10 most effective antiinflammatory nutrients based on their activity level (inflammation effective score).
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These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
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It is a comprehensive discussion on how today’s ceramics are processed and used in many of today’s critical technologies. It discusses current techniques for synthesizing durable and cost-effective ceramic components with biocompatibility, complexity, and high precision. 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He is currently Assistant Professor of Chemistry in National Institute of Research and Physical-chemical Analysis, Tunisia. His research interests include material engineering, modelling, powder technology, and nanomaterials for mechanical and biomedical applications. Her published works in national and international impacted journals and books. He is a teacher in Chemistry. Hence, he supervised several researchers in materials science and nanometerials. 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Along with water and oxygen, food is the basis of life. The food contains essential compounds, and their lack leads to imbalance, affects the metabolism and functioning of organic systems, creating a prerequisite for diseases [1]. Adequate nutrition is one of the crucial factors in maintaining good health in adulthood. It also forms the basis of proper growth and development of children and adolescents [2].
The main guidelines for improving nutrition are listed in the National Food Policies. Similarly to existing policies, the Croatian Food Policy, states that proper nutrition is one that:
establishes a balance between energy ingested by food and energy consumed;
allows proper distribution between carbohydrates, fats and proteins;
ensures a sufficient amount of minerals;
ensures sufficient intake of vitamins;
provides the body\'s needs for water [3].
According to data available from the World Health Organization, it is important to recognize the dangers arising from excessive food consumption and the danger of insufficient energy intake of some nutrients. Hundreds of millions of people suffer from diseases that are the result of an unbalanced diet or consuming excessive amounts of food. There is increasing data that diet rich in lipids, rather saturated fatty acids than unsaturated, high intake of sugar and sodium, but lower intake of micronutrients and complex carbohydrates leads to an increase in cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer [4].
Available data that refers to the science of nutrition, suggest two major directions in history. Firstly, energy intake and nutritional needs were investigated, while nowadays, research is focused on nutrients that have a positive impact on human health and the impact of diet on gene expression [5].
Many nutrients have been linked to bone health, including some like dairy, fish, vegetables and soy which can improve it, while unbalanced and salty diet can influence it negatively. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, 1.5-2% of total body weight is mostly found in bones and teeth, about 99% and 1% is found in extracellular fluid and soft tissues. Calcium plays a role in regulating normal muscle and nerve irritability, regulates cell membrane permeability to sodium and participates in blood coagulation. Calcium ingested with food is absorbed by 10-30%. There is an increased need for calcium in pregnancy and lactation [6]. Milk and dairy products are the best sources of calcium, but it can also be found in some types of green leafy vegetables, fish, meat, and grains [7]. The recommended daily intake of calcium in Croatia is 800 mg [8].
Phosphorus is also linked to bone health. Phosphorous and calcium are major constituents of the hydroxyapatite [9]. Recommended daily intake of phosphorus is 700 mg/day [9]. Foods rich in phosphorus are fish, meat, cereals and carbonated beverages [10].
Vitamin D plays a leading role in bone health. It is a fat-soluble vitamin and needs bile salts for its absorption [6]. The metabolism of phosphorus and calcium affects the physiological role of vitamin D, as it conditions their resorption and deposition in bone tissue. Vitamin D deficiency in the body causes rickets in children, and osteomyelitis in adults [6]. Vitamin D is found in eggs, liver, fish oil and butter. Food is poor in vitamin D, so it is necessary to expose the skin to UV radiation.
Proteins of animal or vegetable origin are important part of the diet of children and adults. The recommended daily protein intake is 0.8 g/kg per day and is not sufficient for the elderly [11, 12]. Proteins are needed for the collagen synthesis in bone and have a positive effect on bone health especially in the elderly when protein-energy malnutrition leads to an increased risk of fractures [11].
In addition to macronutrient proteins, fats additionally affect bone. Fats area unit outlined as organic compounds found in foods of animal and plant origin. The role of fats within the body is multiple: additionally to carbohydrates, they are the most supply of energy, change the perform of nerve impulses, regulate temperature, and area unit carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. The counseled daily fat intake ought to be a minimum of 15% of the overall daily energy intake (WHO) [6]. Diet wealthy in saturated fatty acids and lack of physical activity will result in blubber. Fat tissue produces adipokines, which are pleiotropic molecules that not solely regulate food intake and energy metabolism however are concerned within the complicated interactions between fat tissue and bone [13, 14]. Some investigations imply that cytokines of fat tissue intervene with bone metabolism. General inflammation, a key element within the pathological process of metabolic syndrome, could negatively influence bone health [15].
The anti-inflammatory diet is similar to the Mediterranean diet, designed to improve health and to prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with an inadequate diet. Excessive consumption of certain foods, especially industrially processed, stress, insufficient physical activity and too much adipose tissue cause low-grade chronic inflammation, which can precipitate cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, arthritis, neurological diseases, thyroid disease, carcinomas and some mental diseases. An anti-inflammatory diet does not necessarily mean a major change to the usual diet, it may contain local, common foods, but it is of utmost importance to avoid food with a high risk for diseases. On the other hand, an anti-inflammatory diet provides a certain ratio of nutrients that regulate energy consumption in a better way, acts on satiety and consumes less energy.
It is important to note that this diet is rich in many nutrients that balance health and prevent the onset and development of various chronic diseases.
In addition to the usual foods that make up the Mediterranean diet, the basis of the anti-inflammatory diet is vegetables that grow above ground - cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, spinach, chicory, chard, kale, eggplant, olives, beans, artichokes, asparagus, zucchini, lettuce, endive, dill, chicory, rocket, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, fennel, celery, pumpkin, onions, spring onions, shallots, garlic, leeks.
Of the fruits, these are avocado, lemon, and spices such as ginger, turmeric with pure herbs that have a special role - parsley leaf, thyme, oregano, basil, rosemary, sage, cinnamon, cumin, clove, mint, lavender, anise, and fennel. Of the oils, cold-pressed oils are recommended - olive, pumpkin, flaxseed, and less often hemp and coconut [16].
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by rapid bone loss, especially in during the first 5 years of the menopause. Clinical symptoms of osteoporosis are usually not present, which is why it is called silent disease. Decrease in estrogen levels trigger numerous changes in bone metabolism which result in bone mass loss and bone quality disorders. They firstly alter trabecular bone and subsequently cortical frame, all together leading to fracture of single bones. Fractures can occur in any bone, but mostly affect hip, vertebrae of the spine, and wrist [17].
In clinical practice, there are several approaches in diagnosing osteoporosis, and they can all fall into two categories:
Clinical assessment of risk factors for osteoporosis
Determination of bone mineral density (BMD)
The technique most commonly used by physicians to make a quantitative diagnosis of osteoporosis is to measure bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - DEXA. The advantage of this technique is simple and quick application, which enables BMD values to be available to the physician in a short period of time. Usually, BMD is measured in the places that are most susceptible to fractures (hip, spine and forearm). Based on bone mineral density values, the World Health Organization has defined indicators for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in menopausal women. Thus, osteoporosis can be diagnosed in women whose BMD values are 2.5 and more standard deviations (SD) lower than the average peak bone mass values that apply to young, healthy, white women (standard). By comparing the measured values of BMD and standards (peak bone mass), the T coefficient is obtained. The Z coefficient represents the deviation of the measured value of BMD from the average bone mass of persons of the same age, expressed in standard deviations. Values of T coefficient of -2.5 and less, and Z coefficient of -1 and less, speak in favor of osteoporosis. Values of T > 1 indicate increased bone mass; values of T coefficient between -1 and -2 indicate osteopenia and those values of T coefficient between -1 and -2.5 indicate normal bone mass [17]. Numerous prospective studies have given bone mineral density results that have shown a good association with the occurrence of fractures in subjects (R2 = 0.4 - 0.9). In a study conducted by Marshall et al. on 90,000 women, more than 2,000 of whom had fractures, it was shown, that decrease in BMD of 1 SD for a given age, is associated with the risk of one to one and a half bone fractures [17]. Referring to the results of Marshall et al., BMD values have increasingly been used in clinical practice to assess the risk of bone fractures. However, there are a number of limiting circumstances that do not allow the notion of BMD as a surrogate in the assessment of bone strength and bone biomechanical abilities. Interpretation of BMD values is sometimes illogical and cannot be used in fracture risk assessment. This is supported by the finding of 50% of women who had a fracture, and whose BMD values measured on the spine and hip were above the -2.5 SD threshold to be able to diagnose osteoporosis at all. Another limitation relates to faults that occur during scanning, so that poor patient position or changes in patient orientation in serial images give inaccurate BMD values or values that are often difficult to interpret [18]. Risk factors for bone fractures include excessive alcohol consumption, female gender, positive fracture in medical history, female hip fracture, oral glucocorticoid use, lack of physical activity and nutritional factors [18, 19]. Lifestyle factors which are the most investigated in relation to bone health are nutrition and physical activity. Recent Meta-Analyses showed that exercises can significantly improve trabecular volumetric BMD values measured on tibia and can increase lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, in postmenopausal women [19]. Mechanical strain activates osteocytes, which initiate bone remodeling resulting in repair of bone tissue damaged by microcracks. On the opposite, bone damage or long-term immobilization results in osteocyte apoptosis and increased osteoclastogenesis.
Low values of body mass index are also associated with the risk of bone fractures as well as low values of bone mineral density [18]. When for some reason it is not possible to determine bone mineral density values, then the body mass index provides useful data to assess fracture risk. It can be said that the above risk factors are not in themselves sufficient in the assessment of fracture risk or in the assessment of bone mineral density values. However, risk factors are useful as a complement to the densitometry finding in the clinical interpretation of fracture risk. The intensity of bone remodeling can be assessed by determining the values of biochemical markers in serum and urine [20].
Under physiological conditions, bone remodeling maintains the bone mass that the body needs not only for metabolic needs, but also to perform important biomechanical functions.
Higher intensity of bone resorption leads to a negative balance of bone remodeling which affects the change of structural and material properties of bone.
Bone resorption markers include tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and type I collagen cleavage products such as C-terminal telopeptide (CTx), N-terminal telopeptide (NTx), and deoxypyridinoline. Bone-forming markers include bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), osteocalcin and residuals that are released by the action of lysine on the procollagen molecule [20]. A large number of investigations which have taken inflammatory etiology of osteoporosis into consideration, have measured experimentally and also in patients the levels of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), its functional ligand (sRANKL) and decoy receptor to RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG). sRANKL is a member of the TNF-α family of the cytokines and induces maturation, differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in direct manner or indirectly, as result of macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulation. Estrogen related bone loss, which is pronounced in the first 5 years of the menopause can be also related to RANKL activation. Care should be taken in determining the value of bone markers so that the results obtained are not misinterpreted [21, 22] .
To relate research with dietary inflammatory potential and its effect on human health, scientists have developed and validated the “Dietary Inflammatory Index - DII” [23]. DII has been shown to be statistically significantly associated with inflammatory biomarkers, particularly IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and with the combined score of inflammatory biomarkers [24]. DII is an index for assessment of an individual\'s dietary inflammatory ability, designed on 1943 scientific papers, and is composed of 45 nutritional parameters, which are rated according to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effect [23] (Table 1). It is based on results published in the scientific literature and then standardized with global intake values for all dietary parameters included in the DII index. (Parameter that has a pro-inflammatory effect is scored with +1, while parameter with anti-inflammatory effect with -1 and with 0 parameters without effect. The DII index is increasingly used to assess the association of the inflammatory potential of the diet with various inflammatory chronic diseases [25], cardiovascular disease [25], carcinomas [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33], premature death as a result of chronic non-communicable diseases [25], asthma [34] and depression and anxiety [35, 36] (Table 2). The biggest potential of the DII index is in the selection of anti-inflammatory food, and control over inflammatory diseases.
Nutrient | Inflammation effective score* | World average daily intake | Nutrient | Inflammation effective score* | World average daily intake |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curcuma | -0,785 | 533 mg | Saturated fats | 0,373 | 28,6 g |
Isoflavonoids | -0,593 | 1,20 mg | Total fats | 0,298 | 71,4 g |
Beta carotene | -0,584 | 3718 mcg | Trans fats | 0,229 | 3,15 g |
Green/black tea | -0,536 | 1,69 g | Energy | 0,180 | 2056 kcal |
Mg | -0,484 | 310 mg | Cholesterol | 0,110 | 279 mg |
Ginger | -0,453 | 59 g | |||
Vitamin D | -0,446 | 6,26 mcg | |||
Omega-3 FA | -0,436 | 1,06 g | |||
Vitamin C | -0,424 | 118 mg | |||
Garlic | -0,412 | 4,35 g |
10 most effective antiinflammatory nutrients based on their activity level (inflammation effective score).
Positive inflammation effective score = proinflammatory; negative inflammation effective score = antiinflammatory.
Authors/design of the study | Ethnicity/participants | DII | Objectives | Main results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shivappa N et al. 2014/prospective cohort | United States (lowa)/34,703 postmenopausal women of the IWHS | DII based on 37 nutrient parameters | To examine association between DII (quintile) and CRC | Significantly higher risk for CRC in the 5th quintile (high DII) |
Shivappa N et al. 2015/case-control study | Italy/326 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and 652 controls (median age 63 years) | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To analyze the association between the DII and the risk of pancreatic cancer | Subjects in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th quintiles had increased risk for pancreatic cancer |
Mohseni R et al. 2018/ meta-analysis | Italy, Jamaica, France, Mexico, Iran, Canada/age span 40-94/*depending on publication | DII dependent on each publication/DII is ranged between 18 and 36 nutrient parameters | To investigate relationship between DII and risk of developing prostate cancer | Men who had followed a pro-inflammatory diet were more at risk at developing prostate cancer |
Zamora-Ros R et al. 2014/ case-control study | Spain/424 male participants and 401 control/age span 39-60 | DII based on 37 nutrient parameters | To investigate association between DII and CRC and its interaction with polymorphisms of inflammatory genes | High DII diets are associated with increased risk of CRC association differed on the genotype of the cytokines |
Tabung FK et al. 2014/prospective study | United States/161808 postmenopausal women | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association of DII with increased risk for CRC in WHI | Consumption of more DII diet was associated with increased risk of CRC, especially proximal colon |
Schivappa N et al. 2016/case control study | Italy/454 women/age span 18-79 | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association of DII with increased risk of endometrial cancer | Consumption of more DII diet was associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer |
Schivappa N et al. 2015/case control study | Italy/258 participants/age span 43-84 years | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association of DII with increased risk for hepatocellular cancer | Consumption of more DII diet was associated with increased risk for hepatocellular cancer |
Ghazizadeh H et al. 2020/cross sectional study | Iran/7083 adults of the MASHAD cohort study (age span 35-65 years) | DII based on 65 nutrient parameters | To quantify the possible inflammatory effect of diet on the occurrence of depression and anxiety | Significant association between 3rd and 4th quartiles of DII score with severe depression level |
Salari-Moghaddam A et al. 2018/cross sectional study | Iran/3363 adult participants (age span 35-45 years) | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association between DII score and psychological disorders | Higher DII score was associated with anxiety and psychological distress |
Ruiz-Canela M. et al. 2015/cross sectional study | Spain/7447 PREDIMED participants (men aged 55-80; women aged 60-80) | DII food parameter-specific for an individual | To examine the relationship between DII and indices of general and abdominal obesity | Pro-inflammatory diet is associated with central and abdominal obesity |
Association between dietary inflammatory indeks with chronic diseases and cancers.
DII and its correlation with carcinomas and other diseases.
IWHS - Iowa Women’s Health Study; CRC – colorectal carcinoma; WHI - Women’s Health Initiative; MASHAD - Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder; PREDIMED - Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea.
Proper nutrition based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits is a long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and developing osteoporosis. The level of inflammation can be measured and monitored using several biomarkers, including pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main pro-inflammatory cytokines are tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) -1, L-6 and interferon (IFN). Anti-inflammatory cytokines are IL-4 and IL-10. C-reactive protein (CRP), and the more recently highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), are clinical markers of inflammation that were used in the study that investigated the association between different conditions and levels of inflammation [37].
Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1, and IL-6 are key mediators of the osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Bone resorption and bone loss due to chronic inflammation and increased proinflammatory cytokines is found in patients with periodontitis [38], pancreatitis [39] and rheumatoid arthritis [40]. It is also been established that upregulated proinflammatory cytokines are primary mediators of osteopenia or osteoporosis. These proinflammatory cytokines stimulate osteoclast activity through the regulation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway [41]. The assorted increase within the event of osteoarthritis in obese human subjects is another evidence that chronic inflammation influences bone metabolism.
Since the introduction of the inflammatory diet index, numerous studies have related this method to bone health (Table 3). All the investigations represented in Table 3 have analyzed relationship between DII and BMD or fracture risk and results are inconclusive. In a study of Rodrigez et al., association between DII and obesity in young adults was found, with no implication for bone health. Even though, there are rising evidences that in elderly women fat tissue can compromise bone structure and quality. Accordingly, some clinical data showed that obesity is not always protective against osteoporosis. This is supported by the fact that in obesity BMD values are usually falsely increased due to fat deposition and incorrect positioning during bone densitometry scanning [42, 43]. More adequate interpretation of the bone mass has been given by NMR imaging, which revealed decreased values of the trabecular bone volume in elderly women, due to bone marrow infiltration with fat. Given the fact that postmenopausal women have more bone marrow fat in the forearm bones, their trabecular bone volume is deteriorated, which could lead to bone fracture [42]. Replacement of the osteoblasts with adipocytes due to aging or hormones deprivation can also occur as a result of immobilization or physical inactivity. The results of the experimental studies suggest that obesity is epigenetic factor, which can compromise new bone formation in a male offspring of fat mothers. The possible mechanism that prevents bone formation includes systemic inflammation and activation of the RANK/RANKL/OPG system [21, 22]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, activate NF-κB from fat cells in obesity, which could affect bone metabolism in a manner of enhanced bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts and sRANKL [21, 22].
Authors/design of the study | Ethnicity/participants | DII | Objectives | Main results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Veronese N et al. 2017/longitudinal cohort study | North America/3648 participants (mean age 60.6 years) | DII based on 24 nutrient parameters | To investigate whether the DII scores are associated with increased risks of fractures | Higher DII scores are associated with higher incidence of fractures in women |
Orchard T et al. 2016/ cross sectional study | United States/160191 postmenopausal women | DII based on 32 nutrient parameters | To examine DII in relation to risk of fracture and BMD | Lower risk of fractures in women with highest DII |
Correa-Rodríguez M et al. 2018/cross sectional study | Spain/599 participants (age span 18-25) | DII based on 25 nutrient parameters | To investigate association between DII with bone health and obesity in young adults | DII is associated with obesity parameters but not to osteoporosis in adulthood |
Shivappa N et al. 2015/ cross sectional study | Iran/160 postmenopausal women | DII based on 25 nutrient parameters | To examine the relationship between the DII and BMD in lumbar spine and femoral neck | No significant association between DII and femoral neck BMD |
Association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) with bone mineral density and fracture risk.
DII - Dietary Inflammatory Index; BMD - Bone Mineral Density.
Considering everything, it is clear that further clinical randomized studies are needed to better understand the influence of DII on bone mineral density. Of utmost importance are prospective studies that will follow up dietary habits (DII) along with concentrations of the bone remodeling markers as dynamic indicators of the bone metabolism.
Special attention should be given to obese patients who are at one hand prone to osteoporosis due to increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue and, on the other hand, lower concentrations of the vitamin D in serum [38]. DII and bone remodeling markers should be followed in patients who lose and gain weight to better understand the influence of the inflammatory diet on bone metabolism and to answer the question, whether an anti-inflammatory diet has a positive impact on bone health.
The chapter was published from the funds of the Rijeka City Department of Health and Social Welfare and the Municipality of Kostrena Department of Health Welfare.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
sRANKL | solubile receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand |
RANK | receptor activator of nuclear factor κB |
OPG | osteoprotegerin |
WHO | World Health Organization |
DEXA | dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry |
BMD | bone mineral density |
SD | standard deviations |
TRAP | tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase |
CTx | C-terminal telopeptide |
NTx | N-terminal telopeptide |
bALP | bone-specific alkaline phosphatase |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
DII | Dietary Inflammatory Index |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
IL-4 | interleukin 4 |
IL-10 | interleukin 10 |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
IFN | interferon |
NFκB | nuclear factor-kappa B |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
Along with water and oxygen, food is the basis of life. The food contains essential compounds, and their lack leads to imbalance, affects the metabolism and functioning of organic systems, creating a prerequisite for diseases [1]. Adequate nutrition is one of the crucial factors in maintaining good health in adulthood. It also forms the basis of proper growth and development of children and adolescents [2].
The main guidelines for improving nutrition are listed in the National Food Policies. Similarly to existing policies, the Croatian Food Policy, states that proper nutrition is one that:
establishes a balance between energy ingested by food and energy consumed;
allows proper distribution between carbohydrates, fats and proteins;
ensures a sufficient amount of minerals;
ensures sufficient intake of vitamins;
provides the body\'s needs for water [3].
According to data available from the World Health Organization, it is important to recognize the dangers arising from excessive food consumption and the danger of insufficient energy intake of some nutrients. Hundreds of millions of people suffer from diseases that are the result of an unbalanced diet or consuming excessive amounts of food. There is increasing data that diet rich in lipids, rather saturated fatty acids than unsaturated, high intake of sugar and sodium, but lower intake of micronutrients and complex carbohydrates leads to an increase in cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer [4].
Available data that refers to the science of nutrition, suggest two major directions in history. Firstly, energy intake and nutritional needs were investigated, while nowadays, research is focused on nutrients that have a positive impact on human health and the impact of diet on gene expression [5].
Many nutrients have been linked to bone health, including some like dairy, fish, vegetables and soy which can improve it, while unbalanced and salty diet can influence it negatively. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, 1.5-2% of total body weight is mostly found in bones and teeth, about 99% and 1% is found in extracellular fluid and soft tissues. Calcium plays a role in regulating normal muscle and nerve irritability, regulates cell membrane permeability to sodium and participates in blood coagulation. Calcium ingested with food is absorbed by 10-30%. There is an increased need for calcium in pregnancy and lactation [6]. Milk and dairy products are the best sources of calcium, but it can also be found in some types of green leafy vegetables, fish, meat, and grains [7]. The recommended daily intake of calcium in Croatia is 800 mg [8].
Phosphorus is also linked to bone health. Phosphorous and calcium are major constituents of the hydroxyapatite [9]. Recommended daily intake of phosphorus is 700 mg/day [9]. Foods rich in phosphorus are fish, meat, cereals and carbonated beverages [10].
Vitamin D plays a leading role in bone health. It is a fat-soluble vitamin and needs bile salts for its absorption [6]. The metabolism of phosphorus and calcium affects the physiological role of vitamin D, as it conditions their resorption and deposition in bone tissue. Vitamin D deficiency in the body causes rickets in children, and osteomyelitis in adults [6]. Vitamin D is found in eggs, liver, fish oil and butter. Food is poor in vitamin D, so it is necessary to expose the skin to UV radiation.
Proteins of animal or vegetable origin are important part of the diet of children and adults. The recommended daily protein intake is 0.8 g/kg per day and is not sufficient for the elderly [11, 12]. Proteins are needed for the collagen synthesis in bone and have a positive effect on bone health especially in the elderly when protein-energy malnutrition leads to an increased risk of fractures [11].
In addition to macronutrient proteins, fats additionally affect bone. Fats area unit outlined as organic compounds found in foods of animal and plant origin. The role of fats within the body is multiple: additionally to carbohydrates, they are the most supply of energy, change the perform of nerve impulses, regulate temperature, and area unit carriers of fat-soluble vitamins. The counseled daily fat intake ought to be a minimum of 15% of the overall daily energy intake (WHO) [6]. Diet wealthy in saturated fatty acids and lack of physical activity will result in blubber. Fat tissue produces adipokines, which are pleiotropic molecules that not solely regulate food intake and energy metabolism however are concerned within the complicated interactions between fat tissue and bone [13, 14]. Some investigations imply that cytokines of fat tissue intervene with bone metabolism. General inflammation, a key element within the pathological process of metabolic syndrome, could negatively influence bone health [15].
The anti-inflammatory diet is similar to the Mediterranean diet, designed to improve health and to prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with an inadequate diet. Excessive consumption of certain foods, especially industrially processed, stress, insufficient physical activity and too much adipose tissue cause low-grade chronic inflammation, which can precipitate cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, type II diabetes, arthritis, neurological diseases, thyroid disease, carcinomas and some mental diseases. An anti-inflammatory diet does not necessarily mean a major change to the usual diet, it may contain local, common foods, but it is of utmost importance to avoid food with a high risk for diseases. On the other hand, an anti-inflammatory diet provides a certain ratio of nutrients that regulate energy consumption in a better way, acts on satiety and consumes less energy.
It is important to note that this diet is rich in many nutrients that balance health and prevent the onset and development of various chronic diseases.
In addition to the usual foods that make up the Mediterranean diet, the basis of the anti-inflammatory diet is vegetables that grow above ground - cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, Brussels sprouts, spinach, chicory, chard, kale, eggplant, olives, beans, artichokes, asparagus, zucchini, lettuce, endive, dill, chicory, rocket, cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, fennel, celery, pumpkin, onions, spring onions, shallots, garlic, leeks.
Of the fruits, these are avocado, lemon, and spices such as ginger, turmeric with pure herbs that have a special role - parsley leaf, thyme, oregano, basil, rosemary, sage, cinnamon, cumin, clove, mint, lavender, anise, and fennel. Of the oils, cold-pressed oils are recommended - olive, pumpkin, flaxseed, and less often hemp and coconut [16].
Postmenopausal osteoporosis is characterized by rapid bone loss, especially in during the first 5 years of the menopause. Clinical symptoms of osteoporosis are usually not present, which is why it is called silent disease. Decrease in estrogen levels trigger numerous changes in bone metabolism which result in bone mass loss and bone quality disorders. They firstly alter trabecular bone and subsequently cortical frame, all together leading to fracture of single bones. Fractures can occur in any bone, but mostly affect hip, vertebrae of the spine, and wrist [17].
In clinical practice, there are several approaches in diagnosing osteoporosis, and they can all fall into two categories:
Clinical assessment of risk factors for osteoporosis
Determination of bone mineral density (BMD)
The technique most commonly used by physicians to make a quantitative diagnosis of osteoporosis is to measure bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - DEXA. The advantage of this technique is simple and quick application, which enables BMD values to be available to the physician in a short period of time. Usually, BMD is measured in the places that are most susceptible to fractures (hip, spine and forearm). Based on bone mineral density values, the World Health Organization has defined indicators for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in menopausal women. Thus, osteoporosis can be diagnosed in women whose BMD values are 2.5 and more standard deviations (SD) lower than the average peak bone mass values that apply to young, healthy, white women (standard). By comparing the measured values of BMD and standards (peak bone mass), the T coefficient is obtained. The Z coefficient represents the deviation of the measured value of BMD from the average bone mass of persons of the same age, expressed in standard deviations. Values of T coefficient of -2.5 and less, and Z coefficient of -1 and less, speak in favor of osteoporosis. Values of T > 1 indicate increased bone mass; values of T coefficient between -1 and -2 indicate osteopenia and those values of T coefficient between -1 and -2.5 indicate normal bone mass [17]. Numerous prospective studies have given bone mineral density results that have shown a good association with the occurrence of fractures in subjects (R2 = 0.4 - 0.9). In a study conducted by Marshall et al. on 90,000 women, more than 2,000 of whom had fractures, it was shown, that decrease in BMD of 1 SD for a given age, is associated with the risk of one to one and a half bone fractures [17]. Referring to the results of Marshall et al., BMD values have increasingly been used in clinical practice to assess the risk of bone fractures. However, there are a number of limiting circumstances that do not allow the notion of BMD as a surrogate in the assessment of bone strength and bone biomechanical abilities. Interpretation of BMD values is sometimes illogical and cannot be used in fracture risk assessment. This is supported by the finding of 50% of women who had a fracture, and whose BMD values measured on the spine and hip were above the -2.5 SD threshold to be able to diagnose osteoporosis at all. Another limitation relates to faults that occur during scanning, so that poor patient position or changes in patient orientation in serial images give inaccurate BMD values or values that are often difficult to interpret [18]. Risk factors for bone fractures include excessive alcohol consumption, female gender, positive fracture in medical history, female hip fracture, oral glucocorticoid use, lack of physical activity and nutritional factors [18, 19]. Lifestyle factors which are the most investigated in relation to bone health are nutrition and physical activity. Recent Meta-Analyses showed that exercises can significantly improve trabecular volumetric BMD values measured on tibia and can increase lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, in postmenopausal women [19]. Mechanical strain activates osteocytes, which initiate bone remodeling resulting in repair of bone tissue damaged by microcracks. On the opposite, bone damage or long-term immobilization results in osteocyte apoptosis and increased osteoclastogenesis.
Low values of body mass index are also associated with the risk of bone fractures as well as low values of bone mineral density [18]. When for some reason it is not possible to determine bone mineral density values, then the body mass index provides useful data to assess fracture risk. It can be said that the above risk factors are not in themselves sufficient in the assessment of fracture risk or in the assessment of bone mineral density values. However, risk factors are useful as a complement to the densitometry finding in the clinical interpretation of fracture risk. The intensity of bone remodeling can be assessed by determining the values of biochemical markers in serum and urine [20].
Under physiological conditions, bone remodeling maintains the bone mass that the body needs not only for metabolic needs, but also to perform important biomechanical functions.
Higher intensity of bone resorption leads to a negative balance of bone remodeling which affects the change of structural and material properties of bone.
Bone resorption markers include tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and type I collagen cleavage products such as C-terminal telopeptide (CTx), N-terminal telopeptide (NTx), and deoxypyridinoline. Bone-forming markers include bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), osteocalcin and residuals that are released by the action of lysine on the procollagen molecule [20]. A large number of investigations which have taken inflammatory etiology of osteoporosis into consideration, have measured experimentally and also in patients the levels of the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), its functional ligand (sRANKL) and decoy receptor to RANKL, osteoprotegerin (OPG). sRANKL is a member of the TNF-α family of the cytokines and induces maturation, differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in direct manner or indirectly, as result of macrophage-colony stimulating factor stimulation. Estrogen related bone loss, which is pronounced in the first 5 years of the menopause can be also related to RANKL activation. Care should be taken in determining the value of bone markers so that the results obtained are not misinterpreted [21, 22] .
To relate research with dietary inflammatory potential and its effect on human health, scientists have developed and validated the “Dietary Inflammatory Index - DII” [23]. DII has been shown to be statistically significantly associated with inflammatory biomarkers, particularly IL-6, TNF-α, hs-CRP, and with the combined score of inflammatory biomarkers [24]. DII is an index for assessment of an individual\'s dietary inflammatory ability, designed on 1943 scientific papers, and is composed of 45 nutritional parameters, which are rated according to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effect [23] (Table 1). It is based on results published in the scientific literature and then standardized with global intake values for all dietary parameters included in the DII index. (Parameter that has a pro-inflammatory effect is scored with +1, while parameter with anti-inflammatory effect with -1 and with 0 parameters without effect. The DII index is increasingly used to assess the association of the inflammatory potential of the diet with various inflammatory chronic diseases [25], cardiovascular disease [25], carcinomas [26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33], premature death as a result of chronic non-communicable diseases [25], asthma [34] and depression and anxiety [35, 36] (Table 2). The biggest potential of the DII index is in the selection of anti-inflammatory food, and control over inflammatory diseases.
Nutrient | Inflammation effective score* | World average daily intake | Nutrient | Inflammation effective score* | World average daily intake |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curcuma | -0,785 | 533 mg | Saturated fats | 0,373 | 28,6 g |
Isoflavonoids | -0,593 | 1,20 mg | Total fats | 0,298 | 71,4 g |
Beta carotene | -0,584 | 3718 mcg | Trans fats | 0,229 | 3,15 g |
Green/black tea | -0,536 | 1,69 g | Energy | 0,180 | 2056 kcal |
Mg | -0,484 | 310 mg | Cholesterol | 0,110 | 279 mg |
Ginger | -0,453 | 59 g | |||
Vitamin D | -0,446 | 6,26 mcg | |||
Omega-3 FA | -0,436 | 1,06 g | |||
Vitamin C | -0,424 | 118 mg | |||
Garlic | -0,412 | 4,35 g |
10 most effective antiinflammatory nutrients based on their activity level (inflammation effective score).
Positive inflammation effective score = proinflammatory; negative inflammation effective score = antiinflammatory.
Authors/design of the study | Ethnicity/participants | DII | Objectives | Main results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shivappa N et al. 2014/prospective cohort | United States (lowa)/34,703 postmenopausal women of the IWHS | DII based on 37 nutrient parameters | To examine association between DII (quintile) and CRC | Significantly higher risk for CRC in the 5th quintile (high DII) |
Shivappa N et al. 2015/case-control study | Italy/326 patients with pancreatic carcinoma and 652 controls (median age 63 years) | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To analyze the association between the DII and the risk of pancreatic cancer | Subjects in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th quintiles had increased risk for pancreatic cancer |
Mohseni R et al. 2018/ meta-analysis | Italy, Jamaica, France, Mexico, Iran, Canada/age span 40-94/*depending on publication | DII dependent on each publication/DII is ranged between 18 and 36 nutrient parameters | To investigate relationship between DII and risk of developing prostate cancer | Men who had followed a pro-inflammatory diet were more at risk at developing prostate cancer |
Zamora-Ros R et al. 2014/ case-control study | Spain/424 male participants and 401 control/age span 39-60 | DII based on 37 nutrient parameters | To investigate association between DII and CRC and its interaction with polymorphisms of inflammatory genes | High DII diets are associated with increased risk of CRC association differed on the genotype of the cytokines |
Tabung FK et al. 2014/prospective study | United States/161808 postmenopausal women | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association of DII with increased risk for CRC in WHI | Consumption of more DII diet was associated with increased risk of CRC, especially proximal colon |
Schivappa N et al. 2016/case control study | Italy/454 women/age span 18-79 | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association of DII with increased risk of endometrial cancer | Consumption of more DII diet was associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer |
Schivappa N et al. 2015/case control study | Italy/258 participants/age span 43-84 years | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association of DII with increased risk for hepatocellular cancer | Consumption of more DII diet was associated with increased risk for hepatocellular cancer |
Ghazizadeh H et al. 2020/cross sectional study | Iran/7083 adults of the MASHAD cohort study (age span 35-65 years) | DII based on 65 nutrient parameters | To quantify the possible inflammatory effect of diet on the occurrence of depression and anxiety | Significant association between 3rd and 4th quartiles of DII score with severe depression level |
Salari-Moghaddam A et al. 2018/cross sectional study | Iran/3363 adult participants (age span 35-45 years) | DII based on 45 nutrient parameters | To examine the association between DII score and psychological disorders | Higher DII score was associated with anxiety and psychological distress |
Ruiz-Canela M. et al. 2015/cross sectional study | Spain/7447 PREDIMED participants (men aged 55-80; women aged 60-80) | DII food parameter-specific for an individual | To examine the relationship between DII and indices of general and abdominal obesity | Pro-inflammatory diet is associated with central and abdominal obesity |
Association between dietary inflammatory indeks with chronic diseases and cancers.
DII and its correlation with carcinomas and other diseases.
IWHS - Iowa Women’s Health Study; CRC – colorectal carcinoma; WHI - Women’s Health Initiative; MASHAD - Mashhad Stroke and Heart Atherosclerotic Disorder; PREDIMED - Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea.
Proper nutrition based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits is a long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and developing osteoporosis. The level of inflammation can be measured and monitored using several biomarkers, including pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The main pro-inflammatory cytokines are tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL) -1, L-6 and interferon (IFN). Anti-inflammatory cytokines are IL-4 and IL-10. C-reactive protein (CRP), and the more recently highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), are clinical markers of inflammation that were used in the study that investigated the association between different conditions and levels of inflammation [37].
Proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1, and IL-6 are key mediators of the osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Bone resorption and bone loss due to chronic inflammation and increased proinflammatory cytokines is found in patients with periodontitis [38], pancreatitis [39] and rheumatoid arthritis [40]. It is also been established that upregulated proinflammatory cytokines are primary mediators of osteopenia or osteoporosis. These proinflammatory cytokines stimulate osteoclast activity through the regulation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway [41]. The assorted increase within the event of osteoarthritis in obese human subjects is another evidence that chronic inflammation influences bone metabolism.
Since the introduction of the inflammatory diet index, numerous studies have related this method to bone health (Table 3). All the investigations represented in Table 3 have analyzed relationship between DII and BMD or fracture risk and results are inconclusive. In a study of Rodrigez et al., association between DII and obesity in young adults was found, with no implication for bone health. Even though, there are rising evidences that in elderly women fat tissue can compromise bone structure and quality. Accordingly, some clinical data showed that obesity is not always protective against osteoporosis. This is supported by the fact that in obesity BMD values are usually falsely increased due to fat deposition and incorrect positioning during bone densitometry scanning [42, 43]. More adequate interpretation of the bone mass has been given by NMR imaging, which revealed decreased values of the trabecular bone volume in elderly women, due to bone marrow infiltration with fat. Given the fact that postmenopausal women have more bone marrow fat in the forearm bones, their trabecular bone volume is deteriorated, which could lead to bone fracture [42]. Replacement of the osteoblasts with adipocytes due to aging or hormones deprivation can also occur as a result of immobilization or physical inactivity. The results of the experimental studies suggest that obesity is epigenetic factor, which can compromise new bone formation in a male offspring of fat mothers. The possible mechanism that prevents bone formation includes systemic inflammation and activation of the RANK/RANKL/OPG system [21, 22]. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, activate NF-κB from fat cells in obesity, which could affect bone metabolism in a manner of enhanced bone resorption mediated by osteoclasts and sRANKL [21, 22].
Authors/design of the study | Ethnicity/participants | DII | Objectives | Main results |
---|---|---|---|---|
Veronese N et al. 2017/longitudinal cohort study | North America/3648 participants (mean age 60.6 years) | DII based on 24 nutrient parameters | To investigate whether the DII scores are associated with increased risks of fractures | Higher DII scores are associated with higher incidence of fractures in women |
Orchard T et al. 2016/ cross sectional study | United States/160191 postmenopausal women | DII based on 32 nutrient parameters | To examine DII in relation to risk of fracture and BMD | Lower risk of fractures in women with highest DII |
Correa-Rodríguez M et al. 2018/cross sectional study | Spain/599 participants (age span 18-25) | DII based on 25 nutrient parameters | To investigate association between DII with bone health and obesity in young adults | DII is associated with obesity parameters but not to osteoporosis in adulthood |
Shivappa N et al. 2015/ cross sectional study | Iran/160 postmenopausal women | DII based on 25 nutrient parameters | To examine the relationship between the DII and BMD in lumbar spine and femoral neck | No significant association between DII and femoral neck BMD |
Association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) with bone mineral density and fracture risk.
DII - Dietary Inflammatory Index; BMD - Bone Mineral Density.
Considering everything, it is clear that further clinical randomized studies are needed to better understand the influence of DII on bone mineral density. Of utmost importance are prospective studies that will follow up dietary habits (DII) along with concentrations of the bone remodeling markers as dynamic indicators of the bone metabolism.
Special attention should be given to obese patients who are at one hand prone to osteoporosis due to increased production of the proinflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue and, on the other hand, lower concentrations of the vitamin D in serum [38]. DII and bone remodeling markers should be followed in patients who lose and gain weight to better understand the influence of the inflammatory diet on bone metabolism and to answer the question, whether an anti-inflammatory diet has a positive impact on bone health.
The chapter was published from the funds of the Rijeka City Department of Health and Social Welfare and the Municipality of Kostrena Department of Health Welfare.
“The authors declare no conflict of interest.”
sRANKL | solubile receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-Β ligand |
RANK | receptor activator of nuclear factor κB |
OPG | osteoprotegerin |
WHO | World Health Organization |
DEXA | dual- energy X-ray absorptiometry |
BMD | bone mineral density |
SD | standard deviations |
TRAP | tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase |
CTx | C-terminal telopeptide |
NTx | N-terminal telopeptide |
bALP | bone-specific alkaline phosphatase |
TNF-α | tumor necrosis factor alpha |
DII | Dietary Inflammatory Index |
IL-6 | interleukin 6 |
IL-4 | interleukin 4 |
IL-10 | interleukin 10 |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
IFN | interferon |
NFκB | nuclear factor-kappa B |
NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
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It begins by presenting a historical synopsis of the current paradigms for anatomy learning followed by listing their limitations. Then, it focuses on several innovative educational technologies, which have been introduced over the past years to enhance the learning. These include E-learning, mobile apps, and mixed reality. The chapter concludes by highlighting future directions and addressing the barriers to fully integrating the technologies in the medical curriculum. As new technologies continue to arise, this process-oriented understanding and outcome-based expectations of educational technology should be embraced. With this view, educational technology should be valued in terms of how well the technological process informs and facilitates learning, and the acquisition and maintenance of clinical expertise.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Pascal Fallavollita",authors:[{id:"85455",title:"Prof.",name:"Pascal",middleName:null,surname:"Fallavollita",slug:"pascal-fallavollita",fullName:"Pascal Fallavollita"}]},{id:"66388",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85177",title:"Orexin System and Avian Muscle Mitochondria",slug:"orexin-system-and-avian-muscle-mitochondria",totalDownloads:849,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"In mammals, orexin A and B (also known as hypocretin 1 and 2) are two orexigenic peptides produced primarily by the lateral hypothalamus that signal through two G-protein-coupled receptors, orexin receptors 1/2, and have been implicated in the regulation of several physiological processes. However, the physiological roles of orexin are not well defined in avian (non-mammalian vertebrate) species. Recently, we made a breakthrough by identifying that orexin and its related receptors 1/2 (ORXR1/2) are expressed in avian muscle tissue and cell line, and appears to be a secretory protein. Functional in vitro studies showed that orexin A and B differentially regulated expression of the orexin system, suggesting that orexins might have autocrine, paracrine, and/or endocrine roles. Administration of recombinant orexin modulated mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, function, and bioenergetics. In this chapter, we include a brief overview of the (patho) physiological role of orexin, comparative findings between mammalian and avian orexin, and in-depth analysis of orexin’s action on avian muscle mitochondria.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kentu Lassiter and Sami Dridi",authors:[{id:"274577",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kentu",middleName:null,surname:"Lassiter",slug:"kentu-lassiter",fullName:"Kentu Lassiter"},{id:"274579",title:"Dr.",name:"Sami",middleName:null,surname:"Dridi",slug:"sami-dridi",fullName:"Sami Dridi"}]},{id:"66964",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85903",title:"Vascularisation of Skeletal Muscle",slug:"vascularisation-of-skeletal-muscle",totalDownloads:907,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Skeletal muscle is mainly involved in physical activity and movement, which requires a large amount of glucose, fatty acids, and oxygen. These materials are supplied by blood vessels and incorporated into the muscle fiber through the cell membrane. In contrast, metabolic waste is discarded outside the cell membrane and removed by blood vessels. The formation of a functional, integrated vascular network is a fundamental process in the growth and maintenance of skeletal muscle. On the other hand, vascularization is one of the main central components in skeletal muscle regeneration. In order for regeneration to occur, blood vessels must invade the transplanted muscle. This is confirmed by the fact that muscle regeneration occurred from the outside of the muscle bundle toward the inner regions. In fact, it is likely that capillary formation is a key process to start muscle regeneration. Thus, vascularization activates muscle regeneration, and a decrease in vascularization could lead to disruption the process of muscle regeneration. Also, a better understanding of vascularization of skeletal muscle necessary for the successful formation of collateral arteries and recovery of injured skeletal muscle may lead to more successful strategies for skeletal muscle regeneration and engineering. So, in this chapter, we want to review vascularization in skeletal muscle.",book:{id:"7870",slug:"muscle-cells-recent-advances-and-future-perspectives",title:"Muscle Cells",fullTitle:"Muscle Cells - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives"},signatures:"Kamal Ranjbar and Bayan Fayazi",authors:[{id:"143655",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Kamal",middleName:null,surname:"Ranjbar",slug:"kamal-ranjbar",fullName:"Kamal Ranjbar"},{id:"299168",title:"Dr.",name:"Bayan",middleName:null,surname:"Fayazi",slug:"bayan-fayazi",fullName:"Bayan Fayazi"}]},{id:"54586",doi:"10.5772/67897",title:"Human Brain Anatomy: Prospective, Microgravity, Hemispheric Brain Specialisation and Death of a Person",slug:"human-brain-anatomy-prospective-microgravity-hemispheric-brain-specialisation-and-death-of-a-person",totalDownloads:1541,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:3,abstract:"Central nervous system seems to float inside a craniospinal space despite having miniscule amount of CSF. This buoyancy environment seems to have been existing since embryogenesis. This indicates central nervous system always need microgravity environment to function optimally. Presence of buoyancy also causes major flexure to occur at midbrain level and this deep bending area of the brain, better known as greater limbic system seems to regulate brain functions and site for cortical brainwave origin. These special features have made it as a possible site for seat of human soul and form a crucial part in discussion related to death. Besides exploring deep anatomical areas of the brain, superficial cortical areas were also studied. The brainwaves of thirteen clinical patients were analysed. Topographical, equivalent current dipoles and spectral analysis for somatosensory, motor, auditory, visual and language evoked magnetic fields were performed. Data were further analysed using matrix laboratory method for bilateral hemispheric activity and specialization. The results disclosed silent word and picture naming were bilaterally represented, but stronger responses were in the left frontal lobe and in the right parieto-temporal lobes respectively. The sensorimotor responses also showed bilateral hemispheric responses, but stronger in the contralateral hemisphere to the induced sensation or movements. For auditory-visual brainwave responses, bilateral activities were again observed, but their lateralization was mild and could be in any hemisphere. The conclusions drawn from this study are brainwaves associated with cognitive-language, sensorimotor and auditory-visual functions are represented in both hemispheres; and they are efficiently integrated via commissure systems, resulting in one hemispheric specialization. Therefore, this chapter covers superficial, integrative and deep parts of human brain anatomy with emphasis on brainwaves, brain functions, seat of human soul and death.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Zamzuri Idris, Faruque Reza and Jafri Malin Abdullah",authors:[{id:"42580",title:"Prof.",name:"Jafri",middleName:"Malin",surname:"Abdullah",slug:"jafri-abdullah",fullName:"Jafri Abdullah"},{id:"73844",title:"Prof.",name:"Zamzuri",middleName:null,surname:"Idris",slug:"zamzuri-idris",fullName:"Zamzuri Idris"},{id:"200214",title:"Dr.",name:"Faruque",middleName:null,surname:"Reza",slug:"faruque-reza",fullName:"Faruque Reza"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"70162",title:"Rehabilitation of Lateral Ankle Sprains in Sports",slug:"rehabilitation-of-lateral-ankle-sprains-in-sports",totalDownloads:1233,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Lateral ankle sprains are one of the most common injuries in athletes. The rate of injury is as high as 70%. The most commonly involved ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL), followed by the calcaneofibular (CFL) and posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL). The common mechanism of injury is inversion with excessive ankle supination in forced plantarflexion when the ankle joint is in its most unstable position. There are three grades of ankle sprains: Grade I, mild with an incomplete tear of ATFL; Grade II, moderate with a complete tear of ATFL with or without an incomplete tear of CFL; and Grade III, severe with complete tear of ATFL and CFL. Grades I and II respond well to functional treatment. Functional treatment includes RICE protocol, i.e., rest, ice, compression, and elevation. It also includes range of motion and strengthening exercises, proprioceptive training, and sports-specific exercises. Bracing and taping of the ankle joint help in preventing the sprains and also reduce the recurrence of the injury. Grade III ankle injury may be treated with surgery if the symptoms persist post functional treatment. The guidelines provided for the treatment of ankle sprains are of general validity, but each athlete is different with different needs. Hence, a personalized exercise protocol should be followed to achieve best results.",book:{id:"9413",slug:"essentials-in-hip-and-ankle",title:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle",fullTitle:"Essentials in Hip and Ankle"},signatures:"Rachana Dabadghav",authors:[{id:"305115",title:"M.Sc.",name:"Rachana",middleName:null,surname:"Dabadghav",slug:"rachana-dabadghav",fullName:"Rachana Dabadghav"}]},{id:"55330",title:"Mesencephalon; Midbrain",slug:"mesencephalon-midbrain",totalDownloads:3359,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The mesencephalon is the most rostral part of the brainstem and sits above the pons and is adjoined rostrally to the thalamus. It comprises two lateral halves, called the cerebral peduncles; which is again divided into an anterior part, the crus cerebri, and a posterior part, tegmentum. The tectum is lay dorsal to an oblique coronal plane which includes the aquaduct, and consist of pretectal area and the corpora quadrigemina. In transvers section, the cerebral peduncles are seen to be composed of dorsal and ventral regions separated by the substantia nigra. Tegmentum mesencephali contains red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, thochlear nucleus, reticular nuclei, medial lemnisci, lateral lemnisci and medial longitudinal fasciculus. In tectum, the inferior colliculus and superior colliculus have main nucleus, which are continuous with the periaqueductal grey matter. The mesencephalon serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing. The mesencephalic syndrome cause tremor, spastic paresis or paralysis, opisthotonos, nystagmus and depression or coma. In addition cranial trauma, brain tumors, thiamin deficiency and inflammatory or degenerative disorders of the mesencephalon have also been associated with the midbrain syndrome.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu",authors:[{id:"200913",title:"Prof.",name:"Ayla",middleName:null,surname:"Kurkcuoglu",slug:"ayla-kurkcuoglu",fullName:"Ayla Kurkcuoglu"}]},{id:"64758",title:"Introductory Chapter: Histological Microtechniques",slug:"introductory-chapter-histological-microtechniques",totalDownloads:2248,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Vonnie D.C. Shields and Thomas Heinbockel",authors:[{id:"70569",title:"Dr.",name:"Thomas",middleName:null,surname:"Heinbockel",slug:"thomas-heinbockel",fullName:"Thomas Heinbockel"}]},{id:"63843",title:"Salivary Glands",slug:"salivary-glands",totalDownloads:3925,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Saliva is a fluid secreted by the salivary glands that keeps the oral cavity moist and also coats the teeth along with mucosa. The salivary gland possesses tubuloacinar units, and these are merocrine. The functional unit of the salivary glands is the terminal secretory piece called acini with a roughly spherical or tubular shape. It also consists of branched ducts for the passage of the saliva and also plays an important role in the production and modification of saliva. Each type of duct is lined by different types of epithelia, on the basis of its location. Myoepithelial cells are contractile cells with respect to intercalated and secretory endpieces. Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands are the major salivary glands. The minor salivary glands are labial and buccal gland, glossopalatine gland, and palatine and lingual glands. Saliva plays an important role in mastication, speech, protection, deglutition, digestion, excretion, tissue repair, etc. Secretion stimulated in response to sympathetic stimulation will differ in protein and electrolyte from that due to parasympathetic stimulation. The concentration of saliva depends only on the rate of flow and not on the nature of stimulus. Saliva guides the clinician toward the optimal mode of treatment and guides the patient toward ultimate prognosis.",book:{id:"7329",slug:"histology",title:"Histology",fullTitle:"Histology"},signatures:"Sonia Gupta and Nitin Ahuja",authors:[{id:"245048",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Gupta",slug:"sonia-gupta",fullName:"Sonia Gupta"},{id:"258367",title:"Dr.",name:"Nitin",middleName:null,surname:"Ahuja",slug:"nitin-ahuja",fullName:"Nitin Ahuja"}]},{id:"55062",title:"Human Anatomy: A Review of the Science, Ethics and Culture of a Discipline in Transition",slug:"human-anatomy-a-review-of-the-science-ethics-and-culture-of-a-discipline-in-transition",totalDownloads:2272,totalCrossrefCites:10,totalDimensionsCites:13,abstract:"Anatomy has undergone radical changes over its history, and even now its appearance varies between audiences. Within academia, it has frequently been seen as the bastion of medical teaching, even as a handmaid of surgery. To the general public over recent years, it is represented by the enormously popular public exhibitions of plastinated cadavers and body parts. Increasingly within medical teaching, it has acquired a far more humanistic face, epitomized by ceremonies at the start and end of dissection to connect the dead body with the once living individual and his/her families. Modern anatomy has also developed a strong research ethos. These movements can be traced in the many editions of Gray’s Anatomy, from 1858 to the present day. However, the humanistic side of anatomy reminds us that anatomy is not merely a science, since its ethical dimensions are legion as it has transformed from a dubiously moral and barely legal activity to one that now aims to manifest the highest of ethical standards. Nevertheless, it continues to have challenging dimensions, such as its ongoing dependence upon the use of unclaimed bodies in many societies. These challenges are reminders that anatomy does not remain stationary.",book:{id:"5933",slug:"human-anatomy-reviews-and-medical-advances",title:"Human Anatomy",fullTitle:"Human Anatomy - Reviews and Medical Advances"},signatures:"David Gareth Jones",authors:[{id:"35851",title:"Prof.",name:"Gareth",middleName:null,surname:"Jones",slug:"gareth-jones",fullName:"Gareth Jones"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"188",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:1,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403",scope:"Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a rapidly developing multidisciplinary research area that aims to solve increasingly complex problems. In today's highly integrated world, AI promises to become a robust and powerful means for obtaining solutions to previously unsolvable problems. This Series is intended for researchers and students alike interested in this fascinating field and its many applications.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/14.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 18th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:9,editor:{id:"218714",title:"Prof.",name:"Andries",middleName:null,surname:"Engelbrecht",slug:"andries-engelbrecht",fullName:"Andries Engelbrecht",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNR8QAO/Profile_Picture_1622640468300",biography:"Andries Engelbrecht received the Masters and PhD degrees in Computer Science from the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. He is currently appointed as the Voigt Chair in Data Science in the Department of Industrial Engineering, with a joint appointment as Professor in the Computer Science Division, Stellenbosch University. Prior to his appointment at Stellenbosch University, he has been at the University of Pretoria, Department of Computer Science (1998-2018), where he was appointed as South Africa Research Chair in Artifical Intelligence (2007-2018), the head of the Department of Computer Science (2008-2017), and Director of the Institute for Big Data and Data Science (2017-2018). In addition to a number of research articles, he has written two books, Computational Intelligence: An Introduction and Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Stellenbosch University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"22",title:"Applied Intelligence",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/22.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11418,editor:{id:"27170",title:"Prof.",name:"Carlos",middleName:"M.",surname:"Travieso-Gonzalez",slug:"carlos-travieso-gonzalez",fullName:"Carlos Travieso-Gonzalez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/27170/images/system/27170.jpeg",biography:"Carlos M. Travieso-González received his MSc degree in Telecommunication Engineering at Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), Spain in 1997, and his Ph.D. degree in 2002 at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC-Spain). He is a full professor of signal processing and pattern recognition and is head of the Signals and Communications Department at ULPGC, teaching from 2001 on subjects on signal processing and learning theory. His research lines are biometrics, biomedical signals and images, data mining, classification system, signal and image processing, machine learning, and environmental intelligence. He has researched in 52 international and Spanish research projects, some of them as head researcher. He is co-author of 4 books, co-editor of 27 proceedings books, guest editor for 8 JCR-ISI international journals, and up to 24 book chapters. He has over 450 papers published in international journals and conferences (81 of them indexed on JCR – ISI - Web of Science). He has published seven patents in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. He has been a supervisor on 8 Ph.D. theses (11 more are under supervision), and 130 master theses. He is the founder of The IEEE IWOBI conference series and the president of its Steering Committee, as well as the founder of both the InnoEducaTIC and APPIS conference series. He is an evaluator of project proposals for the European Union (H2020), Medical Research Council (MRC, UK), Spanish Government (ANECA, Spain), Research National Agency (ANR, France), DAAD (Germany), Argentinian Government, and the Colombian Institutions. He has been a reviewer in different indexed international journals (<70) and conferences (<250) since 2001. He has been a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Image Processing from 2007 and a member of the IASTED Technical Committee on Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems from 2011. \n\nHe has held the general chair position for the following: ACM-APPIS (2020, 2021), IEEE-IWOBI (2019, 2020 and 2020), A PPIS (2018, 2019), IEEE-IWOBI (2014, 2015, 2017, 2018), InnoEducaTIC (2014, 2017), IEEE-INES (2013), NoLISP (2011), JRBP (2012), and IEEE-ICCST (2005)\n\nHe is an associate editor of the Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience Journal (Hindawi – Q2 JCR-ISI). He was vice dean from 2004 to 2010 in the Higher Technical School of Telecommunication Engineers at ULPGC and the vice dean of Graduate and Postgraduate Studies from March 2013 to November 2017. He won the “Catedra Telefonica” Awards in Modality of Knowledge Transfer, 2017, 2018, and 2019 editions, and awards in Modality of COVID Research in 2020.\n\nPublic References:\nResearcher ID http://www.researcherid.com/rid/N-5967-2014\nORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4621-2768 \nScopus Author ID https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=6602376272\nScholar Google https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=G1ks9nIAAAAJ&hl=en \nResearchGate https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Travieso",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"23",title:"Computational Neuroscience",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"24",title:"Computer Vision",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/24.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11420,editor:{id:"294154",title:"Prof.",name:"George",middleName:null,surname:"Papakostas",slug:"george-papakostas",fullName:"George Papakostas",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002hYaGbQAK/Profile_Picture_1624519712088",biography:"George A. Papakostas has received a diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1999 and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2002 and 2007, respectively, from the Democritus University of Thrace (DUTH), Greece. Dr. Papakostas serves as a Tenured Full Professor at the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University, Greece. Dr. Papakostas has 10 years of experience in large-scale systems design as a senior software engineer and technical manager, and 20 years of research experience in the field of Artificial Intelligence. Currently, he is the Head of the “Visual Computing” division of HUman-MAchines INteraction Laboratory (HUMAIN-Lab) and the Director of the MPhil program “Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers” hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University. He has (co)authored more than 150 publications in indexed journals, international conferences and book chapters, 1 book (in Greek), 3 edited books, and 5 journal special issues. His publications have more than 2100 citations with h-index 27 (GoogleScholar). His research interests include computer/machine vision, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational intelligence. \nDr. Papakostas served as a reviewer in numerous journals, as a program\ncommittee member in international conferences and he is a member of the IAENG, MIR Labs, EUCogIII, INSTICC and the Technical Chamber of Greece (TEE).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"International Hellenic University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"25",title:"Evolutionary Computation",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/25.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11421,editor:{id:"136112",title:"Dr.",name:"Sebastian",middleName:null,surname:"Ventura Soto",slug:"sebastian-ventura-soto",fullName:"Sebastian Ventura Soto",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/136112/images/system/136112.png",biography:"Sebastian Ventura is a Spanish researcher, a full professor with the Department of Computer Science and Numerical Analysis, University of Córdoba. Dr Ventura also holds the positions of Affiliated Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University (Richmond, USA) and Distinguished Adjunct Professor at King Abdulaziz University (Jeddah, Saudi Arabia). Additionally, he is deputy director of the Andalusian Research Institute in Data Science and Computational Intelligence (DaSCI) and heads the Knowledge Discovery and Intelligent Systems Research Laboratory. He has published more than ten books and over 300 articles in journals and scientific conferences. Currently, his work has received over 18,000 citations according to Google Scholar, including more than 2200 citations in 2020. In the last five years, he has published more than 60 papers in international journals indexed in the JCR (around 70% of them belonging to first quartile journals) and he has edited some Springer books “Supervised Descriptive Pattern Mining” (2018), “Multiple Instance Learning - Foundations and Algorithms” (2016), and “Pattern Mining with Evolutionary Algorithms” (2016). He has also been involved in more than 20 research projects supported by the Spanish and Andalusian governments and the European Union. He currently belongs to the editorial board of PeerJ Computer Science, Information Fusion and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence journals, being also associate editor of Applied Computational Intelligence and Soft Computing and IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics. Finally, he is editor-in-chief of Progress in Artificial Intelligence. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE Computer, the IEEE Computational Intelligence, and the IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Societies, and the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM). Finally, his main research interests include data science, computational intelligence, and their applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Córdoba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"26",title:"Machine Learning and Data Mining",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/26.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,annualVolume:11422,editor:{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/24555/images/system/24555.jpg",biography:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez obtained his B.Sc. (Eng.) in Telematics from the Universidad de Colima, Mexico. 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Buchholz",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89438/images/6463_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Loma Linda University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Plant Physiology",value:13,count:1},{group:"subseries",caption:"Human Physiology",value:12,count:2},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell Physiology",value:11,count:8}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:1},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:4},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:5},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:1}],authors:{paginationCount:148,paginationItems:[{id:"165328",title:"Dr.",name:"Vahid",middleName:null,surname:"Asadpour",slug:"vahid-asadpour",fullName:"Vahid Asadpour",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165328/images/system/165328.jpg",biography:"Vahid Asadpour, MS, Ph.D., is currently with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California. He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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