\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"6517",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",title:"Emerging Solar Energy Materials",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book provides the fundamental understanding of the functioning of solar cellsand the materials for the effective utilization of energy resources. The main objective of writing this book is to create a comprehensive and easy-to-understand source of information on the advances in the rapidly growing research on solar cells.\nEmerging Solar Energy Materials comprises 12 chapters written by the experts in the solar cell field and is organized with the intention to provide a big picture of the latest progress in the solar cell field and at the same time give an in-depth discussion on fundamentals of solar cells for interested audiences. In this book, each part opens with a new author's essay highlighting their work for contribution toward solar energy. Critical, cutting-edge subjects are addressed, including: Photovoltaic device technology and energy applications; Functional solar energy materials; New concept in solar energy; Perovskite solar cells; Dye-sensitized solar cells; Organic solar cells; Thin-film solar cells. The book is written for a large and broad readership including researchers and university graduate students from diverse backgrounds such as chemistry, physics, materials science, and photovoltaic device technology. The book includes enough information on the basics to be used as a textbook undergraduate coursework in engineering and the sciences.",isbn:"978-1-78923-583-8",printIsbn:"978-1-78923-582-1",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-518-9",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71145",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"emerging-solar-energy-materials",numberOfPages:246,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"186936bb201bb186fb04b095aa39d9b8",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. Shaheer Akhtar and Hyung-Shik Shin",publishedDate:"August 1st 2018",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6517.jpg",numberOfDownloads:15052,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:25,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:0,numberOfTotalCitations:54,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"September 26th 2017",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"October 17th 2017",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"December 16th 2017",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"March 6th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"May 5th 2018",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"52613",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Ameen",slug:"sadia-ameen",fullName:"Sadia Ameen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/52613/images/system/52613.jpg",biography:"Professor Sadia Ameen obtained a Ph.D. in Chemistry in 2008. Presently she is working as an assistant professor in the Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeongeup Campus, Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea. Her current research focuses on dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, organic solar cells, sensors, catalysts, and optoelectronic devices. She specializes in innovative energy materials and the manufacture of nanocomposites. She received a gold medal in academics and a merit scholarship for her outstanding academic achievements. She is also a recipient of the Best Researcher Award. She has authored or co-authored more than 120 peer-reviewed papers in the fields of solar cells, catalysts, and sensors as well as book chapters and edited books.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"4",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"218191",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Shaheer",middleName:null,surname:"Akhtar",slug:"m.-shaheer-akhtar",fullName:"M. Shaheer Akhtar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/218191/images/system/218191.png",biography:"Professor M. Shaheer Akhtar obtained a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering, from Jeonbuk National University, Republic of Korea, in 2008. Presently, he is an associate professor at the same university. His research interests include photo-electrochemical characterizations of thin-film semiconductor nanomaterials, composite materials, polymer-based solid-state films, solid polymer electrolytes, and electrode materials for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells, small molecule-based organic solar cells, and photocatalytic reactions.",institutionString:"Jeonbuk National University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},coeditorTwo:{id:"36666",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyung-Shik",middleName:null,surname:"Shin",slug:"hyung-shik-shin",fullName:"Hyung-Shik Shin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/36666/images/system/36666.jpg",biography:"Professor Hyung-Shik Shin received Ph.D. in the kinetics of initial oxidation Al (111) surface from Cornell University, USA, in 1984. He is an Emeritus Professor in the School of Chemical Engineering, Jeonbuk National University and also the President of Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejon, Republic of Korea. He has been a promising researcher and visited several universities as visiting professor/invited speaker worldwide. He is an active executive member of various renowned scientific committees such as KiChE, copyright protection, KAERI, etc. He has extensive experience in electrochemistry, renewable energy sources, solar cells, organic solar cells, charge transport properties of organic semiconductors, inorganic-organic solar cells, biosensors, chemical sensors, nano-patterning of thin-film materials, and photocatalytic degradation.",institutionString:"Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI)",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Jeonbuk National University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"14",title:"Materials Science",slug:"materials-science"}],chapters:[{id:"60213",title:"Solar Modulation Utilizing VO2-Based Thermochromic Coatings for Energy-Saving Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75584",slug:"solar-modulation-utilizing-vo2-based-thermochromic-coatings-for-energy-saving-applications",totalDownloads:1473,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Energy consumption has become an urgent issue not only for the global environment, but also for people’s lives. Among total energy consumption, buildings take nearly 40%. For buildings, energy exchange through windows accounts for over 50% by means of conduction, convection, and radiation. To reduce energy consumption, new structures should be developed for glass surfaces to enhance their thermal insulation properties. Vanadium dioxide (VO2) is the most well-known thermochromic material, which exhibits a notable optical change from transparent to reflecting in the infrared upon a semiconductor-to-metal phase-transition. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive summary of advances on the VO2-based thermochromic coatings. Although the research on VO2 smart window has been carried on for several decades, the real commercial use of it has not yet been achieved. The hindrance factors against commercial use are conventionally known as the unsatisfactory intrinsic properties of VO2 material and have recently emerged as new challenges.",signatures:"Xun Cao and Ping Jin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60213",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60213",authors:[{id:"223021",title:"Dr.",name:"Xun",surname:"Cao",slug:"xun-cao",fullName:"Xun Cao"},{id:"223895",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping",surname:"Jin",slug:"ping-jin",fullName:"Ping Jin"}],corrections:null},{id:"59904",title:"Nanopyramid Structures with Light Harvesting and Self- Cleaning Properties for Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75314",slug:"nanopyramid-structures-with-light-harvesting-and-self-cleaning-properties-for-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1074,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In this chapter, inverted and upright nanopyramid structures with light-harvesting properties and self-cleaning hydrophobic surfaces suitable for solar cells are presented. Periodic nanopyramid structures with 400–700 nm features were fabricated using interference lithography and combined dry and wet etching processes. The inverted nanopyramids (INP) were applied at the front side of the solar cells using UV nanoimprint lithography. These structures provided effective light-trapping properties and led to oblique angle light scattering and a significant reduction in reflectance resulting in higher power conversion efficiency. The second type, the periodic upright nanopyramid (UNP) structures were applied on a glass substrate by UV nanoimprint process. The glass cover is also utilized as a protective encapsulant front layer. The use of the upright nanopyramid structured cover glass in the encapsulated solar cell has also enhanced the power conversion efficiency due to the antireflection and strong light-scattering properties compared to the bare cover glass. In addition, the upright nanopyramid structured cover glass exhibited excellent self-cleaning of dust particles by rolling down water droplets. These results suggest that the nanopyramid structures with light-harvesting and self-cleaning properties can improve the performance of different types of solar cells, including thin films and glass-based PVs.",signatures:"Amalraj Peter Amalathas and Maan M. Alkaisi",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59904",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59904",authors:[{id:"6368",title:"Prof.",name:"Maan",surname:"Alkaisi",slug:"maan-alkaisi",fullName:"Maan Alkaisi"},{id:"207012",title:"Dr.",name:"Amalraj",surname:"Peter Amalathas",slug:"amalraj-peter-amalathas",fullName:"Amalraj Peter Amalathas"}],corrections:null},{id:"60151",title:"Fabrication of ZnO Thin Film through Chemical Preparations",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74985",slug:"fabrication-of-zno-thin-film-through-chemical-preparations",totalDownloads:1526,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a compound that has unique physical and chemical properties. It has a direct band gap at 3.4 eV (without dopant), a high bonding energy (60 meV), and a high thermal and mechanical stability at room temperature. Thus, ZnO thin film can be suitably applied in many fields, and it also has many functions such as UV light emitters, hydrophobic coating, transparent thin film in electronic devices, piezoelectric material, transducers, gas-sensing, and a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer in thin film solar cells. ZnO thin film could be prepared by many chemical preparations such as chemical bat deposition (CBD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sol–gel spin coating, doctor blade, printing deposition, and electrochemical deposition (ED). This chemical process is a low-cost, simple, and easy preparation process to be adjusted or doped by other elements.",signatures:"Ersan Y. Muslih and Badrul Munir",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60151",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60151",authors:[{id:"223020",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersan",surname:"Muslih",slug:"ersan-muslih",fullName:"Ersan Muslih"},{id:"223476",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Badrul",surname:"Munir",slug:"badrul-munir",fullName:"Badrul Munir"}],corrections:null},{id:"60994",title:"Porous Carbon Materials as Supreme Metal-Free Counter Electrode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75398",slug:"porous-carbon-materials-as-supreme-metal-free-counter-electrode-for-dye-sensitized-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1302,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Counter electrode (CE), as one of the key components of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), plays a significant role in the overall efficiency and cost of the device. Platinum metal has long been considered one of the most efficient CEs for DSSCs, but its scarcity, high cost, and low stability in I−/I3− redox couple limit its application in the large scale. In this chapter, we provide a broad overview on porous carbon materials as supreme metal-free counter electrode for DSSCs. In the first part, we concisely discuss on the importance and working principle of DSSCs and then the influence of counter electrode on the photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. Afterward, we review different synthetic methods and precursors of porous carbon materials and their efficiency in DSSCs. In the last section, we discuss in detail with example how to characterize and evaluate the device performance using porous carbon materials as counter electrode. Finally, we finish this chapter with a brief summary and outlook of porous carbon materials as counter electrodes in DSSCs.",signatures:"Mohammad Aftabuzzaman and Hwan Kyu Kim",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60994",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60994",authors:[{id:"227999",title:"Prof.",name:"Hwan Kyu",surname:"Kim",slug:"hwan-kyu-kim",fullName:"Hwan Kyu Kim"},{id:"229718",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",surname:"Aftabuzzaman",slug:"mohammad-aftabuzzaman",fullName:"Mohammad Aftabuzzaman"}],corrections:null},{id:"60366",title:"New Organic Polymers for Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74164",slug:"new-organic-polymers-for-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1501,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"From the moment of conductive polyacetylene discovery, semiconducting polymers and other organic thin films and multilayers are important for a wide range of applications, including electronics, photovoltaics and sensors. The main idea of this chapter is the synthesis of new conjugated donor and acceptor polymers and development of organic solar cells on their basis. As donor polymers were used modified polyanilines (PANIs) and its dopants, as acceptor compounds - the fullerene C60 derivatives. Experimental prototypes of organic solar cells were obtained on the basis of binary donor-acceptor layers and bulk heterojunctions, consisting of novel polyaniline derivatives and fullerene-contained polymers. The current-voltage characteristics of solar cells were measured and the values of such parameters, such as open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor and power conversion efficiency, were calculated. Comparison of parameters of the various types of organic solar cells was held.",signatures:"Renat B. Salikhov, Yuliya N. Biglova and Akhat G. Mustafin",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60366",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60366",authors:[{id:"87820",title:"Prof.",name:"Renat",surname:"Salikhov",slug:"renat-salikhov",fullName:"Renat Salikhov"},{id:"239494",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuliya",surname:"Biglova",slug:"yuliya-biglova",fullName:"Yuliya Biglova"},{id:"239495",title:"Prof.",name:"Akhat",surname:"Mustafin",slug:"akhat-mustafin",fullName:"Akhat Mustafin"}],corrections:null},{id:"59896",title:"A BIM-Based Study on the Sunlight Simulation in Order to Calculate Solar Energy for Sustainable Buildings with Solar Panels",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74161",slug:"a-bim-based-study-on-the-sunlight-simulation-in-order-to-calculate-solar-energy-for-sustainable-buil",totalDownloads:1284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"With the construction industry moving rapidly toward building information modeling (BIM), pursuit of sustainability in buildings will require the use of renewable energy analysis tools in the early stages of building design, as well as establishment of BIM-compliant practices. Planning for sunlight is essential to obtain sustainable benefits from the sun in and around buildings, which process requires understanding and making allowances in building attributes that affect how sunlight can be used. This chapter presents a model for simulation of sunlight’s effect on building design under BIM technology while calculating the potential energy capacity of roof- and façade-mounted photovoltaic solar panels. For this purpose, it is suggested in the study to use statistical construction data as well as 3D digital models obtained from BIM software (Revit and THSWARE) to measure the useful sunlight duration and derivable energy of representative sample of buildings. By measuring the solar energy absorbed by the building facades, the electricity converted from solar energy and collateral savings can be calculated. Taking the cost of solar panels and feasibility of the project into consideration, this study shows using solar panels of a certain quality contributes greatly to social, economic, and environmental benefits.",signatures:"Zhao Xu and Jingfeng Yuan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59896",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59896",authors:[{id:"228239",title:"Prof.",name:"Zhao",surname:"Xu",slug:"zhao-xu",fullName:"Zhao Xu"}],corrections:null},{id:"62250",title:"Some Essential Issues and Outlook for Industrialization of Cu-III-VI2 Thin-Film Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.77023",slug:"some-essential-issues-and-outlook-for-industrialization-of-cu-iii-vi2-thin-film-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The concept and method of in-line sputtering and selenization become the industrial standard for Cu-III-VI2 solar cell fabrication, but it is a difficult work to control and predict the electrical and optical performances, which are closely related to the chemical composition of the film. This chapter addresses the material design, device design, and process design using chemical compositions relating parameters. Compositional variation leads to change in the poisson equation, current equation and continuity equation governing the device design. To make the device design much realistic and meaningful, we have to build a model that relates the opto-electrical performance to the chemical composition of the film. The material and device structural parameters are input into the process simulation to give a complete process control parameters and method. We calculated neutral defect concentrations of non-stoichiometric CuMSe2 (M-In, Ga) under the specific atomic chemical potential conditions. The electrical and optical performance has also been investigated for the development of full function analytical solar cell simulator. Module instability and their origins are listed. After that progress of CZTS (Cu2ZnS4) is briefed on the future work of CIGS (CuInGaSe2). The future prospects regarding the development of CIGS thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) have also been discussed.",signatures:"Yijian Liu, Huey-Liang Hwang, Ying Wang, Jun Zhang and Lexi Shao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62250",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62250",authors:[{id:"226969",title:"Dr.",name:"Huey-laing",surname:"Hwang",slug:"huey-laing-hwang",fullName:"Huey-laing Hwang"},{id:"240068",title:"Mr.",name:"Yijian",surname:"Liu",slug:"yijian-liu",fullName:"Yijian Liu"}],corrections:null},{id:"62490",title:"Plasmonic Resonances and Their Application to Thin-Film Solar Cell",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75015",slug:"plasmonic-resonances-and-their-application-to-thin-film-solar-cell",totalDownloads:865,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter furnishes the plasmonic properties of metal nanostructure and its application to thin-film solar cell. Plasmonics is an emerging branch of nanooptics where light metal interaction in subwavelength domain is studied. Metal supports surface plasmon resonance that has tunable signature, which depends on the morphology as well as surrounding media. These plasmonic resonances can be tuned in a broader range of solar spectra by changing several parameters such as size, shape and medium. Moreover, metals show scattering properties that could be utilized to enhance optical path length of photon inside the thin film of solar device. The chapter mainly focusses on the study of plasmonic resonance of smaller- and larger-sized metal nanoparticle using semi-analytical as well as numerical approach. For the estimation of optical properties like extinction spectrum and field profile of larger-sized nanoparticle, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is used. The field distribution in both silver and gold nanoparticle cases has been plotted in ‘on’ resonance condition, which has a broader range of applications.",signatures:"Nilesh Kumar Pathak, Pandian Senthil Kumar and Rampal Sharma",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/62490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/62490",authors:[{id:"207334",title:"Dr.",name:"Nilesh",surname:"Pathak",slug:"nilesh-pathak",fullName:"Nilesh Pathak"},{id:"223038",title:"Prof.",name:"R P",surname:"Sharma",slug:"r-p-sharma",fullName:"R P Sharma"}],corrections:null},{id:"59447",title:"Hybrid Silicon Nanowires for Solar Cell Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74282",slug:"hybrid-silicon-nanowires-for-solar-cell-applications",totalDownloads:1142,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The global human population has been growing by around 1.1% per year; such growth rate will lead the humanity to cross the 10 billion-people threshold by the end of the first half of this century. Such increase is already putting a huge strain on the nonrenewable sources of energy like fossil fuel, which will run out and come to an end in few decades. Due to these social and economic trends, renewable sources of energy, such as solar cells, have attracted a huge interest as the ultimate alternative to solve humanity’s problems. Among several emerging materials, porous silicon nanowires (PSiNWs) become an active research subject nowadays in photovoltaic application mainly due to its good light trapping effect. The etched nanowires obtained by using metal-assisted chemical etching method (MACE) can reach a low reflection in the visible range. Recently, hybrid silicon nanowires/organic solar cells have been studied for low-cost Si photovoltaic devices because the Schottky junction between the Si and organic material can be formed by solution processes at low temperature. In this chapter, we will present the synthesis of SiNWs and the last progress on the fabrication of hybrid solar cells using various organic semiconductors.",signatures:"Adel Najar and Amine El Moutaouakil",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59447",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59447",authors:[{id:"224358",title:"Prof.",name:"Adel",surname:"Najar",slug:"adel-najar",fullName:"Adel Najar"},{id:"225562",title:"Dr.",name:"Amine",surname:"El Moutaouakil",slug:"amine-el-moutaouakil",fullName:"Amine El Moutaouakil"}],corrections:null},{id:"59315",title:"Microstructure Engineering of Metal-Halide Perovskite Films for Efficient Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.74225",slug:"microstructure-engineering-of-metal-halide-perovskite-films-for-efficient-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1344,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Photovoltaic (PV) devices with metal-halide perovskite films, namely perovskite solar cells, have become a rapidly rising star due to low cost of raw materials, simple solution processability, and swiftly increased power conversion efficiency (PCE). The PCEs so far certified have gone beyond 22% for perovskite solar cells and 23.6% for tandem devices with single crystalline silicon solar cells, which offer a promising PV technology for practical applications. In principle, performance of perovskite solar cells are largely dominated by the optoelectronic properties and stability of metal-halide perovskite films, which are determined by the microstructure features of the films in turns. In this chapter, we will describe the recently developed strategies on microstructure engineering of metal-halide perovskite films for efficient perovskite solar cells.",signatures:"Weidong Zhu, Jingjing Chang, Chunfu Zhang, Jincheng Zhang and\nYue Hao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/59315",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/59315",authors:[{id:"25754",title:"Prof.",name:"Yue",surname:"Hao",slug:"yue-hao",fullName:"Yue Hao"},{id:"46204",title:"Prof.",name:"Chunfu",surname:"Zhang",slug:"chunfu-zhang",fullName:"Chunfu Zhang"},{id:"198959",title:"Prof.",name:"Jingjing",surname:"Chang",slug:"jingjing-chang",fullName:"Jingjing Chang"},{id:"223060",title:"Dr.",name:"Weidong",surname:"Zhu",slug:"weidong-zhu",fullName:"Weidong Zhu"},{id:"239661",title:"Prof.",name:"Jincheng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"jincheng-zhang",fullName:"Jincheng Zhang"}],corrections:null},{id:"60590",title:"Pathways Towards High-Stable, Low-Cost and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.75195",slug:"pathways-towards-high-stable-low-cost-and-efficient-perovskite-solar-cells",totalDownloads:1222,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been reached the initial value when they emerged as dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) in 2012. Immediately, the interests were drawn in this field worldwide. The researchers have improved the efficiency of PSCs up-to 22%, which was originally started from its initial value of 3.8%, just in 7 years. The rendering of long‐term stabilization and effective cost have special importance for PSCs since the instability issue remained idle in spite of those recently increased efficiency values attained by various research groups. In this way, the better improvements of PSC may increase extraordinary exhibitions as compared to alternate solar cells like organic solar cell (OSC) or DSSC devices. This chapter begins with a general discussion on the requirement for an economical clean energy conversion device. In section 2, fundamental properties of PSC are fit together with their device architecture and working mechanism. In section 3 proceeds with a review on fundamental photovoltaic parameters joined by current-voltage hysteresis. Furthermore, the stability and cost issues will be discussed in Sections 4 and 5. In the end of this chapter, we are discussing the challenges and opportunities based on the chapter content.",signatures:"Ahmed Mourtada Elseman, Sajid, Dong Wei, Ahmed Esmail Shalan,\nMohamed Mohamed Rashad and Meicheng Li",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60590",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60590",authors:[{id:"173687",title:"Prof.",name:"Meicheng",surname:"Li",slug:"meicheng-li",fullName:"Meicheng Li"},{id:"217605",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed Esmail",surname:"Shalan",slug:"ahmed-esmail-shalan",fullName:"Ahmed Esmail Shalan"},{id:"221890",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed Mourtada",surname:"Elseman",slug:"ahmed-mourtada-elseman",fullName:"Ahmed Mourtada Elseman"},{id:"228888",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed M.",surname:"Rashad",slug:"mohamed-m.-rashad",fullName:"Mohamed M. 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Here, based on the typical one-step and two-step deposition methods, we would like to introduce the solvent treatment mechanisms of mixed-solvent-vapor annealing and polar solvent additive, investigate the growth mode and control means of perovskite films by physical characterizations, and discuss their effects on the photovoltaic performance improvements for perovskite solar cells.",signatures:"Shangzheng Pang and Dazheng Chen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/60167",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/60167",authors:[{id:"185737",title:"Dr.",name:"Dazheng",surname:"Chen",slug:"dazheng-chen",fullName:"Dazheng Chen"},{id:"239915",title:"Dr.",name:"Shanzheng",surname:"Pang",slug:"shanzheng-pang",fullName:"Shanzheng Pang"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9305",title:"Graphene Production and Application",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2ffaa7a52817a2243007f03345983404",slug:"graphene-production-and-application",bookSignature:"Sadia Ameen, M. 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The World Health Organization (WHO) has made recommendations on the eradication of asbestos-related diseases. However, malignant mesothelioma, mainly due to asbestos exposure, is a refractory malignant tumor, and technological innovation in diagnosis and treatment is required. In this context, this book describes the immunological effects of asbestos exposure, blood biomarkers, the pathology of malignant mesothelioma, and the status of immune checkpoint drugs in the treatment of malignant mesothelioma, along with the status of MMP mesothelioma. Concerns about health hazards associated with asbestos exposure may persist for many years to come. We hope this book will help researchers in this area.",isbn:"978-1-83880-833-4",printIsbn:"978-1-83880-832-7",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83880-834-1",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83098",price:100,priceEur:109,priceUsd:129,slug:"asbestos-related-diseases",numberOfPages:80,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"05268073ee2a653571449e4519749085",bookSignature:"Takemi Otsuki",publishedDate:"April 1st 2020",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9102.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:3806,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:2,numberOfTotalCitations:6,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 22nd 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"September 24th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"November 23rd 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"February 11th 2020",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"April 11th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"34101",title:"Prof.",name:"Takemi",middleName:null,surname:"Otsuki",slug:"takemi-otsuki",fullName:"Takemi Otsuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/34101/images/system/34101.jpg",biography:"Honor. Prof. Takemi Otsuki graduated from Kawasaki Medical School (KMS), Kurashiki, Japan, in 1981. In 1986, at the Institutes of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, he was involved in clinical and experimental research in bone marrow transplantation. The theme of the post-doctoral school (1985–1989) was myeloma cell biology. After joining the Department of Hematology, University of Minnesota, USA, in 1992, Dr. Otsuki studied genes involved in chromosomal translocations of lymphomas in the Department of Hematopathology, US National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. He returned to the Department of Hygiene, KMS, in 1996 and become a professor there in 2003. After retiring from KMS and obtaining an honorary professorship, Dr. Otsuki began working at the Shinjo Village National Health Insurance Clinic. 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Student",name:"Leandro",surname:"Freitas",slug:"leandro-freitas",fullName:"Leandro Freitas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3197",title:"Engineering Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"52723a3454f918817d45845dde4e8458",slug:"engineering-management",bookSignature:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez and Benjamin Lev",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3197.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"22844",title:"Prof.",name:"Fausto Pedro",surname:"García Márquez",slug:"fausto-pedro-garcia-marquez",fullName:"Fausto Pedro García Márquez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80280",title:"Adoption of Online Learning during the Covid19 Pandemic Lockdown by Universities in Garowe",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99941",slug:"adoption-of-online-learning-during-the-covid19-pandemic-lockdown-by-universities-in-garowe",body:'The outbreak of the coronavirus that resulted into the Covid-19 pandemic is a socio-economic crisis that has taken the world by surprise. With too much uncertainty even after over a year in existence, world powers are still betting on a reliable and valid solution but in vain. The virus continues to reign on crippling economic and health systems all over the world. The indiscriminate ravage of the disease has not spared even the developed regions of the world where the health impact seems worse than the underdeveloped and developing world. According to ILO, WB [1] the lockdowns and social distancing measures accruing from the pandemic have disrupted provision of education and all related academic training although creating opportunities for innovation in distance learning. Among the most affected sectors is education since there was closure of schools and other institutions of learning. These institution of learning tried to adopt to alternative teaching approaches that concur with the World Health Organisation (WHO) Structural Operating Procedures (SOPs) and this seems to have been the most difficult times not only in the underdeveloped but also developed world. The closure of schools and adoption of alternative learning approaches during the Covid-19 was the decision by many governments around the world. For instance the European Union adopted fulltime remote schooling after closure of schools in order to reduce on the spread of the disease [1, 2]. There were of course some schools that could have been prepared for such an abrupt change in operation just as [2] notes that some were prepared according to their study done in Europe. This may not be the case especially in the underdeveloped regions of the world where internet related technology is under developed [3]. Imagining the experience of education in the most remote regions of the world during the Covid-19 pandemic is scary. Since even before the pandemic these regions still experience numerous obstacles to access quality education. Stephanie et al. [2] in their study carried out in selected European countries conclude that schools and teachers were not well prepared to teach using the new approaches of teaching especially using digital approaches. Teachers were found struggling to prepare content using digital methods and appliance, in fact some were found lacking in digital competence. The same challenges were faced by students who were not prepared to learn from home especially that they were isolated from peers. These factors contributed heavily to the success and efficiency of the digital learning approaches adopted during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdown.
Stephanie et al. [2] on lessons learnt from school practices during Covid-19 in Europe concludes that digital competence was crucial for all stakeholder from teachers, students, parents and everyone involved in the education sector. Hence the following policy implications were found to be important if the education sector in Europe was to adopt online and distance learning approaches. Quality digital infrastructure and equipment, exploiting the blended learning approaches, collaboration and exchange, equipping students with digital, social and emotional competences, investment in teachers’ competences, guidance of parents and promoting students’ and teachers’ wellbeing during blended learning should be prioritised.
The Covid19 pandemic has ranged on now for more than a year and there is still too much uncertainty on its prognosis. This especially given the contemporary underlying factors around the world like globalisation that eased its spread from one border to another through air, land and sea hence escalating the health, social and economic situation with immeasurable damages on the human cost and the economies of the world [3, 4]. Andreas [3] in a worrying conclusion states that spending on education may be compromised in the near future especially when governments have to divert fund to health and social welfare. There has been short term stimulus packages in some countries but nonetheless there is already a risk on long-term public spending on education because of the damages causes by the pandemic on the health and socio-economic sector. The world has witnessed a checkpoint of the health system to the extreme and up to now there is no possible valid solution. According to Andreas [3], Geof [5] and Pokhrel and Chhetri [6] Covid19 has severely impacted on higher education where by universities had to close due to lockdowns instituted around the world. Many sectors including education have had to swiftly modify their ways of operation given the projected long period of return to normal and recovery. With prediction of economic recession in Africa by Aby Toure [7] as early as four months into the pandemic, it was prudent to conclude that organisations had to devise cost effective modes of operation to curb on the cost of production. There has been limited trade of both imports and exports obviously because of the lockdown and this has affected several sectors including education.
Many education institutions have discontinued physical classes as a precaution to prevent spread of the disease and the 2020 academic year has already been lost with 2021 still unpredictable, Pokhrel and Chhetri [6]. Alternative education systems with more convenient and reliable assessment strategies need to be created and innovated. Digital learning has been introduced wit online learning platforms trending all over the world. This was however as a matter of crisis management. There is need for more empirical research on these platforms if they are going to be full incorporated into the education system all over the world and should be contextualised to fit into geographical, social and economic dynamics and disparities. The pandemic has altered university systems and has affected not only students’ enrolment but also higher education investment at all levels all over [8, 9]. There has been numerous challenges in adopting online learning around the world and this has exposed the unfairness and injustice in the education sector. From limited access to broadband and computers to limited supportive environments needed to focus on online leaning, the poor allocation of resources, all are signs of wanting education sectors around the world [3]. Drayton and Waltman [9] reports that higher education institutions are encountering losses in a range of investments and sources of income. This has culminated into fatal financial problems and in fact some have been left with reduced net assets and this has increased financing costs hence finding it hard to cope with adverse shocks. Therefore adopting online learning platforms was the most easily affordable approach to allow continuity of learning even during the lockdown. However this was a crisis management approach and hypothetically, it was most likely adopted and adapted under very challenging conditions given the required facilities and equipment.
Distance learning the father of online learning or education is traced to have evolved in the United States and England over the last three centuries. It is reported by Palvia et al. [10] and Kentnor, [11] that as early as 1728 Caleb Phillipps proposed to teach shorthand via exchanging letters with students throughout the US. After sometime, radio and television course delivery systems followed the parcel post approach and this was consolidated the launch of a federally licenced radio station in 1919 by the University of Wisconsin. The evolution and progression of distance education can be traced over the last 300 years and it has been running parallel with innovations in communications technology. This approach of teaching and learning continues to grow in popularity with great introductions like e-learning that have taken centre stage recently especially during the covid19 pandemic. In the 1990s distance education grew rapidly because of the advance of the online technical revolution. Although it did not gain popularity since very many educationist preferred the physical learning environment.
Kentnor [11] notes that Isaac Pitman is recognised for being the pioneer of distance education when in 1840 he began teaching shorthand by correspondence in Bath, England. He mailed postcards to students and would instruct them to transcribe shorthand passages from the Bible and they would return them to him through for him to correct. Three years later Pitman’s work is said to have influenced the founding of the Phonographic Correspondence Society in 1843. Later in 1873 Anna Elliot Tichnor founded the Society which Encouraged Studies at Home in Boston, Massachusetts and this was entirely based on the correspondence school model. The Illinois Wesleyan College started offering degree programmes in absentia and it was the first academic institution of this kind. The invention of a spark transmitter in 1894 by Gugliemo Marconi was also a milestone towards strengthening the field of distance education. More establishments followed like in 1906 the university of Wisconsin-Extension was founded and turned into a distance learning unit and these launched an amateur wireless station that was purely dedicated to education broadcasting.
The Community of Inquiry is one model or theory that has tried to elaborate processes and approaches of online learning. Proposed by Garrison and Shale [12], it comprehensive conceptual framework is well designed to capture the dynamics of education in order to guide effectively the study of online learning at especially higher learning institutions. For instance the community of inquiry that comprises the students and teachers is the route to better experience in education if higher order learning outcomes are to be achieved. Conceptually basing on the presence of three components of cognitive, social and teaching, the Community of Inquiry acknowledges that though there is an overlap and relationship among the three – there is need for further independent research of each. Garrison and Shale [12] argue in this model that it is prudent to design online and blended courses for active learning communities or environments. Today an online or blended course is hardly designed without the applying the community of inquiry as a model because it creates a highly interactive engagement among students and instructors since it encourages use of various learning aids and materials like interactive boards, blogs, videoconferencing and other audio visual facilities [13].
The theory according to Harasim [14] is centred on collaborative learning, knowledge building and the use of Internet as a means to reshape informal education, formal, and non-formal for the Knowledge era. The theory’s emphasis is on the role of peer discourse as a key to learning and therefore defines learning as an intellectual convergence that can be achieved through three progressive stages of group discourse –idea generation the brainstorming phase which involves gathering divergent thoughts, idea organisation which involves comparing, analysing and categorising ideas through the process of discussion and argument and then the intellectual convergence where synthesis and consensus occurs of intellectual ideas is done. This can be through tasks like essays, assignment or any other intellectual tasks [13].
According Picciano [13] connectivism as a learning model acknowledges a major shift in the way knowledge and information flows, grows, and changes and this is attributed to the vast data communications networks. The theory acknowledges that Internet technology has moved learning from internal, individualistic activities to group or even larger crowds.
Online learning has inevitably become a trend world over with most information technology companies developing user friendly platforms for this pedagogy given the physical closure of education institutions due to the outbreak of the coronavirus. With the world still experiencing intermittent lockdowns, more advancement are needed to improve on the e-learning platforms and some researchers have recommended a combination of this type of learning with traditional teaching methodologies, [15, 16]. With adoption e-learning mechanisms, there emerged the need for more active stakeholders in the education sector at all stages of the teaching-learning process. For instance, the fact that students and teaching were basing at home to play their role, the parents had to fully take part in the process since the teachers’ role of classroom management was now tampered with. Parental involvement played a very significant role for online learning to successfully take place [17].
Online learning has been adopted as a crisis management mode of pedagogy across all levels of learning. It is however coming to the notice and realisation of many scholars that there should be suitable pedagogy and platform for different class levels of education, Pokhrel and Chhetri [6]. However it is surrounded by many challenges which seem universal although studies indicate that some challenges are pervading. Some studies have reported issues like cost and accessibility especially in developing countries. For instance Pokhrel and Chhetri [6] concludes that Internet bandwidth is generally low and there are very few access points which is coupled by relatively costly data packages. Therefore in comparison with low income among populations in developing countries, there has been limited accessibility and affordability. This calls for policy level intervention which has not been possible for many of these countries since governments a concentrating on curbing the health impact of the disease. Therefore [6, 18] recommend that developing affordable and accessible tools of online learning should be the key focus of educational tools developers with emphasis on customisation. This should be capitalised by governments investing in professional developing of teachers and this time emphasising a specialised training of blending online and traditional pedagogies. Shibly et al. [18] further concludes that conduct online training programs can be conducted by universities about online teaching and learning tools. In some cases government can provide free or subsidised internet to students. Online learning still faces critical scrutiny by various education stakeholders from students to parents with studies showing that there is still a lot of technical, academic, communication and satisfactory challenges. Learners are not satisfied with continuing with online learning and this is affecting their performance [19]. Much as there is not much trouble of e-learning among students according to evaluations of their experiences, challenges related to technical issues have been reported and this is on addition to poor internet services, cost of data, unreliable power supply, limited access to online library services [20, 21].
The outbreak of the coronavirus has affected systems all over the world and this is worse in developing and underdeveloped countries. After health, education has been the other most affected sector with all education institutions closing. Similarly in Somalia schools were closed in order to prevent the spread of the virus as requirement by the world health organisation. Just like any other African country, Somalia faces other pre-existing challenges in its education sector even before the coronavirus pandemic. According to Jamillah [22], Sub-Saharan with more than one fifth of children aged 6–11 years out of school, has the highest rates of education exclusion. In Somalia before the pandemic only 1.5 million children of the 4.5 school going age were in school.
With a history of civil wars since 1991, the outbreak of the coronavirus has escalated the Somalia education situation. The availability and quality of education has been harmed severely by control measures. With previous educational inequalities that negatively affected girls, the rural and poor population have been escalated by the control measures. There is therefore need for more inclusive approach in response to the Covid-19 lockdown impact in the education sector [23].
In a study by Hassan and Abdullahi [24] they found that instructors because having low degree of content, their delivery online with flexibility applications weakened the process of teaching and learning. Therefore they conclude that instructors lacked adequate knowledge on basic ICT knowledge and skills with a very high level of barrier of adaptation on online learning and teaching tools. Therefore the higher education institutions need to build capacity of their staff especially in the academic section to improve on their ICT literacy and provide a scholarly communication platform to enhance their technology awareness, knowledge and exposure.
In response to the Covid-19 outbreak the world has closed business and countries like Somalia have not been exceptional. The government and all higher education institutions adopted crisis intervention measures on implementation of blended learning approaches like online teaching and learning Hassan and Abdullahi [24]. Universities in Somalia encountered significant challenges and were therefore forced to adopt online learning as a measure of crisis management in response to closure of education institutions [23]. The adoption of online learning during the pandemic among universities in Garowe being a problem is premised on all challenges faced by institutions of education all over the world. In a survey research in Garowe with a main objective of exploring the process and challenges of implementing online learning during the Covid19 pandemic in higher education institutions of Garowe, findings indicate that it was not an easy process.
This book chapter therefore intended to document the key findings of this study having reviewed findings from other regions of the world. Implementing online learning during the covid19 pandemic lockdown among Universities in Garowe accruing from a mini survey carried out in May 2021 in comparison to previous studies and possible existing model or theories. The survey employed a qualitative design to analyse the data which was collected from students and lecturers. Interviews were conducted to a total of 12 subjects comprising of 8 students and 4 lecturers from two universities of University of East Africa and Puntland State University in Garowe Puntland state of Somalia.
With regard to prior knowledge on online learning, majority of the students knew about the existence of online learning but were not conversant with particulars of its application and the various platforms. However still the students also emphasised that they preferred physical classrooms. Al-Shalabi [20] and Shibly et al. [18] recommend virtual reality application whereby practical sessions are conducted to provide online learning training programmes for both lecturers and students. Given that Covid19 is here to stay, this is sustainability recommendation for educational institutions. Just like Hassan and Abdullahi [24] found that some instructors in Somalia institutions because of having low degree of content, failed to deliver online with the flexibility applications which weakened the process of teaching and learning.
Revelations also indicate that majority of the students would prefer physical classroom learning to online learning. The preference of classroom learning approach is mainly according the students responses due to the continuous interaction between students and lecturers during the lecture. Of course a few students preferred online learning arguing that there is limited disruptions during the lecture on addition to the fact that the spread of covid19 is controlled and that the approach is more flexible. Muhammad [19] concludes in his study that English as a Foreign Language learners in Taibah University Saudi Arabia are not satisfied with experience of online learning. This validates the findings above from the Somali study and therefore justifies the need for more future comprehensive studies on online learning with emphasis on the pedagogy and motivation.
Some subjects also revealed that there were several limitations to online learning and these included accessing resources, hard to adopt and adapt. Other subjects revealed that they found it interesting with numerous materials to refer to for purposes of self-study. Exams were conducted online but according to interview responses, student subjects revealed that exams were difficult because of the nature of online lectures which were not elaborate with limited question and answer sessions. These challenges were supplemented by the high cost of online learning, intermittent internet connection, limited skills of using online learning gadgets and equipment, limited focus and attention hence poor internalisation of content, limited student teacher interaction and sometimes problem of electricity. Jena [15] and Shibly et al. [18] in their studies have recommended that institutions should provide students with free internet connection and maybe gadgets like computers or tablets where possible. Lecturers also revealed that the adoption and adaptation of online learning was so abrupt since it was immediately after the lockdown. Universities according to the lecturers were caught unaware and it was a very difficult situation according to them. This is because most lecturers and students lacked prior skills and knowledge of the various online learning platforms.
Assessment and evaluation during online learning remains a key challenge. If learning outcomes shall be achieved to witness their intended goals especially if competencies and skills are part, then more research on assessment and evaluation processes of online learning is needed yesterday. Lecturers revealed that one of the challenges was assessment and evaluation. The teaching and learning process went on very well save for the examination process. The lecturers from the universities revealed that they resorted to case studies which were administered to students and they submitted after three days. Lecturer also revealed that student-lecturer interaction is limited during online learning, they missed the engagements in discussions, the question and answer which are all not easily realised during online learning.
Additionally the lecturers noted with concern that students were not conversant with the online learning platforms, gadgets since some of them even lacked the basic smart phones. This was further complicated with intermittent internet and sometimes electricity. It was compounded by the difficulty in adopting and adapting to the change and frequent student absenteeism. Lawrence and Fakuade [17] suggests that if students are to be committed when learning from home, parents should synergise with the online learning trend.
Among the solutions Proposed by the lecturers include procurement of online learning equipment, tools and soft wares if it is to be efficient and reliable. They emphasised that lecturers and students should be adequately trained and equipped with skills of online learning plus educating and sensitising all concerned stakeholders like parents. One lecturer proposed that IT skills should be introduced at primary and secondary school level in Puntland and Somalia at large. Then it is also important that students are encouraged to practice use of online learning platforms like zoom, google meet, webex etc. to increase their acquaintance with the platforms [25, 26].
If online education should be globalised, then technology platforms like internet, language and culture diversity, curriculum and processes of evaluation should be standardised. For countries to step up their online education, economy, institutional and student level factors should be given priority. At the country level, the industry and government should ensure that employment of online education graduates is guaranteed. This is in addition to ensuring the enhance capacity of online education through upgrading facilicities plus providing and installing equipment. Institutions should provide support through administration, marketing, technology and also top management. Students should also be motivated, the online learning culture should be well streamlined, the learning style, their IT skills enhriched through training and also enhance their awareness of online education.
It is evident that adoption of online learning among universities in Puntland was a matter of crisis management. Implying that the administration, lecturers and students were all not ready and had no prior grounding in all dimensions surrounding this pedagogical learning platform. Additionally they also lacked the resources to adequately adjust, prepare, plan and implement this type of learning. The outbreak of the coronavirus which culminated into the Covid19 pandemic and lockdown is a learning process for the education sector to modify and adjust accordingly by installing required equipment and facilities plus training staff. This is in addition to reviewing curriculum and pedagogical approaches and techniques since Covid19 is here to stay. It is also prudent to conclude that there is challenge of strategic management in these institution. Otherwise with strategic management an organisation can always have resources that are invested to avert or abate the consequences of such a crisis.
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Therefore, we aimed to study cerebral activity during the performance of diagonal and vertical movements (DM and VM, respectively), through EEG recording focusing on theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands. Following independent component analysis, we computed time-frequency and source localization analysis. We found that (1) increased frontal theta during the initiation of DM was possibly related to the computational effort; (2) a biphasic pattern of frontoparietal alpha/beta modulations was found during VM; and in addition, (3) source localization showed increased frontal theta during DM generated in the middle frontal cortex. 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EEG is an essential investigational tool to analyze and record electrical impulses of the brain and considered to be the gold standard electrophysiological test which can be used to help diagnose epilepsy. EEG can also be used to diagnose and evaluate other conditions such as sleep disorders, neurometabolic diseases with encephalopathy and neuropsychiatric disorders. It is also an essential ancillary test in other conditions such as brain death assessment. However, it is essential not to entirely rely on EEG for an absolute diagnosis of epilepsy as the main indication of EEG in general and in Pediatric age group in particular is to categorize different types of seizure and epilepsy syndromes for further evaluation and management.",book:{id:"9629",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",title:"Electroencephalography",fullTitle:"Electroencephalography - From Basic Research to Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Raafat Hammad Seroor Jadah",authors:[{id:"314907",title:"Dr.",name:"Raafat Hammad Seroor",middleName:null,surname:"Jadah",slug:"raafat-hammad-seroor-jadah",fullName:"Raafat Hammad Seroor Jadah"}]},{id:"75015",title:"Periodic EEG Patterns in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU): Definition, Recognition and Clinical Significance",slug:"periodic-eeg-patterns-in-the-intensive-care-unit-icu-definition-recognition-and-clinical-significanc",totalDownloads:436,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Periodic electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns are frequently recorded during ICU EEG monitoring in patients with altered mental status; these EEG features represent electrical discharges, ictal in appearance, occuring at regular intervals. They are known as lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs), bilateral independent periodic discharges (BIPDS), generalized periodic discharges (GPDs), continuous 2/s GPDs with triphasic morphology or triphasic waves (TWs) and Stimulus Induced Evolving Lateralized Rhytmic delta activity or Si-Evolving LRDA (previously SIRPIDS); other periodic, rhythmic patterns are Occasional frontally predominant brief 2/s GRDA (FIRDA previously), Lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA) and Brief potentially ictal rhythmic discharges or B (I)RDs. The role of most (not all) of these EEG patterns is controversial; there is no consensus on which patterns are associated with ongoing seizure injury, which patterns need to be treated, and how aggressively they should be treated. Many authors consider these patterns as an unstable state on an ictal-interictal EEG continuum; the aim of the present chapter is to gain knowledge of these EEG features, show their association with known neurologic pathologies/syndromes and finally how to manage them.",book:{id:"9629",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",title:"Electroencephalography",fullTitle:"Electroencephalography - From Basic Research to Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Boulenouar Mesraoua, Musab Abdalhalim Ali, Rola Hosni Mohamed Hashem Khodair, Yazan Nofal, Dirk Theophiel O. Deleu, Hassan Jasim Al Hail, Osama Robin Elalamy, Gayane Melikyan, Covanis Athanasios and Ali Akbar Asadi-Pooya",authors:[{id:"94911",title:"Dr.",name:"Boulenouar",middleName:null,surname:"Mesraoua",slug:"boulenouar-mesraoua",fullName:"Boulenouar Mesraoua"},{id:"272600",title:"Prof.",name:"Dirk",middleName:null,surname:"Deleu",slug:"dirk-deleu",fullName:"Dirk Deleu"},{id:"272602",title:"Dr.",name:"Hassan",middleName:"Jassim",surname:"Al Hail",slug:"hassan-al-hail",fullName:"Hassan Al Hail"},{id:"272604",title:"Dr.",name:"Gayane",middleName:null,surname:"Melykian",slug:"gayane-melykian",fullName:"Gayane Melykian"},{id:"282429",title:"Prof.",name:"Covanis",middleName:null,surname:"Athanasios",slug:"covanis-athanasios",fullName:"Covanis Athanasios"},{id:"344489",title:"Dr.",name:"Yazan",middleName:null,surname:"Nofal",slug:"yazan-nofal",fullName:"Yazan Nofal"},{id:"346437",title:"Dr.",name:"Musab",middleName:null,surname:"Ali",slug:"musab-ali",fullName:"Musab Ali"},{id:"346438",title:"Dr.",name:"Rola HM",middleName:null,surname:"Khodair",slug:"rola-hm-khodair",fullName:"Rola HM Khodair"},{id:"346439",title:"Dr.",name:"Osama",middleName:null,surname:"Elalamy",slug:"osama-elalamy",fullName:"Osama Elalamy"}]},{id:"74154",title:"EEG Measurement as a Tool for Rehabilitation Assessment and Treatment",slug:"eeg-measurement-as-a-tool-for-rehabilitation-assessment-and-treatment",totalDownloads:700,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"In recent years, neuroscience-based rehabilitation, also known as neurorehabilitation, has been attracting increasing attention worldwide. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely used in clinical practice as a tool for the evaluation and treatment of rehabilitation because of its noninvasive and simple measurement of human brain activity. EEG-electromyography coherence is a method to analyze the synchronization between the motor cortex and muscle activity during movement and to quantitatively assess how the motor cortex controls muscle activity. In addition, recent advances in analysis and measurement techniques have made it possible to estimate the source of EEG signals, thus serving as a method to evaluate rehabilitation. The brain-machine interface, which integrates medicine and engineering, has been widely applied in the treatment of rehabilitation and for improving the quality of life. This chapter provides an overview of EEG, and its uses as a tool for rehabilitation assessment and treatment.",book:{id:"9629",slug:"electroencephalography-from-basic-research-to-clinical-applications",title:"Electroencephalography",fullTitle:"Electroencephalography - From Basic Research to Clinical Applications"},signatures:"Hideki Nakano",authors:[{id:"196461",title:"Prof.",name:"Hideki",middleName:null,surname:"Nakano",slug:"hideki-nakano",fullName:"Hideki Nakano"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1178",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:103,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:31,numberOfPublishedChapters:314,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:11,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:112,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:16,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:4,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:14,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",issn:"2631-6188",scope:"This series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in various Infectious Diseases (as per the most recent Baltimore classification). Topics will include general overviews of infections, immunopathology, diagnosis, treatment, epidemiology, etiology, and current clinical recommendations for managing infectious diseases. Ongoing issues, recent advances, and future diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies will also be discussed. This book series will focus on various aspects and properties of infectious diseases whose deep understanding is essential for safeguarding the human race from losing resources and economies due to pathogens.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 24th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:13,editor:{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:6,paginationItems:[{id:"4",title:"Fungal Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/4.jpg",editor:{id:"174134",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuping",middleName:null,surname:"Ran",slug:"yuping-ran",fullName:"Yuping Ran",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bS9d6QAC/Profile_Picture_1630330675373",biography:"Dr. Yuping Ran, Professor, Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. Completed the Course Medical Mycology, the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS), Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Netherlands (2006). International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) Fellow, and International Emerging Infectious Diseases (IEID) Fellow, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. Diploma of Dermatological Scientist, Japanese Society for Investigative Dermatology. Ph.D. of Juntendo University, Japan. Bachelor’s and Master’s degree, Medicine, West China University of Medical Sciences. Chair of Sichuan Medical Association Dermatology Committee. General Secretary of The 19th Annual Meeting of Chinese Society of Dermatology and the Asia Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (2013). In charge of the Annual Medical Mycology Course over 20-years authorized by National Continue Medical Education Committee of China. Member of the board of directors of the Asia-Pacific Society for Medical Mycology (APSMM). Associate editor of Mycopathologia. Vice-chief of the editorial board of Chinses Journal of Mycology, China. Board Member and Chair of Mycology Group of Chinese Society of Dermatology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sichuan University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"302145",title:"Dr.",name:"Felix",middleName:null,surname:"Bongomin",slug:"felix-bongomin",fullName:"Felix Bongomin",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/302145/images/system/302145.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gulu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}},{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",middleName:null,surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/45803/images/system/45803.jpg",institutionString:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institution:{name:"Islamic Azad University, Tehran",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Iran"}}}]},{id:"5",title:"Parasitic Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",editor:{id:"67907",title:"Dr.",name:"Amidou",middleName:null,surname:"Samie",slug:"amidou-samie",fullName:"Amidou Samie",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/67907/images/system/67907.jpg",biography:"Dr. Amidou Samie is an Associate Professor of Microbiology at the University of Venda, in South Africa, where he graduated for his PhD in May 2008. He joined the Department of Microbiology the same year and has been giving lectures on topics covering parasitology, immunology, molecular biology and industrial microbiology. He is currently a rated researcher by the National Research Foundation of South Africa at category C2. He has published widely in the field of infectious diseases and has overseen several MSc’s and PhDs. His research activities mostly cover topics on infectious diseases from epidemiology to control. His particular interest lies in the study of intestinal protozoan parasites and opportunistic infections among HIV patients as well as the potential impact of childhood diarrhoea on growth and child development. He also conducts research on water-borne diseases and water quality and is involved in the evaluation of point-of-use water treatment technologies using silver and copper nanoparticles in collaboration with the University of Virginia, USA. He also studies the use of medicinal plants for the control of infectious diseases as well as antimicrobial drug resistance.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Venda",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"South Africa"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188881",title:"Dr.",name:"Fernando José",middleName:null,surname:"Andrade-Narváez",slug:"fernando-jose-andrade-narvaez",fullName:"Fernando José Andrade-Narváez",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRIV7QAO/Profile_Picture_1628834308121",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Yucatán",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"269120",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:"K.",surname:"Tyagi",slug:"rajeev-tyagi",fullName:"Rajeev Tyagi",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRaBqQAK/Profile_Picture_1644331884726",institutionString:"CSIR - Institute of Microbial Technology, India",institution:null},{id:"336849",title:"Prof.",name:"Ricardo",middleName:null,surname:"Izurieta",slug:"ricardo-izurieta",fullName:"Ricardo Izurieta",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/293169/images/system/293169.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Florida",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",editor:{id:"158026",title:"Prof.",name:"Shailendra K.",middleName:null,surname:"Saxena",slug:"shailendra-k.-saxena",fullName:"Shailendra K. Saxena",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRET3QAO/Profile_Picture_2022-05-10T10:10:26.jpeg",biography:"Professor Dr. Shailendra K. Saxena is a vice dean and professor at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. His research interests involve understanding the molecular mechanisms of host defense during human viral infections and developing new predictive, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for them using Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), HIV, and emerging viruses as a model via stem cell and cell culture technologies. His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. He is also an international opinion leader/expert in vaccination for Japanese encephalitis by IPIC (UK).",institutionString:"King George's Medical University",institution:{name:"King George's Medical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"188219",title:"Prof.",name:"Imran",middleName:null,surname:"Shahid",slug:"imran-shahid",fullName:"Imran Shahid",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188219/images/system/188219.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Umm al-Qura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"214235",title:"Dr.",name:"Lynn",middleName:"S.",surname:"Zijenah",slug:"lynn-zijenah",fullName:"Lynn Zijenah",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSEJGQA4/Profile_Picture_1636699126852",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zimbabwe",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Zimbabwe"}}},{id:"178641",title:"Dr.",name:"Samuel Ikwaras",middleName:null,surname:"Okware",slug:"samuel-ikwaras-okware",fullName:"Samuel Ikwaras Okware",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178641/images/system/178641.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Uganda Christian University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Uganda"}}}]}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82269",title:"CSR Reporting and Blockchain Technology",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105512",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Piyachart Phiromswad",slug:"csr-reporting-and-blockchain-technology",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82270",title:"From Corporate Social Opportunity to Corporate Social Responsibility",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105445",signatures:"Brian Bolton",slug:"from-corporate-social-opportunity-to-corporate-social-responsibility",totalDownloads:1,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82339",title:"Green Human Resource Management: An Exploratory Study from Moroccan ISO 14001 Certified Companies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105565",signatures:"Hosna Hossari and Kaoutar Elfahli",slug:"green-human-resource-management-an-exploratory-study-from-moroccan-iso-14001-certified-companies",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}},{id:"82194",title:"CSR and Female Directors: A Review and Future Research Agenda",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105112",signatures:"Pattarake Sarajoti, Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard, Suwongrat Papangkorn and Sirimon Treepongkaruna",slug:"csr-and-female-directors-a-review-and-future-research-agenda",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11602.jpg",subseries:{id:"86",title:"Business and Management"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"11392",title:"Leadership in a Changing World",subtitle:"A Multidimensional Perspective",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11392.jpg",slug:"leadership-in-a-changing-world-a-multidimensional-perspective",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Bilal Khalid, Md. 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