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Open access peer-reviewed chapter

Structural Insight of the Anticancer Properties of Doxazosin on Overexpressing EGFR/HER2 Cell Lines

Written By

Martiniano Bello and Miguel Ángel Vargas Mejía

Submitted: 05 January 2021 Reviewed: 15 February 2021 Published: 03 March 2021

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.96628

Breast Cancer IntechOpen
Breast Cancer Evolving Challenges and Next Frontiers Edited by Mani T. Valarmathi

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Breast Cancer - Evolving Challenges and Next Frontiers

Edited by Mani T. Valarmathi

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Abstract

The selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist doxazosin is used for the treatment of hypertension. More recently, an experimental report demonstrated that this compound exhibits antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines with similar inhibitory activity to gefitinib, a selective inhibitor of EGFR in the active state (EGFRAC). This experimental study provided evidence that doxazosin can be employed as an anticancer compound, however, the structural basis for its inhibitory properties is poorly understood at the atomic level. To gain insight about this molecule, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation with the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MMGBSA) approach was employed to explore the structural and energetic features that guide the inhibitory properties of doxazosin and gefitinib in overexpressing EGFR/HER2 cell lines. Our result suggest that doxazosin exerts its inhibitory properties in breast cancer cell lines by targeting EGFR/HER2 but mainly HER2 in the inactive state (HER2IN), whereas gefitinib by targeting mainly EGFRAC, in line with previous literature. Decomposition of the binding affinity into individual contributions of HER2IN-doxazosin and EGFRAC-gefitinib systems detected hot spot residues but also showed polar interactions of Met801/Met793 with the quinazoline ring of both compounds. Principal component (PC) analysis revealed that the molecular recognition of the HER2IN-doxazosin system was linked to conformational changes but EGFRAC-gefitinib was not.

Keywords

  • HER2
  • EGFR
  • doxazosin
  • docking
  • MD simulations

1. Introduction

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR) and 2 (HER2) form part of a family of human epidermal grown factor receptors (EGFRs), and whose phosphorylation impacts cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration [1]. The cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) is considered one of the most studied receptors for developing new anticancer drugs [2]. Activation of EGFR starts the molecular recognition of endogenous growth factors at the extracellular domain that, at the time, promotes the formation of homo- and heterodimers among the different members of EGFR, with HER2 the preferred member of EGFRs to form heterodimers [3, 4, 5]. The transition from a monomeric to dimeric state in EGFR is coupled to a conformational change in the TKD from an inactive to active state [6, 7, 8], whereas that for HER2 transitions from inactive, intermediate, and inactive states [9, 10, 11]. Generally, the signaling activity regulated by EGFR/HER2 is under control, however, mutations in TKD give place to constitutive activation of these receptors, which results in the development of different types of cancer, such as lung [12] and breast cancer [13]. In addition, overexpression of EGFR/HER2 also happens with radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance [14, 15, 16].

Based on the ability of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to inhibit EGFR, they can be divided in two types, those targeting the active state, such as Iressa, and those targeting the inactive state, such as erlotinib and lapatinib [17, 18, 19, 20]. Lapatinib showed dual activity on EGFR/HER2 [21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Despite the benefits of using these TKIs, the employment of them has been linked to severe side effects and drug resistance [27, 28, 29, 30]. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new compounds, either through drug design or drug repurposing, that target EGFR and/or HER2 receptors and are effective for cancer therapy. In this context, the combination of docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations has been widely exploited to generate new information about the binding properties between natural or synthetic TKIs and EGFR/HER2 [10, 11, 19, 20, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. In a previous study, Hui et al. explored the inhibitory properties of doxazosin, an α-1 antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension, in two human breast cancer cell lines: BCC MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells [37]. MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells are estrogen receptor (ER) positive and ER negative, respectively [38], and both cell lines also expressed EGFR and HER2; however, MDA-MB-231 expressed both receptors in higher concentrations than MCF-7 [39]. Although EGFR and HER2 are important regulators for normal cellular processes, their dysregulation has been associated to protein overexpression that leads to the development of different types of cancer [1, 5]. They demonstrated that doxazosin induces apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines similar to Iressa (Gefitinib), reducing phosphorylated EGFR by a mechanism that does not involve the α1-adrenergic receptor, however, the structural and energetic basis for its inhibitory properties is poorly understood. In addition, Sharkawi et al. identified similar experimental antiproliferative activity of doxazosin in an MCF-7 cell line through the inhibition of EGFR [40]. Thus, more robust structural and energetic studies are required to provide structural insight into the affinity of doxazosin for EGFR/HER2 compared with gefitinib. Structural data, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations combined with the MMGBSA approach were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism through which doxazosin and gefitinib inhibit EGFR/HER2.

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2. Methods

2.1 Structural modeling

The free forms of EGFR in the inactive (EGFRIN) and active (EGFRAC) states were taken from the crystallographic structures of EGFRIN (PDB entry 1XKK) and EGFRAC (PDB entry 1 M17) conformations. The free forms of HER2 in the inactive (HER2IN) and active (HER2AC) states were taken from previous MD simulation studies; HER2IN [10] and HER2AC [11] conformations. Amino acid residues missing in the electron density map of EGFR structures were built with MODELER Version 9.14 [41].

2.2 Docking studies

Docking calculations were carried out using AutoDock 4.2 and AutoDock Tools 1.5.6 software [42]. The ligand structures were built and optimized with the Gaussian package [43]. The initial geometries of ligands were optimized at the AM1 level. Hydrogen atoms were added to ligands and receptors, and Kollman and Gasteiger partial charges were assigned for ligand and proteins, respectively. The affinity grid maps were constructed on the receptor using a grid size of 70 × 70 × 70 Å and 0.370 Å of spacing. Due to the stochastic nature of the Lamarckian algorithm, 20 runs were performed for each compound, and 30 conformations of the ligand (binding poses) were observed between ligand and protein. The best binding poses were selected using the criteria of having the lowest energetic conformations at the receptor binding site.

2.3 Molecular dynamics simulations

The protein-ligand results obtained by docking were checked through MD simulation studies. MD simulations were carried out using the AMBER16 package [44], in conjunction with the ff14SB force field [45]. The systems simulated were put into a space-filling dodecahedric box of 12 Å, solvated with TIP3P water model [46], and neutralized with sodium and chloride ions (0.10 M) to create a physiological concentration. The parameterizations of the ligands were performed assigning AM1-BCC atomic charges and matching the atoms with the general Amber force field (GAFF) [47]. Once the systems were constructed, they were minimized using steepest descent with position restraint of the ligands, followed by steepest descent without position restraint and conjugate gradients. The minimized systems were then submitted to 100 ns-long MD simulations using an NPT ensemble with the velocity rescaling arrangement to simulate a constant temperature at 310 K. A constant temperature and pressure (1 atm) were maintained using the weak-coupling algorithm [48], with coupling constants τT and τP of 1.0 and 0.2 ps, respectively. The electrostatic term was described by the PME method [49], and a 10 Å cut-off was selected for the van der Waals interactions. The time step for the MD simulations was set to 2.0 fs. The SHAKE algorithm [50] was employed to reset bonds to their right lengths after an unconstrained update. The conformations obtained from MD simulations at intervals of 20 picoseconds (ps) were analyzed using the cpptraj tool in Amber16. Plots of variation of root mean squared deviation (RMSD) and radius of gyration (RG) were generated to evaluate convergence. Clustering analysis using a cutoff of 2.5 Å was performed to identify the most populated conformation in the simulation. Principal components (PC) analysis along the most essential eigenvectors was carried out to evaluate total flexibility. A map of interactions was generated using Maestro Version 10.1, 2015–1 [51].

2.4 Affinity prediction and per-residue decomposition

The binding free energy (ΔGbind) and per residue contribution were determined using the MMGBSA method [52, 53, 54, 55]. Analysis was carried out using a total of 500 protein-ligand conformers at intervals of 100 ps (over the last 50 ns of simulation), considering a salt concentration of 0.10 M and implicit solvent models [56]. The binding free energy (ΔGbind) and per-residue decomposition for each complex was calculated as previously described [11] and were the average result of triplicate experiments.

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3. Results and discussion

3.1 Convergence and equilibrium

The stability of the evaluated systems was observed by measuring two geometrical parameters. The root mean squared deviation (RMSD) and the radius of gyration (RG) were determined to identify the time at which the systems reached convergence (Table 1). RMSD analysis showed that free and bound EGFR/HER2 systems reached stability between 20 to 50 ns with RMSD values, which oscillated between 1.40 and 4.20 Å. RG examination revealed that free and bound EGFR/HER2 systems exhibited stability from 20 to 50 ns with values oscillating between 18.8 and 20.2 Å. Based on this result, further analysis was carried out discarding the first 50 ns.

SystemRMSDRG
EGFRAC2.1 ± 0.2019.0 ± 0.12
EGFRAC-doxazosin1.7 ± 0.1019.1 ± 0.10
EGFRAC-gefitinib2.2 ± 0.2019.2 ± 0.10
EGFRIN1.8 ± 0.2018.8 ± 0.10
EGFRIN-doxazosin2.2 ± 0.2019.0 ± 0.10
EGFRIN-gefitinib2.7 ± 0.2119.0 ± 0.10
HER2AC3.6 ± 0.1720.0 ± 0.10
HER2AC-doxazosin1.7 ± 0.2020.0 ± 0.14
HER2AC-gefitinib1.4 ± 0.2019.9 ± 0.10
HER2IN3.9 ± 0.4020.0 ± 0.01
HER2IN-doxazosin3.4 ± 0.4020.2 ± 0.10
HER2IN-gefitinib4.2 ± 0.2219.6 ± 0.13

Table 1.

Average geometrical values (Å) over the last 50 ns of 100-ns-long MD simulations.

3.2 Structural analysis of complexes between doxazosin and EGFRAC/EGFRIN

To explore the structural differences between doxazosin and gefitinib on EGFR/HER2, the most populated receptor-ligand conformations were retrieved over the equilibrated simulation time (the last 50 ns) through clustering analysis. Analysis of the complex between doxazosin and EGFRAC showed that the ligand was stabilized through van der Waals interactions with Phe723, Val726, Leu792, Met793, Pro794, Phe795, Cys797, Leu799, and Leu844, and polar interactions with Gly719, Lys745, Gly796, Asp800, Asp837, Arg841, Asn842, and Asp855 (Figure 1A). In contrast, Val718 formed both van der Waals interactions and a hydrogen bond with the quinazoline ring of doxazosin. In the complex with EGFRIN, dozaxosin was bound through van der Waals interactions with Phe723, Val718, Val726, Ala743, Leu792, Phe795, Tyr801, and Leu844. The polar contact took place with Lys745, Gln791, Gly796, Glu804, and His805. Met793 formed both van der Waals interactions and one hydrogen bond with the benzodioxin moiety of doxazosin. Pro794 established both van der Waals contacts and one hydrogen bond with the quinazoline ring of doxazosin, whereas Glu804 formed hydrogen bonds with the quinazoline ring of doxazosin (Figure 1B). Stabilization of doxazosin did not establish interactions with Thr790 and Met766, two residues whose mutations have been linked to EGFR drug resistance [57, 58]. In addition, the characteristic interactions between Met793 and the quinazoline moiety were not observed, which has previously been observed for other TKIs of EGFR [10].

Figure 1.

Map of interactions for the most populated conformation of EGFR/HER2–doxazosin systems. Binding conformations and map of interaction for EGFRAC-doxazosin (A) EGFRIN-doxazosin (B) HER2AC-doxazosin (C) and HER2IN-doxazosin (D). The map of interactions was performed with maestro Schrödinger version 10.1.

3.3 Structural analysis of complexes between doxazosin and HER2AC/HER2IN

Dozaxosin in complex with HER2AC was bound through van der Waals interactions with Leu726, Val734, Ala751, Phe864, Leu852, and Leu800 and polar interactions with Gly727, Ser783, Thr798, Gln799, Arg849, Thr862, Asp863, and Lys921 (Figure 1C). For the complex between doxazosin and HER2IN, the ligand was stabilized by Val754, Leu755, Met774, Leu785, Leu796, Pro802, Cys805, Leu852, and Phe864 and polar contacts with Lys753, Arg756, Gln799, Thr862, and Asp863. Tyr803 and Met801 formed van der Waals and hydrogen bonds with polar groups of the quinazoline ring, whereas Ser783 and Thr798 formed polar contacts with the linker between piperazine and the benzodioxin moiety (Figure 1D). Structural comparison of the complexes of doxazosin with HER2AC/HER2IN showed that doxazosin was better coordinated on HER2IN than HER2AC through more well-adjusted types of van der Waals and hydrogen bonds. In addition, the characteristic hinge hydrogen bond between Met801 and the polar atoms of the quinazoline moiety of several TKIs [31, 59] was present only in for the complex with doxazosin and HER2IN.

3.4 Structural analysis of complexes between gefitinib and EGFRAC/EGFRIN

Analysis of complexes between gefitinib and EGFRAC illustrated that the ligand was bound through van der Waals interactions with Leu718, Val726, Ala743, Met766, Leu788, Ile789, Leu792, Pro794, Phe795, Cys797, Leu844, and Phe856. The polar interactions were through contacts with Gly719, Ser720, Gly721, Lys745, Glu762, Thr790, Gln791, Gly796, Arg803, Thr854, and Asp855. Met793 formed van der Waals interactions and one polar interaction with the quinazoline ring of gefitinib, whereas Asp800 formed a hydrogen bond with one of the substituents at the quinazoline ring (Figure 2A). In complex with EGFRIN, gefitinib was stabilized by van der Waals contacts with Phe723, Val718, Val726, Ala743, Cys775, Leu792, and Cys797. The polar contacts were through Gly719, Ser720, Gly721, Gly724, Thr790, Gln791, Arg841, Asn842, Thr854, and Asp 855. Met793 established both van der Waals interactions and one hydrogen bond with the quinazoline ring, whereas Lys745 made a hydrogen bond with one of the substituents of the quinazoline ring (Figure 2B). Comparison of the map of interactions of both complexes showed that gefitinib was better coordinated on EGFRIN than EGFRAC. In both complexes, gefitinib established interactions with Thr790, a residue whose mutation is linked to EGFR drug resistance [57, 58]. In addition, in both complexes, the characteristic interactions between Met793 and the quinazoline moiety of ligand were observed, which has been reported elsewhere [10].

Figure 2.

Map of interactions for the most populated conformation of EGFR/HER2–gefitinib systems. Binding conformations and map of interaction for EGFRAC-gefitinib (A) EGFRIN-gefitinib (B) HER2AC-gefitinib (C) and HER2IN-gefitinib (D). The map of interactions was performed with maestro Schrödinger version 10.1.

3.5 Structural analysis of complexes between gefitinib and HER2AC/HER2IN

Gefitinib in complex with HER2AC was bound through van der Waals interactions by Leu726, Val734, Leu800, Cys805, Leu807, Val851, and Leu852 (Figure 2C). Polar interactions were stabilized by Gly727, Ser728, Gly729, Asp808, Asp845, Arg849, Asn850, Thr862, and Gly865 residues, whereas Asp863 formed a hydrogen bond with one of the substituents of the quinazoline ring (Figure 2C). Gefitinib formed a complex with HER2IN, coordinated by Leu726, Val734, Val731, Cys805, Leu807, Leu866, Ala867, Leu869, Tyr923, Ala920, and Pro922 residues through van der Waals interactions. Polar interactions took place by Gly727, Ser728, Lys753, Arg811, Arg849, Asp863, and Lys921 residues, whereas Asp808 formed a hydrogen bond with one of the quinazoline ring substituents (Figure 2D). Structural comparison of both systems depicted that gefitinib was better stabilized on HER2IN than HER2AC. In addition, in both complexes, the characteristic polar interaction between Met801 and polar atoms of the quinazoline moiety of ligand was not observed [31, 59], as observed for the complex between doxasozin and HER2IN (Figure 1C).

3.6 Binding free energy

Determination of the ΔGbind values was performed using the MMGBSA method. Table 2 shows that all systems exhibited thermodynamically favorable ΔGbind values. Nonpolar contributions formed by van der Waals energy (ΔEvdw) and nonpolar desolvation (ΔGnpol,sol) guided the binding of the complexes. Comparative analyses of the complexes between doxazosin or gefitinib on HER2AC, HER2IN, EGFRAC, and EGFRIN showed that doxazosin reached more favorable ΔGbind values on HER2IN than on EGFRAC, EGFRIN, and HER2AC. Gefitinib showed a higher affinity for EGFRIN than EGFRAC, HER2AC, and HERIN. Comparative analysis between the affinity of doxazosin and gefitinib for the four systems showed that doxazosin reached more favorable affinity for HER2IN than gefitinib, whereas gefitinib reached higher affinity for EGFRAC than doxazosin. The results suggested that the inhibitory activity of doxazosin in breast cancer cell lines is by mainly targeting HER2IN, whereas that for gefitinib is mainly through inhibiting EGFRAC, in line with previous studies where the selectivity of gefitinib toward EGFRAC was observed [60]. In addition, this analysis showed that the binding properties of doxazosin could be improved by exploring how changes in the binding affinity of new derivatives of doxazosin coupled on HER2IN.

SystemsΔEvdwΔEeleΔGele,solΔGnpol,solΔGbind
EGFRAC-doxazosin−43.52 (5.13)22.33 (4.91)−2.69 (0.80)−5.46 (0.50)−29.33 (6.14)
EGFRIN-doxazosin−38.78 (3.90)3.25 (0.91)9.68 (2.80)−4.62 (0.37)−30.46 (4.20)
HER2AC-doxazosin−36.77 (6.0)40.15 (12.0)−21.06 (11.0)−4.36 (0.55)−22.05 (4.60)
HER2IN-doxazosin−48.93 (4.0)23.99 (9.0)−7.39 (1.50)−5.99 (0.30)−38.32 (4.0)
EGFRAC-gefitinib−55.01 (0.16)−11.11 (0.65)−25.40 (0.60)−7.16 (0.01)−47.88 (0.17)
EGFRIN-gefitinib−44.10 (0.15)27.00 (0.69)−16.48 (0.65)−5.74 (0.01)−39.32 (0.23)
HER2AC-gefitinib−34.76 (4.0)38.46 (16.0)−22.98 (5.0)−4.90 (0.70)−24.18 (5.0)
HER2IN-gefitinib−38.78 (5.7)−31.92 (13.0)49.70 (1.50)−4.90 (0.50)−25.91 (6.0)

Table 2.

Binding free energy components of protein-ligand systems (in units of kcal/Mol).

3.7 Decomposition of the per-residue free energy

This analysis identified the residues that contributed the most to the ΔGbind value for each complex. Table 3 shows that Leu718, Gly719, Phe723, Val726, Cys797, Leu799, Arg841, and Leu844 were the major contributors in the stabilization of the EGFRAC-doxazosin complex, from which Leu718 established hydrogen bonds with polar atoms of the quinazoline ring of doxazosin (Figure 1A). In the EGFRIN-doxazosin complex, Leu718, Val726, Ala743, Leu792, Met793, Pro794, Phe795, Gly796, Tyr801, Glu804, and Leu844 were the main stabilizers of this system. From these residues, Met793, Pro794, and Glu804 formed hydrogen bonds, stabilizing the quinazoline and benzodioxine rings of doxazosin (Figure 1B). In the EGFRAC-gefitinib complex, Leu718, Val726, Ala743, Lys745, Met766, Ile789, Thr790, Gln791, Leu792, Met793, Gly796, Cys797, and Thr854 were key residues in the affinity of gefitinib. Among these residues, the participation of Met793 through a hydrogen bond was appreciated (Figure 2A), whereas Leu718, Gly719, Val726, Ala743, Lys745, Leu792, Met793, Cys797, Asn842, Leu844, and Thr854 were the major contributors to the ΔGbind value in the EGFRIN-gefitinib complex. Of these residues, the participation of Lys745 and Met793 were important in the stabilization of quinazoline and substitution at the quinazoline ring (Figure 2B).

ResidueEGFRAC-doxazosinEGFRIN-doxazosinEGFRAC-gefitinibEGFRIN-gefitinib
Leu718−1.071−2.243−1.664−1.261
Gly719−0.532−0.871
Phe723−2.805
Val726−1.325−0.674−2.183−1.705
Ala743−0.548−1.188−0.592
Lys745−0.782−2.276
Met766−0.727
Ile789−0.520
Thr790−1.190
Gln791−0.186
Leu792−1.257−1.663−1.897
Met793−1.394−2.045−1.618
Pro794−0.696
Phe795−2.053
Gly796−1.43−1.122
Cys797−1.622−1.015−1.109
Leu799−0.672
Tyr801−0.737
Glu804−1.064
Arg841−1.904
Asn842−0.504
Leu844−0.935−0.809−2.063
Thr854−0.839−1.069

Table 3.

Per-residue free energy for complexes between doxazosin and gefitinib with EGFRAC/EGFRIN (values kcal/Mol).

Table 4 shows that Leu726, Gly727, Ser728, Val734, Asp863, and Phe864 contributed the most to the ΔGbind value of the HER2AC-doxazosin complex. Met774, Ser783, Leu785, Leu796, Thr798, Met801, Tyr803, Gly804, Cys805, Leu852, Thr862, and Phe864 were the major residues stabilizing the HER2IN-doxazosin complex. The participation of Ser783, Thr798, Met801, and Tyr803 was visualized through the formation of hydrogen bonds with gefitinib (Figure 1D). Leu726, Cys805, Leu807, Arg849, Asn850, Leu852, and Thr862 were the main contributors in the HER2AC-gefitinib complex (Table 4). Leu726, Phe731, Val734, Cys805, Leu807, Arg849, Leu866, Pro922, and Tyr923 contributed the most to the ΔGbind value in the HER2IN-gefitinib complex.

ResidueHER2AC-doxazosinHER2IN-doxazosinHER2AC-gefitinibHER2IN-gefitinib
Leu726−1.913−0.67−0.551
Gly727−1.056
Ser728−0.756
Phe731−2.184
Val734−1.163−0.855
Met774−0.56
Ser783−0.837
Leu785−1.414
Leu796−1.069
Thr798−1.122
Met801−2.045
Tyr803−1.854
Gly804−0.652
Cys805−1.1−1.378−0.531
Leu807−0.844−0.597
Arg849−2.104−2.011
Asn850−0.559
Leu852−2.069−1.026
Thr862−2.25−0.757
Asp863−1.631
Phe864−0.828−1.09
Leu866−0.822
Pro922−1.358
Tyr923−1.685

Table 4.

Per-residue free energy for complexes between doxazosin and gefitinib with HER2AC/HER2IN (values kcal/Mol).

3.8 Principal component analysis

We evaluated the differences in mobility for the free and bound EGFR/HER2 systems via PC analysis. Evaluation of the quantification of the diagonalized covariance matrix based on covariance showed the following values: HER2AC, 15.0 nm2; HER2AC-doxazosin, 10.26 nm2; HER2AC-gefitinib, 8.83 nm2; HER2IN, 28.9 nm2; HER2IN-doxazosin, 18.21 nm2; HER2IN-gefitinib, 20.41 nm2; EGFRAC, 10.79 nm2; EGFRACAC-doxazosin, 9.46 nm2; EGFRAC-gefitinib, 7.69 nm2; EGFRIN, 8.17 nm2; EGFRIN-doxazosin, 11.55 nm2; and EGFRAC-gefitinib, 10.0 nm2. This result indicates that the molecular recognition of doxazosin or gefitinib on HER2AC, HER2IN, and EGFRAC decreased the number of conformational states compared to that of free HER2AC, HER2IN, and EGFRAC states. However, this conformational reduction was more significant for the free and bound HER2IN system. In contrast, a small increase in the conformational mobility was experienced upon the coupling of gefitinib by EGFRIN. This indicated that doxazosin and gefitinib binding to HER2IN was linked with reduced heterogeneity, which suggests that this molecular recognition was associated with an unfavorable entropy contribution that could contribute to decrease the favorable ΔGbind values for HER2IN-doxazosin and HER2IN-gefitinib, as seen in Table 2.

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4. Conclusion

In this chapter, we explored the structural and energetic features that guide the similar inhibitory properties of doxazosin with gefitinib in overexpressing EGFR/HER2 cell lines combining docking and MD simulation with the MMGBSA approach. Based on these studies, we identified that doxazosin was able to target the active and inactive states of EGFR and HER2, however, its inhibitory activity against breast cancer cell lines was mainly by targeting HER2IN. Similarly, although gefitinib was able to target the inactive and inactive states of EGFR and HER2, its activity mainly targeted EGFRAC, in line with previous reports. Per-residue free energy analysis identified the key residues stabilizing HER2IN-DOX and EGFRAC-GEF systems, showing that in the stabilization of both systems, Met793 and Met801 were involved for EGFR and HER2, respectively. These residues stabilized HER2IN-DOX and EGFRAC-GEF systems through the formation of hydrogen bonds with the quinazoline ring, as reported for other TKIs. This study provides structural and energetic information that can be used to design new inhibitors for HER2IN or EGFRAC using doxazosin or gefitinib, respectively, as a pharmacophoric model.

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Acknowledgments

This is an unpublished original article. The work was supported by grants from CONACYT (CB-A1-S-21278) and SIP/IPN (20201015).

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Written By

Martiniano Bello and Miguel Ángel Vargas Mejía

Submitted: 05 January 2021 Reviewed: 15 February 2021 Published: 03 March 2021

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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