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XEFGM Fracture Analysis of Functionally Graded Materials under Mixed Mode and Asymmetric Loading

Written By

Nathera A. Saleh and Haider Khazal

Submitted: 16 May 2021 Reviewed: 07 June 2021 Published: 23 February 2022

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.98765

From the Edited Volume

Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling

Edited by Zak Abdallah and Nada Aldoumani

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Abstract

This research describes crack analysis in the functionally graded materials (FGMs) by adopting the extended element free Galerkin method (XEFGM) under mixed mode and asymmetric loading. These loads are somewhat similar to fatigue loads because, numerically, they are load values from zero and then directly to the critical load. The meshfree method can be easily simulated the fracture problems against the traditional numerical method because it is not dependent on mesh. Triangles technique in the process of numerical integration at regions of discontinuity, functions of enrichment, and as well as the appropriate support field to contain numerical points and nodes to from the shape functions are used in this study. In addition, incompatible interaction integration technique has used to determine the stress intensity factors (SIFs). Two study cases with different crack positions were studied and compared with the experimental works of the relevant reference literature, where accurate and identical results were obtained.

Keywords

  • Crack propagation
  • incompatible interaction integration technique
  • meshfree method
  • functionally graded materials

1. Introduction

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) arose from the realization that it was necessary to meet ultra-high temperature and cryogenic requirements. The goals of strength, flexibility, and fatigue resistance inspired the early research. This aim in achieving a smooth and perfect spatial variation is most effectively met by gathering different materials with those favorable characteristics, thereby avoiding the detriment effect such as stress concentration and residual stress found in discrete interface. The gradual change in material properties from the original composite has been shown to increase efficiency by mitigating failure and maintaining the intended benefits of merging two or more different materials. Functionally graded materials are found in nature, for example in bones, teeth, wood, and bamboo [1]. As a result of the microstructure and mechanical properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) that different from their corresponding from the conventional composites, they have to be used in many engineering, military, medical and space sciences applications. Numerical methods have been used and applied in the analysis of fracture problems in these materials because they have the ability to give realistic results [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Popovich et al. [12], Zhao et al. [13] studied fatigue load that exerted on certain types of functionally graded materials. Most recently, digital image correlation technique was used with numerical verification on a stepwise functionally graded material made of glass and epoxy to find the path growth of the crack and the stress concentration values [14, 15]. On the other hand, the optical method was used to analyze the crack path in a material made continuously from the graded materials and the stress concentration factor and T-stress were also calculated [16]. One of these methods that have been adopted in this research is the extended weak Galerkin formulation-element free method (XEFGM). The element-free Galerkin method with the sub-triangle technique to enhance the accuracy of the Gauss squared near the crack to determine stress intensity factors in isotropic and anisotropic materials can give accurate results in analyzing fracture structures. The incompatible interaction integral technique is applied to extract stress intensity factors (SIFs). The method of sub-triangulation is used to hence the discontinuity terms. With low degrees of freedom, results can be obtained that are highly consistent with those of the relevant reference literature.

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2. Field Equations

In elastic materials, Hooke’s law can be employed in the following equation that clears the relationship between the stresses and strains in specific material.

σ=E1

σ and ε are the stress and strain respectively; while D represents the material matrix that varied with the displacement x in the functionally graded materials can be find as:

D=Ex1ν21νx0ν10001νx/2Plane stressE2

and

D=Ex1νx1+νx12νx1νx1νx0νx1νx100012νx21νxPlane strainE3

Where E and ν represent Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio that varied with the displacement x respectively, Eqs. (2) and (3) are useful because they give a change in the properties of the material at each point of the material in relation to the displacement.

Eq. (1) can be put as:

ε==C11C12C16C12C22C26C16C26C66σxxσyyσxyE4

where C represents the compliance matrix.

In FGM

E=Ex1x2=ExE5
υ=υx1x2=υxE6

In the above two equations, it is clear that the Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio change with the displacement and this gives the impression for the behave of properties of the functionally graded materials as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1.

FGM body with crack,

The stresses and displacements in functionally graded materials near the crack tip can be obtained by depending on angular stress and displacement functions as [2]:

σ11=12πrKIf11Iθ+KIf11IIθE7
σ22=12πrKIf22Iθ+KIIf22IIθE8
σ12=12πrKIf12Iθ+KIIf12IIθE9
u1=1Gtipr2πKIg1Iθ+KIIg1IIθE10
u2=1Gtipr2πKIg2Iθ+KIIg2IIθE11
Gtip=Etip21+νtipE12

The mechanical properties in Eq. (11) to (13) will be extracted at the tip of crack.

fijIθ,fijIIθ,gijIθandgijIIθij=12 represent the standard angular functions [17, 18]. Eqs. (7) to (13) can calculate the values of stresses and displacements at each point of the material supported by the enrichment functions.

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3. XEFGM Structure

In the two-dimensional solid elasticodynamics as depicted in Figure 2, the equilibrium equation that gives the relationship between the stresses and traction load t can be depicted in matrix form as:

Figure 2.

2D cracked body.

LTσ+b=0in problemd dmainΩE13

Where the following Eqs. (15) to (17) represent boundary equations.

σn=t¯onΓtE14
u=u¯onΓuE15
σn=0onΓeE16

And the differential operator matrix L is

L=x00yyxE17

EFGM adopted the moving least squares (MLS) approximation [19] to find shape function of the numerical method. The governing equation of the relevant problem:

ΩLδuTDLuΩδuTbΓtδuTt¯dΓΓuδλTuu¯dΓΓuδuTλdΓ=0E18

where λ represents the Lagrange multiplier variable. The MLS shape function ϕi at node i a point xcan be defined as [20]:

ϕix=pTxAx1wxxipxiE19

px is the basis function

pTx=1xyE20

And A can be extracted as

Ax=i=1nwxxipxipTxiE21

And

wr=234rs2+4rs3rs12434rs+4rs243rs312<rs10rs>1E22

Where rs is the size of the influence domain for node i.

The externally enriched displacement approximation uh of a model point x [21, 22, 23]:

uhx=i=1nϕixui+k=1mtϕkα=14QαxbkE23

For isotropic FGMs, enrichment functions are applied to enrich the MLS formulation [24, 25]:

Qrθ=rcosθ2rsinθ2rsinθ2sinθrcosθ2sinθE24

Therefore the final discretized system equations,

KQQT0Uλ=FqE25

The vectors in Eq. (26)

Q=ΓuNTϕdΓE26
q=ΓuNTu¯E27
λx=i=1nλNixλiE28

U is the global displacement vector can be defined as:

U=ub1b2b3b4TE29

Where b1 to b4 represent the enrichment, function terms.

And

Kijn=KijuuKijubKijbuKijbbE30
Fin=FiuFib1Fib2Fib3Fib4TE31

where

Kijrs=ΩBirTDBjsrs=ubE32
Fiu=Ωϕitb+ΓtϕiTt¯E33
Fiba=ΩϕiTQab+ΓtϕiTQat¯a=1234E34

Biu and Bib are matrices of shape function derivatives:

Biu=ϕi,x00ϕi,yϕi,yϕi,xE35
Bib=Bib1Bib2Bib3Bib4E36
Biu=ϕiQα,x00ϕiQα,yϕiQα,yϕiQα,xE37
α=1,2,3,4E38
ε=LuhE39
σ=E40

Eq. (40) and (41) represent stress and strain for whole body of FG material calculated by numerical method.

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4. Fracture Criteria

Incompatibility formulation is applied to extracted J-integral [26, 27].

σij=dijklxεkl,εij12ui,j+uj,i,σij,j=0E41

where

εij=Cijklxσklijkl=123E42

with

C=C11C12C16C12C22C26C16C26C66=C1111C11222C1112C2211C22222C22122C12112C12224C1212E43

From Figure 3:

Figure 3.

An integral contour at the tip of the crack.

J=Aσijui,1wδ1jq,jdA+Aσijui,1wδ1j,jqdAE44

w is the strain energy density:

w=12σijεijE45

The interaction integral and J integral can be defined [28, 29, 30]:

M=Aσijui,1aux+σijauxui,112σikuikaux+σikauxuiδ1jq,jdA+Aσijcijkltipcijklxσkl,1auxqdAE46
Jlocal=KI2+KII2/EtipE47
Jlocals=KI+KIaux2+KII+KIIaux2Etip=Jlocal+Jlocalaux+MlocalE48
Jlocalaux=KIaux2+KIIaux2/EtipE49

and Mlocal is given by

Mlocal=2KIKIaux+KIIKIIaux/EtipE50
KI=Mlocal1Etip/2,KIaux=1.0KIIaux=0.0,KII=Mlocal2Etip/2,KIaux=0.0KIIaux=1.0.E51

The Eq. (51) is used to calculate the stress intensity factors during the fracture analysis in functionally graded materials. The crack propagation criterion (Maximum hoop stress) was applied by the depend on procedure that was adopted by Erdogan and Sih [31].

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5. Numerical examples

5.1 Example 1

The first example is that there is a crack in the FGM beam that undergoes a three-point bend as shown in Figure 4, and in this problem, the beams are homogeneous and gradient (along with the X2 direction). Figure 4a and b show the geometry of the sample and BCs for two different boundary conditions: the states (a) and (b), respectively. Also, this figure shows the complete nodal distributions, and the adaptive background cells visualize the distribution of Gauss points and fertilization nodes around the crack for Case (a). Note that the nodal and background cell distributions are valid for both conditions. The material properties (Table 1) of the monolithic beam used are as follows:

Figure 4.

Three-point bending cracked beam. (a) Case (a). (b) Case (b). (c) The nodal allocation. (d) back grid structure. (e) Gauss points allocation.

X2E (MPa)νKcr(Mpam)
017800.410.99
6040000.391.19

Table 1.

Material characteristics of the graduated beam.

E=2890MPa,ν=0.4,KIc=1.09MPam.

A 64 x 28 back grid and 1856 non-uniform distribution nodes are adopted in this case (Figure 5). 2875 nodes in finite element method was previously used by Kim and Paulino [3]. Figure 6 depicts the comparison of the crack path of a homogeneous case (b) beam obtained by current work with the experimental results reported by Galvez et al. [32] With numerical simulation by [3]. The reasonably well output between the numerical and experimental results are obtained. Note that in this case, the gradient of the material does not affect the path of the crack. Figure 7 shows the effect of increasing the slit length by current numerical simulations of (b) condition on the slit path compared to the experiment available for a gradient beam. Figures 8 and 9 depict results of KI and KII for the different relative size of the J-integral domain (rJ) respectively. The results of the proposed method remain accurate for a wide range of rJ values and the integral field size J (rJ) does not significantly influence the values of SIFs.

Figure 5.

Nodes of enrichment around the crack prior to the final step of crack propagation.

Figure 6.

Comparison of crack paths for a homogeneous beam (Case b).

Figure 7.

The effect of increasing the crack length by current numerical simulations of case (b) on the crack path in a graded beam.

Figure 8.

KI values for case (b) with different relative rJ.

Figure 9.

KII values for case (b) with different relative rJ.

5.2 Example 2

Figure 10 depicts the configuration and mechanical properties (Table 2) of the case study (2) that is bending four points with vertical cracks that perpendicular on the gradient of material.

Figure 10.

Bending four points with vertical cracks on the physical gradient.

ξE (MPa)νKcr(Mpam)
0≤30000.351.2
0.1733000.342.1
0.3353000.332.7
0.5873000.312.7
0.8383000.32.6
1≥86000.292.6

Table 2.

Material characteristics of the graduated beam.

Rousseau and Tippur [33] applied ξ that is zero on the left side of the stepping part, and one on the right side (Figure 10). In current work, A 64 x 28 back grid and 2070 non-uniform distribution nodes are adopted in this case (Figures 11 and 12), while more than 10,000 element and 30,000 nodes were adopted by [33] to study this case.

Figure 11.

(a) Distribution of 2070 irregular nodes, (b) Back grid structure, (c-d) Sub-triangulation technique upon initial fracture propagation.

Figure 12.

Nodes of enrichment around the crack.

The results of the current research work give high accuracy with related references as depicted in Tables 3 and 4. The consistent of present research can be depicted in Tables 35. Figure 13 gives a comparison of the effect of increasing the slit length on the slit path of the current work with experimental work [33] at ξ = 0.17, 0.58, and ξ = 1.00. Finally, Figures 14 and 15 appear the data of KI and KII for different relative rJ respectively. It is clear in this example that the growth of the crack is moving towards the soft side.

ξKI(Mpam)KII(Mpam)
Present workRef. [8]Ref. [4]Present workRef. [8]Ref. [4]
0.172.0872.0872.088−0.116−0.117−0.127
0.582.6892.6942.695−0.087−0.085−0.094
12.5882.598−0.010−0.013

Table 3.

Stress intensity factors rapprochement at dmax=2and rJ=1.2.

ξPcr (N)Crack initiation angle θ0 (deg.)
Present workRef. [8]Ref. [4]Present workRef. [8]Ref. [4]
0.17255250249.36.9017.0097
0.582983002984.0203.9984
1295289.90.6010.5

Table 4.

Critical load of and crack initiation angle rapprochement at dmax=2 and rJ=1.2.

ξ = 0.17;rJ = 1.2dmax
1.722.3
KI(Mpam)2.0812.0872.091
KII(Mpam)−0.112−0.116−0.111

Table 5.

SIFs for different support domain size.

Figure 13.

Comparison of effect of increasing the crack length on the propagation path for current research and experimental work [33]. (∆a = 1 mm for red line, and ∆a = 3 mm for green line).

Figure 14.

KI values for case (2) vs. relative rJ.

Figure 15.

KII for case (2) vs. relative rJ.

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6. Conclusion

The work mentioned in this work submitted the development of the XEFGM method to simulate crack propagation and compute stress intensity factors in mixed-mode fracture analysis of FGM beams under mixed mode and asymmetric loading. It has been demonstrated that XEFGM needs much less DOF than traditional FEM and XFEM to give the same accuracy levels. The adopt of sub-triangle technique for numerical integration, proper support field, and enrichment functions at the crack site has been shown to significantly increase the resolution of the solution. In addition, numerical simulation showed little effect of increasing incision length on the propagation path compared to the available experimental and numerical results. It is clear in this example that the growth of the crack is moving towards the soft side. There is no effect for increasing the crack length on the propagation path for current research with experimental work.

Additionally, the gradation of materials has no effect on the incision path of bending cases. Use of incompatible interaction integration method provides very accurate results for SIFs values.

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Written By

Nathera A. Saleh and Haider Khazal

Submitted: 16 May 2021 Reviewed: 07 June 2021 Published: 23 February 2022