Rietveld analysis results for the XRD patterns of the undoped BiFeO3 and doped BiFeO3 (Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3) powders.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
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\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
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From the simple creation of a meal to the most sophisticated artificial intelligence system, the human brain is capable of responding to the most diverse challenges and problems in increasingly creative and innovative ways. This book is an attempt to define super creativity by examining creativity in humans, machines, and human-machine interactions. Organized into three sections, the volume covers such topics as increasing personal creativity, the impact of artificial intelligence and digital devices, and the interaction of humans and machines in fields such as healthcare and economics.",isbn:"978-1-78985-910-2",printIsbn:"978-1-78985-909-6",pdfIsbn:"978-1-78985-911-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73466",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"toward-super-creativity-improving-creativity-in-humans-machines-and-human-machine-collaborations",numberOfPages:110,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,hash:"98c0eed8bde901e69239d5217d9be28d",bookSignature:"Sílvio Manuel Brito",publishedDate:"January 29th 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6935.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:6153,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:3,numberOfDimensionsCitations:6,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 21st 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 11th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 10th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"October 29th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 28th 2018",remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"170935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvio Manuel",middleName:"Da Rocha",surname:"Brito",slug:"silvio-manuel-brito",fullName:"Sílvio Manuel Brito",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9HrQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-04-25T07:50:04.png",biography:"Silvio Brito holds a degree in human resources management and work psychology from ISLA, a master’s degree in management in the area of organizational behavior from the Lusíada University, and a Ph.D. degree in psychology from the University of Extremadura, Spain. He is an effective member of the Portuguese Society of Psychology, INFAD (Spain), and CITUR (Portugal), as well as an investigator of Psyche EX (Spain), a member of the chair of Entrepreneurs (Spain), and the founder and general secretary of AFIDE (Spain). He teaches Human Resources at the Polytechnic Institute of Tomar (Portugal) and a master’s course in Portugal and abroad. He is also a member of its jury commissions in Portugal and abroad, and an advisor on several scientific research papers. He has published several scientific, national, and international publications in the field of human resources, management, and psychology. He is an investigator member of the Human Talent Research Group of Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:null,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"4",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:null}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"569",title:"Intelligent System",slug:"human-computer-interaction-intelligent-system"}],chapters:[{id:"67510",title:"Introductory Chapter: Super Creativity—Mind, Men, and Machine",slug:"introductory-chapter-super-creativity-mind-men-and-machine",totalDownloads:731,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"170935",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sílvio Manuel",surname:"Brito",slug:"silvio-manuel-brito",fullName:"Sílvio Manuel Brito"}]},{id:"65968",title:"The Aha! 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Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"75557",title:"Hypomelanosis Secondary to Cutaneous Inflammation",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96256",slug:"hypomelanosis-secondary-to-cutaneous-inflammation",body:'Hypomelanosis is a prevalent skin disorder in dark-skinned Individuals. The numerous skin diseases that cause hypomelanosis include psoriasis, mycosis fungoides, sarcoidosis, pityriasis lichenoides chronica, lichen striatus, lupus erythematosus and lichen sclerosus. Different clinical pictures of lesions and multiple factors in developing post-inflammatory hypopigmentation (PIH) constitute a diagnostic challenge for dermatologists.
Although many studies have addressed PIH, its exact etiology remains unknown and needs the assistance of cytologists. PIH is actually caused by a disorder in melanocyte-keratinocyte interactions. The release of inflammatory agents can be involved in the synthesis of melanin or transfer of melanin to keratinocytes, especially by inhibiting the transfer of melanin from melanocytes to keratinocytes. Melanocytes can respond by changing melanin production in response to posttraumatic stress and inflammation.
Individuals inherit chromatic tendency in the predominantly autosomal dominant form. Hypopigmentation can develop as a result of damage to melanocytes, especially in patients with weak melanocytes. It is worth noting that melanocytes can be weak even in individuals with fair skin. Different factors control melanogenesis as a complex process that involves the synthesis, transfer and release of melanin. PIH is mostly caused by the inhibition rather than destruction of melanocytes. Moreover, severe inflammatory responses of the skin can cause melanocyte loss or death and thus pigmentation changes.
The clinical manifestations, often including lesions with ill-defined borders limited to the site of inflammation, mostly emerge in individuals with dark skin, especially in those prone to hypopigmentation or even depigmentation. They are associated with diagnostic challenges, especially in children, as they can be associated with minor or asymptomatic variations.
The clinical features normally vary based on the primary skin lesions and the lesion margins are often blurred.
The rate of hypopigmentation varies with the age and severity of the cutaneous lesions and severity of the inflammation. Identifying the underlying cause of hypopigmentation can be difficult upon the patient admission, as inflammation of advanced lesions may decrease in severity or even gradually disappear (Figure 1). A complex description and frequent examinations are therefore required in these cases. Biopsy and histological examinations are also required in the absence of inflammatory symptoms.
Psoriasis, showing multiple-well dermarcated hypopigmented lesions.
The most important treatment is to effectively treat the underlying skin disorder that has led to PIH because PIH usually improves over time.
UVB phototherapy and epidermal melanocyte transplantation can help treat completely-destroyed or depigmented melanocytes. Photo protection, apply broad spectrum (UVAUVB) SPF 30 or 50 and reapply every 2–4 hours self-tanner (dihydroxyocetonc). Applying topical ironoxide (3%) can effectively protect the skin against blue visible light, especially in dark-skinned patients with PIH.
Pityriasis albais a prevalent benign but chronic and inflammatory dermatosis and a minor skin feature of atopic dermatitis that mostly emerges in 3 to 16-year-old individuals. Its prevalence is 1.9%–9.9% in children and up to 5%, especially when coupled with atopic dermatitis.
Different mechanisms can be considered for explaining the still-unknown etiology of pityriasis alba. A history of atopic dermatitis constitutes a pathogenic factor in pityriasis alba.
A Positive Relationship between health habits and pityriasis alba, frequent bathing and excessive washing may contribute to the lesion.
Nutritional factors and copper deficiency are also effective. Tyrosine in dermal cells involved in producing melanin is activated by copper. Pathological examinations with electron microscopy and light microscopy showed decreases in the number and size of melanosomes in the affected skin [1].
The eruptions usually appear as round or oval macules or patches with an indistinct border with or without slight and often asymptomatic scales (Figure 2). The lesions normally become more visible in summer and may initially appear pink in a way that the erythema subsides and turns white with powdery appearance and a pink border within a few weeks. With a size of 5–30 mm, the lesions mostly involve the face. Direct examination of scrapings with 10% KOH and slit-skin smear are respectively used to diagnose tinea versicolor and leprosy, and Wood’s lamp examinations are performed for distinguishing vitiligo and the diseases associated with hypopigmentation.
Pityriasis alba: A common disfiguring hypomelanosis, which, as the name indicates, is a white area (alba) with very mild scaling (pityriasis). It is observed in a large number of children in the summer intemperate climates.
It is mostly a cosmetic problem in persons with brown or black skin and commonly occurs on the face, as in this child. Among 200 patients with pityriasis alba, 90% ranged from 6–12 years of age. In young adults, PA quite often occurs on the arms and trunk [2].
If pityriasis alba is left untreated, it can turn chronic and recurrent, although it self-heals in most cases after puberty. Topical steroids class V help reduce the lesion inflammation caused by pityriasis alba. Calcineurin inhibitors such as pimecrolimus cream1% and tacrolimus ointment 0.3% or 0.1% with anti-inflammatory properties can positively affect and activate tyrosinase and thus increase melanin synthesis [3]. Narrow-band UVB and excimer light or excimer laser treatment also yields proper responses through 5–10 treatments of 308 nm excimer laser.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus is more prevalent in women with dark skin, especially in their fourth decade of life. One to five percent of the patients may progress to systemic lupus erythematosus.
Trauma and UVR may have been involved in the onset and exacerbation of symptoms in a person with a predisposed background. Photosensitivity is also observed in 50% of the patients. Histologic examinations can suggest lymphocytic interface dermatitis with basal layer degeneration (hydropic degeneration), keratinocyte apoptosis, basement membrane thickening (greatest in discoid lupus erythematosus), perivascular and periadnexal lymphohistiocytic infiltrate, follicular plugging, cutaneous mucinosis, epidermal atrophy, fibrosis, hypomelanosis and amelanosis, which are observed especially in the center of the lesions.
As the most prevalent manifestations, sharply demarcated lesions in discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) can be round, justifying the term “discoid”. The face and scalp constitute the most commonly affected sites.
DLE lesions are usually asymmetric and asymptomatic with a well-defined and elevated margin, which explains their red to violaceous color. These lesions often appear atrophic and hypopigmented or depigmented, especially in black individuals with prominent follicular plugs (Figure 3). Their hypopigmented center is often surrounded by a hyperpigmented margin.
Discoid lupus erythematosus; there are well-defined, erythematous, scaling lesions with a pigmented margin and central depigmention and behind the ear in this west Indian.
Systemic lupus erythematosus can be assessed by performing a complete blood count, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate and an antinuclear antibody test.
Initial treatment options include topical steroids, intralesional steroids, antimalarial medications such as Hydroxychloroquine, and acitretin. High-potency corticosteroids are recommended for the facial lesions.
Intralesional triamcinolone, commonly at a concentration of 4 to 5 mg/ml, can be very effective especially in active discoid lesions.
Reports suggest the successful application of new topical immunomodulators such as tacrolimus to cutaneous lesions.
As a collagen vascular disease with cutaneous fibrosis as its skin manifestation, systemic sclerosis causes skin tightening and pigmentary changes. The incidence and prevalence of scleroderma are respectively below two per million and 25 per million [4, 5].
Abnormal immune responses, vascular dysfunction and activation of connective tissue cells have been reported in genetically-predisposed individuals. Different environmental and occupational factors such as silica and [6]. organic solvents can be involved.
Electron microscopy shows depigmentation, loss of melanocytes and degenerative changes.
The clinical patterns of the disease include limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, which is limited to distal limbs, reaches up to the knees and elbows and usually involves the face.
The patients may present only with fibrosis of the fingers. The other pattern, diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, involves the trunk in its early stages and facial involvement is uncommon. This type is often associated with more systemic involvements and a worse prognosis.
Systemic sclerosis can cause diffuse hyperpigmentation that is exacerbated in sun-exposed areas, a specific manifestation of leukoderma. A combination of hypomelanosis and hypermelanosis can be present in the sclerotic and non-sclerotic skin areas of patients with systemic sclerosis, especially on their hands. Leukoderma emerging as complete depigmentation can be comorbid with supravenous hyperpigmentation and perifollicular macules (Figure 4). This type of leukoderma can suggest suspected systemic scleroderma.
“Salt and pepper” sign Leukoderma with the retention of perifollicular pigmentation in a patient with systemic sclerosis.
Histological examinations with an electron microscope shows complete or partial loss of melanocyte pigmentation coupled with degenerative changes.
It is actually a collagen vascular disease with some degree of cutaneous fibrosis that causes skin tightening.
Topical and intralesional steroids are recommended for the inflammatory stages. Topical tacrolimus, calcipotriol and imiquimod have been also used. Combination therapies used in the absence of responses include calcipotriol and betamethasone or imiquimod or low dose PUVA alone or with calcipotriol.
HMF is a variant of early MF, which is more prevalent in black individuals. HMF mostly affects ages of 30–40 years, although this type can involve 25–50% of children and adolescents. In fact, it is a prevalent type of MF in children. As a prevalent condition in the Middle East, HMF can be misdiagnosed as pityriasis alba or tinea versicolor in children. A study reported HMF in18 out of 34 subjects and 29 out of 50 adolescents and children [7].
Mycosis fungoides is a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with a major phenotype of C8+T cells and a pathogenic similarity to vitiligo. Given the absence of clinically hypopigmented lesions in the majority of patients with mycosis fungoides and T cells, presence of cytotoxic T cell phenotypesis not adequate for inducing hypopigmentation. Although electron microscopy shows melanosome degradation in melanocytes and keratinocytes, the large number of normal melanosomes found in melanocytes suggests a defect in melanosome transfer.
Patients with mycosis fungoides May present with hypopigmented patches and plaques, usually associated with mild erythema and pruritus (Figure 5). The lesions are distributed more in the trunk and proximal areas of the limbs, especially in the non-exposed areas. Closer examinations show erythematous lesions.
Mycosis fungoides, hypopigmented patches.
Repigmentation following treatments can be a sign of their effectiveness. Despite being the only manifestation of conventional mycosis fungoides, HMF is better in terms of its prognosis [8].
One year of treatment with a combination of steroids and tacrolimus, twice a week, was reported to significantly improve hypopigmented patches and cause no recurrence of lesions, and UVB phototherapy, 2–3 times a week, was found to yield proper responses [9].
Hypopigmented sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease that affects organs such as the lungs, eyes and skin as well as lymph nodes. The exact cause of hypopigmentation in sarcoidosis is unknown. Cutaneous manifestations have been reported in one- quarter to one-third of patients with systemic sarcoidosis. The prevalence of the lesions with different morphologies has been reported as high as 60% in black individuals. The prevalence is also twice in females than in males.
Sarcoidosis can be caused by autoimmune reactions or genetic processes given the existing racial and ethnic differences. HLA haplotype diversity patterns can explain different manifestations between different races. This disorder is histopathologically categorized as a granulomatous disease given the non-caseating granulomas found in the dermis. Electron microscopy also shows vacuolated melanocytes and decreases in the number of melanosomes in keratinocytes. Granulomas mainly include epithelioid cells and occasionally giant cells, with lymphocytic infiltration around granulomasin the absence of caseous necrosis.
The most prevalent skin manifestations of sarcoidosis include small erythematous-violaceous papules 3–5 mm. Sarcoidosis often initiates in an acute state and then becomes chronic. With a peripheral scaly marginand a hypopigmented center (Figure 6), the annular lesions are usually limited to the head and neck with a poor prognosis. A rare cutaneous form with patches or plaques usually appearing 1–10 mm in size mainly involves the trunk and face. Erythematous papules in the center of the patches resemble a fried egg [10].
Cutaneous sarcoidosis; clinical variants, the hypopigmented variant is more noticeable in individuals with a darkly-pigmented skin.
The patients are often asymptomatic and usually diagnosed through radiological examinations. A skin biopsy and pathological examinations may also be ultimately required.
Although acute sarcoidosis is a self-healing conditions, cutaneous sarcoidosis with systemic involvement can be treated with 1 mg/kg/day of prednisolone as an oral steroid to cleanse the skin lesions. The localized skin manifestations can be treated only with topical steroids or intralesional injections. Anti-TNF biologic medications can be used as alternatives to steroids, especially when steroids are contraindicated. Hypopigmented cutaneous sarcoidosis is responsive to minocycline [11] and can be treated with 8-methoxypsoralen [12] and long-wave ultraviolet light.
Lichen striatus is a benign self-limiting dermatosis with an unknown etiology. It is more prevalent in children than in other age groups, it is acquired and unilaterally occurs along the lines of blaschko. Although the lesions are often transient, they may be of a prolonged form.
Lichen striatus is associated with vitiligo or atopic dermatitis. It mainly affects children at an age of 3.5 years, although it may occur in children of 4 months to 10 years of age.
Lichen striatus usually manifests itself as smooth and scaly or hypopigmented flat-topped papules, which are 2-4 mm in size and initially inflammatory (Figure 7). The lesions appear as continuous or interrupted flat papules along the lines of blaschko within 2–3 weeks. The eruptions, being mainly distributed in the limbs, especially the lower limbs, normally leave a long-lasting hypopigmentation in 50% of the cases. According to recent studies in India, lichen striatus causes hypopigmentation in approximately 1.7% of the patients [13].
Lichen striatus: Linear streaks on the leg alongthe lines of Blaschko, comparing numerous small, flat-topped tan (hypopigmented) papules.
No treatments are normally required given the benign and self-limiting nature of the disease. Tacrolimus ointment has been found to speed up the relief and cause complete healing without skin sequelae.
Numerous inflammatory skin diseases can cause pigmentation disorders, which suggests that despite multiple inflammatory disease of skin, ultimately through the activation of inflammatory agents located in the skin, such as T cells, cytokines and other inflammatory cells that lead to disregulation of melanogenesis system.
However, the exact mechanism of PIH is not known and further studies are needed. Despite advance in treating the cause of the hypomelanosis, but PIH is still a challenge for dermatologists. Appropriate treatment for PIH is to identify the underlying cause and treat it, with applying symptomatic therapy.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Development of functional nanomaterials for scientific and industrial applications is very crucial for advanced technologies. The use of natural resources as the starting compounds for producing nanomaterials is currently developing. Many researchers are exploring natural materials and even waste biomass applied as a functional material that has a high selling value for various specific applications. For example, the use of silica sand from Tanah Laut, Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a raw material for manufacturing pure SiO2, zircon, and zirconia with high phase purity and crystallite size in nanometer range was reported [1]. Moreover, natural iron sand exploration as a starting material has been shown to produce magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles as magnetic coating, magnetic fluid (ferrofluid), and magnetic gel (ferrogel) for radar-absorbing materials, biomedical applications, and tissue engineering, respectively [2, 3, 4, 5].
\nFe3O4 is one of the magnetic particles that can be obtained from natural iron sand after conducting the separation technique from its impurities by mechanical and chemical processes. In nature, iron sand consists of more than 90 wt% of Fe3O4 particles. Generally, Fe3O4 has been synthesized using commercial raw materials, such as FeCl2.4H2O and FeCl3.6H2O [6]. The commonly used synthesis methods are sol-gel, hydrothermal, and coprecipitation techniques [7, 8, 9]. Because Fe3O4 nanoparticles tend to agglomerate among particles, the addition of surfactants or templates has been widely applied to produce homogeneous nanoparticles with certain sizes and morphologies [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Research on preparing Fe3O4 nanoparticles from iron sand has been the main topic for the past few years. The use of doping, for example, doping Mn and Zn, on Fe3O4 makes it superparamagnetic so that it can be applied in biomedicine applications [15, 16, 17, 18].
\nHematite (α-Fe2O3) is the most stable iron oxides at high temperatures. α-Fe2O3 is commonly obtained from iron rust which is one of the dominant corrosion products of iron metal or iron alloys. In general, α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles have been successfully prepared by several methods, namely, hydrothermal [19] and coprecipitation technique [20], using commercial raw materials, such as Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and FeCl3.6H2O, respectively. It is found that the concentration of Fe3+ ions used in the preparation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles may influence the particle size and morphology, as well as the optical bandgap [20]. α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with particle size of 8 nm possess superparamagnetic properties with relatively high magnetization at room temperature [21]. Therefore, it is possible to be applied for biomedical and spintronic applications. Moreover, Liu et al. have successfully prepared porous Fe2O3 nanorods with particle size of ~10 nm and pore sizes in the range of 5–50 nm. These porous Fe2O3 nanorods exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties [22].
\nIn the field of environmental engineering, α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be synthesized from hydrated ferric chloride and ferrous sulfate salt solution through chemical coprecipitation method and calcination process at relatively high temperature of 500°C [23]. In addition, a simple chemically coprecipitation method has been employed to obtain Fe3O4 nanoparticles using HCl and NH4OH as dissolving and precipitating agent, respectively [3]. Some researchers have investigated the transformation from Fe3O4 to α-Fe2O3 phase through oxidation process of Fe2+ to Fe3+ ions [24]. It is noted that Fe3O4 nanoparticles could be transformed into maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) and hematite (α-Fe2O3) via dry oxidation process at temperature range between 350 and 400°C and 600 and 800°C, respectively [25]. Focusing on the use of natural resources as raw materials for synthesizing functional materials, in this chapter, α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized from natural iron sand through chemical coprecipitation method followed by sintering process at temperature of 800°C. Then, the obtained α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were utilized as one of the raw materials for preparing calcium ferrite (Ca-ferrites) and bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) nanoparticles as potential materials for radar-absorbing and data storage materials, respectively. The physical characterizations for all obtained ferrite-based nanoparticles include elemental and phase identification, particle morphology, and magnetic and electrical properties.
\nBased on the phase diagram of CaO-Fe2O3 system [26, 27], it is known that there are three main phases of calcium ferrite compounds and those are 2CaO.Fe2O3 (Ca2Fe2O5), CaO.Fe2O3 (CaFe2O4), and CaO.2Fe2O3 (CaFe4O7). It is possible that the reaction between CaO and Fe2O3 results in other unstable calcium ferrite phases, such as CaFe12O19. In addition, Boyanov [28] has pointed out that the mixture of CaCO3-Fe2O3 after thermal treatment has produced various types of calcium ferrite compounds consisting of ~50% CaO.2Fe2O3, ~20% CaO.Fe2O3, ~8% 2CaO.Fe2O3, and other ferrite products. The formation of calcium ferrite compounds depends on the kinetics of chemical reaction at the boundary between the phases and oxide diffusion during the reaction affected by the concentration ratio of the existing Ca2+ and Fe3+ ions as the precursors and also the atmospheric condition [29].
\nCalcium ferrite compounds exhibit soft ferromagnetism, and, therefore, it can be used for radar-absorbing materials in the calcium ferrite/graphite nanocomposites [30]. In this case, calcium ferrite nanoparticles have magnetic properties that are comparable to barium ferrite (BaO.6Fe2O3) and strontium ferrite (SrO.6Fe2O3) known as M-type hexaferrite for microwave-absorbing applications. In order to be used for this application and also for biomedical applications as targeted drug delivery, calcium ferrite should exhibit superparamagnetic behavior [31]. Compared with the other ferrites, such as MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Mn, Ni, and Cu), CaFe2O4 is one of the biocompatible materials and environmentally friendly due to the use of calcium rather than heavy metals. Moreover, Ca2Fe2O5 with the brownmillerite structure has a specific application as p-type thermoelectric device [32]. This is due to the fact that this compound has interesting electrical properties [33, 34]. Oxygen deficiencies in the Ca2Fe2O5 crystals may enhance the electrochemical activity [35]. On the other hand, CaFe4O7 has not been explored yet regarding its magnetic properties. In contrast to the other calcium ferrites, in this chapter, CaFe4O7 nanoparticles were prepared by mixing Fe2O3 from natural iron sand and CaCO3 from natural limestone.
\nBismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is one of multiferroic system showing a magnetic-electric coupling at room temperature. Multiferroic material has perovskite structure with chemical formula ABO3. The type of A and B sites, the cation nonstoichiometry, and the presence of oxygen vacancies may have an impact on the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties [36]. BiFeO3 crystallizes in a distorted rhombohedral perovskite with space group R3c [37]. It has high Curie temperature and Néel temperature of 1100 and 640 K, respectively [38]. It is difficult to obtain a pure phase of BiFeO3 because the kinetics of phase formation leads to the formation of secondary phases, such as Bi25FeO40 (sillenite) and Bi2Fe4O9 (mullite). Various techniques have been reported to prepare single phase of BiFeO3, and those are chemical coprecipitation [39], hydrothermal [40], and sol-gel methods [41, 42, 43]. The ideas of those techniques are to achieve a single phase of BiFeO3 with a simple route, low temperature, and cost-effectiveness. Wang et al. have found that the formation of BiFeO3 phase starts at 425°C with impurity phases about 30% by the low-heating temperature solid-state precursor method [44, 45]. Further calcination from 450 to 550°C results in a pure BiFeO3 phase without any impurity phases. However, impurity phase of Bi2Fe4O9 has been detected in the powder calcined at above 650°C. Moreover, BiFeO3 nanoparticles synthesized by microwave-assisted sol-gel method at calcination temperature of 450°C exhibit a pure phase of BiFeO3 structure with particle size of 40 nm and no detected secondary phase [46].
\nMagnetic and dielectric properties of BiFeO3 nanoparticles are determined by the introduction of doping and particle size influenced by the synthesis method, temperature, and duration of calcination. It has been found that all magnetic parameters, such as saturation magnetization, enhance with decreasing particle size [43]. BiFeO3 nanoparticles with the size below 100 nm have weak ferromagnetism at room temperature. This ferromagnetic behavior in the nanoparticles is due to the presence of oxygen vacancies in BiFeO3 system [41, 47]. Enhancement of magnetic as well as dielectric properties in BiFeO3 can be achieved by adding doping of Mn, Ni, Pb, Ti, Sr, and Zn [48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56]. Up to the present, there have been various studies examining the doping effects of BiFeO3 nanoparticles with numerous advanced techniques to improve their performance. In the case of the enhancing magnetization induced by doping, it has been suggested that this is probably due to increasing distortion of local structure, increasing the effect of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, distortion of Fe and O bonding, destruction of spin cycloid structure, and the presence of impurity phase in the BiFeO3 systems [53, 57]. Besides affecting the magnetic properties, introduction of doping in BiFeO3 leads to the improvement of dielectric and ferroelectric properties [50, 58, 59]. Yuan et al. [54] have found that a sufficient amount of Sr/Pb doping can improve the magnetic properties as well as high-frequency dielectric properties.
\nIn addition, the dielectric properties of pure BiFeO3 phase strongly depend on the atmospheric condition during the powder synthesis. Liu et al. [60] have found a higher spontaneous polarization and lower breakdown field based on polarization-electrical field (P-E) hysteresis loops in the samples annealed in H2 and N2 atmospheres. In this chapter, BiFeO3 nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method using natural iron sand as one of the raw materials and calcined in air atmosphere. Then, the ferroelectric and the dielectric properties were intensively investigated in the Pb- and Ni-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles.
\nPrior to the preparation of α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles, at first, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized from natural iron sand as the raw material by coprecipitation technique using HCl as dissolving agent and NH4OH as precipitating agent. The detail of experimental procedure to synthesize Fe3O4 nanoparticles was also described in elsewhere [3]. First of all, the extracted iron sand was collected and dissolved in 12 M HCl at ~70°C under continuous and constant stirring of 600 rpm. The obtained solution from the reaction process was filtered and added slowly with 6.49 M NH4OH under the same temperature and stirring speed for 30 minutes. Then, the black precipitates were formed. The precipitate (Fe3O4 phase) was initially washed with distilled water until pH 7 and then dried at 70°C for 5 h. In order to get α-Fe2O3 phase, the dried nanopowder (Fe3O4 phase) was calcined at 800°C for 2 h, as shown in Figure 1. Finally, the Fe2O3 powders from this calcination were continued by performing coprecipitation process again with the same experimental procedure as before until the precipitation process. A reddish precipitate (Fe2O3.H2O) was formed. The resulted precipitate was then washed and collected for further synthesis of CaFe4O7 and BiFeO3 (without and with doping of Pb and Ni) nanoparticles.
\nHematite (α-Fe2O3) synthesized from natural iron sand (Fe3O4) by coprecipitation method followed by calcination process at 800°C for 2 h.
Calcium biferrite (CaFe4O7) nanoparticles were synthesized by the so-called chemically dissolved method using precipitated CaCO3 and Fe2O3 as Ca2+ and Fe3+ ion sources, respectively. Fe2O3 powders were obtained as described previously from natural iron sand, whereas the precipitated CaCO3 particles were synthesized from natural limestone through carbonation process. First, the natural limestone was extracted from the existing impurities, such as silica, and then it was calcined at 900°C for 6 h to produce CaO. The CaO powder was dissolved into distilled water to produce Ca(OH)2 solution. The carbonation process using CO2 gas flow was performed until it formed a precipitation at pH around 7. The precipitated CaCO3 was filtered and dried for further synthesis. The detail procedure was also explained in the former paper by Arifin et al. [61].
\nIn the synthesis of the calcium ferrite nanoparticles using the chemically dissolved method, the obtained Fe2O3 and precipitated CaCO3 were dissolved in HNO3 to get Fe(NO)3 and Ca(NO)2 solutions, respectively, with a molar ratio of 1:6. Both solutions were mixed homogeneously and heated at constant temperature (80°C) and stirring rate (600 rpm) until it formed slurry precipitates. The precipitates were washed using distilled water and dried at 80°C for 10 h. The resulted powders were collected and then sintered at 800°C for 3 h.
\nNanoparticles of undoped, Pb- and Ni-doped BiFeO3 (BiFeO3, Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3, and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3, respectively) were prepared by sol-gel method. The starting materials were Fe2O3 synthesized previously from iron sand (94%) as the Fe3+ ion source and Bi2O3 (Aldrich, 99.9%) as the Bi3+ ion source. Pb(NO3)2 (powder, 99%) and Ni(NO3)2.6H2O (powder, 99%) were used as the Pb and Ni doping, respectively. Fe2O3, Bi2O3, Pb(NO3)2, and Ni(NO3)2.6H2O powders were dissolved separately by HNO3 (Merck, 65%) to form solutions of ferrite nitrate, bismuth nitrate, lead nitrate, and nickel nitrate, respectively, with the stoichiometric molar ratio of (Bi, Pb):(Fe, Ni) = 1:1. Acetic acid was added into each solution under constant stirring and temperature for 30 minutes. Then, it was followed by addition of ethylene glycol under the same condition. Next, the obtained solutions were mixed together under the same temperature and stirring rate for 1 h. The resulted solution was dried at 80°C for 6 days to obtain the undoped and doped BiFeO3 xerogels. The dried gels were ground and collected. Finally, the powders were calcined in air at 650 and 700°C for 1 h to form undoped BiFeO3 and doped BiFeO3 (Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3), respectively, for further characterizations.
\nA thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA) was performed to determine the thermal behaviors of the dried gel of bismuth ferrite. The phase formation and crystal structure of all samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu-Kα radiation and λ = 1.54056 Å for scanning 2θ range of 20–70°. The lattice parameters and average crystallite sizes were determined by XRD patterns which were analyzed by the Rietveld method using the Rietica and MAUD programs [62, 63]. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern was conducted to investigate the particles’ morphology and crystal structure confirmation of all ferrite-based samples. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were measured using vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM, Oxford VSM1.2H) and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer in external magnetic field range of ±1 T at room temperature. The ferroelectric properties of the bismuth ferrites were studied from the polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops using a polarization meter (Radiant Technologies 66A). Frequency dependence of the dielectric constant of all bismuth ferrites was estimated by two-probe electrical resistance using Automatic RCL Meter (type PM6303A).
\nFigure 2 shows the XRD pattern of calcium ferrite compound synthesized by the chemically dissolved method from natural iron sand and limestone as the raw materials and then sintered at 800°C for 3 h. Based on the analysis of phase identification, it can be seen that the resulted powder contains several phases of calcium ferrites, CaFe4O7, Ca4Fe14O25, and Ca2Fe9O13, with weight percentages of 28.8, 46.6, and 24.6 wt%, respectively. The formation of those phases is possible to occur due to the atmospheric condition during calcination. Generally, at relatively high calcination temperatures, the most stable phases are those that have higher coordination numbers, in this case with surrounding oxygen. Hughes et al. [64] have also identified these distinct calcium ferrite phases in the mixture of CaO and Fe2O3 calcined in air at high temperatures between 1180 and 1240°C. In addition, the phase formation of Ca2Fe9O13 can be present in the compound at the lower temperatures [65]. With the increase of temperature, the phase formation becomes more complex. Related to the phase transformation, it strongly depends on the crystallization kinetics of the reaction, the ratio concentration between Ca and Fe ions, and the atmospheric condition [66].
\nXRD pattern of calcium ferrite powders synthesized by the chemically dissolved technique from natural iron sand and limestone as the Fe3+ and Ca2+ ion sources, respectively, and then continued by calcination process at 800°C for 3 h.
Focusing on the high intensities of the diffraction peaks, the sample exhibits XRD lines of both CaFe4O7 and Ca4Fe14O25 phases as the dominant phases. CaFe4O7 has monoclinic structure and Ca4Fe14O25 has hexagonal structure. Both phases have similar crystalline structure related to hexagonal ferrite structures [67]. The XRD pattern in Figure 2 shows that CaFe4O7 and Ca4Fe14O25 phases have broad diffraction peaks. This indicates that the average crystallite sizes are in a nanometer scale. Based on the Rietveld analysis, CaFe4O7 phase in the calcium ferrite compound has average crystallite size of about 46 nm. In order to clarify the nano-sized particles, TEM image is important to be investigated in detail.
\nFigure 3 displays TEM image of the calcium ferrite sample together with the selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The TEM image proves that the particle size of the sample is in the range of 40–60 nm. This is in a good agreement with the Rietveld analysis of the XRD pattern in Figure 2. The analysis of electron diffraction from SAED pattern reveals that CaFe4O7 and Ca4Fe14O25 phases are dominantly present and Ca2Fe9O13 is the minor phase in the sample. This result is also consistent with the XRD pattern analysis.
\nTEM image with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern for calcium ferrite powders synthesized by the chemically dissolved technique from natural iron sand and limestone as the Fe3+ and Ca2+ ion sources, respectively, and then continued by calcination process at 800°C for 3 h.
Magnetic properties of the calcium ferrite compound were studied by the magnetic hysteresis curve (M-H curve) at room temperature as shown in Figure 4. It is clear that the sample exhibits ferromagnetic behavior. A detailed observation on the M-H curve of the sample shows that the values of remanent magnetization and magnetization at 1 T are 2.11 and 10.94 emu/g, respectively. This indicates that a soft magnetism is realized in the calcium ferrite compound. It has been found that the dominant phase existing in the sample has a contribution to the ferromagnetic behavior [68]. The value of magnetism in the sample is comparable with that of the barium-calcium hexaferrite prepared by sol-gel and microemulsion techniques, in which the saturation magnetization value is approximately 24 emu/g [69]. Moreover, Samariya et al. [70] have studied the magnetic properties of calcium ferrite, in the form of CaFe2O4, nanoparticles. They have found similar value of magnetization compared with the present result in this work. Concerning the multiphase compound, the magnetic parameters in the sample are influenced by the presence of nonmagnetic phase, magnetic domain and its orientation, and defect formation. Therefore, it is important to investigate more detail on how to prepare a pure certain phase of calcium ferrite from natural resources as the starting materials. Accordingly, this result demonstrates that the present calcium ferrite nanoparticles could be used as one of the potential materials for microwave absorption application.
\nMagnetization curve at room temperature for calcium ferrite powders synthesized by the chemically dissolved technique from natural iron sand and limestone as the Fe3+ and Ca2+ ion sources, respectively, and then continued by calcination process at 800°C for 3 h.
TG/DTA curve of the uncalcined powder of the undoped BiFeO3, shown in Figure 5, exhibits about 29% weight loss from room temperature to 550°C due to the evaporation of water, organics, and nitrate decomposition [71, 72]. Based on this thermal behavior, the powder could be thermally treated at temperatures from 500 up to 700°C for 1 h. Carvalho et al. [73] have reported that the increasing time of the heat treatment increases the formation of secondary phases and, therefore, they have suggested to avoid a long heat treatment to synthesize BiFeO3 nanoparticles.
\nTG/DTA curves of the uncalcined BiFeO3 powder.
Figure 6 shows the XRD patterns of the undoped and doped BiFeO3 samples calcined at 650 and 700°C, respectively, for an hour in air atmosphere. This heat treatment was conducted to form BiFeO3 phase. The influence of the atmosphere in the phase formation has been investigated by Xu et al. [72]. They have reported that crystallization in the atmosphere is important to obtain a pure BiFeO3 phase prepared by sol-gel method. It can be seen from the phase identification of the XRD patterns that multiphases of bismuth ferrite compounds such as BiFeO3, Bi25FeO40, and Bi2Fe4O9 were observed in the synthesized powders. Moreover, Bi2O3 was still observed in the XRD patterns in minor composition. BiFeO3 is a metastable phase which easily decomposes to secondary phases, Bi25FeO40 and Bi2Fe4O9, at high temperatures [73]. In this present work, it is found that higher BiFeO3 phase is achieved with heat treatment at 650°C for 1 h. This result is consistent with the TG/DTA and XRD data analyzed by Sakar et al. [74] which corresponds to sharp diffraction peaks of the BiFeO3 phase. The formation of secondary phases increases at higher temperature than 650°C. BiFeO3 began to decompose because of its unstable thermodynamic character when the calcination temperature was further increased. The relative weight percent and average crystallite size of the BiFeO3 phase were determined from the diffraction patterns by Rietveld method using Rietica and MAUD program, respectively. Overall, the analysis results show that the bismuth ferrite powders contain about 75 wt% of BiFeO3 phase. The average crystallite size of the BiFeO3 sample prepared at 650°C is about 84 nm.
\nXRD patterns of the undoped BiFeO3 and doped BiFeO3 (Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3) powders synthesized by sol-gel method calcined at 650 and 700°C, respectively, for 1 h in air.
The addition of doping substituting the A and B sites in the ABO3 perovskite structure of BiFeO3 greatly affects the crystal distortion and changes in the composition of the secondary bismuth ferrite phases. Pb ion substitutes A site, namely, the Bi3+ ion, in the structure of BiFeO3. As a result, Pb doping has an effect on the diffraction peak shift of the BiFeO3 phase to the lower diffraction angle. This is because the ionic radius of Pb2+ ion (0.119 nm) is greater than that of Bi3+ ion (0.103 nm). Moreover, it can also be seen that there is a combination of the diffraction peaks for the crystal plane (006) and (202) into the diffraction peak (111) at 2θ of 31–32o. This indicates a small change in the distortion of the crystal from distorted rhombohedral to pseudocubic system. XRD analysis confirms that Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 has cubic structure with space group of
Sample | \nStructure | \nLattice parameters (Å) | \n
---|---|---|
BiFeO3 | \nRhombohedral | \na = b = 5.578 (1) | \n
c = 13.862 (3) | \n||
Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 | \nCubic | \na = b = c = 3.958 (1) | \n
BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3 | \nRhombohedral | \na = b = 5.574 (1) | \n
c = 13.840 (4) | \n
Rietveld analysis results for the XRD patterns of the undoped BiFeO3 and doped BiFeO3 (Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3) powders.
On the XRD pattern of the Ni-doped BiFeO3 (BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3) sample, shown in Figure 6, it is clear that there is no change of the crystal structure due to Ni doping at the B site (Fe3+ ion) of BiFeO3 crystal. This is displayed by the rhombohedral peak which can still be observed at 2θ of 31–32o. The result of the phase composition analysis gives that there is an increase of secondary phases (Bi25FeO40) and the presence of NiFe2O4 in the sample. Interestingly, both secondary phases have also unique magnetoelectric properties. It has been reported by Zhu et al. [76] that Bi25FeO40 has good dielectric and electrical properties which can be used as one of integrated circuit components. NiFe2O4 is one of magnetic spinel structures with good magnetic and dielectric properties [77]. In addition, Ni doping in the BiFeO3 system has an effect on diffraction peak shift to the lower diffraction angle because ionic radius of Ni3+ ion (0.069 nm) is slightly larger than that of Fe3+ ion (0.065 nm). The change of lattice parameter due to Pb and Ni doping in BiFeO3 system is summarized in Table 1.
\nFigure 7 shows the TEM image and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns of BiFeO3 powders annealed at 650°C for 1 h in air. Sharp diffraction spots seen from SAED pattern confirm the formation of well crystalline bismuth ferrites. Phases identified from SAED pattern are relatively matching with the XRD patterns in Figure 6 consisting of BiFeO3, Bi25FeO40, Bi2Fe4O9, and Bi2O3. The TEM image shows typical morphology of particle agglomeration. The particle size is greater than the average crystallite size estimated by Rietveld analysis due to agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
\nTEM image with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern for barium ferrite powders synthesized by sol-gel method and then calcined at 650°C for 1 h in air.
The nonlinear magnetic hysteresis curve of the bismuth ferrite powders, as shown in Figure 8, illustrates weak ferromagnetism. The remanent magnetization of 0.044 emu/g and coercive field of 68.5 Oe in the undoped BiFeO3 confirm the weak ferromagnetism behavior at room temperature. The complete saturation of magnetization of powders was not achieved up to applied magnetic field of 1 T. The hysteresis loop of bulk BiFeO3 is generally linear indicating antiferromagnetic order at the ground state (5 K) [78]. The weak ferromagnetic order of these powders can be understood as a result of residual magnetic moment caused by its canted spin structure [79]. The canting of the spins can be caused by reduction of particle size. When the particle size decreases, the number of surface asymmetry atoms increases, then it changes the angle of the helical ordered spin arrangement, and finally the net magnetic moment appears [80]. Moreover, the existence of defects, for instance, oxygen vacancies [81], and the secondary phases [82] may contribute to the weak ferromagnetic behavior.
\nMagnetic hysteresis curves of the undoped BiFeO3 and doped BiFeO3 (Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3) powders synthesized by the sol-gel method.
Based on the magnetic hysteresis loops of the doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles, the Pb doping in the BiFeO3 structure seems to have a small effect on the magnetic properties. Substitution of Pb2+ ions at the Bi3+ sites induces oxygen vacancies which may lead to the enhancement of magnetic moments in the sample [83]. However, Verma and Kotnala [84] have confirmed through the SQUID measurements that BiFeO3 with Pb doping exhibits a strong antiferromagnetism suggesting that the reduction of oxygen vacancies is realized in the system. Moreover, Ederer and Spaldin [85] have proposed that the magnetization value can be affected by the presence of oxygen vacancies but with a small change due to the formation of Fe2+ at the BiFeO3 sites adjacent to the vacancy. Therefore, there is almost no increase in the magnetic parameters after Pb doping. Moreover, the weak ferromagnetism is commonly observed in the Bi1−
The room temperature P-E loop of the prepared undoped bismuth ferrite, presented in Figure 9, exhibits unsaturated hysteresis loop. The curve was not fully saturated because of the low applied electric field. The remanent polarization (
Room temperature polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loop of the undoped BiFeO3 pellet sintered at 750°C.
In the Pb-doped BiFeO3 nanoparticles, the Pb substitution improves the dielectric and ferroelectric properties [90]. It can be seen from Table 2 that the electric properties, including dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and electrical permittivity, increase with Pb doping in the BiFeO3 crystal. It has been found that Pb substitution on the Bi site in the BiFeO3 may destroy ferroelectricity ordering induced by Bi lone pair in the rhombic structure until it reaches a stable pseudocubic structure of BiFeO3 [91]. In this work, addition of Pb doping in BiFeO3 with
Sample | \nDielectric constant (εr) | \nConductivity [×10−4 (Ω m)−1] | \nPermittivity (×10−10 F/m) | \n
---|---|---|---|
BiFeO3 | \n19.4 | \n0.012 | \n1.7 | \n
Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 | \n130.8 | \n0.162 | \n11.6 | \n
BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3 | \n17.5 | \n0.010 | \n1.6 | \n
Dielectric constant, electrical conductivity, and permittivity of the undoped BiFeO3 and doped BiFeO3 (Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3 and BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3) powders measured at room temperature.
As mentioned earlier, the Ni doping in BiFeO3 nanoparticles enhances the magnetic properties as reported in the former paper [88]. However, the dielectric and other electrical properties of the Ni-doped BiFeO3 have lower values than those of the undoped one, as displayed in Table 2. This means that the sample has inappropriate Ni doping concentration to improve the ferroelectricity. Moreover, the reduction in the dielectric constant is attributed to the decrease in the total polarization occurring in the sample. It is well known that the total polarization of a dielectric material is a combination of electronic, ionic, dipolar, and interfacial/space charge polarizations. The lower value of dielectric constant is probably caused by the effect of Ni doping on the ionic transformation from Fe2+ to be Fe3+ again. As the consequence of the charge stability, it may consume holes. Hence, the holes as charge carrier decrease. This is one reason of the decrease of sample’s conductivity [95]. Another possible reason on decreasing value of electrical properties in Ni-doped BiFeO3 sample is the impurity effect. It should be noticed that the impurity phases such as Bi2Fe4O9 and Bi25FeO40 may also contribute to the electrical properties in BiFeO3 [48]. The existence of multiphase in the sample leads to the increase of insulating grain boundaries affecting the electrical conductivity as well as the total polarization in the sample. The increase in the amount of grain boundaries, acting as the barrier for charge carrier mobility, results in the decrease of conductivity in the system.
\nExploration related to the use of natural materials for functional materials has been applied in this study. Natural iron sand with the dominant magnetite (Fe3O4) content has been successfully synthesized through the chemical coprecipitation method as a starting material for producing hematite (α-Fe2O3). α-Fe2O3 has been successfully used as the source of Fe3+ ions to synthesize calcium ferrite and bismuth ferrite nanoparticles. The calcium ferrite powders synthesized by the chemical dissolved technique produce nano-sized crystals with the dominant phases of CaFe4O7 and Ca4Fe14O25. The calcium ferrite powder has soft magnetic properties at room temperature which is attributed to the presence of dominant ferromagnetic phase and also oxygen vacancy in the nanoparticles. Magnetic parameters, such as saturation magnetic, are comparable to the barium-calcium hexaferrites, so that these nanoparticles have the potential application as microwave-absorbing materials. The bismuth ferrite powder, synthesized by the sol-gel method, exhibits multiferroic properties. The undoped BiFeO3 possesses a weak ferromagnetism at room temperature. The magnetic parameters can be enhanced by Ni doping in the form of BiFe0.9Ni0.1O3 nanoparticles. On the other hand, the electrical properties, i.e., dielectric constant, permittivity, and electrical conductivity, can be improved by Pb doping in the nanoparticles of Bi0.9Pb0.1FeO3. The multiferroic behaviors are strongly determined by the nano-sized effects, the presence of oxygen vacancies and impurities, and also the doping type affecting the phase stability in the perovskite structure of BiFeO3 crystals. Considering the importance of applying these ferrite-based nanoparticles, investigations for obtaining pure phases of the nanoparticles from natural resources are very important and need further study.
\nThis work was partially supported by the grant of the International Research Collaboration, provided by DRPM, Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education, 2017–2019. We are thankful to Prof. Y. Kohori and Dr. H. Fukazawa, Chiba University, Japan, for the use of magnetic hysteresis measuring apparatus.
\nWe state that the article is original and all authors are aware of its content and approve its submission. This article has not been published previously, and it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. I confirm that there is no conflict of interest exists.
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His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. 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He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. 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He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. 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He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRNVJQA4/Profile_Picture_2022-03-07T13:23:04.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. His research interests include biochemistry, oxidative stress, reactive species, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation, inflammation, reproductive hormones, phenolic compounds, female infertility.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. She is a fellow member of the Royal Society of Chemistry UK and the American Chemical Society of the United States.",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"49848",title:"Dr.",name:"Wen-Long",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"wen-long-hu",fullName:"Wen-Long Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49848/images/system/49848.jpg",biography:"Wen-Long Hu is Chief of the Division of Acupuncture, Department of Chinese Medicine at Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, as well as an adjunct associate professor at Fooyin University and Kaohsiung Medical University. Wen-Long is President of Taiwan Traditional Chinese Medicine Medical Association. He has 28 years of experience in clinical practice in laser acupuncture therapy and 34 years in acupuncture. He is an invited speaker for lectures and workshops in laser acupuncture at many symposiums held by medical associations. He owns the patent for herbal preparation and producing, and for the supercritical fluid-treated needle. Dr. Hu has published three books, 12 book chapters, and more than 30 papers in reputed journals, besides serving as an editorial board member of repute.",institutionString:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",institution:{name:"Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital",country:{name:"Taiwan"}}},{id:"298472",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrey V.",middleName:null,surname:"Grechko",slug:"andrey-v.-grechko",fullName:"Andrey V. Grechko",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/298472/images/system/298472.png",biography:"Andrey Vyacheslavovich Grechko, Ph.D., Professor, is a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He graduated from the Semashko Moscow Medical Institute (Semashko National Research Institute of Public Health) with a degree in Medicine (1998), the Clinical Department of Dermatovenerology (2000), and received a second higher education in Psychology (2009). Professor A.V. Grechko held the position of Сhief Physician of the Central Clinical Hospital in Moscow. He worked as a professor at the faculty and was engaged in scientific research at the Medical University. Starting in 2013, he has been the initiator of the creation of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Intensive Care and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation, where he also serves as Director since 2015. He has many years of experience in research and teaching in various fields of medicine, is an author/co-author of more than 200 scientific publications, 13 patents, 15 medical books/chapters, including Chapter in Book «Metabolomics», IntechOpen, 2020 «Metabolomic Discovery of Microbiota Dysfunction as the Cause of Pathology».",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",biography:'Natalia Vladimirovna Beloborodova was educated at the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, with a degree in pediatrics in 1980, a Ph.D. in 1987, and a specialization in Clinical Microbiology from First Moscow State Medical University in 2004. She has been a Professor since 1996. Currently, she is the Head of the Laboratory of Metabolism, a division of the Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow, Russian Federation. N.V. Beloborodova has many years of clinical experience in the field of intensive care and surgery. She studies infectious complications and sepsis. She initiated a series of interdisciplinary clinical and experimental studies based on the concept of integrating human metabolism and its microbiota. Her scientific achievements are widely known: she is the recipient of the Marie E. Coates Award \\"Best lecturer-scientist\\" Gustafsson Fund, Karolinska Institutes, Stockholm, Sweden, and the International Sepsis Forum Award, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France (2014), etc. Professor N.V. Beloborodova wrote 210 papers, five books, 10 chapters and has edited four books.',institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null},{id:"354260",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Tércio Elyan",middleName:"Azevedo",surname:"Azevedo Martins",slug:"tercio-elyan-azevedo-martins",fullName:"Tércio Elyan Azevedo Martins",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/354260/images/16241_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from the Federal University of Ceará with the modality in Industrial Pharmacy, Specialist in Production and Control of Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP), Master in Pharmaceuticals and Medicines from the University of São Paulo (USP) and Doctor of Science in the program of Pharmaceuticals and Medicines by the University of São Paulo. Professor at Universidade Paulista (UNIP) in the areas of chemistry, cosmetology and trichology. Assistant Coordinator of the Higher Course in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Technology at Universidade Paulista Campus Chácara Santo Antônio. Experience in the Pharmacy area, with emphasis on Pharmacotechnics, Pharmaceutical Technology, Research and Development of Cosmetics, acting mainly on topics such as cosmetology, antioxidant activity, aesthetics, photoprotection, cyclodextrin and thermal analysis.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"334285",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Sameer",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Jagirdar",slug:"sameer-jagirdar",fullName:"Sameer Jagirdar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334285/images/14691_n.jpg",biography:"I\\'m a graduate student at the center for biosystems science and engineering at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. I am interested in studying host-pathogen interactions at the biomaterial interface.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"329795",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohd Aftab",middleName:"Aftab",surname:"Siddiqui",slug:"mohd-aftab-siddiqui",fullName:"Mohd Aftab Siddiqui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329795/images/15648_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Mohd Aftab Siddiqui is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University, Lucknow for the last 6 years. He has completed his Doctor in Philosophy (Pharmacology) in 2020 from Integral University, Lucknow. He completed his Bachelor in Pharmacy in 2013 and Master in Pharmacy (Pharmacology) in 2015 from Integral University, Lucknow. He is the gold medalist in Bachelor and Master degree. He qualified GPAT -2013, GPAT -2014, and GPAT 2015. His area of research is Pharmacological screening of herbal drugs/ natural products in liver and cardiac diseases. He has guided many M. Pharm. research projects. He has many national and international publications.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:null},{id:"255360",title:"Dr.",name:"Usama",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"usama-ahmad",fullName:"Usama Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255360/images/system/255360.png",biography:"Dr. Usama Ahmad holds a specialization in Pharmaceutics from Amity University, Lucknow, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from Integral University. Currently, he’s working as an Assistant Professor of Pharmaceutics in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Integral University. From 2013 to 2014 he worked on a research project funded by SERB-DST, Government of India. He has a rich publication record with more than 32 original articles published in reputed journals, 3 edited books, 5 book chapters, and a number of scientific articles published in ‘Ingredients South Asia Magazine’ and ‘QualPharma Magazine’. He is a member of the American Association for Cancer Research, International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, and the British Society for Nanomedicine. Dr. Ahmad’s research focus is on the development of nanoformulations to facilitate the delivery of drugs that aim to provide practical solutions to current healthcare problems.",institutionString:"Integral University",institution:{name:"Integral University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"30568",title:"Prof.",name:"Madhu",middleName:null,surname:"Khullar",slug:"madhu-khullar",fullName:"Madhu Khullar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/30568/images/system/30568.jpg",biography:"Dr. Madhu Khullar is a Professor of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology at the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. She completed her Post Doctorate in hypertension research at the Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA in 1985. She is an editor and reviewer of several international journals, and a fellow and member of several cardiovascular research societies. Dr. Khullar has a keen research interest in genetics of hypertension, and is currently studying pharmacogenetics of hypertension.",institutionString:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",institution:{name:"Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",biography:"Xianquan Zhan received his MD and Ph.D. in Preventive Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics at the Central South University, China, and the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), USA. He worked at UTHSC and the Cleveland Clinic in 2001–2012 and achieved the rank of associate professor at UTHSC. Currently, he is a full professor at Central South University and Shandong First Medical University, and an advisor to MS/PhD students and postdoctoral fellows. He is also a fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine and European Association for Predictive Preventive Personalized Medicine (EPMA), a national representative of EPMA, and a member of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences (AAAS). He is also the editor in chief of International Journal of Chronic Diseases & Therapy, an associate editor of EPMA Journal, Frontiers in Endocrinology, and BMC Medical Genomics, and a guest editor of Mass Spectrometry Reviews, Frontiers in Endocrinology, EPMA Journal, and Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. He has published more than 148 articles, 28 book chapters, 6 books, and 2 US patents in the field of clinical proteomics and biomarkers.",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"297507",title:"Dr.",name:"Charles",middleName:"Elias",surname:"Assmann",slug:"charles-assmann",fullName:"Charles Assmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/297507/images/system/297507.jpg",biography:"Charles Elias Assmann is a biologist from Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM, Brazil), who spent some time abroad at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU, Germany). He has Masters Degree in Biochemistry (UFSM), and is currently a PhD student at Biochemistry at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the UFSM. His areas of expertise include: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Enzymology, Genetics and Toxicology. He is currently working on the following subjects: Aluminium toxicity, Neuroinflammation, Oxidative stress and Purinergic system. Since 2011 he has presented more than 80 abstracts in scientific proceedings of national and international meetings. Since 2014, he has published more than 20 peer reviewed papers (including 4 reviews, 3 in Portuguese) and 2 book chapters. He has also been a reviewer of international journals and ad hoc reviewer of scientific committees from Brazilian Universities.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Margarete Dulce Bagatini is an associate professor at the Federal University of Fronteira Sul/Brazil. She has a degree in Pharmacy and a PhD in Biological Sciences: Toxicological Biochemistry. She is a member of the UFFS Research Advisory Committee\nand a member of the Biovitta Research Institute. She is currently:\nthe leader of the research group: Biological and Clinical Studies\nin Human Pathologies, professor of postgraduate program in\nBiochemistry at UFSC and postgraduate program in Science and Food Technology at\nUFFS. She has experience in the area of pharmacy and clinical analysis, acting mainly\non the following topics: oxidative stress, the purinergic system and human pathologies, being a reviewer of several international journals and books.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"226275",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Metin",middleName:null,surname:"Budak",slug:"metin-budak",fullName:"Metin Budak",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226275/images/system/226275.jfif",biography:"Metin Budak, MSc, PhD is an Assistant Professor at Trakya University, Faculty of Medicine. He has been Head of the Molecular Research Lab at Prof. Mirko Tos Ear and Hearing Research Center since 2018. His specializations are biophysics, epigenetics, genetics, and methylation mechanisms. He has published around 25 peer-reviewed papers, 2 book chapters, and 28 abstracts. He is a member of the Clinical Research Ethics Committee and Quantification and Consideration Committee of Medicine Faculty. His research area is the role of methylation during gene transcription, chromatin packages DNA within the cell and DNA repair, replication, recombination, and gene transcription. His research focuses on how the cell overcomes chromatin structure and methylation to allow access to the underlying DNA and enable normal cellular function.",institutionString:"Trakya University",institution:{name:"Trakya University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",slug:"anca-pantea-stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",biography:"Anca Pantea Stoian is a specialist in diabetes, nutrition, and metabolic diseases as well as health food hygiene. She also has competency in general ultrasonography.\n\nShe is an associate professor in the Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. She has been chief of the Hygiene Department, Faculty of Dentistry, at the same university since 2019. Her interests include micro and macrovascular complications in diabetes and new therapies. Her research activities focus on nutritional intervention in chronic pathology, as well as cardio-renal-metabolic risk assessment, and diabetes in cancer. She is currently engaged in developing new therapies and technological tools for screening, prevention, and patient education in diabetes. \n\nShe is a member of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes, Cardiometabolic Academy, CEDA, Romanian Society of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Romanian Diabetes Federation, and Association for Renal Metabolic and Nutrition studies. She has authored or co-authored 160 papers in national and international peer-reviewed journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"279792",title:"Dr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Cotas",slug:"joao-cotas",fullName:"João Cotas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279792/images/system/279792.jpg",biography:"Graduate and master in Biology from the University of Coimbra.\n\nI am a research fellow at the Macroalgae Laboratory Unit, in the MARE-UC – Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre of the University of Coimbra. My principal function is the collection, extraction and purification of macroalgae compounds, chemical and bioactive characterization of the compounds and algae extracts and development of new methodologies in marine biotechnology area. \nI am associated in two projects: one consists on discovery of natural compounds for oncobiology. The other project is the about the natural compounds/products for agricultural area.\n\nPublications:\nCotas, J.; Figueirinha, A.; Pereira, L.; Batista, T. 2018. An analysis of the effects of salinity on Fucus ceranoides (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae), in the Mondego River (Portugal). Journal of Oceanology and Limnology. in press. DOI: 10.1007/s00343-019-8111-3",institutionString:"Faculty of Sciences and Technology of University of Coimbra",institution:null},{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",biography:"Leonel Pereira has an undergraduate degree in Biology, a Ph.D. in Biology (specialty in Cell Biology), and a Habilitation degree in Biosciences (specialization in Biotechnology) from the Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal, where he is currently a professor. In addition to teaching at this university, he is an integrated researcher at the Marine and Environmental Sciences Center (MARE), Portugal. His interests include marine biodiversity (algae), marine biotechnology (algae bioactive compounds), and marine ecology (environmental assessment). Since 2008, he has been the author and editor of the electronic publication MACOI – Portuguese Seaweeds Website (www.seaweeds.uc.pt). He is also a member of the editorial boards of several scientific journals. Dr. Pereira has edited or authored more than 20 books, 100 journal articles, and 45 book chapters. He has given more than 100 lectures and oral communications at various national and international scientific events. He is the coordinator of several national and international research projects. In 1998, he received the Francisco de Holanda Award (Honorable Mention) and, more recently, the Mar Rei D. Carlos award (18th edition). He is also a winner of the 2016 CHOICE Award for an outstanding academic title for his book Edible Seaweeds of the World. In 2020, Dr. Pereira received an Honorable Mention for the Impact of International Publications from the Web of Science",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"61946",title:"Dr.",name:"Carol",middleName:null,surname:"Bernstein",slug:"carol-bernstein",fullName:"Carol Bernstein",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/61946/images/system/61946.jpg",biography:"Carol Bernstein received her PhD in Genetics from the University of California (Davis). She was a faculty member at the University of Arizona College of Medicine for 43 years, retiring in 2011. Her research interests focus on DNA damage and its underlying role in sex, aging and in the early steps of initiation and progression to cancer. In her research, she had used organisms including bacteriophage T4, Neurospora crassa, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mice, as well as human cells and tissues. She authored or co-authored more than 140 scientific publications, including articles in major peer reviewed journals, book chapters, invited reviews and one book.",institutionString:"University of Arizona",institution:{name:"University of Arizona",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"182258",title:"Dr.",name:"Ademar",middleName:"Pereira",surname:"Serra",slug:"ademar-serra",fullName:"Ademar Serra",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/182258/images/system/182258.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Serra studied Agronomy on Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) (2005). He received master degree in Agronomy, Crop Science (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2007) by Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), and PhD in agronomy (Soil fertility and plant nutrition) (2011) from Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados / Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (UFGD/ESALQ-USP). Dr. Serra is currently working at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA). His research focus is on mineral nutrition of plants, crop science and soil science. Dr. Serra\\'s current projects are soil organic matter, soil phosphorus fractions, compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) and isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation in compositional data analysis.",institutionString:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",institution:{name:"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"7",type:"subseries",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11403,editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",slug:"slawomir-wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",biography:"Professor Sławomir Wilczyński, Head of the Chair of Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. His research interests are focused on modern imaging methods used in medicine and pharmacy, including in particular hyperspectral imaging, dynamic thermovision analysis, high-resolution ultrasound, as well as other techniques such as EPR, NMR and hemispheric directional reflectance. Author of over 100 scientific works, patents and industrial designs. Expert of the Polish National Center for Research and Development, Member of the Investment Committee in the Bridge Alfa NCBiR program, expert of the Polish Ministry of Funds and Regional Policy, Polish Medical Research Agency. Editor-in-chief of the journal in the field of aesthetic medicine and dermatology - Aesthetica.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",slug:"alexandros-tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"lulu-wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",slug:"reda-r.-gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. 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