supply chain design characteristics on supply chain risks in Indian automobile industry. International Journal of Business Continuity and Risk Management. 2012;3:117-135. DOI: 10.1504/IJBCRM.2012.047063
70.Hayes AF. Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs. 2009;76:408-420. DOI: 10.1080/03637750903310360
71.Hasan B, Ali J. An empirical examination of factors affecting group effectiveness in information systems projects. Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education. 2007;5:229-243. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4609.2007.00139.x
72.Hair JF Jr, Hult GTM, Ringle C, Sarstedt M. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). 2nd ed. UK: Sage publications; 2016
73.Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research. 1981;18:39-50. DOI: 10.1177%2F002224378101800104
74.Vijayan J, Radharamanant T, Sridharant R. Sea lion with enhanced exploration phase for optimization of polynomial fitness with SEM in lean technology. Evolutionary Intelligence. 2020:1-18. DOI: 10.1007/s12065-020-00370-3
75.Minh KS, Zailani S, Iranmanesh M, Heidari S. Do lean manufacturing practices have negative impact on job satisfaction? International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. 2019;10:257-274. DOI: 10.1108/IJLSS-11-2016-0072
76.El-Rajabi MT, Gunasekaran A. The accuracy of earnings forecasts disclosed in the prospectuses of newly formed public companies in Jordan. Managerial Auditing Journal. 2006;21:117-131. DOI: 10.1108/02686900610639275
77.Yadlapalli A, Rahman S, Gunasekaran A. Socially responsible governance mechanisms for manufacturing firms in apparel supply chains. International Journal of Production Economics. 2018;196:135-149. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2017.11.016
78.Bahr W, Sweeney E. Environmental sustainability in the follow-up and evaluation stage of logistics services purchasing: Perspectives from UK shippers and 3PLs. Sustainability. 2019;11:2460. DOI: 10.3390/su11092460
Written By
Ping-Kuo Chen, Qiu-Rui He and Xiang Huang
Submitted: 10 December 2021Reviewed: 04 January 2022Published: 04 March 2022
Open access peer-reviewed chapter
