Material characteristics of the graduated beam.
Abstract
This research describes crack analysis in the functionally graded materials (FGMs) by adopting the extended element free Galerkin method (XEFGM) under mixed mode and asymmetric loading. These loads are somewhat similar to fatigue loads because, numerically, they are load values from zero and then directly to the critical load. The meshfree method can be easily simulated the fracture problems against the traditional numerical method because it is not dependent on mesh. Triangles technique in the process of numerical integration at regions of discontinuity, functions of enrichment, and as well as the appropriate support field to contain numerical points and nodes to from the shape functions are used in this study. In addition, incompatible interaction integration technique has used to determine the stress intensity factors (SIFs). Two study cases with different crack positions were studied and compared with the experimental works of the relevant reference literature, where accurate and identical results were obtained.
Keywords
- Crack propagation
- incompatible interaction integration technique
- meshfree method
- functionally graded materials
1. Introduction
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) arose from the realization that it was necessary to meet ultra-high temperature and cryogenic requirements. The goals of strength, flexibility, and fatigue resistance inspired the early research. This aim in achieving a smooth and perfect spatial variation is most effectively met by gathering different materials with those favorable characteristics, thereby avoiding the detriment effect such as stress concentration and residual stress found in discrete interface. The gradual change in material properties from the original composite has been shown to increase efficiency by mitigating failure and maintaining the intended benefits of merging two or more different materials. Functionally graded materials are found in nature, for example in bones, teeth, wood, and bamboo [1]. As a result of the microstructure and mechanical properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) that different from their corresponding from the conventional composites, they have to be used in many engineering, military, medical and space sciences applications. Numerical methods have been used and applied in the analysis of fracture problems in these materials because they have the ability to give realistic results [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]. Popovich et al. [12], Zhao et al. [13] studied fatigue load that exerted on certain types of functionally graded materials. Most recently, digital image correlation technique was used with numerical verification on a stepwise functionally graded material made of glass and epoxy to find the path growth of the crack and the stress concentration values [14, 15]. On the other hand, the optical method was used to analyze the crack path in a material made continuously from the graded materials and the stress concentration factor and T-stress were also calculated [16]. One of these methods that have been adopted in this research is the extended weak Galerkin formulation-element free method (XEFGM). The element-free Galerkin method with the sub-triangle technique to enhance the accuracy of the Gauss squared near the crack to determine stress intensity factors in isotropic and anisotropic materials can give accurate results in analyzing fracture structures. The incompatible interaction integral technique is applied to extract stress intensity factors (SIFs). The method of sub-triangulation is used to hence the discontinuity terms. With low degrees of freedom, results can be obtained that are highly consistent with those of the relevant reference literature.
2. Field Equations
In elastic materials, Hooke’s law can be employed in the following equation that clears the relationship between the stresses and strains in specific material.
and
Where E and
Eq. (1) can be put as:
where
In FGM
In the above two equations, it is clear that the Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio change with the displacement and this gives the impression for the behave of properties of the functionally graded materials as shown in Figure 1.
The stresses and displacements in functionally graded materials near the crack tip can be obtained by depending on angular stress and displacement functions as [2]:
The mechanical properties in Eq. (11) to (13) will be extracted at the tip of crack.
3. XEFGM Structure
In the two-dimensional solid elasticodynamics as depicted in Figure 2, the equilibrium equation that gives the relationship between the stresses and traction load
Where the following Eqs. (15) to (17) represent boundary equations.
And the differential operator matrix
EFGM adopted the moving least squares (MLS) approximation [19] to find shape function of the numerical method. The governing equation of the relevant problem:
where
And
And
Where
The externally enriched displacement approximation
For isotropic FGMs, enrichment functions are applied to enrich the MLS formulation [24, 25]:
Therefore the final discretized system equations,
The vectors in Eq. (26)
Where b1 to b4 represent the enrichment, function terms.
And
where
Eq. (40) and (41) represent stress and strain for whole body of FG material calculated by numerical method.
4. Fracture Criteria
Incompatibility formulation is applied to extracted
where
with
From Figure 3:
The interaction integral and J integral can be defined [28, 29, 30]:
and
The Eq. (51) is used to calculate the stress intensity factors during the fracture analysis in functionally graded materials. The crack propagation criterion (Maximum hoop stress) was applied by the depend on procedure that was adopted by Erdogan and Sih [31].
5. Numerical examples
5.1 Example 1
The first example is that there is a crack in the FGM beam that undergoes a three-point bend as shown in Figure 4, and in this problem, the beams are homogeneous and gradient (along with the X2 direction). Figure 4a and b show the geometry of the sample and BCs for two different boundary conditions: the states (a) and (b), respectively. Also, this figure shows the complete nodal distributions, and the adaptive background cells visualize the distribution of Gauss points and fertilization nodes around the crack for Case (a). Note that the nodal and background cell distributions are valid for both conditions. The material properties (Table 1) of the monolithic beam used are as follows:
X2 | E (MPa) | ν | |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 1780 | 0.41 | 0.99 |
60 | 4000 | 0.39 | 1.19 |
A 64 x 28 back grid and 1856 non-uniform distribution nodes are adopted in this case (Figure 5). 2875 nodes in finite element method was previously used by Kim and Paulino [3]. Figure 6 depicts the comparison of the crack path of a homogeneous case (b) beam obtained by current work with the experimental results reported by Galvez et al. [32] With numerical simulation by [3]. The reasonably well output between the numerical and experimental results are obtained. Note that in this case, the gradient of the material does not affect the path of the crack. Figure 7 shows the effect of increasing the slit length by current numerical simulations of (b) condition on the slit path compared to the experiment available for a gradient beam. Figures 8 and 9 depict results of KI and KII for the different relative size of the J-integral domain (rJ) respectively. The results of the proposed method remain accurate for a wide range of rJ values and the integral field size J (rJ) does not significantly influence the values of SIFs.
5.2 Example 2
Figure 10 depicts the configuration and mechanical properties (Table 2) of the case study (2) that is bending four points with vertical cracks that perpendicular on the gradient of material.
ξ | E (MPa) | ν | |
---|---|---|---|
0≤ | 3000 | 0.35 | 1.2 |
0.17 | 3300 | 0.34 | 2.1 |
0.33 | 5300 | 0.33 | 2.7 |
0.58 | 7300 | 0.31 | 2.7 |
0.83 | 8300 | 0.3 | 2.6 |
1≥ | 8600 | 0.29 | 2.6 |
Rousseau and Tippur [33] applied ξ that is zero on the left side of the stepping part, and one on the right side (Figure 10). In current work, A 64 x 28 back grid and 2070 non-uniform distribution nodes are adopted in this case (Figures 11 and 12), while more than 10,000 element and 30,000 nodes were adopted by [33] to study this case.
The results of the current research work give high accuracy with related references as depicted in Tables 3 and 4. The consistent of present research can be depicted in Tables 3–5. Figure 13 gives a comparison of the effect of increasing the slit length on the slit path of the current work with experimental work [33] at ξ = 0.17, 0.58, and ξ = 1.00. Finally, Figures 14 and 15 appear the data of KI and KII for different relative rJ respectively. It is clear in this example that the growth of the crack is moving towards the soft side.
ξ = 0.17; | dmax | ||
---|---|---|---|
1.7 | 2 | 2.3 | |
2.081 | 2.087 | 2.091 | |
−0.112 | −0.116 | −0.111 |
6. Conclusion
The work mentioned in this work submitted the development of the XEFGM method to simulate crack propagation and compute stress intensity factors in mixed-mode fracture analysis of FGM beams under mixed mode and asymmetric loading. It has been demonstrated that XEFGM needs much less DOF than traditional FEM and XFEM to give the same accuracy levels. The adopt of sub-triangle technique for numerical integration, proper support field, and enrichment functions at the crack site has been shown to significantly increase the resolution of the solution. In addition, numerical simulation showed little effect of increasing incision length on the propagation path compared to the available experimental and numerical results. It is clear in this example that the growth of the crack is moving towards the soft side. There is no effect for increasing the crack length on the propagation path for current research with experimental work.
Additionally, the gradation of materials has no effect on the incision path of bending cases. Use of incompatible interaction integration method provides very accurate results for SIFs values.
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