\\n\\n
Released this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\\n\\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"Highly Cited",originalUrl:"/media/original/117"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'IntechOpen is proud to announce that 191 of our authors have made the Clarivate™ Highly Cited Researchers List for 2020, ranking them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nThroughout the years, the list has named a total of 261 IntechOpen authors as Highly Cited. Of those researchers, 69 have been featured on the list multiple times.
\n\n\n\nReleased this past November, the list is based on data collected from the Web of Science and highlights some of the world’s most influential scientific minds by naming the researchers whose publications over the previous decade have included a high number of Highly Cited Papers placing them among the top 1% most-cited.
\n\nWe wish to congratulate all of the researchers named and especially our authors on this amazing accomplishment! We are happy and proud to share in their success!
Note: Edited in March 2021
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In the light of pharmaceutical biotechnology, three different approaches could be catered to resolve this issue. First, Computer-Aided Drug Design (CADD) approach. Second, rational drug design in the wet lab approach. Third, is the advanced drug delivery system. These approaches are influenced heavily by advances in life sciences such as the inception of structural bioinformatics as an independent study, the establishment of nanobiotechnology as a standard approach in drug design, and high advancement in structural biology such as the development of the CryoEM method. This book will focus on providing possible solutions toward this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, in the light of those advancements in life sciences.
",isbn:"978-1-80356-990-1",printIsbn:"978-1-80356-989-5",pdfIsbn:"978-1-80356-991-8",doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!0,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"f8092a491f68ca0b63cc6d40936a010a",bookSignature:"Dr. Arli Aditya Parikesit",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11690.jpg",keywords:"Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, Biomolecular Modeling, Homology Modeling, In Vitro Drug Testing, In Vivo Drug Testing, Structural Biology, Nano Delivery, Prodrug, Smart Drug, Liposome, Wet Lab",numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 12th 2022",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 22nd 2022",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 21st 2022",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 9th 2022",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 8th 2023",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"14 days",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:"A researcher in transcriptomics, immunoinformatics, and structural bioinformatics, ISBB and APBIONET member, currently involved in COVID-19 Drug and Vaccine design. Dr. Parikesit was awarded his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig, was previously affiliated with the University of Indonesia, and acted as a reviewer for the American Journal of applied sciences, American Journal of molecular biology, and Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology.",coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",biography:"Dr. rer. nat. Arli Aditya Parikesit is the Vice Rector of Research and Innovation at Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences (I3L). He finished both his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in chemistry at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Indonesia. In order to pursue a degree in Bioinformatics, he accepted an offer from DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service) to conduct doctorate research at the Bioinformatics Group, Faculty of Informatics and Mathematics, University of Leipzig, Germany. His doctoral research is focused on the utilization of modern protein domain annotation techniques to the three domains of life. In addition, Dr. Arli is also an expert on immunoinformatics, bioinformatics algorithm, structural bioinformatics, in silico drug design, and in silico transcriptomics. Currently, Dr. Arli is devising a pipeline to apply his expertise to COVID-19 drug and vaccine designs.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"19",title:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",slug:"pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"347258",firstName:"Marica",lastName:"Novakovic",middleName:null,title:"Ms.",imageUrl:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",email:"marica@intechopen.com",biography:null}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"6636",title:"Molecular Insight of Drug Design",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6dd106b3bc6a30ae0147ead58f9a8830",slug:"molecular-insight-of-drug-design",bookSignature:"Arli Aditya",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6636.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9831",title:"Drug Design",subtitle:"Novel Advances in the Omics Field and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"38a66ca979ccd932cbcfbaea9d57ad2f",slug:"drug-design-novel-advances-in-the-omics-field-and-applications",bookSignature:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9831.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",surname:"Parikesit",slug:"arli-aditya-parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"71112",title:"Stress 0.0. Experimental Program of Meditations for Stress Reduction",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.91347",slug:"stress-0-0-experimental-program-of-meditations-for-stress-reduction",body:'\nStress remains, despite the considerable research done around it and anxiety and the numerous approaches outlined to address it and reduce it, an inevitable aspect of our lives. Stress forms and has always been part of the human condition. We are all plunged, without escape, in the uncertainty of each moment, the problems, the disease, the old age, the death, and the impossibility of controlling the events around which our life revolves. And the situation reaches an extreme where we feel isolated and alienated from the natural world, without knowing how to establish contact with others with life intelligence [1].
\nTechnology and an authentic tsunami of information have accelerated, in recent years, the pace and complexity of our daily lives. Electronic devices, email, whatsapp, and social networks keep us connected 24 h a day, 7 days a week, exposing ourselves to a real flood of activities and daily demands. Our brain is overwhelmed by the acceleration of the rhythm of life and an authentic bombardment of information that exposes us to frustration, worry, panic, resistance, self-criticism, self-demand, and patience [1].
\nBefore going deeply into the essence and development of our innovative program, it is convenient to conduct a comparative study of other forms of meditation and your meditation program, analyzing the merits and disadvantages of each of them.
Primordial sound meditation. It is a technique of meditation focused through mantras, rooted in the Vedic tradition of India. A mantra is the manifestation of a phrase that verbalized, sung or whispered repeatedly helps us reach a state of relaxation and internalization that favors the meditative state. They are not randomly selected phrases, but they are sacred sounds that wise men and masters of antiquity used for their practical meditation, because they possess great harmonizing power. During meditation, it is necessary to repeat this mantra cyclically silently, because it creates a frequency of vibration that allows it to be placed in a place away from the ruminant noise of the mind, reaching the frequency of calm and full consciousness [2].
Zazen meditation. It means sitting meditation. It is based on non-judgmental observation of breathing and on neutrally observing thoughts and experiences as they emerge and dissolve through the mind and observe related sensory experiences. The essential focus of the breath is in the belly, instead of the nose as in vipassana. The posture is much more demanding in Zen meditation than in Vipassana, with special attention to the raised, non-tense spine, the chin shyly leaning forward and the hands placed in a resting position present on the belly. The eyes should always be open, with a low look, and in vipassana, there are no strict guidelines for the eyes, although it is usual to keep them closed. Zen meditation is recommended for those who already add hours of meditative flight [3].
Transcendental meditation. Its origin dates back to ancient India and each person is offered ad hoc a personal mantra used for vibrational qualities, to help calm the mind. Although the goal of meditation in both forms is similar, there are quite a few differences, including the mantras themselves, and how they are selected, the instruction of meditation, and the recommended time to meditate [4].
Metta meditation or benevolent love. Metta meditation, or benevolent love, has its meaning in unconditional goodness and affection. This style of meditation also has its origin in Buddhist teachings, mainly Tibetan Buddhism. As scientific studies show, compassion and kind and loving meditation has proven to be particularly efficient in fostering empathy, positivity, acceptance, and compassion for oneself and others. Anyone with low self-esteem, high levels of self-criticism, and a desire to be more empathic with others can benefit from this practice [2].
Kundalini meditation. Thanks to this technique one awakens his kundalini energy, located at the base of the spine. When this energy is released, rises, and travels through the spine, it leads to an experience commonly known as awakening kundalini, which ultimately leads to enlightenment. Kundalini meditations may include breathing techniques, mantras, mudras, and chants to harness the power of the unconscious mind. It is an energizing way of awakening the presence of our being [5].
Chakra meditation. A chakra is an energy center in the body, we have seven of them, and each one located in a different area of the body, and each one associated with a different color, word, sound, and energy purpose. Chakra meditations can be very powerful, especially when they are focused and connected with one element in the physical or emotional body at the same time. Many chakra meditations use sound, specific hand placement, and visualization techniques to connect with the energy nadis and their healing pranic vibration [5].
Tongle meditation. This type of meditation is Tibetan Buddhist and is characterized in that the person who practices it connects with their own suffering in an effort to fully accept and overcome it. Our culture teaches us to avoid suffering and flee from it, quite the opposite that tonglen meditation does. This kind of meditation teaches you to handle the difficult situations of life, because it allows you to look into the eyes of suffering, developing an attitude of openness, abandoning negativity and victimhood. It is also called giving and receiving meditation and cultivates compassion and empathy through breathing and visualization [4].
In this context, it is not surprising that many people worry or become depressed so much that, in an attempt to recover the lost inner balance, they are forced to request or receive medication. And although this treatment may sometimes be necessary to recover health and well-being, it is also important to cultivate internal self-care resources that help us cope with stress, pain, and disease with heart intelligence [6].
\nIn the chapter, we will describe the transformer program Stress 0.0 that is aimed at anyone who lives with stress, anxiety, pain or illness. In this way, the commitment of integration and internalization of the program in everyday life will not only help you reduce stress and anxiety to the minimum expression, but it will become an inspiring route that can guide you with a clear mind toward achievement of a healthier, fluid, calm, and compassionate life [6].
\nThe four essential pillars of our chapter are the following:
Compassion about our emotions and stress. The Stress 0.0 program allows, through compassion, to learn to respect the emotions caused by stress, in order to find some relief, accept, and remember important emotional changes in our lives.
Conscious focus on our body and stress management. Through a state of presence, it allows to learn to focus attention on the observation of the body, and on the bodily sensations, which produces a deactivation of the thoughts that generate stress, and a reset of the “trapped” mind.
Breathe consciously. With the current pace of life, we are not aware that we perform an incorrect and scattered breath. We usually breathe in an accelerated, superficial, and unconscious way. The appearance of different common health problems in large metropolises, such as stress and anxiety, make breathing exercise even more difficult.
Observation and understanding of the nature of our mind [7]. Learn to relate with discernment to thoughts that cause stress, or that arise as a result of them. Understand the nature of our mind and cognitive phenomena. We cannot expect to modify the nature of our mind, but we can become observers of the mind and avoid giving it material for its “game” of generating suffering and stress.
We strongly recommend that when you undertake our chapter and this journey of deep understanding, do so sequentially because your organization meets a structured, well established, and effective program. In this way, the focused readings, self-inquiry questions, internalization practices, and conscious action proposals of each day of the program will not only help you reduce the stress and anxiety generated by the challenges that life gives you. Save, but they will also consolidate your own practice. Good trip Stress 0.0.
\nStress is a topic of great popularity because it affects a large number of people. It consists of the automatic and natural response of our body to situations that are threatening or challenging. In general, we tend to believe that stress is a consequence of circumstances external to us, but in reality, it is born in us, depending on the way we evaluate events or our ability to cope with them. When stress is prolonged or intensified over time, our health, our performance, and even our personal relationships can be affected [6].
\nOne of the most persistent deceptions of the mind is to think that the origin of our dissatisfaction lies outside of ourselves [8].
\nOne of the most effective ways to dissolve stress with self-awareness comes through our ability to accept its presence and be able to embrace our anxiety with compassion and cardiac intelligence. Paul Gilbert defines compassion as the deep awareness of the suffering of oneself and other beings, along with the desire to help avoid it. From this concept, we find self-pity and its effects for stress management. Self-pity implies affection, kindness, and self-understanding when suffering is experienced in a stressful situation, instead of self-criticizing, blaming or denying one’s pain. It consists of treating ourselves as we would treat a helpless child, or a very dear friend. The opposite would be destructive and guilty self-criticism [8].
\nIn general, for the great majority of Westerners, it is more difficult to give affection to oneself than to give it to others. The gesture of embracing our stress in a way that projects self-pity is in a complicated situation. But for some people, this practice is practically impossible. Some live it as a weakness or a risk of becoming indolent. Others do not consider themselves worthy to receive affection from others (frequently, because they did not receive it unconditionally in childhood). If this practice is very complicated for us, an effective trick is to start the practice of compassion toward friends and, when we are giving affection to people we want, we can include ourselves in the image and give ourselves affection as well [9].
\nKindly embrace your stress through a compassionate gesture over your body to relieve its symptoms.
\nThe practice of compassion that we propose to dissolve stress seeks to regulate stress by activating the satisfaction, calm, and security system. In self-pity, there are certain types of gestures, related to hug and contact, which release oxytocin, that is, that reassure us.
\nThe main triggers of self-pity linked to stress are three [10]:
Soft body contact.
Vocalization in soft tone.
Feeling of warmth on a physical level.
We invite you to start the compassionate gesture that can be very useful to calm down in times of stress, or simply to feel better at any time.
Put one or two hands on the heart or in the central area of the chest.
Put one hand on the heart or in the central area of the chest and another on the abdomen.
Hug yourself and caress your arms.
Hug yourself and caress your back.
Put both hands crossed on the lower belly.
Cross your arms and caress yourself without hugging.
Slap your shoulder with one hand or another with both.
Stroking your legs at different levels: twin thighs.
Cradle your face with both hands open.
Stroking the back of your hands, rubbing your hands; touch the fingertips of both hands.
Caress the cheek.
Stroking the hair of the head.
Stroke your forehead.
Put yourself in your meditation posture. Ensures a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely [9].
\nNow your mind will bring to the present and to the screen of your mind as much compassion, kindness, and affection the image of a stressful and complicated situation that you are living.
\nFor this I will count from 5 to 0. And when I reach 0, you will see that image:
\n5, 4, 3, 2, 1, … and 0. Look, feel it.
\nAnd now send love, affection, light, and compassion to all the stressful situation you have in front of you: people, objects, decoration, environment, sound, environment, expressions, color, … Feel how you embrace that situation. Help yourself with your breath full of compassion to send affection.
\nAt the end, let the image dissolve through your breath and thank yourself for this experience in which we embrace a stressful situation with compassion [9].
\nAny mental or emotional phenomenon, or any stressful phenomenon, if we do not potentiate it (thinking about it, rejecting it or fighting with it) and simply observe it dispassionately, as an external phenomenon that belonged to another person, will disappear.
\nThis is the great secret of emotional management oriented to the dissolution of stress in our being. Any thought or emotion that causes us stress or anxiety, regardless of its content and as terrible as it may seem at the moment, eventually disappears spontaneously in a short time. Of course, it will have intense moments of influence but it has an internal process and has its rhythm from within [7].
\nIt has been proven that there is an internal cycle of emotional tides. The cycle usually extends over a very determined time like the tides in the sea. Specifically every 45–90 min it has been investigated that there is a change in cognitive and emotional tide and also a change in the frequency in the processes that generate stress. That is to say that the mental processes, any thought that we can have on the screen of our being is absolutely impermanent. It has no identity to stay in time. The important thing is not to strengthen it with our attachment or our internal and anxious struggle. Curiously, the more we try to fight with an emotion, a feeling in our body, or a thought, the greater the permanence in our being. In some way, we are altering the nature and life cycle of each thought.
\nImpermanence. Every 45–90 min there is a cycle change in cognitive and emotional tide.
\nBut the important thing is that when we perceive an intense tide in front of us, we do not try to generate ruminant thoughts about its appearance, nor fight with it. It is a tide of accepting the present moment with a clear mind and observing it in the most dispassionate way possible. We invite you to perceive it as an external phenomenon that belonged to another person because finally the stress will disappear.
\nTherefore, why do we need to change it for a more positive one? Why do we want to know how that concrete thought originates? Why do we have to fight with that stressful thought or emotion tried to rationalize its dissolution? Why fight with that emotion or feeling that I have settled in a part of my body?
\nOur goal and our proposal are to wait for them to disappear without getting caught by them. In addition, other characteristics of the nature of our mind are that thoughts, or cognitive phenomena are not true and of course stressful processes are not [2].
\nNot true [2]. Stressful cognitive and emotional phenomena are not true. What we think is not the external reality, it is not what happens. If we think we are “useless,” it does not mean that we are. If we think that the world is “horrible” or that we are unable to “speak in public”, or that such a person is “evil” does not mean that it is so, since many other people see it differently. If we can separate reality from our thoughts, we will not act on the basis of the erroneous information that our scattered mind tells us.
\nTake conscious contact with your body. Ensures a good rooting sitting in the chair.
\nNotice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nWatch now the process of how your stressful thoughts appear that you are living in this moment in your life. Watch the process of how they stay in your mental space, and how they disappear in a few seconds, without you doing anything.
\nYou just stay. Breathe consciously. You might even perceive on which side of the mind they appear: above, below, on the left or on the right. Do not want to prevent them from appearing, accelerate their course, or want them to disappear. Let them follow their natural process like that of a tide. You just keep and hold it. Breathe consciously. At the end, let the image dissolve through your breath and thank yourself for this experience in which you observe the mind without attachments through conscious breathing.
\nWhen you feel stressed you have a much better chance of focusing on what’s going wrong. This is how our brain works under the influence of stress: it looks for threats and usually overvalues them. Bring to your mind the last time you saw someone stressed: did he keep calm if something went wrong, or exaggerate the negative, making a mountain of a grain of sand? Our brain in stressful episodes loves to make hyperbole of the perception of reality. The discursive and narrative mind appears deepening and expanding the difficulties as a gigantic magnifying glass.
\nIt is important that our intention in this path of stress healing is to incorporate a positive attitude of self-care and self-discovery that illuminates our whole being. But it is important an intention of light in everything we are, in our essence. Deep acceptance of our whole being, and of course our stress. You may be going through a phase in your life with many important difficulties and may not even think of anything positive. But I encourage you to try to strive with full acceptance to put the spotlight on your positive things [11].
\nDeposit your attention on all the good things you have. Enlighten your goodness. To look for the good things in your life is to illuminate each one of your steps with creativity, reminding you as a mantra the infinity of good things that you have in life. Probably if you are going through a time of great stress, you may wear dark glasses that do not allow you to clearly discern the reality, or the sense of the anxiety situation you are experiencing. We enter a phase of negative cyclical thoughts that are fed back (rumination). Our proposal in this process is to put the intention to see things of a different color and not believe at all what our mind tells us at all times. A way of perceiving with life intelligence [12].
\nPutting the intention in our goodness and in all our positive things is an emotional passport that allows us to enter our program with a creative and high energy attitude. A way of becoming aware of where we are and of our essence as being.
\nFor this I invite you to answer honestly at this time, and realistically, to the following questions:
How are you in your best moments?
How are you when you feel relaxed?
Why do you feel grateful now pampering?
What makes you happy, now or in the past?
What excites or excites you?
What is going well in your life right now?
What makes you enjoy now or in the past?
The awareness of our goodnesses is a way of realizing the light that our being has and our infinite display of potentials. By making ourselves convenient. And even verbalize them, or write them, we get a process of anchoring, recognition, and materialization of all our infinite goodnesses [13].
\nTake a high position of dignity and presence. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nNow we invite you to bring to your mind an image of anxiety that you are living in this moment. Let it appear smoothly. Next you will place your arms and hands as if you were cradling a child. Now deposit that stressful situation in that place and start feeling how you are cradling that situation. Try to feel a lot of love and kindness about the gesture and above all that appears at that moment. Accepting fully. Breathe that gesture very consciously and support that process.
You can dedicate 20 breaths for each cradled situation.
You can repeat the process several times, or include new narrative scenarios with the same frequency of the degree of stress experienced.
At the end, let the image dissolve through your breathing and thank yourself for this experience in which you cradled your stress with kindness and deep acceptance [9].
\nTraditionally, the body has been denied in the West, which has given the mind greater preponderance. The mind has been considered as the place where intellectual life and imaginative and narrative life occur. And, of course, it has been thought that the entire process for the dissolution of stress has its focus exclusively on the mind. And for that reason always in the West, it has been thought that the body is simply a vehicle directed by the mind [14].
\nOriental culture has always maintained a different position, considering the body as important as the mind for the balance of the individual. Current research supports the hypothesis of the enormous importance of the body in our psyche and in our way of integrating, remembering, and being able to cope with stress and anxiety in a healthy way [15].
\nIt is shown that interoceptive perceptions (bodily sensations) modify our thoughts and emotions in an important way and vice versa. In fact, there are studies that show that, if the usual posture is modified, simply by inserting a pencil in the mouth and introducing the smile, one finds the most fun experiences and narration (for example, reading a comic story) that if not this modification has been made.
\nThe body, our posture, and breathing, therefore, are formed as an essential variable when it comes to emotion and the perception of thoughts that generate stress. From the perspective of mindfulness, which consists in being attentive to the present moment, the body and the breath are keys because they are always in the present. Therefore, they are the preferred anchor points. Emotions and stressful thoughts will not be useful as anchor points because they are found more frequently in the past and in the future, than in the present moment. For all this, directing attention and connection to our body resets the mind allows it to leave the ruminant loops and the processes of stressful thoughts stop. What we usually do is lose ourselves in the stressful thoughts associated with emotions, which generates more emotions in an endless cycle. Diverting the focus of our attention to our body and the bodily sensations of stress-laden emotion allows us to deactivate the associated negative thoughts and soften the nuclear bodily symptoms of stress in emotions. A wise process of integral growth throughout the body [16].
Feet: first pillar of your temple. When you stand up, be aware of the posture. Perceive the rooting of your body to the earth. Become aware of the firm contact of your plants on the earth and the anchoring it entails. When you are sitting, perceive how your feet are fully connected to the earth. It is a channel of connection with our essence. Feel how they are open and relaxed, which will induce a corresponding psychological sensation.
Back: second pillar of your temple. Your back should remain straight, but in a comfortable posture. The back determines our emotional level. Imagine that an invisible thread pulls from the crown and lets it wide and open. It is the pentagram of emotions so try to be expansion to hear all the nuances.
Hands: third pillar of your temple. It is important that they are not tense. Rest comfortably on the legs to avoid discomfort on the shoulders. The tension of the hands is considered an indicator of mental tension and a space of manifestation of stress.
Face: fourth pillar of your temple. It is important that there is no tension on the face as usual. The forehead, eyelids, and lips should be relaxed, as well as the area where the tongue rests on the palate. All are areas of frequent tension in times of stress.
What posture tends to express your body to life? How could you open up to take different positions? How is stress expressed and manifested in your body in the face of stressful situations? What are the feelings that you have predominantly maintained this last week?
\nHow do they express themselves through your face and body posture? How is the usual posture of your feet, back, hands, and face, in a stressful situation? What could you do to bring more awareness, connection, and unity in your temple in the posture of your hands, back, feet, and spine?
\nUpdate your posture and check the conscious presence of your body. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nNow you are going to shift the focus of your attention to your hands and you are going to start bringing your breath to your hands. It is as if you breathe with them. You can start with a right hand and take three breaths in your right hand. Then change the focus to your left hand and breathe there consciously in three breaths. If your mind gets distracted and goes somewhere else, bring it back gently to the breath and that area with which you are breathing.
\nNow I invite you, you will shift the focus of your attention to your back, and you will begin to bring your breath to your back. It is as if you breathe with them. You can start with the lower back and take three breaths. Then change the focus to the central area of your spine and breathe there consciously in three breaths. Finally, climb to the upper part of your spine and breathe consciously with that area. You can repeat the complete cycle of hands and back several times. At the end, let the image dissolve through your breathing and thank yourself for this experience in which you consciously breathe with your body [9].
\nWe currently consider that there are two basic ways of functioning of the human mind and that it has a direct impact on our relationship with stress and anxiety. Mode “do” and mode “be,” which are characteristic, but not absolutely specific to Western and Eastern thinking, respectively. They are based on totally different premises [13].
Planet 9 “Do”: Western thinking in way of doing, Planet 9, will be based on the belief that happiness is outside of us. We feel that there is something to be achieved: money, power, social or family relationships, recognition work position, success in a project, and we think directly, causally and simply, that when we have it, we will be happy. The history of all those who reside on Planet 9 in the “do” way is the continuous search for goals/objects that we think can make us happy: a university career, a prestigious job, a couple, children, possessions, trips, reputed social position, … [13].
The problem is that when we get any of these elements, even something as desired as the jackpot of the lottery, studies confirm that, within 6 to 12 months, individuals return to the level of happiness before it was achieved the object. The conclusion is that we are involved in an endless process of pursuit of happiness, but we never reach it in a stable way. Of course, this continuous and insatiable pursuit of objectives is one of the main causes of the enormous stress we are subjected to in today’s life. Planet 9 “do” is associated with the vision of the “biographical self,” because the objectives we set ourselves are associated with the labels or descriptions of ourselves that we have developed throughout life and with which we identify. The label of 9 as a way of representing “way of doing” [13].
Planet 0 “Being”. Oriental thought is based on the fact that happiness is not outside of us, but within. There is nothing to pursue, nothing to obtain. Just remembering through the cardiac intelligence of our planet “being” Everything is in the present, which is the only important thing, since past and future do not exist. The way to reach this state of mind is through the approach of acceptance, which is considered the main quality that develops with mindfulness. Acceptance is a concept that generally repels Westerners because they confuse it with resignation, a characteristic associated with our Judeo-Christian tradition. But the resignation happens in the future, it would consist in the resignation to act in the future because it will be useless. On the contrary, acceptance always occurs in the present. From planet 0 “Being,” we fully accept stress, but we do not resign [13].
It is based on the idea that what is happening in the present, since we cannot change it, we must take it as it has been delivered to it without avoiding or denying it. On planet 0 “being,” we propose to dive unconditionally into what the present brings. Accepting the present does not mean that we like what happens, but that we accept that we cannot change it. Become fully aware from which planet you are living every moment and from which planet you are interpreting the stressful processes you are living [13].
\nFind now your attentive posture of formal meditation. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely.
\nNow put on a song that you like and listen to it with great attention accompanying while you put your attention on the breath. Try to feel the sounds, the words or the rhythm without thinking about it, as if the music were generated within you, as if you were one with it, as if you were breathing with it. Accompany the rhythm of the song to your breathing, so that the whole song can be heard accompanied by your breathing fully consciously. Breathe the song consciously through your full presence without judgment.
\nAt the end, let it dissolve and rest the process in breathing silently…
\nThank yourself for this experience in which we hear conscious of the hand of our breath [9].
\nIf your mind chatter uncontrollably and your feelings spin like a soup in a boil, you must know that you are not alone. In our agitated and demanding modern society, permanently active, constant stimulation, decisions, and challenges provoke thoughts and emotions. And when we are in that anxiety situation, we have much more chance of reacting automatically (and uselessly) to the stressors of life [17].
\nAn excellent way to manage thoughts is to use breathing. Resorting to the full attention of your breath to cope with stress may seem too simple, but I encourage you and invite you to try it before you judge. The calming effect is produced by the use of breathing to anchor you in the present moment [18]. And the more you use your breath to return to the present, the simpler, more transformative and more effective the method will be.
\nTake a moment to think about an anchor: its function is to prevent the ship from drifting. May your sailboat connect with the earth. The anchor is always prepared on the ship, and every time this sail leaves, the anchor goes with it. When the sailboat has to stop, someone throws the anchor into the water. The anchor is your breath, and it is always on the boat ready to land when you need it. Similarly, wherever you go, your breathing always goes with you and your potentials unfold with your conscious presence [19]. Luckily, you cannot run away from your breath or leave it at home when you go out to spend the day outside. Breathing always goes with you in all your experiences, night and day. What you can forget is to pay attention from time to time to the sensation of breathing. But whenever you want to make an experiential pause, you can focus your attention on the breath as an anchor to return to the here and now of your sailboat and your being.
\nBreathing is a fascinating facet of the human being, one of those unique functions of our ship, which can be automatic but also, in part, controlled and deliberate. The heartbeat, for example, is different. The heart beats day and night without stopping, but you cannot make it stop beating for even a few seconds; instead, if you can stop breathing [20]. Neither can you for digestion or your immune system. We invite you in times of stress to put all your attention on breathing. A way to connect with the most authentic anchor of your ship and your being.
\nWatch your breathing very carefully when you speak, and watch your breathing very carefully when you listen. Breathing is automatic and, at the same time, is under control. There are very few functional body functions so automated that you can also control. Almost all relaxation techniques make use of deep breathing. The reason is that breathing is closely linked to the body system responsible for relaxation. The feelings of relaxation almost always arise when you breathe slowly and deeply. Mindfulness about breathing is slightly different. During careful breathing, it is not necessary to control the rhythm or depth of breathing [21]. It is simply about paying attention to the breath as it is, without judging.
\nExperience great moments of stress to take your breath hand in hand, through your attention, with curious attention, affection, and presence. Observe and experience from within what happens.
\nConnect now with relaxed attention to the awareness of your body. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nNow you are going to intensify with curiosity the focus of your attention especially to your exhalation. And you are going to start exhaling more deeply than inhalation. It is not necessary that you be too much at the helm of your breath simply a subtle change so that the exhalation is the double time of the inhalation. Perform this process for 20 breaths, and then return to balance the helm of your breath and watch what happens.
\nRepeat the cycle, and experience the change in your frequency. At the end, let the image dissolve through your breathing and thank yourself for this experience in which the sailboat of your body calms through the extended exhalation [9].
\nSurprisingly, the psychological investigations carried out around this phenomenon have concluded that in reality, the level of satisfaction with one’s life does not depend so much on the circumstances we live, nor on personality or character [22]. There is a more determining factor in our sense of well-being that we often forget: gratitude.
\nIt is proven that being grateful has many advantages, the most important of all is that: Thankful people are happier especially practical in stressful processes.
\nWe know that the so-called “reality” and how we interpret it are two very different things. What “happens” is not what we perceive, since all the experiences of our life we see through a particular “glasses” that interpret reality to “their way of seeing.” First, let us recognize that all of us wear those “glasses of seeing reality,” and then, let us assume that in general, these glasses work in a somewhat limited way.
\nLet us be honest: do we not tend to dismiss all that we can appreciate in our lives? [23]. Do we not have a strange facility to put our attention on what is inconvenient to us?
\nThis trend is reflected even in the media, which constantly affect tragedies, problems, and catastrophes, almost completely ignoring the beautiful aspects of life that we can appreciate.
\nTo begin to recognize the abundance of gratifying aspects that exist in our lives, we have to realize and recognize you in a very common automatism in us: “Not knowing how to receive.” We do not know how to take everything that life offers us for free, we do not think we deserve to receive what is given to us “just because,” without having to fight with blood, sweat, and tears for it [24].
\nWe focus on everything we dislike, which could be “better” or otherwise, which leads us to a sea of meaningless complaints, to feel sad and discouraged. Stress scenarios are an absolute example of this process [25].
\nBy expressing and feeling gratitude, we eliminate from our minds the toxic program of complaints. A program that induces us to feel victims of the stressful circumstances that we live, thus placing all our power in “the outside,” without taking responsibility for ourselves and our well-being. Every time we feel and express internally or externally: “Thank you,” we are creating new neural networks that are maintained over time, weakening those related to victimhood, discouragement, and complaint [25].
\nHave you stopped to observe the small details that life offers you “for free” throughout each day?: The gentle touch of the breeze in the morning, the gratifying smell of a flower, the sunlight, that dinner with your friends, the smile that suddenly someone gives you … if we pay attention, we can discover in every moment a multitude of details that really make us feel completely alive and awake, details, which we can thank [9].
\nWe have many things and we do not notice how grateful we can be for them. Have you stopped to observe how grateful you can feel for having a roof under which every day shelter you, enough money so that all your basic needs are covered, of the food dishes that you enjoy every day? Do you appreciate that kind greeting from your partner at work, that unexpected hug, the interest of who asks you how you are or who gives you a complicit smile? Do you realize what you can thank for people in your life you can trust? Do you appreciate the mechanism of breathing in your body that moment by moment holds, the oxygen you breathe every moment, the gift of being alive here and now?
\nEven in times of great stress, if we look closely, every moment of life can be a moment of gratitude. For many problems we have, if we are attentive, it is impossible not to find something to be grateful for. In order to appreciate all the good that is in our lives, we have to be “present” in truth at every moment, and in this way, we will connect with the constant abundance and generosity of the life we live [24].
\nThe first of these is that during today you keep the sustained attention to thank, either internally or externally, for every detail of the day to day that you can receive with appreciation [24]. Probably stressful processes do not allow you to experience it. Pay attention moment to moment to everything that happens that you can really recognize and value. If you are attentive to the infinity of things for which you can thank in more and more moments and more and more people, little by little you will begin to feel worthy of receiving the good and beautiful of life, you will contact the deep feeling that in truth, life is easier and kinder than you have sometimes believed [26]. By feeling appreciation and gratitude more and more frequently, everything you reject and for what you complain will have less strength; it will be transformed by the look that your new and wider “glasses of seeing the world” will offer you.
\nThe second practice in this Zero Stress program that we propose is a powerful exercise that in a short time, entails major neurological and reprogramming changes for your mind.
\nIt is about every night, before going to bed, you go through the “movie of your day” in your mind in detail. Recreate every moment you have lived in your journey since you woke up in the morning, focusing your attention on everything that has happened that you can appreciate. Get a notebook or notebook and every time you find a gesture, a detail, an event, a person for whom you can be grateful. Whisper your emotions with kindness and affection, connecting with the frequency of gratitude.
\nExperiment to treat you through a kind and loving treatment. In a state of calm and connection with you, you can experience what happens if you call yourself internally, as an internal whisper, by your name with a hard, abrupt, and derogatory tone and you can observe what happens. See what happens in your body if you call yourself sharply and disparagingly. As if you were addressing yourself.
\nNow experience hearing your name in a gentle, loving way. It is a way of saying internally through a subtle and delicate whisper. You can experience what happens in your body. When we whisper our name to ourselves, we can see how our frequency and our state of vibration changes. Highly recommended to perform it in stress processes.
\nFind your position of attentive presence to meditate. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nNow you are going to shift the focus of your attention to your body. Connect with the emotional frequency you are living in this moment. Feel that emotion in your body.
\nNow you are going to start calling yourself and listen to your name (through an almost imperceptible whisper) with an abrupt and hard tone of voice. You can call yourself whatever you want with your name and in a very derogatory way even. Watch what happens in your body and your being. Now you will start calling yourself and hear your name (through an almost imperceptible whisper) with a very soft and loving tone of voice. You can call yourself whatever you want with your name and in a very compassionate way [9]. At the end, let the image dissolve through your breath and thank yourself for this experience in which you dissolve your stress through the whisper meditation.
\nMindfulness could be defined as the process of developing the observer, that is, of developing metacognition [13]. A large overhead camera, in a large format of silence that visualizes the entire narrative from a healthy perspective. It is the technique of splitting the mind so that a part of it, the observer, becomes aware of the objects of the mind, without identifying with them. In the initial phases, the observer and the zenith chamber are very weak and the objects very powerful, so they tend easily and identify with them, especially in times of anxiety [24]. Over the months the observer becomes stronger and the mental objects are diluted.
\nWith the strengthening of the great zenith chamber, or the witness observer, three phenomena of the mind will occur that allow us to connect with a high transformative understanding:
There are less and less stressful thoughts. By not identifying with them, they lack gasoline, and they lose strength. When a thought appears (for example: “I will not be able to face this challenge that I have been assigned”), a cluster of concatenated thoughts is not generated thoughts is not generated (for example: “surely my boss will realize that I am not the right person to face this challenge,” or “I am not able to face all that has been assigned to me,” “I will disappoint people who have trusted me”).
There are more and more gaps between thoughts of anxiety. With fewer thoughts, it is easier to see that there are gaps between thoughts, something impossible to make aware before practicing meditation. In contemplative traditions, the practitioner insists on finding the gaps between thoughts, because of the true nature of the mind. Space between stressful phenomena.
Every time we believe less the thoughts of alteration. We are aware that they are only mental phenomena that they are not reality that we have not voluntarily generated them and that, if we do not pay attention to them, they will disappear from the mind in a few seconds.
Update the sensations of your body and verify the conscious presence of your thoughts and emotions. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nExpand now your awareness in 8K toward all the internal experience that you are living in this moment. Ask yourself for a few moments: what is my experience right now? What thoughts go through my head now? What feelings or emotions are occurring right now? What impulses appear?
\nBreathe in 8K very consciously. Be aware from your perception of your zenith camera of your experience at this time in a global way, observe all the sensations and emotions that appear, whether pleasant or unpleasant, but without getting involved in them, only taking note of whether they are present and if they change over time. Perception in 8K without involvement or attachment to the content. At the end, let the image dissolve through your breath and thank yourself for this experience in which you perceive in 8K without attachments [9].
\nYou already know that a fundamental aspect of the nature of stress is that thoughts, which you think are absolutely true, suddenly assault you and recreate in your mind continuously. If your thoughts suggest that everything is going well, and that you have control, your stress levels are kept at bay [9]. On the other hand, if your thoughts become obsessed with the negative and make you feel that you have lost control, your stress levels increase, and the internal dialog becomes almost endless on the screen of your mind. In general, thoughts take the form of small stories and desires in your head: the speech of the mind: cognitive storytelling. Since man is man, stories go from generation to generation and connect with the human soul. Literature is full of stories, from Aesop’s fables to Shakespeare’s works. Historians conjure up images of ancient cultures telling stories about a bonfire, in an environment to share and nurture.
\nImagine that the brain is a machine to tell stories. We call it cognitive storytelling. It is a kind of story factory that has no end. From the moment you wake up in the morning, you start explaining the story of your life. In the second one immediately after waking up you are present and nothing else, without your story. Have you ever noticed? [27]. But then suddenly, your personal history invades your consciousness, usually without you noticing. Your brain reminds you who you are, where you live, and what you have to do. It is an automatic process. It is an unfinished production of stories every moment.
\nBecome aware of the nature of the discursive thoughts of the mind. Attention to discern the rumination of the film of the mind against the stable presence of your screen. You tell stories continuously about all kinds of people, situations, and difficulties. If you become aware that you are telling a story about a particular stressful situation, you can weigh if the story you tell is really true. Your identity is constructed in two ways: with stories built over time, or through your experiences with direct experience [28]. If I asked you who you are, would you tell me your name. If I asked you again, would you tell me your story: where were you born, what do you work for, what do you do in your spare time, etc. But you can also feel who you are without your story. And for that you have to connect with your senses. It is a way to connect with your essence.
\nThe narrator brain is a network that is activated by default, which includes its activity in the part of the brain responsible for memory. When you queue at a mall, your mind disperses, fantasizes, and worries. However, that network is also easily activated when you go for a walk in the park. Instead of seeing the beauty around you, you get stuck in your little world of worries and inner stories. It is the endless story that you tell yourself about your own life, the lives of the people you know, and our interactions.
\nThere is nothing wrong with the part of your brain based on the narrative. But nobody wants to limit his life to his personal narrative, since it is very easy to get lost in negative thoughts and emotions, if we do not pay attention to the present moment. In stressful situations, if we get lost in the internal argument of the endless story of each narration of our mind, the possibilities to increase anxiety levels increase considerably [29].
\nThere is more and more scientific evidence that the more time we spend lost with the stories that our minds tell, the more prone we are to stress and anxiety. The way to deactivate the identification with the narration of the endless history of our mind is through the activation of our attention to direct experience and our senses [28]. A way to discern the endless narrative of the present moment.
\nThat activation of direct experience is a state of mindfulness. You live in the present moment. It is the “way of being” of operation. When you walk through the park, you perceive the aroma of the trees, the color of the flowers, and the sensations of your body. Especially in times of stress, we propose that you activate the direct experience on the activation of the brain narrator of the endless story of your mind.
\nObserve your posture and accept the feelings of this moment. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing.
\nNow we invite you to imagine that we are sitting on the top of a mountain, in a kind of chair carved into the rock. From there we can see the sky extraordinarily clean and clear, without clouds that represents the mind. Over time clouds begin to appear, representing stressful thoughts and emotions, which progressively cover the entire sky.
\nNow begin to breathe consciously from the top of the mountain and experience how with each breath the clouds gradually dissolve. Focus spatially on your exhalation for the dissolution of the clouds.
\nAt the end let the image dissolve through your breath and thank yourself for this experience in which you dissolve stress, through your conscious breathing from the mountain, and without the attachment of your cognitive storytelling [9].
\nFeelings are the conscious experience of the state of the body. Not only do they correspond to facts, they can also originate in brain representations (thoughts and images), that is, feelings that are different from those that would normally correspond to what is happening and that is why we can decide which feelings to choose [30].
\nEmotions are point reactions, reactive, rooted to the body, short-lived, automatic, and manifest with different intensities. Unlike the mood that they fed back with the internal dialog of our mind. All emotions are tremendously useful [30]. It is the magic of the simplicity of emotions. In fact, there are no positive or negative emotions. Emotions with expansive and contractive but all contain a deep household about our being that it is important that we listen with full attention to discover and decipher its content. From this perspective, the relationship with our emotions must be of an opening and celebration because the arrival of each one of them, including the stressors, has a demonstrated and transcendent function and a self-discovery [30]. All emotions are deeply useful and appear to be understood at a high level of consciousness.
\nThe canvas of emotions is not in the mind, it is in the body. All emotions always manifest in the body and that is its way of existing. Stressful emotions arise through our thoughts but ultimately reach their compositional fullness through production and settlement in the body. It is the habitat of emotions. When we are watching a scary movie and feel a scary emotion, that emotion always goes to the body. That emotion goes to an area of the body where you feel comfortable and strong. Our body is like a hostel and emotions freely find a room and a place to settle. And of course a way.
\nThe healthy way to manage the stressful emotions that settle in our body is not to fight with them. I cannot deny the presence of an emotion of anxiety because my mind decides, or as an order. In fact, the more we fight for an emotion to leave the center of our being, the bigger and stronger the emotion becomes in our hostel. It is like fighting with a wave, I cannot fight her I have to look her in the eye, and trying to surf her is fluent. Looking into the eyes of emotion is the first step to set off the dissolution of stressful emotions that settle in our body.
\nStressful emotions like pieces of a Lego have form, texture, weight, temperature, depth, morphology, and color. Experiment with them as the first step of deep acceptance. Like the pieces of a layman, the formalization and manifestation of emotions allows an experiential experimentation of the feelings in our body [30]. When we become aware of the shape of the pieces of an emotion, we are loving its presence, and it is a way of bowing to it allowing its deep identity and its morphology in our body.
\nThe main objective of the narrative recreation of the form of emotions is to increase awareness about the emotion to work, through bodily sensations. If we materialize the emotions and focus our attention on the bodily sensations that they generate in our body, there is an irremediable decrease in the internal dialog, which is the main cause of stress [28]. There is a greater awareness of bodily processes, such as breathing, posture, movement or listening to sounds. The sounds appear geolocated.
\nWhat we see and experience appears with a three-dimensionality and a special brightness. An example of this is to perceive an emotion like fear with a gray color, in the form of a very heavy anchor, with a cold temperature and with a very approximate temperature [30].
\nExamine your body posture and prepare your presence to begin the meditation. Ensure a good rooting sitting in the chair. Notice the vertical elevation of your column. Pick up the chin slightly, allowing the cervical area to stretch gently. Become aware of your body posture, firmness, grace, and subtlety. And now become aware of the breath. Feel how you inhale and exhale, softly and deeply. You watch the air in and out freely. Anchor your attention in your breathing [31].
\nConnect now with your stressful emotions at this time. Start observing how they manifest in your body. What part of your body do you feel? What shape does that anxiety have in your body? [32]. Does it have for example the shape of a ball in your abdomen? What temperature is it? Does it have a very cold temperature? What color does that anxiety emotion have? Does it have a very dark and penetrating color? What texture does that emotion of stress have? Do you have a very rough texture? How important is that emotion? It is a very heavy emotion that hinders the flow of air in your body? [9].
\nExplicitly shape your emotion in the body so that you can look into the eyes at the emotion manifested in your body. Then start consciously breathing with that part of your body so that the shape of that emotion anchored in your body dissolves. At the end, let the image dissolve through your breath and thank yourself for this experience in which you build and deconstruct through your breath your current emotion.
\nCongratulations for having reached the end of this transforming journey of self-discovery, growth, and inner look. But as much as this seems like an end, it is not, in fact, more than another wise step of self-consciousness forward, in the direction of a commitment and new lifestyle. The practice will allow you, as you progress, to cultivate ever-deeper levels of self-understanding and compassion, and manage your health and well-being with life intelligence, and in a more active, and effective way [33]. The more clearly you can identify and discern, stressful situations and be attentive to them, the sooner you can untangle yourself, and detach yourself, from automatic reactions and mind traps, which will open the doors to new possibilities and more appropriate responses. Inspiring.
\nOne of the greatest difficulties in the practice of our Stress 0.0 program is to incorporate the practice into the day to day and maintain it throughout life. This problem of the live maintenance of this process over the years does not occur only in our program, but in many other areas, such as healthy living habits (regular physical exercise, healthy diet), artistic activity (practice with some instrument musical, theater, dance) and, practically, in any human activity. In the first months, the practice is usually intense and frequent, but, over time, it is increasingly spaced and shortening its frequency and duration [33]. We always find reasons that justify abandoning the practice. This process is understandable, because in life we can choose between multiple activities that can be satisfactory, so it is difficult to choose between them, since the life time is limited.
\nRelapses of our stress levels are considered another phase of the healing and healing process. Everything that happens to us appears to be understood, and we must maintain a frequency of transpersonal wisdom that allows us to understand that much of the experiences will become transforming seeds that will flourish when they have to. In the same way, the abandonment of the practice of our program should be considered as another phase of the learning process and should be prepared for when it arrives, using preventive measures from the first moment.
\nPreventive measures to maintain the practice of the Stress 0.0 program [34].
Related to motivation: for the program to remain in time, it must have a mature and relevant position within our values and our sense of life. Experience teaches us that the people who maintain the practice of the program for years are those who have a clear sense of life linked to the practice [34].
Related to the expansion: an excellent and healthy way to maintain the practice consists in its propagation and expansion, in order to improve the global well-being and the quality of life in our environment [34].
When you cannot follow the practices of the program for different reasons, remember with a clear mind and deep acceptance, maintain a curious and kind attitude to return to the path of presence, instead of taking it as a stressful factor [34].
\nThank you for making this transpersonal Stress trip with us 0.0. We are deeply honored that you have shared this vital process with us from within. Remember that, no matter how bad your past is or how daunting your future looks, you are not alone, and you can find relief in the present moment. In the face of anxiety and acute stress, take life moment by moment, conscious breathing to conscious breathing. Heart coherence, joy, peace, and transformative understanding are really within your reach. We wish you all the happiness in the world.
\nCardiac problems are one of the most important problems across the globe. According to autopsy studies, heart disease has increased since the 1960s due to a rise in the frequency of coronary atherosclerosis with resultant coronary heart disease. The number of CVD deaths in India each year is anticipated to increase from 2.26 to 4.77 million between the years 1990 and 2020. The coronary heart disease frequency rates in India have fluctuated from 1.6 to 7.4% in rural populations whereas from 1 to 13.2% in urban populations during the last several decades [1]. Heart disease claims the lives of about 17 lakh individuals in India each year, and the number is estimated to rise to 2.3 crores by 2030. This rise is linked to an increase in smoking and dietary changes, resulting in higher blood cholesterol levels. The symptoms like angina, chest pain, difficulty breathing, edema, fatigue, and lightheadedness may indicate a heart problem or heart attack. Heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest, which occurs when the heart’s rhythm is disrupted, or the heart stops beating, and the body can no longer function [2].
Any disorder that affects the cardiovascular system is alluded to as heart disease [3]. Heart disease comes in various forms, each of which affects the heart and blood arteries in distinct ways. The most typical kinds of heart disease are coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, heart valve disease, and heart failure [4]. Coronary artery disease is the most noticeable type of heart disease. It happens when plaque accumulates in the arteries that deliver blood to the heart. It can cause a reduction in blood flow to your heart muscle, preventing it from receiving the oxygen it requires. Atherosclerosis, often known as artery hardening, is the most common cause of the illness. Arrhythmia refers to an improper beating of the heart [5]. It happens when the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat do not even function properly. As a result, the heart may beat excessively fast, too slowly, or in an irregular pattern. Heart valve disease occurs when a heart valve is damaged [6]. Infectious diseases such as rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, excessive blood pressure, coronary artery disease are all causes of heart valve disorders. Heart failure does not imply that the heart has ceased to beat. A condition in which the heart is not pumping blood as efficiently as it should be to satisfy the body’s demands. There are some more heart diseases like pericardial disease, myocardial infarction [7], cardiomyopathy, mitral valve regurgitation, congenital heart disease, etc.
Over the last several decades, the rapid advancement of cardiology has profoundly changed the natural course of cardiac patients. Cardiac care has evolved, with technology playing an increasingly significant role. With the appropriate technology and artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, cardiac care providers have been motivated to improve treatment methods [8]. Then there’s remote care that enables electrocardiogram (ECG) diagnosis [9], which uses cloud technology and Bluetooth-enabled cardiac devices to test the parameters and send them back to healthcare practitioners without attending the clinic. Some emerging technologies used every day in cardiology are transcatheter mitral and tricuspid valve interventions, artificial intelligence, wearable devices, big data, structured reporting, robots in the cath lab, virtual and augmented reality, FFR technologies, holographic procedural navigation in the Cath Lab, etc. [10].
There are many cardiac implantable electronic devices like pacemakers, implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), biventricular pacemakers, and cardiac loop recorders, which are used to control or monitor irregular heartbeats in persons with specific heart rhythm problems and heart failure. An implanted cardioverter-defibrillator is a device that can do cardioversion, defibrillation, and cardiac pacing. ICD is capable of rectifying the majority of life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. A pacemaker is a device that is implanted beneath the skin and communicates with the heart through electrical leads. Pacemakers are used to treat bradycardia, a condition where the heart beats too slowly (less than 60 times per minute). The pacemaker sends electrical pulses to the heart to maintain it beating normally. A biventricular pacemaker is a compact, battery-operated device and light. This gadget aids with the proper pumping of your heart. It also protects from harmful cardiac arrhythmias. An implantable loop recorder is a heart-monitoring device implanted beneath the chest skin. It has a variety of applications. Searching for reasons of fainting, palpitations, very rapid or slow heartbeats, and hidden rhythms that might cause strokes are among the most prevalent. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) [11] refers to software that helps clinicians understand medical images. The radiologist or other medical expert must assess and evaluate a large amount of data in a short amount of time using imaging modalities such as X-ray, MRI, and ultrasound diagnostics. The Kurt Rossmann Laboratories for Radiologic Image Research in the Department of Radiology at the University of Chicago began large-scale systematic research and development of several CAD methods in the early 1980s. The idea of computer-aided design was established in 1966 and has been completely implemented since 1980.
Nowadays, computer-aided diagnosis has become a contentious research topic in medical imaging and diagnostic radiology research. CAD technology aids in the improvement of the performance of radiologists in increasing productivity by cost-effectively enhancing sensitivity rate. CAD can improve image diagnostic accuracy by detecting illnesses that are too premature to be detected by naked eyes. It enables early detection, which can lead to better treatment results. Computer-aided detection is a relatively new advancement in the area of breast imaging that aims to increase the throughput of radiologists to identify diseases like breast cancer [12] even at an early stage. In recent times, computer-aided diagnosis is used to diagnose acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which suggested a solution to the flaws in manual diagnosis techniques. Even ECG-based computer-aided diagnosis [13] is also used for cardiovascular diseases which have the potential to improve diagnosis accuracy while also lowering costs.
Medical images nowadays play a crucial role in the identification and diagnosis of awide range of disorders. To aid in the interpretation of medical images, a variety of computer-aided detection and diagnosis technologies have recently been developed in order to achieve a more reliable and accurate diagnosis. CT, MR imaging, digital radiography, biomagnetism, and optical range sensing are examples of imaging systems that take advantage of sophisticated computer technology.
The real-life problem with manual experimentation is that manual diagnostic procedures are time-consuming, less accurate, and prone to mistakes due to different human variables such as stress, exhaustion, fatigue, and so forth. As a result, many automated techniques have been developed to combat the flaws in manual diagnostic approaches. When compared to manual diagnosis procedures, these computer-aided technologies are faster, more dependable, more efficient, more standardization and more accurate. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) aids in the calculation of computational and statistical features that people cannot gather visually or intuitively. Computer-assisted diagnosis also reduces the reliance on the operator in ultrasonic imaging and makes the diagnosis procedure reproducible. Interference testing and 3D animations are simple to accomplish in computer-aided diagnosis [14].
Machine learning has been applied in a variety of fields all over the world and the health industry is no exception. On the other hand, deep learning is part of the family of machine learning algorithms relying on representation and artificial neural networks are being utilized for the analysis of medical data. For quite some time, these algorithms were used to assess patients’ status with respect to the image or non-image-based medical data acquired using new generation medical equipment. These developments are attributable to the emergence of new CAD systems known as knowledge-based systems, including expertise or knowledge. As a result, the modern CAD systems include some intelligence [15]. The major job of the software related to these systems nowadays is to automate the analytical phases. To ensure that components and assemblies achieve design standards, CAD software is used to make computer modeling, fit them together, and simulate their performance. Because design reviews, conducted by specialists, evaluate if changes should be made, the analytical phases of the design process are repeated (design synthesis). Design synthesis may be done immediately with AI-based technologies without the need for a separate design review, and they are correctly implemented.
Based on the recent advancements, computer-aided diagnosis is used to diagnose heart abnormalities such as arrhythmias and heart blockages using electrocardiogram (ECG) signal analysis [16]. Although electrocardiography (ECG) is affordable and commonly available, ECG abnormalities are not specific for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) which is the inability of the heart to efficiently circulate blood throughout the body without a rise in intracardiac pressure. Based on the ECG, a well-designed computer-aided detection (CAD) system for CHF might possibly eliminate subjectivity and give a quantitative evaluation for better decision-making.
Cardiologists and medical practitioners frequently utilize ECG to assess heart health. The difficulty in identifying and classifying distinct waveforms and morphologies in ECG signals is the major issue with manual analysis. This task is both time-consuming and error-prone for a human. Cardiovascular illnesses are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for around one-third of all fatalities. Millions of individuals, for example, suffer from irregular heartbeats, which can be fatal in some circumstances. As a result, precise and low-cost arrhythmic heartbeat diagnosis is extremely desirable.
Many research in the literature investigated the utilization of machine learning approaches to reliably detect abnormalities in ECG data to solve the drawbacks present in human analysis. Pre-processing, like passing through bandpass or high pass filter, is used in most of these methods to prepare the signal to be compatible for machine-based analysis. The handcrafted features, which are typically statistical summarizations of signal windows, are then retrieved from these signals and employed in subsequent processing. For the last categorization task, conduct an analysis.
In terms of the conclusion, for ECG, traditional machine learning algorithms [2] like support vector machines, multi-layer perceptrons, decision trees, and other methods of analysis were used previously. Automated feature extraction and representation approaches have been shown to be more scalable and capable of producing more accurate predictions, according to current machine learning research. In this study, we are going to elaborate on a few of the new emerging and compatible technologies and their applications.
The rest of the article has been organized in the following manner. First, Section 2 provides a brief theoretical and mathematical background related to this domain of study which is followed by the problem statement in Section 3. Next, Section 4 discusses about the significance of noise removal with stages of data processing. Section 5 gives a brief survey about the recent state-of-the-art techniques related to automated signal processing of ECG signals that is followed by the promising experimental results reported in the recent literature. Finally, Section 7 concludes this chapter.
In signal processing [17], several mathematical methods like sampling frequency, Nyquist filtering, Fourier analysis series and transform,
The reduction of a continuous-time signal to a discrete-time signal is known as sampling and the sampling frequency represents the number of samples per second collected from a continuous signal to create a discrete or digital signal. There are few applications of the sampling process. The sampling process is utilized in music recordings to ensure sound quality. The sampling technique is also used to convert analog to discrete data. It is also used in speech recognition systems, radar and radio navigation, sensor data evaluation, modulation and demodulation, and pattern recognition systems.
The sampling frequency [18] or sampling rate
If a continuous-time signal has no frequency components greater than a sampling rate of
A Nyquist filter is an electrical filter that equalizes the visual characteristics of TV receivers. In receivers, a Nyquist filter is utilized to equalize the low and high-frequency components of the VF signal. It plays an essential role in the creation of n bandlimited pulses in wired and wireless communication systems to ensure minimal inter symbol interference. Its principal application is as a pulse-shaping filter. Nyquist filters are a form of multi-rate finite impulse response filter that is also known as
The following equation indicates the impulse response of a Nyquist filter
where,
The following equation satisfies the
where,
The frequency responses of all
The Fourier series is a periodic function made up of harmonically compatible sinusoids that are integrated together using a weighted summation. The Fourier series is an infinite series that can be used to solve several forms of differential equations. It’s mainly composed of an infinite sum of sines and cosines, and it’s valuable for evaluating periodic functions since it’s periodic. The Fourier series is widely utilized in telecommunications systems for voice signal modulation and demodulation.
The Fourier transform is a technique for transforming time-domain signals to frequency-domain signals. The Fourier transform is a useful image processing method for decomposing an image into sine and cosine components. The image in the Fourier or frequency domain is represented by the output of the transformation, whereas the spatial domain equivalent is represented by the input image. It’s utilized in electrical circuit design, solving differential equations, signal processing, signal analysis, image processing, and filtering, among other things.
The Fourier transform is a mathematical approach for converting a time function,
The Fourier transform of a sequence is represented as:
where
It can also be written as:
As
The analysis equation of forward Fourier transform is:
On the other hand, the synthesis equation of inverse Fourier transform is:
The bilateral
The unilateral
Fourier transform and
A system’s Fourier transform and
The pole-zero plot is a valuable tool for relating a system’s Frequency domain and
Pole-zero plot can be expressed as the following equation:
where the numerator and denominator are both polynomials in
The electrocardiogram (ECG) signal is a representation of the electrical impulses of the heart that can be seen from the strategic points of the human body. It can be visually depicted by a quasi-periodic voltage signal. ECG refers to a 12-lead ECG recorded while laying down and electrodes or sticky patches are put on the body surface and often over the chest and limbs to record a standard surface ECG. These electrode wires are linked to a 12-lead ECG machine which records data from 12 distinct locations on the body’s surface. The aggregate amplitude of the heart’s electrical potential is then monitored and recorded over a period of time from those distinct angles (“leads”).
The graphical representation of the heart’s electrical activity is formed by analyzing numerous electrodes in Figure 1(a). There are three types of leads: limb augmented limb, and precordial or chest. Three limb leads and three augmented limb leads are organized in the coronal plane like the spokes of a wheel, and six precordial leads or chest leads are organized in the perpendicular transverse plane. In three-dimensional space, each of the 12 ECG leads represents a distinct direction of cardiac activation. The conventional ECG leads are denoted as lead I, II, III, aVF, aVR, aVL, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6. The limb leads are I, II, III, aVR, aVL, and aVF whereas the precordial leads are V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6.
12 leads ECG. a) Signals from 12 Leads ECG [
The 12-lead ECG is typically made up of 10 electrodes linked to the body, each monitoring a distinct electrical potential difference. The 10 electrodes in a 12-lead ECG are RA, RL, LA, LL, V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6. Each of the 10 electrodes has a different placement as shown in Figure 1(b). RA is used to place on the right arm and similarly, LA is used to place on the left arm. RL is located in the lower end of the inner portion of the calf muscle on the right leg, similarly, LL is placed in the same standard position but on the left leg. V1 is placed in the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) immediate right of the sternum. V2 is placed in the fourth intercostal space (between ribs 4 and 5) immediate left of the sternum. V3 is placed between leads V2 and V4 where V4 is placed in the fifth intercostal space (between ribs 5 and 6) in the midclavicular line. On the other hand, V5 and V6 are placed in the left anterior axillary line and midaxillary line, respectively. The electrodes which are located on the limbs are called limb leads which are leads I, II, and III. Lead I refer to the voltage difference between LA and RA, that is, Lead I = LA-RA. Similarly, Lead II denotes the voltage difference between LL and RA, that is, Lead II = LL-RA. And Lead III denotes the voltage between LL and LA, that is, Lead III = LL-LA.
Lastly, a PQRST complex is part of an ECG complex which is shown in Figure 2. The P wave is produced by the sinoatrial node which is the heart’s pacemaker and implies atrial depolarization in an ECG complex. The atrioventricular node generates the QRS wave. Ventricular depolarization is represented by the QRS, while ventricular repolarization is indicated by the T wave.
PQRST waveform [
In biology, neural networks develop the structure of animal brains, where the phrase “artificial neural networks” comes from. It is widely used in deep learning algorithms. An artificial neural network (ANN) [23] generally consists of three layers, namely, the input layer, hidden layer, and output layer. The hidden layers are present in-between input and output layers. It executes all the calculations to find hidden features and patterns. A shallow neural network consists of only one hidden layer and a deep neural network consists of multiple hidden layers. Generally, each node in one layer is linked to every other node in the next layer. By increasing the number of hidden layers, the network becomes deeper. This architecture is demonstrated in Figure 3.
Architecture of a general ANN [
Based on the concept of ANNs, a convolutional neural network (CNN) [25] was formulated which is a deep learning method that can take an image as input and learn some filters that can be used to extract essential features from those images. The brain is the source of inspiration for convolutional neural networks. CNN performs a linear mathematical procedure known as a convolution in the several hidden layers between an input and output layer. The general mathematical expression of convolution operation is provided in the following equation:
where
CNN’s have the benefit of being able to construct an internal demonstration of a two-dimensional image. This enables the model to learn position and scale in different data formats, which is essential when working with images.
A recurrent neural network (RNN) [26] is a form of artificial neural network which is designed to operate with time series, analyzing temporal and sequential data. It’s one of the algorithms responsible for the incredible advances in deep learning over the last few years. RNN can handle inputs/outputs of varying lengths. The idea of “memory” in RNNs is used to store the states or information of earlier inputs in order to generate the sequence’s next output. It has the ability to store or memorize historical information.
Long short term memory (LSTM) [27] is a type of recurrent neural network and LSTM networks are well-suited to categorize, processing, and generating predictions based on time series data as there might be delays of undetermined duration between critical occurrences in a time series. LSTMs were designed to explode gradients and solve the problem of vanishing gradients that can occur while training standard RNNs.
LSTM uses the concept of gates. It has three gates which are input gate, forget gate, and output gate. The input gate determines what new information will be stored in the cell state. The forget gate determines what information to throw away from the cell state whereas the output gate is used to activate the LSTM block’s final output. In LSTM, output of the gates are operated with sigmoid activation functions, which calculates a value between 0 and 1, which is usually rounded to either 0 or 1 depending upon a predetermined threshold. “0” indicates that the gates are blocking everything and “1” denotes gates that enable everything to pass through it. The LSTM gates have the following equations:
where,
The cell state, candidate cell state, and final output equations are given as follows:
where,
The architecture of LSTM at any timestamp
Graphical representation of LSTM unit [
Bidirectional LSTMs [29] are a kind of LSTM that can be used to increase model performance on sequence classification issues. Bidirectional long-short term memory is the process of allowing any neural network to store sequence information in both backward (future to past) and forward (forward to future) directions. BI-LSTM is typically used when sequence to sequence activities are required. Text classification, speech recognition, and forecasting models can all benefit from using this type of network. Figure 5 shows the architecture of a BI-LSTM.
Graphical representation of bi-directional LSTM unit [
Before the invention of CAD, diagnosis used to be done manually and manual diagnostic procedures were time-consuming, less accurate. In the manual diagnostic procedures, there might be errors in the calculation of computational and statistical features. To counteract the faults in manual diagnostic procedures, deep learning has been introduced to diagnosis. CAD application has heightened the diagnostic performance of non-expert radiologists. Regardless of radiologist expertise, the fundamental benefit of CAD is the minimum false-negative rate and enhanced sensitivity. CAD technologies are faster, more dependable, more accurate and also help to improve in the calculation of computational and statistical features [31]. In this regard, this study focuses on speculating about some of the valuable technologies and trying to approach a conventional solution.
Noise is an undesirable signal which disrupts the original message signal and causes the message signal’s parameters to be altered. Noise distorts the message and hinders it from being understood in an intended manner. When there is loud, distracting noise that disrupts the communication assimilation process, comprehension suffers.
There is no signal without noise. The signal strength may be affected or aided by noise. Noise can cause signal distortion, which is most noticeable in agitated receivers. Both analog and digital systems suffer from noise, which diminishes their performance. Noise degrades the quality of the received signal in analog systems. Noise reduces the overall performance of a digital system because it necessitates retransmission of data packets or additional coding to recover data in the event of an error. The most prevalent and evident issue produced by signal noise is the distortion of the processed signal, which causes inaccurate interpretation or display of a process state by the equipment. Unusual signal noise can cause an apparent signal loss. Noise filtering is incorporated into most current electrical devices. However, in excessively loud circumstances, this filter may not be sufficient, resulting in the device getting no signal and no connection.
The presence of noise can make it difficult or impossible to identify a representative ECG signal. Noises in the ECG signal can lead to incorrect interpretation. In the ECG signal, there are primarily two kinds of noise. Electromyogram noise, additive white Gaussian noise, and power line interference are examples of high-frequency noises. Power line interference distorts the amplitude, duration, and shape of low-amplitude local waves of the ECG signal. Baseline wandering is an example of low-frequency noise. Baseline wandering alters the ECG signal’s ST-segment and LF components.
Noise can be reduced by keeping the signal wires as short as possible or by keeping the wires away from electrical machinery. By using differential inputs, noise can be reduced from both wires. Noise also can be reduced by filtering the signal or by using an integrating A-D converter to reduce mains frequency interference.
There are various ECG denoising techniques [32] that are being used to reduce the noise from signals. Some ECG denoising techniques are EMD-based models, deep-learning-based models, wavelet-based models, sparsity-based models, Bayesian-filter-based models, hybrid models, discrete wavelet transform, etc.
The discrete wavelet transform is a digital processing computational technique that allows for electrical noise with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than lock-in amplifier equipment. A discrete wavelet transform decomposes a signal into a number of sets, each set including a time series of coefficients that describe the signal’s time evolution in the associated frequency band.
The process of converting raw data into a comprehensible format is known as data preprocessing. Dealing with raw data is not suitable, thus this is a key stage in data mining. Before using machine learning or data mining methods, make sure the data is of high quality. In every brain-computer interface-based application, preprocessing data is a necessary and significant step. It checks the accuracy, completeness, believability, consistency, interpretability, timeliness of the data. It assists with the removal of undesirable artifacts from the data and prepares it for subsequent processing.
Peimankar et al. [33] proposed a deep learning model for real-time segmentation of heartbeats which might be utilized in real-time telehealth diagnostic systems. The proposed technique integrates a CNN and an LSTM model to predict and analyze the onset, peak, and offset of various heartbeat waveforms such as the P-wave, QRS complex, T-wave, and no wave. The proposed model is also known as DENS-ECG model. Using 5-fold cross-validation, this model is trained and evaluated on a dataset of 105 ECGs with a length of 15 min each. It attains an average sensitivity and accuracy of 97.95 and 95.68%, respectively. In addition, the method is calibrated on an unknown dataset to assess how robust it is at detecting QRS with a sensitivity of 99.61% and accuracy of 99.52%. This model illustrates the combined CNN-LSTM model’s adaptability and accuracy in delineating ECG signals. The accuracy of the proposed DENS-ECG model in recognizing ECG waveforms leaves the door open for cardiologists to apply this algorithm in-house to evaluate ECG recordings and diagnose cardiac arrhythmias. This model is provided in Figure 6.
Flowchart of the proposed DENS-ECG model [
In Figure 6, noise reduction refers to the filtering of the ECG signals to reduce noise and remove baseline wanders. In the segmentation, the ECG signals are divided into 1000-sample chunks and sent into the model as input. Then the segmented ECG signals are split into two sets to separate the testing set from a non-testing set. This model used a 5-fold cross-validation technique to provide a more trustworthy performance in terms of interpretability. The model consists of eight layers, including an input layer, three 1D convolution layers, two BiLSTM layers, and a dropout layer. And the Adam optimization algorithm is used to validate the algorithm, which is radically different from the steepest gradient descent (SGD) optimization technique and achieved higher performance on the validation. The trained model is tested on 26 unseen test records from the QTDB dataset to assess the classifier’s performance. Furthermore, the model is evaluated for QRS detection on the unexplored MITDB dataset.
Jambukia et al. [34] represented an overview of ECG classification into arrhythmia categories and stated that classification of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals plays a crucial role in the monitoring heart diseases as early and precise diagnosis of arrhythmia types is essential for monitoring cardiac disorders and selecting the best treatment option for a patient. The survey outlines the challenges of ECG classification and provides a comprehensive overview of preprocessing approaches, ECG databases, feature extraction techniques, ANN-based classifiers, and performance measures for evaluating the classifiers’ accuracy. According to the survey, many researchers have worked on ECG signal classification. They have used different pre-processing techniques, various feature extraction techniques, and classifiers. For ECG categorization, the majority of the researchers used the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database. A. Dallali et al. used DWT to extract the RR interval and then used Z score to normalize it. They classified ECG beats using FCM. They achieved a 99.05% accuracy rate. RR interval and R point position are two characteristics retrieved using DWT. FCM was used for pre-classification, while 3-layer MLPNN was used for final classification. They were able to reach a 99.99% accuracy rate.
Saadatnejad et al. [35] proposed an ECG classification model, which was suggested for continuous cardiac detection on wearable devices with limited processing resources. This model is demonstrated in Figure 7 in detail. The model works in such a way that the incoming computerized ECG data were first split into heartbeats and their RR interval while wavelet characteristics were extracted. The ECG signal as well as the extracted characteristics were then put into two RNN-based models that categorized every heartbeat. After that, the two outputs were combined to create the final categorization for every pulse. The suggested method fits the temporal criteria for continuous and real-time execution on wearable devices. Unlike many compute-intensive deep-learning-based techniques, the proposed methodology is accurate and lightweight, allowing wearable devices to have continuous monitoring with accurate LSTM-based ECG categorization having negligible computing expenses while running indefinitely on wearable devices with modest processing capability.
The proposed algorithm of LSTM-based ECG classification model [
Ribeiro et al. [36] had proposed an end-to-end DNN competent of accurately identifying six ECG abnormalities in S12L-ECG examinations, with diagnostic performance comparable to that of medical residents and students. This DNN model trained on data from the Clinical Outcomes in Digital Electrocardiology research which included over 2 million labeled tests analyzed by the Telehealth Network of Minas Gerais. The DNN surpassed cardiology resident medical practitioners in detecting six different types of abnormalities in 12-lead ECG recordings with F1 scores over 80% and specificity exceeding 95%. These results suggest that DNN-based ECG analysis, which was previously tested in a single-lead scenario, generalizes well to 12-lead examinations, bringing the technology closer to practical use. This model has the potential to lead to more accurate automated diagnosis and better clinical practice. Even professional assessment of complex and borderline cases appears to be essential in this future scenario, the implementation of such automatic interpretation by a DNN algorithm may increase the population’s access to this fundamental and valuable diagnostic test. Figure 8 shows the deep learning model used in this work.
The DNN architecture used for ECG classification [
In Figure 8, the Conv, BN, and dense imply the convolution, batch normalization, and the fully connected layers whereas the ReLU and
Figure 9a and b demonstrate the DENS-ECG model’s confusion matrices for the 5-fold CV and test set, respectively. The no wave class has the majority of incorrect cases in all three classes which are P-wave, QRS, and T-wave or it can be said that the model does not make significant errors in classifying the three major classes (P-wave, QRS, and T-wave). The minimal discrepancy between the 5-fold CV and test outcomes indicates that the model has been effectively trained and does not have an overfitting problem.
Confusion matrix [
As demonstrated in Figure 10 the performance plot, the DENS-ECG model performs similarly to other models in QRS detection with 99.61% of sensitivity and 99.52% of precision. The wavelet-based model proposed by Martinez et al. has the best performance in terms of sensitivity and accuracy of 99.8 and 99.86%, respectively followed by Kim and Shin’s proposed model. The postulated DENS-ECG model performed similarly to the well-known Pan and Tompkins’s QRS detection model but it outperformed the QRS detection methods proposed by Poll et al.
Comparison of DENS-ECG and various deep model architectures’ classification performance on the test set [
In [35], the classification ECG signals from heartbeat were classified into both 7 and 5 arrhythmia classes, respectively. For 5-classification problems, the heartbeats are divided into five categories by the Association for Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI). normal (N), supraventricular (S) ectopic, ventricular (V) ectopic, fusion (F), and unknown (Q) beats are the four types of an ectopic heartbeat. Further, the class N is divided into three more classes in the 7-classification to improve resolution by isolating the two conduction anomalies known as left bundle branch block (L) and right bundle branch block (R). Figure 11 represent the confusion matrix of 7 and 5-class classification problem, respectively where the former model is capable of effectively distinguishing L and R from N.
Confusion matrix [
As shown in Figure 12, Ribeiro et al. [36] has compared DNN’s performance indexes to the average performance of 4th-year cardiology residents, 3rd-year emergency residents, and 5th-year medical students. The performance of the DNN on the test set is demonstrated in the above accuracy plot. The above-shown figure shows that the performance of DNN which exceeds human performance. In most cases, the accuracy of DNN on the data set is more than 95%.
Comparison of performance indexes of DNN and the average performance of cardiology students on the test set [
Finally, the work of Jambukia et al. [34] presents a survey on the performance of various works present in the literature which are based on ECG signal categorization utilizing different pre-processing approaches, feature extraction techniques, and classifiers. Figure 13 presents the plot of the accuracy of different ECG classification techniques which have used the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database over time.
Comparison of the accuracy of the different ECG classification techniques [
Health issues in the human race are increasing day by day and cardiac issues are one of the most common diseases which has been noticed in the past few decades. Therefore, many technologies have been introduced and CAD is the most emerging technology to diagnose cardiac issues or solve heart-related diseases. Furthermore, deep learning has played an important role in the area of computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). From the above discussion, it can be observed that various algorithms or methods have performed pretty well in the field of cardiovascular disease detection. This indicates that deep learning in cardiac signal processing has an unbounded scope in the research field for enhancing CAD and getting more accurate and cost-effective and fast output.
The authors declare no conflict of interest or delete this entire section.
ECG | electrocardiogram |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
AI | artificial intelligence |
ICD | International Classification of Diseases |
CAD | computer-aided design |
CT | computed tomography |
CHF | congestive heart failure |
ANN | artificial neural network |
CNN | convolutional neural network |
RNN | recurrent neural network |
LSTM | long short-term memory |
BI-LSTM | bi-directional long short-term memory |
DNN | deep neural networks |
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\\n\\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
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\\n\\nCompilation - a collection of Works distributed in a Book that IntechOpen has selected, and for which the coordination of the preparation, arrangement and publication has been the responsibility of IntechOpen. Any Work included is accepted in its entirety in unmodified form and is published with one or more other contributions, each constituting a separate and independent Work, but which together are assembled into a collective whole.
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\\n\\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\\n\\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\\n\\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nTERMS
\\n\\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\\n\\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\\n\\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\\n\\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
\\n\\n\\n\\n
LICENSE | \\n\\t\\t\\tUSED FROM - | \\n\\t\\t\\tUP TO - | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t1 July 2005 (2005-07-01) | \\n\\t\\t\\t3 October 2011 (2011-10-03) | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t5 October 2011 (2011-10-05) | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
\\n\\t\\t\\t Creative Commons 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) – for Journal Articles \\n\\t\\t\\t | \\n\\t\\t\\t15 March 2022 | \\n\\t\\t\\tCurrently | \\n\\t\\t
The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\\n\\nContent reuse:
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\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
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\\n\\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\\n\\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\\n\\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\\n\\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\\n\\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\\n\\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\\n\\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\\n\\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
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\\n\\nReposting & sharing:
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\\n\\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\\n\\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\\n\\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\\n\\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\\n\\nUnder the following terms:
\\n\\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\\n\\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\\n\\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\\n\\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\\n\\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\\n\\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'Copyright is the term used to describe the rights related to the publication and distribution of original Works. Most importantly from a publisher's perspective, copyright governs how Authors, publishers and the general public can use, publish, and distribute publications.
\n\nIntechOpen only publishes manuscripts for which it has publishing rights. This is governed by a publication agreement between the Author and IntechOpen. This agreement is accepted by the Author when the manuscript is submitted and deals with both the rights of the publisher and Author, as well as any obligations concerning a particular manuscript. However, in accepting this agreement, Authors continue to retain significant rights to use and share their publications.
\n\nHOW COPYRIGHT WORKS WITH OPEN ACCESS LICENSES?
\n\nAgreement samples are listed here for the convenience of prospective Authors:
\n\nDEFINITIONS
\n\nThe following definitions apply in this Copyright Policy:
\n\nAuthor - in order to be identified as an Author, three criteria must be met: (i) Substantial contribution to the conception or design of the Work, or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data for the Work; (ii) Participation in drafting or revising the Work; (iii) Approval of the final version of the Work to be published.
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\n\nIntechOpen - Registered publisher with office at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ - UNITED KINGDOM
\n\nIntechOpen platform - IntechOpen website www.intechopen.com whose main purpose is to host Monographs in the format of Book Chapters, Long Form Monographs, Compacts, Conference Proceedings, Scientific Journals and Videos.
\n\nVideo Lecture – an audiovisual recording of a lecture or a speech given by a Lecturer, recorded, edited, owned and published by IntechOpen.
\n\nTERMS
\n\nAll Works published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported and Creative Commons 4.0 International License, a license which allows for the broadest possible reuse of published material.
\n\nCopyright on the individual Works belongs to the specific Author, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen. The Creative Common license is granted to all others to:
\n\nAnd for any purpose, provided the following conditions are met:
\n\nAll Works are published under the CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license. However, please note that book Chapters may fall under a different CC license, depending on their publication date as indicated in the table below:
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LICENSE | \n\t\t\tUSED FROM - | \n\t\t\tUP TO - | \n\t\t
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The CC BY 3.0 and CC BY 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as the reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as the source Work is cited and its Authors are acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
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\n\nRepublishing – More about Attribution Policy can be found here.
\n\nThe same principles apply to Works published under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license, with the caveats that (1) the content may not be used for commercial purposes, and (2) derivative works building on this content must be distributed under the same license. The restrictions contained in these license terms may, however, be waived by the copyright holder(s). Users wishing to circumvent any of the license terms are required to obtain explicit permission to do so from the copyright holder(s).
\n\nDISCLAIMER: Neither the CC BY 3.0 license, CC BY 4.0, nor any other license IntechOpen currently uses or has used before, applies to figures and tables reproduced from other works, as they may be subject to different terms of reuse. In such cases, if the copyright holder is not noted in the source of a figure or table, it is the responsibility of the User to investigate and determine the exact copyright status of any information utilised. Users requiring assistance in that regard are welcome to send an inquiry to permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll rights to Books and Journals and all other compilations published on the IntechOpen platform and in print are reserved by IntechOpen.
\n\nThe copyright to Books, Journals and other compilations is subject to separate copyright from those that exist in the included Works.
\n\nAll Long Form Monographs/Compacts are licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license granted to all others.
\n\nCopyright to the individual Works (Chapters) belongs to their specific Authors, subject to an agreement with IntechOpen and the Creative Common license granted to all others to:
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nThere must be an Attribution, giving appropriate credit, provision of a link to the license, and indication if any changes were made.
\n\nNonCommercial - The use of the material for commercial purposes is prohibited. Commercial rights are reserved to IntechOpen or its licensees.
\n\nNo additional restrictions that apply legal terms or technological measures that restrict others from doing anything the license permits are allowed.
\n\nThe CC BY-NC 4.0 license permits Works to be freely shared in any medium or format, as well as reuse and adaptation of the original contents of Works (e.g. figures and tables created by the Authors), as long as it is not used for commercial purposes. The source Work must be cited and its Authors acknowledged in the following manner:
\n\nContent reuse:
\n\n© {year} {authors' full names}. Originally published in {short citation} under {license version} license. Available from: {DOI}
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\n\nReposting & sharing:
\n\nOriginally published in {full citation}. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nAll Book cover design elements, as well as Video image graphics are subject to copyright by IntechOpen.
\n\nEvery reproduction of a front cover image must be accompanied by an appropriate Copyright Notice displayed adjacent to the image. The exact Copyright Notice depends on who the Author of a particular cover image is. Users wishing to reproduce cover images should contact permissions@intechopen.com.
\n\nAll Video Lectures under IntechOpen's production are subject to copyright and are property of IntechOpen, unless defined otherwise, and are licensed under the Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. This grants all others the right to:
\n\nShare — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
\n\nUnder the following terms:
\n\nUsers wishing to repost and share the Video Lectures are welcome to do so as long as they acknowledge the source in the following manner:
\n\n© {year} IntechOpen. Published under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Available from: {DOI}
\n\nUsers wishing to reuse, modify, or adapt the Video Lectures in a way not permitted by the license are welcome to contact us at permissions@intechopen.com to discuss waiving particular license terms.
\n\nAll software used on the IntechOpen platform, any used during the publishing process, and the copyright in the code constituting such software, is the property of IntechOpen or its software suppliers. As such, it may not be downloaded or copied without permission.
\n\nUnless otherwise indicated, all IntechOpen websites are the property of IntechOpen.
\n\nAll content included on IntechOpen Websites not forming part of contributed materials (such as text, images, logos, graphics, design elements, videos, sounds, pictures, trademarks, etc.), are subject to copyright and are property of, or licensed to, IntechOpen. Any other use, including the reproduction, modification, distribution, transmission, republication, display, or performance of the content on this site is strictly prohibited.
\n\nPolicy last updated: 2016-06-08
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Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. 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Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. 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Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. 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Special attention should be given to endemic fungal infections, identification of important clinical fungal infections advanced in yeasts, filamentous fungal infections, skin mycobiome and fungal genomes, and immunity to fungal infections.\r\nIn addition, endemic fungal diseases or uncommon fungal infections caused by Mucor irregularis, dermatophytosis, Malassezia, cryptococcosis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidiosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, and other fungi, should be monitored. \r\nThis topic includes the research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of fungal infections, new methods of isolation and identification, rapid detection, drug sensitivity testing, new antifungal drugs, schemes and case series reports. 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Many parasitic diseases are classified as neglected tropical diseases because they have received minimal funding over recent years and, in many cases, are under-reported despite the critical role they play in morbidity and mortality among human and animal hosts. The current topic, Parasitic Infectious Diseases, in the Infectious Diseases Series aims to publish studies on the systematics, epidemiology, molecular biology, genomics, pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical significance of parasitic diseases from blood borne to intestinal parasites as well as zoonotic parasites. We hope to cover all aspects of parasitic diseases to provide current and relevant research data on these very important diseases. In the current atmosphere of the Coronavirus pandemic, communities around the world, particularly those in different underdeveloped areas, are faced with the growing challenges of the high burden of parasitic diseases. At the same time, they are faced with the Covid-19 pandemic leading to what some authors have called potential syndemics that might worsen the outcome of such infections. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that examine parasitic infections in the context of the coronavirus pandemic for the benefit of all communities to help foster more informed decisions for the betterment of human and animal health.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/5.jpg",keywords:"Blood Borne Parasites, Intestinal Parasites, Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Water Born Parasites, Epidemiology, Molecular Biology, Systematics, Genomics, Proteomics, Ecology"},{id:"6",title:"Viral Infectious Diseases",scope:"The Viral Infectious Diseases Book Series aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends and discoveries in various viral infectious diseases emerging around the globe. The emergence of any viral disease is hard to anticipate, which often contributes to death. A viral disease can be defined as an infectious disease that has recently appeared within a population or exists in nature with the rapid expansion of incident or geographic range. This series will focus on various crucial factors related to emerging viral infectious diseases, including epidemiology, pathogenesis, host immune response, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and clinical recommendations for managing viral infectious diseases, highlighting the recent issues with future directions for effective therapeutic strategies.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/6.jpg",keywords:"Novel Viruses, Virus Transmission, Virus Evolution, Molecular Virology, Control and Prevention, Virus-host Interaction"}],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"11672",title:"Chemokines Updates",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c00855833476a514d37abf7c846e16e9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Murat Şentürk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"May 6th 2022",editors:[{id:"14794",title:"Prof.",name:"Murat",middleName:null,surname:"Şentürk",slug:"murat-senturk",fullName:"Murat Şentürk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14794/images/system/14794.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Murat Şentürk obtained a baccalaureate degree in Chemistry in 2002, a master’s degree in Biochemistry in 2006, and a doctorate degree in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. Dr. Şentürk currently works as an professor of Biochemistry in the Department of Basic Pharmacy Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağri Ibrahim Cecen University, Turkey. \nDr. Şentürk published over 120 scientific papers, reviews, and book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists. \nHis research interests span enzyme inhibitor or activator, protein expression, purification and characterization, drug design and synthesis, toxicology, and pharmacology. \nHis research work has focused on neurodegenerative diseases and cancer treatment. Dr. Şentürk serves as the editorial board member of several international journals.",institutionString:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:{name:"Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"July 5th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:320,numberOfPublishedBooks:32,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/81926/images/system/81926.png",institutionString:"Suez Canal University",institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/71112",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"71112"},fullPath:"/chapters/71112",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()