Particle size analysis and fractal analysis of CPA.
\r\n\t2) Human sexual disorders in males and females.
\r\n\t3) Psychological aspects of the human sexual response cycle and its disorders.
\r\n\t4) The therapeutic aspects.
\r\n\tThe human sexual response cycle and human sexual behavior are interrelated. How this inter-relationship and its association to normal sexual health need to be delineated. In a world torn between sex and sexually transmitted disease, clear-cut scientific information in the form of a monograph is required to educate.
\r\n\r\n\tHuman sexuality, gender identity, and sexuo-erotic orientation play great roles in human health and disease. Sex education is the need of the hour and a reflection will be timely.
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The methods used were either experimental (laboratory tests), or empirical or semi-empirical method or analytical methods. The current results of concrete production always indicate that they are oriented towards modern methods which are mainly based on numerical modeling [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10].
Scientific research in the field of civil engineering, as in many other applied sciences and technologies, is a major use of its implementation according to modern tools, in particular calculation tools [1, 3]. The main objective of this study is to discover the best methods that help in the economic aspect, in particular the building materials when testing, in addition to saving time and effort lost in their realization without taking them into account. Thus, it was more interesting to use technology (electronics and computer) with analytical methods and concrete models to achieve experimental methods.
On the other hand, our main goal is to take advantage of recent studies [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] that rely on granular distribution to quantify aggregate dosages. According to the parameters of the fractal dimension FD [1, 2, 3, 4] and the granular extent D/d [2].
On the other hand, we emphasize the importance of extending the determination of the granular distribution by using the fractal distribution as a new model to determine the granular mix class of concrete. Our experimental results, which we adopted in this study, allow us to determine a numerical value as one of the physical properties of the aggregate, which is the fractal dimension (FD). It facilitates the formulation of concrete by precisely specifying the components of the aggregate. Our objective in this study is to create a large database which helps us to save time and materials in experimental studies within the framework of concrete formulation methods to determine dosages of granular materials, which is certainly useful in the field of civil engineering. Initially, we rely on the study of a component to facilitate the process and start from the simplest operations. We took, for example, the study of the effect of the sand component [4]. It should be noted that this work is mainly based on the data, which takes the aggregate as the basic component in the production of concrete so that as it is known, 80% of the concrete is composed of aggregate, in order to obtain a good granular distribution (continuous granulometry). We emphasize that the appropriate selection of aggregates according to the desired concrete requirements allows us to achieve one of the most important characteristics that distinguish concrete, which is the compressive strength of concrete [3, 4]. In addition, the new definition of granularities by fractal dimension helps in choosing the classes of aggregate to be used in concrete. We confirm that one of the main objectives of this study is to highlight the optimal importance of the fractal dimension parameter and its results, which brings us to the possibility of knowing how to determine the reference particle size curve of granular mixtures at using the fractal model for granular concrete mixtures.
To obtain a concrete having the desired properties according to climatic and other requirements, and to use local materials for economic reasons and in order to know the proper method of concrete formulation, we have seen that it is necessary to mention some of the conventional methods widely used in the formulation of concrete.
Methods were adopted for the formulation of concrete whose first principles of physical relations emerged at the end of the 19th century, and these methods of formulation have varied depending on the materials available and our need for the required concrete quality.
René Féret [11] in 1892 was one of the first to research the law governing the prediction of the compressive strength of concrete
Its formula based on the strength of the cement (the true class), the nature of the aggregate, the cement/water dosage ratio and taking into account the volume of voids. But does not take into account neither the shape of the aggregate nor the granular distribution, nor the resistance to fragmentation of the aggregate. The latter is formulated using the following expression:
In 1892, Féret [11] to whom the first researches are attributed, worked on a principle of the mechanical resistance of concrete
Fuller and Thomson [12] in 1907 established their method based on the maximum compactness of the continuous granular mixture, and it depends mainly on the porosity of the granular mixture (2) and the granular expansion. However, it does not directly take into account the shape of the grains, nor the resistance to friability of the aggregate used, and its relation is written as soot:
Abrams [13] in 1918, Regardless of the European school, he empirically proposed an exponential equation to predict the compressive strength of concrete, still used in North America, which has two adjustable parameters [Popovics, 1995].
The cement/water ratio, and involves through a coefficient (improved K_Féret) which indirectly presents nature and shape of the aggregates.
We note the absence of a direct representation of the resistance to fragmentation of the aggregate and of the granular distribution, as is the case in the rest of the previous methods, its formula (3) is written:
Bolomey [14] in 1925 is based on a formula (4), (improved iron) to determine the dosages of cement and water. This formula for predicting the mechanical compressive strength of concrete, which depends on the shape of the aggregates as well as the consistency of the concrete, and the dosages of cement and water, and the volume of voids. But does not take the representation of resistance to aggregate fragmentation.
This formula, like that of Féret, is the product of three terms which share, in order of factors, the influence of aggregates, cement and concrete formulation. The difference, compared to the relation of Féret, relates exclusively to the third term, parabolic in Féret, linear in Bolomey. It has been shown that the Bolomey relation is a good approximation of that of Féret for the values of the E/C ratio between 0.40 and 0.70; within this range, the error is less than or equal to 3%.
The scientist Caquot [15] circulated his research during the year 1937, through which he sought to find the optimal aggregate distribution in which the porosity of the aggregate mixture is minimal, according to the basic hypothesis of compatibility between two aggregates classes without influence due to the presence of another aggregates class.
This basic idea was taken up by F. de Larrard [3], who had previously embarked on a vast process of developing other concrete formulation programs.
The relation is determined empirically by assuming that the volume of the voids depends on the dimensions of the small grains, then on the addition of grains, then on a constant determined empirically according to the relation of Caquot (5).
We find in the work of Faury [16] and Joisel [17] that they made modifications to the work of Caquot in 1942 and 1952, and Faury extends to the granular range up to 6.5 μm, incorporating the cement as a granular material and taking into account the effect of the wall. And Joisel gave a reference straight line (at a complex scale) taking into account the cement, water, voids, granulometry and the compactness of the granular classes. Here, we note an indirect representation of the granular distribution with the mechanical resistance of the aggregates [18].
The optimum grain size of a concrete is a mixture (in a certain proportion) of two kinds of grains of the aggregate.
The reference curve to be followed consists of two straight sections.
The first AB gives the granulometry of fine grains. The second straight line is that of coarse grains. The y coordinate of, called the break point, indicates the percentage by volume of the grains. Its value is given by the experimental formula (6).
He method of Dreux and Gorisse [19] is based on the optimal granularity which is still current for the design of the concrete formulation. This is an empirical approach according to an OAB granular reference curve (segments of two lines in a semi-logarithmic plot). Contrary to the moment, the cement is not part of the reference curve of the mixture, since its mass is determined separately. It is a method which takes into account a large number of parameters [18]. But it does not take into consideration the direct representation of the granular distribution of the aggregate, and indicates what the true class of cement represents, and the dosage of cement and water, type, shape, quality and dimensions. of aggregates, the smoothness, consistency and strength of concrete.
This method is fundamentally empirical in nature, unlike the Faury method which predates it [Faury, 1942] and which is based on Caquot’s theory of the granular optimum [Caquot, 1937]. Dreux carried out a large survey to collect data on satisfactory concretes [de Larrard, 2000]. On the basis of a statistical analysis of this large number of concretes and by combining the granular curves obtained, they were able to base an empirical approach to determine a reference granular curve.
It is also very easy to use since it only requires knowing the grain size curves of the aggregates used.
A test batch is necessary to be carried out in the laboratory in order to make any usage corrections.
“B” (on the ordinate 100%) corresponds to the dimension D of the largest aggregate.
“O” (at ordinate 0%) corresponds to the dimension d of the smallest aggregate.
The break “A” has the following coordinates:
- on the abscissa (from the dimension D of the sieve) on the ordinate.
Si: D ≤ 20 mm; the abscissa is D / 2.
If: D ≥ 20 mm; the abscissa is located in the middle of the “gravel segment” limited by the modulus 38 (5 mm) and the modulus corresponding to D.
in ordinates (7)
The method of Baron and Lesage [20] is based on a technique proposed in 1976 to improve the granular skeleton according to the principle of relating the minimum flow time specified by the LCL Maniabilimeter according to Standard 18–452 [21] with the quantity optimal granularity for constant cement and water ratios.
The principle is to measure the time taken for a concrete sample to flow under vibration to a certain mark. The optimum proportions of aggregate are assumed to give the minimum flow time, for a given amount of cement and water. Once the granular proportions have been identified, the water and cement dosages are adjusted experimentally, so that the mixture has the desired workability and resistance. It is assumed, in this method, that the optimum proportions of aggregates do not depend on the quantity of cement.
Baron and Olivier have developed a formulation method derived from the Dreux-Gorisse method with modifications to adapt to existing concrete in 1996. This method makes it possible to integrate a large number of the parameters listed, taking into account the additives and incorporating mineral additives.
Baron and Olivier have developed a concrete formulation method derived from the Dreux-Gorisse method with modifications to adapt to existing concrete in 1996. This method makes it possible to integrate a large number of listed parameters, taking into account the additives and incorporating mineral additions.
The method is due to Mr. BARON, from the experimental studies he carried out in the years 1970–1980 and which were subsequently optimized by using the directives of the NF P 18–305 standard, replaced by the European Standard. EN 206–1. This method is developed in a book co-written by Messrs. BARON and OLLIVIER “BETONS, Bases and data for their formulations” published by Eyrolles.
The experiments confirmed the work carried out by BOLOMEY and FAURY, certain formulas of which were adopted with regard to the binder and water dosages.
For the dosage in aggregates, it is, in part, the work of DREUX that was retained. The whole is completed by experimental results which make the method as affordable as the DREUX method without having the drawbacks of its limitation to the only common concretes.
The problem of the optimal dosage of concrete is not unique: there are actually two problems that can be addressed independently of each other:
Binding paste
We start the formulation from 2 main assumptions which are the target resistance and the optimal effective water quantity.
The target resistance
From these values, we can therefore determine the cement dosage. Corrections are made from a trial mess.
The granular skeleton
The granular skeleton retained by BARON is very close to that obtained by DREUX, however with a simpler approach and definition. This method was chosen not for its scientific basis, but because its results have been satisfactory over the past 25 years.
There are other innovative methods of concrete formulation, which can use numerical models such as René LCPC or BétonLab and BétonLab Pro2 [3], and other methods are analytical.
The first theories dealing with the maximum pressure of granular mixtures [Féret 1892, Caquot 1937] do not explicitly take into account the interactions and grain sizes between them. Through the compact stacking model, De Larrard [3] incorporates new concepts such as clamping, wall effect and thinning effect.
The fractal model for determining the granular distribution is a conclusion drawn from fractal analysis and is a new model for the mathematical description of everything used and found in nature, in which its truncated shapes reveal patterns similar to increasingly precise scales. And irregular and recurring shapes can be described using mathematical models. The term “fractal” is a mathematical term coined by Benoit Mandelbrot [22] from the Latin root fraction. It was originally used as an adjective (fractal line) and today is a noun meaning broken or irregular.
Sebsadji and Chouicha in 2012 [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 23] showed that Fractals can be defined as disordered systems that are self-similar independent of scale of observation. Their fundamental property is a non-integer dimension called fractal dimension, which can measure.
Its result builds on the findings of previous researches (Lecomte and Thomas, 1992; Chouicha, 2006), according to which ideal grading curves of concrete can be transformed into straight-lines power-law of the form given in Eq. (11).
Marmi [24], in 2019 he expressed the fractal dimension as a parameter exists in classical geometry, and is a line is a one-dimensional object a surface a two-dimensional object, a volume a dimensional object. We are therefore used to objects whose dimension (D) is an integer 1,2 or 3. But it is not specified, what would be the dimension of a series of points on a line, an irregular and plane curve, a surface full of convolutions. For this purpose, the term fractal dimension was introduced by B. Mandelbrot in 1975 the fractal dimension is therefore a number which measures the degree of irregularity or fragmentation of an object or which measures the roughness of a surface.
The fractal dimension is the fraction or an irrational number (; 1.23; etc.) or an integer.
This notion of fractal dimension applies to scale-invariant objects: there are parts which are similar to the object itself up to an expansion (enlargement).
When we change the observation scale of a scale invariant object, we keep the shapes.
The particle size distribution curves of the cumulative sieve percentages as a function of the grain dimensions can be transformed to a straight line representing cumulative numbers as a function of the grain dimensions.
We can do this by assuming that the shapes of the grains have the same oval shape, and this, if we adopt the same hypothesis proposed by Lecomte and Thomas [25] in his work, which first touched on the analysis fractal and through which he approached the application of the fractal dimension in the determination of three types of granular mixtures for high-performance concrete. And in 1992, he achieved his study results by applying fractal analysis to a granular mixture of concrete related to the definition of granular analysis of granular mixture of concrete, which consists of several granular types. These results indicate at the time that he adopted the hypothesis of the dimension of a spherical grain of aggregate of main and standard dimension G, and the relation (8) below summarizes the determination of the volume of the spherical grain.
We can estimate the mass of the grains, called
It is also possible to express the cumulative number Nc of aggregate grains whose dimension is greater than or equal to the size of the opening of the sieve G, and Relation No. (10) shows the determination of the cumulative number of grains of aggregate. Thus, Relation (11) allows us to express the number of grains of aggregate rejected in a sieve, in terms of the cumulative numbers of all the granular components.
The granulometric analysis of cement is done by laser, “Laser granulometry” this technique is based on the diffraction of light and was proposed by Fraunhofer under the application of their theory of Fraunhofer “. We have Table 1 below which shows by a sub-detail of the fractal analysis which will identify the particle size of an example of CPA cement by the fractal dimension (FD).
Sieve size (mm) | Particle size analysis | Fractal analysis | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Refusal mass (g) | % Cumulated | Density (g/cm3) | Grain volume (cm3) | Number of grains | ||||
Partial | Cumulated | Refusal | Passing | Partial | Cumulated | |||
0.125 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 100 | 3,00 | 1.02E-06 | 0.00E+00 | 0.00E+00 |
0.1 | 2.40 | 2.40 | 1 | 99 | 5.23E-07 | 1.53E+06 | 1.53E+06 | |
0.08 | 9.60 | 12.00 | 5 | 95 | 2.68E-07 | 1.19E+07 | 1.35E+07 | |
0.063 | 12.00 | 24.00 | 10 | 90 | 1.31E-07 | 3.06E+07 | 4.40E+07 | |
0.05 | 12.00 | 36.00 | 15 | 85 | 6.54E-08 | 6.11E+07 | 1.05E+08 | |
0.04 | 12.00 | 48.00 | 20 | 80 | 3.35E-08 | 1.19E+08 | 2.25E+08 | |
0.0315 | 24.00 | 72.00 | 30 | 70 | 1.64E-08 | 4.89E+08 | 7.14E+08 | |
0.025 | 21.60 | 93.60 | 39 | 61 | 8.18E-09 | 8.81E+08 | 1.59E+09 | |
0.02 | 14.40 | 108.00 | 45 | 55 | 4.19E-09 | 1.15E+09 | 2.74E+09 | |
0.016 | 12.00 | 120.00 | 50 | 50 | 2.14E-09 | 1.87E+09 | 4.61E+09 | |
0.0125 | 24.00 | 144.00 | 60 | 40 | 1.02E-09 | 7.83E+09 | 1.24E+10 | |
0.01 | 12.00 | 156.00 | 65 | 35 | 5.23E-10 | 7.64E+09 | 2.01E+10 | |
0.008 | 7.20 | 163.20 | 68 | 32 | 2.68E-10 | 8.96E+09 | 2.90E+10 | |
0.0063 | 4.80 | 168.00 | 70 | 30 | 1.31E-10 | 1.22E+10 | 4.13E+10 | |
0.005 | 4.80 | 172.80 | 72 | 28 | 6.54E-11 | 2.45E+10 | 6.57E+10 | |
0.004 | 19.20 | 192.00 | 80 | 20 | 3.35E-11 | 1.91E+11 | 2.57E+11 | |
0.00315 | 9.60 | 201.60 | 84 | 16 | 1.65E-11 | 1.96E+11 | 4.52E+11 | |
0.0025 | 2.40 | 204.00 | 85 | 15 | 8.18E-12 | 9.78E+10 | 5.50E+11 | |
0.002 | 2.40 | 206.40 | 86 | 14 | 4.19E-12 | 1.91E+11 | 7.41E+11 | |
0.0016 | 9.60 | 216.00 | 90 | 10 | 2.14E-12 | 1.49E+12 | 2.23E+12 | |
0.00125 | 2.40 | 218.40 | 91 | 9 | 1.02E-12 | 7.83E+11 | 3.02E+12 | |
0.001 | 2.40 | 220.80 | 92 | 8 | 5.23E-13 | 1.53E+12 | 4.55E+12 |
Particle size analysis and fractal analysis of CPA.
FD fractal dimension is, therefore, an approximation of the granular distribution curve. If this approximation is good over almost the entire grain size measurement field, the granular distribution line is said to be the fractal or quasi-fractal dimension. If the curve obviously tends towards a limit when the dimension of the seeds tends towards zero, then this curve is said to be semi-fractal.
We show without difficulty that any physical measurement on a granular structure, even purely fractal, results in a granular curve on a logarithmic scale (quasi-fractal) due to the smaller dimension of d mm, an empirically necessary procedure. It turns out that only successive zooms, and logarithmic scale transformations (d, D), probably reveal (on the slope of the lower higher convergence line) the effective quasi-fractal drift of the studied process.
If this drift has several changes in the slope, then in some cases it will be referred to as “multi-fractal.”
Figure 1 Presented the granular distributions of four types of cement identified by the fractal line, the cements are:
Portland cement compound class 42.5 MPa CPJ 42.5.
Fractal lines of granular distributions of four types of cements alone.
Cement sulphate resistant class 42.5 MPa CRS 42.5.
Artificial Portland cement class 52.5 MPa CPA 52.5.
Portland cement compound class 42.5 MPa type P6 CPJ P 42.5.
We present in Figure 1 - the different fractal distribution with correlation coefficients of the fractal lines of the granular distributions, and the minimum correlation coefficient value is R2 = 0.96. Appears in the granular distribution between three closely related types of cement, and another is different.
We followed the same method according to the results Figure 2 of Lecomt [25] presented in the Figure 2 which has ideally defined an example of the granular mixture containing a spread granular for a high-performance concrete, as well as all the granular classes of this concrete including the active mineral additions were used.
Transformation from a particle size distribution to a fractal distribution for a concrete mixture and its components from the Lecompt [
All concrete formulation methods, old or new, are based on particle size for determining the different dosages of the granular constituents. The results obtained by Lecompte [25] and Chouicha [2], show that these methods which use a granular distribution, indirectly use a fractal distribution.
In Figure 3 of Chouicha [2], the particle size curves for different granular mixtures that he identified with a uniform particle size range, we can determine the particle distribution of the granular mixtures with a fractal dimension from FD = 0.5 to FD = 7, knowing that this field is for the granular mixtures in general, which is much larger than the field of the granular concrete mix, so it is outside the concrete field, because the fractal dimension FD does not exceed the value of 3 .
Particle size curves of the different granular mixes identified by FD Chouicha [
We applied one of the three high quality BHP concrete mixes that he adopted by Lecomt in his research (Figure 2), we clearly show through Figure 4 the curves of the granular distribution of the component classes of the concrete, as well as its curve of the granular mixture, and this gives some similarities between Lecomt’s work and what we got despite using different components in terms of density and type of aggregate ect, and what we got despite using different components in terms of density and origin of gravels, and this is due to our relying on the granule size assumption of the spherical-shaped relation (8) to obtain the fractal distribution of this granular mixture with its components as shown in Figure 4 (a), (b) which gives us the results of converting granular curves to fractal lines. Lines.
Transformation from a particle size distribution to a fractal distribution for a concrete mixture and its components (example BHP) a) particle size curves, b) fractal line.
The process of transforming the particle size curve into a fractal line has a direct relation to the granular variety of a granular class or of a granular mixture regardless of the mass taken for the granular variety. Figure 5 (a) shows that the grain size curve remains the same, regardless of the mass for the same grain class. Figure 5 (b) shows the transformation into a fractal line which gives us two lines of the fractal distribution, for each mass gives a fractal line for the same granular class, but with the same slope value, so it is the same value of the fractal dimension, and this is what he had confirmed by Chouicha [2] in his work in 2006.
Transformation of a particle size curve of a granular mixture 0,63/25 to a) fractal line particle size curves, b) fractal line.
First, on the one hand, we deal with the transformation of the granulometric curves of local materials concerning the granular classes of sand and then of gravel. On the other hand, we show the transformation of the particle curves for the cementitious materials of CPJ 42.5 and CRS 42.5.
The determination of the granular distribution is one of the important physical properties for the definition of aggregates and as is known in the context of concrete formulation methods, and it is important to control and determine the proportions of the appropriate aggregate components for concrete.
Figure 6 (a) is an example showing the grain size curve of dune sand with a grain range of 0/5, Figure 6 (b) is its transformation into a fractal line, and this sand is one of the 10 sand classes of dunes shown in Table 2 and its smallest, granular extent is 0.005/0.63 and it is a very fine dune sand. As for the granular extent of coarse dune sand is 0.005/5. Thus, a quarry sand with its granular extent is 0.063/63.
Transformation of a grain size curve from a sand from Tilouline dune to a fractal line (example) [
Sand dune site | ES | MF | STg (mm2) | d/D | DF | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ouinna site n°01 - Adrar (SD) | 82,43 | 1,78 | 8,58E+14 | 0,05/1,6 | 0,91 | |
Tinerkouk - Timimoun (SD) | 78,08 | 1,06 | 3,45E+14 | 0,05/2,5 | 0,89 | |
Tilouline - Z. Kounta (SD) | 82,17 | 1,42 | 2,34E+12 | 0,063/5 | 0,96 | |
Ouinna site n°02 - Adrar (SD) | 74,20 | 1,78 | 6,39E+11 | 0,063/0,8 | 0,89 | |
Bordj Badji Mokhtar (SD) | 73,18 | 1,64 | 3,38E+12 | 0,05/0,63 | 0,82 | |
Tsabit - Adrar site n°01 (SD) | 74,32 | 2,22 | 6,63E+13 | 0,063/2,5 | 0,93 | |
Tsabit - Adrar site n°02 (SD) | 74,32 | 2,22 | 1,50E+13 | 0,063/1,25 | 0,93 | |
Tsabit - Adrar site n°03 (SD) | 74,32 | 2,22 | 1,69E+15 | 0,05/1 | 0,93 | |
Mimoun Adrar (SD) | 72,00 | 1,21 | 1,10E+14 | 0,063/1,25 | 0,88 | |
Cherouine -Timimoun (SD) | 75,00 | 1,82 | 5,27E+14 | 0,05/5,00 | 0,98 | |
Ouinna -Adrar (SC) | 77,90 | 1,67 | 4,84E+12 | 0,063/6.3 | 0,80 |
Conventional and unconventional parameters for certain sands of the Adrar-Algeria sites [1].
The identification results shown in Table 2 were obtained by conducting laboratory experiments to determine the varieties of sand dunes at the Building Materials Laboratory of the University of Adrar in cooperation with the Regional Workshop Laboratory. On desert techniques (ARTS) [26]. The sand studied is sand from sites approved for the use of dune sands from different sites in the Saharan region in Adrar, Algeria.
The graphical fit of the fractal distribution is a linear fit by the equation y = b + ax. And constant “a “, it is the slope which represents the fractal dimension. Figure 6 is an example showing the methodology for determining fractal dimensions of all granular classes, including dune sand.
In this case, the slope is 2.69 and the correlation coefficient is R2 = 0.96. The slope obtained by cumulative number of grains according to grain dimensions is the fractal dimension DF, which determines the class of the distribution of grains of a granular class or of the granular mixture.
Table 2 summarizes the conventional physical properties of dune sands in the Adrar region, namely granular extent, fineness modulus and sand equivalent. And the unconventional properties are the fractal dimension of the granular distribution, whose value varies from 1.14 to 4.20 with a correlation coefficient whose value varies from 0.82 to 0.98, which is a value close to one therefore is accepted. In addition to the total area of the grains of sand calculated by the fractal dimension.
Note: Physically, the value of the fractal dimension does not exceed the value of 3, because the study is within the framework of the three dimensions. But mathematically, that is to say according to the calculations of the hypothesis adopted, certain granular varieties can exceed the value of their fractal dimension the value 3.
But keep the optimal value that he adopted by chouicha [2], in his work, which does not exceed the value of 3 until the contrary is physically proven.
In Figure 7 (a) below, we show the grain size curves for all classes of dune sands as well as the quarry sand which we presented in Table 2, Figure 7 (b) we show the resulting fractal lines fractal distributions after transformation of their grain size curves for the different grain classes of dune sands. We note that the grain distribution of these sands is different and also gives us a different fractal distribution, which is proved by the obtained values of the fractal dimension.
Transformation of the particle size curves of Adrar Dune Sands to fractal lines a) particle size curves, b) fractal line.
In this study, we adapted 12 concrete formulation tests for 12 projects carried out at the wilaya in the State of Adrar which are detailed in Table 3. Example of the particle sizes of the Granular Mixtures based on the particle sizes of different granular classes, Figure 8 with cement and Figure 8 without cement.
Granular mixtures of concrete | Cement class | Concrete mix | RC28 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DFC | R2 | DFb | R2 | MPa | |
Mixture 01- [ARTS 22], CRS 42.5, Ouinna DS, Koussane Gr | 2,85 | 0,98 | 2,66 | 0,99 | 22,80 |
Mixture 02- [ARTS 22], CPJ 42.5, Ouinna DS, Koussane Gr | 2,75 | 0,99 | 2,83 | 0,99 | 20,60 |
Mixture 03- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Tinerkouk DS, Koussane Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,61 | 0,98 | 17,90 |
Mixture 04- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Tillouline DS, Koussane Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,76 | 0,99 | 18,90 |
Mixture 05- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Ouinna DS, Koussane Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,85 | 0,99 | 18,40 |
Mixture 06- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, DS Gr from B.B.M | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,87 | 0,99 | 19,10 |
Mixture 07- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Ouinna CS, Cherouine Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,86 | 0,98 | 20,20 |
Mixture 08- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Brinkane DS, Cherouine Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,83 | 0,99 | 29,50 |
Mixture 09- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Brinkane DS, Koussane Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 2,76 | 0,99 | 20,50 |
Mixture 10- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Brinkane DS, Cherouine Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 20,30 | ||
Mixture 11- [LECT 24], CRS 42.5, Brinkane DS, El Menia Gr | 2,94 | 0,98 | 23,40 | ||
Mixture 12- [LAMCO 23], CPJ 42.5, Mimoun DS, Koussane Gr | 2,75 | 0,99 | 18,80 |
Identification by DF for granular mixtures of concrete at Adrar [1].
Transformation of a grain size curve of the granular mixture of Oued zine to a fractal line (mixture 01) a) particle size curves, b) fractal line.
As for the concrete studies, we adopted the studies using dune sand that we have already studied, knowing that the concrete compositions included in this study are part of an executive study for projects scheduled to be implemented in arid regions.
Thus, the concrete compositions were studied in coordination between the building materials laboratory of the University of Adrar and the local technical laboratories, so that the study was carried out with the laboratory assigned to monitoring and control at the site. of the project. This within the framework of cooperation and the exchange of experiences between the university and the technical operator. These laboratories include the ARTS Soil Analysis Laboratory, Regional workshop of Saharan techniques, the LECT Technical Studies and Controls Laboratory and the LAMCO Building Materials analysis laboratory [26, 27, 28].
As for the aggregate materials used in these concrete structures, in addition to the sand dunes which were under study, the aggregates used locally come from quarries (Ouainna, Koussane, Cherouine, etc.), with two classes of CPJ cement. 42.5 and CRS 42.5.
In Figure 8 we apply the hypothesis of fractal analysis and show through it an example of the granular mixture with its components, which is dedicated to the first concrete project, and through it we give a typical idea of granular mixtures applied in the field, giving us a clear picture of the conversion of the granular distribution into a fractal distribution from which we derive the fractal dimension of the concrete mixture, which is DF = 2.66 with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.99. This granular mixture used, contains four granular classes, which are 03 classes of gravel and one of dune sand in addition to the cement class, which we have considered as a granular class in the dry concrete mix.
The variable component in our approved concretes is the variety of dune sands used, and we present in Table 3 below a summary of the identification they concrete used through their dry granular mixtures used. The fractal dimension of concretes used in executive projects on site and not limited to laboratory research only. We draw attention to a necessary parameter, namely that we have taken into account the effect of cement as a granular material which participates in the granular mixture by filling the pores with particles, while maintaining its main role in concrete, which is the main binder.
We have presented the values the fractal dimension of the cement used. Since we only used three classes of cement in the concrete compositions listed in Table 2, their values the fractal dimension of these classes, respectively, are as follows:
CPj 42.5 DF = 2.75,
CRS 42.5 DF = 2.85 Type 1,
CRS 42.5 DF = 2.94 Type 1.
This is in accordance with what is indicated in the three cement classes mentioned in Table 3.
But it seems very clear that the difference in the values the fractal dimension of the granular concrete mixtures is due to all the different granular classes used in the concrete, which have shown their effect on the granular distribution in the granular mixture. The smallest value of the fractal dimension of concrete is DFb = 2.61 and the highest value obtained from the fractal dimension of concrete is DFb = 2.87. This confirms the previous results of researcher Chouicha [2], which indicates that the optimal value of the fractal dimension does not exceed the value 3.
Table 1 shows details of how to transform a grain size curve into a fractal line for a single type of cement, and analytically we draw the fractal line of the cumulative grain sizes according to the grain dimensions with a scale logarithmic. But the granular mixture is made up of several different constituents, which makes it somewhat difficult to calculate the different arithmetic operations involved in fractal analysis.
The different required steps on which the proposed software is based can be addressed through two main sections.
First: enter the necessary data relating to each component of the mixture, namely the granular extent, the density and the standardized dimensions of the sieves, as well as the experimental data for the particle size analysis of each granular class.
Second: this software would draw the particle size curve of the granular mixture composed of several granular constituents, then display the transformed fractal line, and plot the linear fit and give its linear relationship followed by the correlation coefficient R2.
We proposed to name the program GranuFract in relation to the transformation of the particle size curve into a fractal line.
Figure 9 shows the image designed in the GranuFract software to capture basic information (density, cumulative sieve, and dimensions of sieve openings) to obtain the fractal distribution.
Main window for entering basic information in the GranuFract software.
Concerning the transformation of the particle size curves to a fractal line, we adopted the method of fractal analysis carried out in the previous works [1, 29, 30, 31], as shown in Figure 8.
The GranuFract program allows us to easily determine the granular distribution of granular mixtures. This also helps us in the possibility of processing discontinu ous grain size curves, that is to say by knowing the coordinates of each grain. It also helps to infer the variance of the coordinates to correct for items that have missing items (Figure 10).
Application of the transformation of a particle size distribution to a fractal distribution [
It is necessary to verify the data obtained from the program GranuFract, we have adopted ... the necessary procedures to compare the results that they obtained from the proposed software GranuFract and those that they obtained in the usual way, that is ie a graphical analysis using one of the mathematical programs “Origlab” and after a series of calculations The repeated values for each component of the granular mixture shown in Figure 11 (a) and (b) [1] we give the adopted values of the fractal dimension resulting from the two methods, they obtained values with an ideal correlation coefficient, and the standard deviation is ±0.05. The values obtained by verification are:
Example of the validation of the transformation of a particle size curve to a fractal line [
According to ‘GranuFract’: DF = 2.82; R2 = 0.99.
According to ‘Originlab’: DF = 2.83; R2 = 0.99.
We draw the attention of those interested in such a study represented in the use of mathematical models to find solutions to the framework of the search for concrete materials, that our main objective of this work is to highlight what we have achieved through to laboratory research and modeling in the application of the fractal analysis represented in the fractal dimension parameter and its positive results which have helped us to determine the granular distribution of the granular components of concrete through the granular mixture - the fractal line.
As for the proposed program, we look forward to improving and generalizing it by expanding a database that depends on a lot of experimental data for different components, including mineral additives and adjuvants, through which we hope to achieve a program to complete which will allow us to generalize it to all types of concrete, including innovative concrete.
This work allowed us to open a new window on the methods of concrete formulation using the granular distribution of granular mixtures to determine important properties in the definition of concrete, and we knew the efficiency of using modeling fractal to determine these granular mixtures of dry concrete for different concrete. It is now easy to know these granular mixtures according to their fractal dimension and their granular extent (FD, d/D).
Through this study, we show the contribution of an additional parameter for the formulation of concrete. It has already been mentioned that all concrete formulation methods depend on the granulation curve of the gravel mixture (sand gravel) to determine the gravel doses using the OAB grain reference curve, and the fractal model. Allow to determine the latter as a reference curve in the fractal dimension.
We initially proposed the “GranuFract” program, which converts the measurement curve of the grains of granular mixtures into a fractal line. This same program facilitates calculations and determination of the fractal distribution.
First of all, this work must be followed by careful empirical study to control the determination of granular aggregates with a concrete fractal line, in order to determine the dosages of the components of the concrete.
Secondly, we also aspire to extend this work by developing the “GranuFract” software in order to build an electronic database based on fractal modeling and obtained from particle size analysis in general.
C | Cement dosage |
E | Effective water dosage |
d | Minimum grain size |
D | Maximum grain size |
d/D | Granular extent |
E/C | Cement on water dosage report |
G/S | Gravel on sand dosage report |
N | Numbers of grains |
Nc | Cumulative numbers of grains |
EC | Cumulative workforce |
ES | Sand equivalent |
MF | Fineness modulus |
STg | Total area of grains (mm2) |
FD | Fractal dimension |
R2 | Correlation coefficient |
SC | Crushed sand |
SD | Dune sand |
FDc | Fractal dimension of cement |
FDb | Fractal dimension of concrete mix |
FD | Fractal dimension |
The main purpose of this chapter is to acknowledge if Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) acts as a Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) in the mining industry. Additionally, this chapter introduces a comparative case study analysis of two mining operations in Peru. The conclusions indicate that CSR is the value innovation of BOS and there is a six-action framework to create responsible mining.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been defined broadly by dissimilar global agents without a consensus around its essence. Within the mining framework, three main dimensions are addressed in CSR: social, environmental, and economic. The approach estimates the consequences that mining firms may inflict within stakeholder groups in the following aspects: social, environmental [1], and economic [2]. Both firm’s and stakeholder’s perspectives regarding the meaning and reach of CSR are required by this approach within the mining industry. The relevance of the approach is substantial since conflict potentials between both company’s and stakeholder’s expectations and divergences will exist.
The mining industry has taken the lead on business engagement regarding CSR. This can be ascribed to the questionable nature of its expenditures and both environmental and social problems that are intrinsic to the mining venture. Leadership and vanguard at CSR by the mining industry reflect the rapid growth within the developing countries, specifically countries with weak governance, legislation, and institutional capacity [3].
In contrast, the blue ocean strategy (BOS) concept is introduced. Used as a business and marketing concept, BOS helps entrepreneurs and firms to develop a positioning strategy for a product or service that will distinguish itself from competitors. The main focus is to establish new zones or markets where a product or service can be developed where competitors have not yet addressed. In the development of the conceptual framework of their BOS, Kim and Mauborgne [4] stated that value innovation was the foundation of the BOS. Value innovation accentuates the quest for a low-cost and differentiated strategy simultaneously. It suggests observing market boundaries differently and developing products for each consumer segment by identifying common attributes. Firms ought to have higher activity standards than those of industry and offer higher value than competitors. Finally, the reduction and elimination of other activities are needed to deliver value at a low cost.
BOS is applicable for all types of innovation, not just value innovation. Moreover, CSR facilitates external knowledge and is frequently dissimilar from internal knowledge. Consequently, CSR can promote “creative leaps” and influence the innovation process [5]. Therefore, CSR is innovation and could be studied through the BOS lens. In the mining context, companies and communities are competing for natural resources such as water and land, and sometimes this completion results in a conflict. As a consequence, mining firms use CSR as a strategy to reduce social conflict and compensate the community for their impact. This being said, this Chapter aims to estimate whether CSR acts as a value innovation to create a BOS in the mining industry. To do that, the following questions arose: How CSR allows firms to reduce costs? And How CSR raises value to the community?
BOS is focused on “creating uncontested market space and make competition irrelevant”. Profitable and continued growth has been the objective of straight on rivalry by firms. In today’s packed industries, contending head-to-head results in a bloody “red sea” of opponents battling over a shrinking profit pool, improbable to make gainful development later on. The creation of “Blue Oceans” is the key to conquer tomorrow’s victory [4].
Such strategic moves, called “value innovation”, create incentives in value for both the company and its consumers, releasing new demand and rendering rivalry insignificant. The “Four Actions Framework” used for creating brand new value propositions consists of the following: ‘Deleting’ factors that aged in competition and are taken for granted by clients; ‘lessening’ products or services that have been overdesigned in the race to beat the opposition, which the clients don’t appreciate; raising by deleting the understandings one’s industry forces clients to make by setting new guidelines well above contenders; originating through the discovery of the latest sources of value for customers, therefore originating new demand and strategic price shifts.
Within the project cycle, how companies respond to the conflict has a significant influence. In the early stage of the cycle, leading firms are bound to withdraw from an investment (which may infer diminished social and environmental effects or the shift of effects on another area) and consider a foundational realignment of the project. On the other hand, at the late stage in the cycle, firms are bound to suit the plan or aggregate social responsibility projects, which provides impact compensation instead of reduction [6].
Likewise, lower costs, improve efficiencies, and add competitive advantages to public companies looking for investors at the Stock Markets are the effects of CSR activities focused on sustainability. A vast number of benefits arise for organizations who engage in CSR activities increased brand value, healthier and safer workforce, and larger access to finance. Consequently, five key benefits of CSR are presented by Solihin [7] for a firm to achieve social responsibility to both stakeholders and the environment: sales and market share growth, solid and strong brand positioning, corporate image growth, lessen operational costs, corporate appeal growth for investors and financial analysts.
The community’s and firm’s expectations are on the opposite “course” in regards to CSR. While communities focus on sustainability, firms focus on exhibiting their responsible behavior within operations. According to Hsieh [8], firms that operate in developing countries are awaited to satisfy the highest expectations. Consequently, to address necessities and requests tailored to their needs, scholars have requested more awareness to comprehend the firm’s impacts considering stakeholder’s perceptions.
Even though mining is one of the main sources of employment in Africa, it is of the utmost importance that companies contribute to improving living standards within the communities they operate. Apart from issuing mandates to employ locals, there are a few approaches utilized to improve socioeconomic quality within a mining community: finance the construction of hospitals and schools, building roads and highways, and making use of local services [9].
In the following section, both case studies are introduced, described, and assessed on context, strategies, and outcomes.
Tintaya Copper Mine is run by BHP Billiton in Peru’s Espinar province Tintaya. Community members asserted that these land buys had been led in manners that were unscrupulous and unlawful. Also, community members started to protest about mine’s sensed environmental effects. By covering charges and agreeing to the Peruvian government, prerequisites, and laws, the firm thought they were maintaining their commitments through the community relationship policy. The firm thought they were overseeing everything admirably. In November 2000, the Peruvian NGOs sent a report to Oxfam Community Aid Abroad, Oxfam International’s Australian fellow member. The Mining Ombudsman answered by composing a letter to BHP Billiton authorities in Australia that delineated the communities’ complaints and requested an answer.
Before the Dialog Table, the local’s doubt regarding the mine’s local administration was profoundly instilled. In the following months after the December 2001 gathering, BHP Billiton and the community NGO alliance deliberately arranged their particular positions, while working mutually to distinguish an outside facilitator for the primary Dialog Table gathering. The facilitator they recruited would assume a crucial part in establishing the framework for an effective discourse process.
At the Dialogue Table’s debut meeting, the facilitator drove network individuals, NGO delegates, neighborhood government authorities, and BHP Billiton staff through an iterative and participatory issue distinguishing proof procedure. Toward the finish of the procedure, an accord was reached on the need to address four key issues of worry to the networks: loss of land, ecological effects, human rights infringement, and maintainable turn of events. At that point, Dialog Table members consented to frame four working commissions to examine complaints, define proposals, and execute changes in every one of the four zones. Three of the four commissions – the Environment, Human Rights, and Sustainable Development – were set up as progressing, changeless commissions, while the Land Commission would be broken down once its obligations were released. Each commission was made out of the networks’ chosen chiefs and intrigued inhabitants, city and NGO agents, and BHP Billiton corporate and neighborhood staff. At that point, with the assistance of the facilitator, Dialog Table members recognized a few key standards and guidelines – cooperation, agreement chasing, joint certainty finding, and secrecy – to manage their connections.
The BHP Billiton designation was driven by CEO Paul Warner, a man who, unmistakably influenced the firm to follow through on his guarantees. Members deciphered his attendance as a sign that the organization was paying attention to the networks’ cases. An absence of trust in the kindness of the contradicting party was a conceivably destroying issue for both network individuals and BHP Billiton staff. After some time, and through recurred connections at the commission and entire gatherings, shared comprehension and regard between community leaders and BHP Billiton authorities gradually developed. Whether the organization has failed in the issues dissected, specialized examinations were required in each commission to decide and have suggestions to follow.
On December 21, 2004, a structured understanding between BHP Billiton and the five Dialog Table people group was agreed upon. The focal features of the structure understanding were the accompanying: First of all, each year the organization will contribute three percent of its benefit to develop the community. The Tintaya Foundation, an organization that was mutually managed by the firm and community, was created to fund different community activities including water system, specialized aptitudes preparing, and other rural improvement ventures. With this understanding, the mining firm was a pioneer at sharing direct profits among communities in Peru. Secondarily, to identify and alleviate environmental impacts from the mining activity, the firm and community associations will frame an ecological committee. Ultimately, the firm acknowledged that any activity performed within the community territory will be done with past assent from the proprietors. This being said, the “Previous consent” concept was first developed between a mining firm and a local community.
Quellaveco is an enormous scope copper mining venture situated in the south-eastern region of Peru, at the department of Moquegua. Social and ecological concerns in regards to Quellaveco’s operations were referred by the complainants as the following: water shortage, water quality corruption, and enlarged competition over water assets in an arid territory; environmental impacts of toxic wastes, health impact within local communities; and concerns over land invasion without landowner’s assent. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) was introduced by the firm’s to the Energy Minister in May 2020 and approved in December of that year.
Both positive and negative effects of the venture were included by the organization and, despite the firm’s efforts to inform both the community and local authorities, couldn’t agree with the firm’s conclusion that “the net effect of the undertaking’s improvement is certain” and “the advancement of the open cut and its resulting loading up with water opens the chance of utilizing the establishment as a store”.
In March 2011, the provincial administration of Moquegua started a dialogue table involving 27 stakeholders from society, government and the company.
To recreate the community value elements for creating a new value curve and to answer the two research questions, the Four Actions Framework is utilized. Four main questions are introduced to challenge the industry logic and business model with the goal to break differentiation and low-cost trade-off and creating a new value curve:
Causes of social conflicts should be eliminated. A noteworthy influence on how firms answer to disputes arisen when they arise within the project cycle. When early in the cycle, conflict more presumably leads firms to withdraw from investments (which may traduce into decreased social and environmental effect or the transfer of effects to a different area) and evaluate an essential restructuring of the project. The most constant costs distinguished were those emerging from lost productivity because of delays [6]. In Quellaveco’s case, the reasons for social clashes were water assets and the utilization of freshwater from the streams without the community consent. The social conflict generated huge monetary losses to the firm. Interviewees calculated that around US$10,000 is lost for each day of postponement in lost wages and the expenses of keeping up an investigation camp. Additionally, the manager of the company suggested that the company should provide more CSR programs to avoid these operational costs.
Reputation concerns should be eliminated. Firms are most certainly to adopt the design or increase the social responsibility activities, the latest providing impact compensation instead of impact reduction when conflict arises later in the project cycle [6]. The value of intangible resources such as trust can be increased by the creation of a genuine solid reputation through certain and pre-planned activities and dealing with the corporate image. In BHP’s case, one of the community members of the NGO’s stated: “The community realized that the firm had numerous similar issues in Canada and Australia, so the organization didn’t want to keep being influenced by its awful reputation”.
Environmental impact. In Quellaveco’s case, the community realized that the firm had the financial ability to reestablish the trajectory of the river. As a leader stated: “Economists, local engineers, and practitioners had a profound discussion with the firm about their interests. Thus, in the closure plan, the project evaluated leaving the open pit as a lagoon so the community could use it as a water reservoir. However, neighborhood engineers demanded the organization reinstatement of the trajectory of the Asana River as it was prior to the operations. After numerous researches, the firm embraced to execute the elective conclusion plan noted as Restoration of the Asana River Bed. The following would elude any social conflict and lose cash as an outcome of the conflict.
Relative power from community members should be raised. Relative power is crucial in the trusting process. If the trusted party is within a position authority, there is a deviation towards trusting because he can authorize an individual who abuses his trust. On the other hand, if the trusted party has little or no position of authority, he becomes vulnerable to the other’s party interests and would become less comfortable. Either way, prior to the dialogue table, community members did not have authority nor power. Once the dialogue table was settled, each participant had a vote. This means that a farmer from a rural village has the same power and authority that the other members, including the firm’s agents and the president of the region.
Secondly, stakeholder representation on decision-making committees should be raised. The following strategy exhibits that mining firms are aware of stakeholder’s interests. Within Quellaveco’s project, one of the last consensuses was that a Participatory Monitoring Committee will be created and framed by key stakeholders, civilians and institutions from local and regional governments will be made to screen the ecological effect during activity to oversee the environmental impact during the firm’s operations.
Thirdly, choice by agreement based methodology should be raised. Trust can be influenced by consensus, noticed. One of the government representatives at Quellaveco’s project stated: “The norm stated that any agreement should be done through consensus. We were looking for a discussion council to understand each party’s perspectives and to eventually join a consensus, not a voting session.”
In the fourth place, transparency should be raised. Stakeholder’s trust is increased by transparency; Expanding the stakeholder’s trust, a business separates itself and develops. Among non-employee stakeholders, trust creates considerable cooperative behavior, lowering operational costs, improving business reputation, and recruiting and holding new clients and skilled workforce. Call this the transparency-trust agreement. Within Quellaveco’s project, the firm’s agent stated: “The meetings were available to people in general, so the press could be there at any second, and some meetings were broadcasted live”.
Finally, support should be raised. The advantages of participation are ascribed to bigger trust, more prominent sentiments of control, better firm identity, and bigger goals. In the end, it upgrades trust and adds to a feeling of proprietorship and dominance, improving the acceptance system and dedication. On inspiration and active involvement, individuals lessen resistance to change and intensify acceptance of and commitment to both changes and decisions. In any case, there were numerous members from various firms: Those who were against and those who were in favor of the project.
Withing Tintaya’s case, an agent from the organization stated: “While the facilitator made a list of issues, everybody was questioned regarding their opinions on the issues. They conclude that there were four issues: human rights, land, sustainable development, and natural issues. Afterward, we asked each member which committee they would prefer to join.”
“Create” didn’t emerge in the interviews. Alternately, the following three concepts had emerged: share, compensate and enhance.
Share profits. Within Tintaya’s project, the firm will annually share 3% of its profits with the community. Moreover, the firm created the “Tintaya Foundation” to finance community initiatives including technical training, irrigation, and different agricultural projects. With this accord, history was made since it was the first direct profit transfer from a mining firm towards a community in Peru.
Share norms of behavior. Trust cant be shaped without any previous foundation. Habitually, is created and evolved when two parties consistently agree to the equivalent moral and/or social norms and regulations. Within Tintaya’s case study, an agent from the firm stated: “The facilitator had more vision than us since he did not take any parties side. Since the earliest encounter, he helped set up a few guidelines of conduct. This seemed to be ordinary, nearly ridiculous. The rules were stated as follows: Listen to each other, and respect everyone’s opinion. Nonetheless, they were very useful”. The equivalent occurred within Quellaveco’s case: a participant created a guideline that established standards such as respect, transparency, equity, and participation.
Compensate by kindhearted concern. In both case study’s, the firms created a Social Fund, established as a non-profit organization formed by organizations representing civilians, intending to be recipients of social responsibility expenses to be made by the firm and give an appropriate use of the money to accomplish regional development.
Enhance resemblance. We are tribal at our core, which is the reason individuals trust easily those who look alike to themselves. Similitudes may incorporate values, group identity, personality attributes. Within Tintaya’s case study, the facilitator referenced: “We needed to create some systems and the proposal, which was agreed on by all, was to not leave a question unanswered. As a result, all the parties involved could express their purpose of existence clearly. Also, we felt that it would be a lot simpler for the firm to state its reason for existence and purpose. On the NGO’s side, it was intriguing because they also explained their identity, partners, financial background, and their sole purpose and objective. This system shattered various tales. If tales are not shattered, you can’t believe that the opposite party shares something with you. That is the most important lesson.
Enhance capability. The manager habitually evaluates capability upon the decision to trust or delegate authority to the individuals who work for them. Within Tintaya’s case study, a delegate from the NGO stated: “The community was not prepared for a negotiation. The community did not have a clue how to perfom upon arrival at the negotiation table to reach a solution”. Additionally, a delegate from the firm referenced: “We are a mining firm with top professionals. This being said, an unevenness in dialogue resulted since the community did not have the same opportunities”. Afterward, a leader of the community stated: “We decided as a group to search for assistance, so we could construct the capacity of the communities in how to participate in this type of dialogue. When this limit building was finished, the process starts managing easily”.
Enhance leadership. Relationship – oriented leadership, which suggests a moral implication, has a positive connection with trust, and associations as to administration – trust relationship varies measurably. Within the Tintaya’s case study, prior to the dialogue table, community members did not want the presence of the firm’s general manager since they couldn’t trust him. Hence, while the discussions were taken place at the Dialogue table, the firm assigned Paul Warner, a headquarter-based manager, a man who, as indicated by one delegate NGO, unmistakably had the power within the firm to follow through on his promises. Contrastingly, in Quellaveco’s case study leadership was generated from the base since the Regional Government started a dialogue table including 27 local stakeholders.
Enhance the alignment of interests. Before an individual place her trust in another person, she cautiously gauges the question “How likely is this individual to assist my advantage?” Trust is a reasonable response when an individual’s interests are aligned. In both cases, members had their interests, yet they found a common interest which was social development. For example, within the Tintaya’s case study, a community representative stated: “We assembled a Development Table were we identified the community’s social issues and attempt to discover a solution to them by working cooperatively”.
Enhance predictability and integrity. Sooner or later within the trust decision, trusters ask: Within Quellaveco’s case study, one of the community representatives stated: “The rule was as follows: If you had a commitment to do or a prior assignment to do it before entering to another understanding, do not let accumulate tasks. It implies we didn’t proceed to a new agreement before verifying if the past ones were finished. At this point, we all did a colossal effort to consent with agreements and be reliable. Similarly, within the Tintaya case study, before the dialogue Table, there was distrust. A delegate from the community stated: “We had consistently imagined that mining firms would enslave us with their laws and procedures. That was our point of view. Deceival was the feeling shared at the first encounter”.
Enhance the level of communication. Solid communication is crucial since trust is a relational concept. As anyone might expect, transparent communication frequently helps the decision to trust, whereas poor (or none) communication produces doubtfulness. When Tintaya’s case study, before the dialogue table, zero communication was found between the organization and the community. Nevertheless, following the dialogue table, the level of communication increase.
In summary, six strategies are found: Elimination, Reduction, Raising, Compensating, Enhancing, and Sharing. SeeTable 1.
Eliminate | Reduce | Raise |
---|---|---|
Causes of social conflict: Water resource (Quellaveco), Human Rights (Tintaya) | Environmental impact | Relative power of community members |
Reputation concern (Tintaya) | Stakeholder representation on decision-making committees | |
Consensus based approach | ||
Transparency | ||
Participation | ||
Benevolent concern | Similarities | Profit |
Capability | Norms of behavior | |
Leadership | ||
Alignment of interests by Development Table | ||
Predictability and integrity | ||
Level of communication |
CSR Strategies to reduce cost (Eliminate and Reduce) and raise value to community (Raise, Compensate, Enhance and Share).
CSR, as value innovation, is created both its cost structure and its value proposition to the community. Cost reductions are made by removing and lessening the factors mining competes on such water resources (Quellaveco), environmental impacts (Quellaveco and Tintaya), and land (Tintaya). Community value is lifted by raising, compensating, enhancing, and sharing CSR elements the mining has roughly offered. See Figure 1.
CSR as value innovation.
CSR favorably influences both its cost structure and its value proposition to the community. Cost savings are made by eliminating and reducing the causes of social conflicts. Community value is lifted by raising, reducing, sharing, enhancing, and compensating elements the industry has never offered. So, CSR acts as a value innovation of BOS. See Figure 2.
The six actions framework.
The Internet has irrevocably changed the dynamics of scholarly communication and publishing. Consequently, we find it necessary to indicate, unambiguously, our definition of what we consider to be a published scientific work.
",metaTitle:"Prior Publication Policy",metaDescription:"Prior Publication Policy",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/prior-publication-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
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\\n\\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\\n\\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\\n\\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\\n\\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
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\\n\\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\\n\\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\\n\\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\\n\\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\\n\\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\\n\\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\\n\\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\\n\\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\\n\\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
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\\n\\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\\n\\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\\n\\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
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\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'A significant number of working papers, early drafts, and similar work in progress are openly shared online between members of the scientific community. It has become common to announce one’s own research on a personal website or a blog to gather comments and suggestions from other researchers. Such works and online postings are, indeed, published in the sense that they are made publicly available. However, this does not mean that if submitted for publication by IntechOpen they are not original works. We differentiate between reviewed and non-reviewed works when determining whether a work is original and has been published in a scholarly sense or not.
\n\nThe significance of Peer Review cannot be overstated when it comes to defining, in our terms, what constitutes a published scientific work. Peer Review is widely considered to be the cornerstone of modern publishing processes and the key value-adding contribution to a scholarly manuscript that a publisher can make.
\n\nOther than the issue of originality, research misconduct is another major issue that all publishers have to address. IntechOpen’s Retraction & Correction Policy and various publication ethics guidelines identify both redundant publication and (self)plagiarism to fall within the definition of research misconduct, thus constituting grounds for rejection or the issue of a Retraction if the work has already been published.
\n\nIn order to facilitate the tracking of a manuscript’s publishing history and its development from its earliest draft to the manuscript submitted, we encourage Authors to disclose any instances of a manuscript’s prior publication, whether it be through a conference presentation, a newspaper article, a working paper publicly available in a repository or a blog post.
\n\nA note to the Academic Editor containing detailed information about a submitted manuscript’s previous public availability is the preferred means of reporting prior publication. This helps us determine if there are any earlier versions of a manuscript that should be disclosed to our readers or if any of those earlier versions should be cited and listed in a manuscript’s references.
\n\nSome basic information about the editorial treatment of different varieties of prior publication is laid out below:
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\n\nGiven that conference papers and presentations generally pass through some sort of peer or editorial review, we consider them to be published in the accepted scholarly sense, particularly if they are published as a part of conference proceedings.
\n\nAll submitted manuscripts originating from a previously published conference paper must contain at least 50% of new original content to be accepted for review and considered for publication.
\n\nAuthors are required to report any links their manuscript might have with their earlier conference papers and presentations in a note to the Academic Editor, as well as in the manuscript itself. Additionally, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the publisher of their conference paper if copyright transfer occurred during the publishing process. Failure to do so may prevent Us from publishing an otherwise worthy work.
\n\n2. NEWSPAPER & MAGAZINE ARTICLES
\n\nNewspaper and magazine articles usually do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense. Articles appearing in newspapers and magazines rarely possess the depth and structure characteristic of scholarly articles.
\n\nSubmitted manuscripts stemming from a previous newspaper or magazine article will be accepted for review and considered for publication. However, Authors are strongly advised to report any such publication in an accompanying note to the External Editor.
\n\nAs with the conference papers and presentations, Authors should obtain any necessary permissions from the newspaper or magazine that published the work, and indicate that they have done so in a note to the External Editor.
\n\n3. GREY LITERATURE
\n\nWhite papers, working papers, technical reports and all other forms of papers which fall within the scope of the ‘Luxembourg definition’ of grey literature do not pass through any extensive peer or editorial review and we do not consider them to be published in the scholarly sense.
\n\nAlthough such papers are regularly made publicly available via personal websites and institutional repositories, their general purpose is to gather comments and feedback from Authors’ colleagues in order to further improve a manuscript intended for future publication.
\n\nWhen submitting their work, Authors are required to disclose the existence of any publicly available earlier drafts in a note to the Academic Editor. In cases where earlier drafts of the submitted version of the manuscript are publicly available, any overlap between the versions will generally not be considered an instance of self-plagiarism.
\n\n4. SOCIAL MEDIA, BLOG & MESSAGE BOARD POSTINGS
\n\nWe feel that social media, blogs and message boards are generally used with the same intention as grey literature, to formulate ideas for a manuscript and gather early feedback from like-minded researchers in order to improve a particular piece of work before submitting it for publication. Therefore, we do not consider such internet postings to be publication in the scholarly sense.
\n\nNevertheless, Authors are encouraged to disclose the existence of any internet postings in which they outline and describe their research or posted passages of their manuscripts in a note to the Academic Editor. Please note that we will not strictly enforce this request in the same way that we would instructions we consider to be part of our conditions of acceptance for publication. We understand that it may be difficult to keep track of all one’s internet postings in which the researcher´s current work might be mentioned.
\n\nIn cases where there is any overlap between the Author´s submitted manuscript and related internet postings, we will generally not consider it to be an instance of self-plagiarism. This also holds true for any co-Author as well.
\n\nFor more information on this policy please contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2017-03-20
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