Abstract
Brazilian archaeological literature has insisted for decades upon associating hunter-gatherer sites dated to the Pleistocene–Holocene transition either to the Itaparica tradition, if located in central or northeastern Brazil, or to the Umbu tradition and Humaitá tradition, if located in southern Brazil, Uruguay, or any other adjacent part of Paraguay and Argentina. These associations have been based almost entirely on the presence or absence of lesmas and “projectile points,” regardless of their morphological and technological features. In the Uruguayan archaeological literature, three other cultures are recognised: Fell industry, Catalanense industry, and Tigre tradition, all in the Uruguayan region. However, the last 10 years of systematic studies on the lithic assemblages from these sites have shown that Paleoindian societies from Eastern South America are more culturally diverse than expected and that previously defined archaeological cultures present several issues in their definition, suggesting that many of these “traditions” are not valid and should no longer be used. Instead, new lithic industries and archaeological cultures should be defined only when cultural patterns are observable through systematic analyses.
Keywords
- Paleoindian
- hunter-gatherers
- lithic technology
- eastern South America
- cultural diversity
1. Introduction
When we think about the archaeology of the Pleistocene in the Americas, we can only point to a few sites that are not dated from the very end of that period. This is because the American continent only started to be densely occupied after 13,000 BP, when the Pleistocene was ending. In South America, there are only four places known to this day that present strong evidence that some people settled the continent before 13,000 BP: the Serra da Capivara region, in Northwestern Brazil, which has sites containing simple tools of quartzite pebbles made by direct percussion (choppers), the oldest one being Boqueirão da Pedra Furada, dating around 50,000 BP [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]; Monte Verde site, in central Chile, where choppers and flakes are presenting dates older than 33,000 BP [12]; Santa Elina site, in Midwestern Brazil, where retouched limestone flakes and polished pendants made of
It was only around 13,000 cal BP, during the Pleistocene/Holocene transition, that the continent started to be densely occupied—and this is what we may call the “second phase” of America’s “human settlement.” The first studies of Paleoindians in the Eastern part of South America, which is the focus of this article, emerged in the 1960s with the second generation of academic archaeologists in Brazil. Before them, the only systematic archaeological research in the country was carried out by the
During the 1970s, Brazilian archaeologist Pedro Ignácio Schmitz [17, 18, 19] discovered several Paleoindian sites in the Serranópolis region, Midwestern Brazil, dating around 10,700 BP and presenting hundreds of unifacial plan-convex tools. Schmitz gave a name to these tools:
In Brazil, the term
The Umbu tradition was supposed to be the opposite of the Itaparica tradition, since there were no
In the same area that the Umbu tradition was found, there was a second, contemporary tradition defined based on the presence of large, thick bifaces, some of them boomerang-shaped. This culture was first referred as the Altoparanaense Tradition [33, 34] and later renamed as the Humaitá tradition [35, 36]. However, this tradition was discarded from Brazilian archaeological literature at the end of the 2010s [37], since new findings revealed that typical Umbu and Humaitá tools were now being found in the same contexts. This meant there was only one tradition to associate new Paleoindian findings with stemmed points in southern Brazil and nearby regions.
Many critiques were made of the concept of the Umbu tradition just after a large quantity of assemblages had been aggregated into it [38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43], especially about the fact that the presence of stemmed points was the only attribute used to define it. In fact, until the end of the 2010s, no study was ever made to confirm this supposed cultural homogeneity in assemblages associated to the Umbu tradition. Added to this question, no researcher outside Brazil ever associated stemmed points to the Umbu tradition—even though Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina were supposedly part of it. One of the critiques also highlighted that Uruguayan archaeologists were defining the same points that Brazilian archaeologists were calling Umbu tradition to the Tigre tradition [43]. Tigre points were not the only ones found in levels related to the Pleistocene–Holocene transition. In fact, a good chronology for at least three types of stemmed points defined three different lithic industries [44]: Fell industry, Tigre industry, and Pay Paso industry (Figure 1).
Since the beginning of the current decade, Brazilian archaeologists also started to verify the validity of this supposed cultural homogeneity in Umbu tradition sites. Studies on geometric morphometry [45, 46, 47] and technology [48, 49] on Umbu-associated stemmed points revealed that these artefacts are indeed traditional, since they persist for millennia. However, these studies also revealed that they are heterogeneous in space, since regional cultural patterns revealed the existence of at least three lithic industries in the supposed Umbu tradition coverage area: Rioclarense industry, Tunas industry, and Garivaldinense industry (Figure 1). The Umbu tradition was declared to be no longer a valid concept [41, 48, 49], and none of these identified industries are related to the previously associated Humaitá tradition. In fact, no studies have ever been made in order to verify if there is any cultural pattern of point types associated to boomerang-shaped bifaces.
2. The fell industry
The Fell industry is named after the first site to present what are now called Fell points (a.k.a. Fishtail points): the Fell Cave site, in southern Patagonia (Chile) [50, 51, 52, 53]. Since then, many sites found in the Southern Cone, which extends from the extreme south of Chile and Argentina to the Northern parts of Uruguay, presented Fell points dating back to 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP) [54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90]. In Eastern South America, specifically Uruguay, the Fell industry disappeared around 10,000 BP (12,000 cal BP) [82], but it is not clear if this is the case for all regions. Blade technology is also observable in some of these sites, even though the cores are not found.
The Fell point was initially defined only by its shape, but recent studies have been defining it based on more accurate technological aspects [81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86]. The Fell points are defined by the bifacial thinning reduction method by percussion technique followed by the fluting technique—the removal of a long flake from the base—and finished by retouch in order to form convex edges in the body and the typical “fish tail” shape of the stem that is usually ca. 20 mm wide. Miniature versions of Fell points can also be found in Eastern Argentina (Pampas region) which are basically thin flakes with retouch that imitates the general shape of the traditional Fell point. These miniatures present no bifacial thinning or fluting. The smaller Fell points may also be the result of body reshaping. Whatever the reason is for the smaller versions, they tend not to have well-delineated wings.
Fell points have also been found in other distant parts of South America, like meridional Brazil [87, 88], the equatorial Andes [55], and even the Caribbean sea of Venezuela [71], but they do not have a clear context since they usually constitute surface finds by local habitants. Brazilian Fell points usually differ from those found in other parts of South America because they lack the fluting technique (Figure 2: 12).
3. Early lithic industries in Uruguay: Tigre, Catalanense and Pay Paso
The Tigre tradition, the Catalanense industry, and the Pay Paso industry are all found in Uruguay. It is not yet clear yet when these industries appeared and disappeared, since there are some definition problems in the Uruguayan literature.
The Tigre tradition got its name due the Tigre River, where the first sites associated to it were found, including the Tigre site, where the oldest date for this tradition was obtained: 10,420 ± 90 BP (12,553–11,841 cal BP) [42, 43]. Tigre points have never been well-defined and are usually described in the literature as presenting bifacial reduction, a triangular body, and a convex stem [44, 82], regardless of the presence of bifurcated stems in points associated to this same tradition [43]. Some of these features are the same as those found in the Garivaldinense points of Southern Brazil, but the lack of published data on Uruguayan point technology makes it hard to compare and verify if both Garivaldinense and Tigre points are actually the same.
The Catalanense industry is named after the Catalán Chico River, where the first sites associated to it were found, although it extends across other regions of Uruguay [91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97]. Its chronological range would fit between 9000 and 7000 BP (11,000 and 8500 cal BP), being defined by the presence of large retouched flakes in the initial period and an increase of discoidal cores and retouched blades in the latest period [43].
The Pay Paso industry comes from the Pay Paso site, the first one to be associated to it, and the oldest date for this industry is 9585 ± 25 BP (11,081–10,711 cal BP) [82]. The main artefact related to this industry is the Pay Paso point type, defined as having a triangle body with convex edges, bifurcated stem, and bifacial technology. Bladelets are also found in this industry. Pay Paso industry studies are quite recent, and more research needs to be done in order to better understand its chronological and geographical range.
In sum, more technological studies are still necessary in Uruguayan archaeology in order to better understand these first lithic industries and the possible relationships between them and the other ones found in Brazilian territory.
4. The Rioclarense industry
The Rioclarense industry is named after the region of Rio Claro, in central São Paulo State, where it was first identified by Tom Miller Jr. in the 1960s [98, 99]. Since stemmed points were part of the Rio Claro tradition, it was also aggregated into the Umbu tradition in the early 1990s [35], regardless of the fact that not all its phases presented stemmed points and that
As mentioned before, recent studies revealed morphological and technological differences between the previously Umbu tradition-associated assemblages. The Rio Claro tradition has now been redefined as the Rioclarense lithic industry due the presence of both
The Rioclarense point type is defined by a triangle-shaped body with straight edges and wings, an ovalate stem, and two technological types of reduction: (a) bifacial reduction by selective and trespassed flakes removed by percussion (Figure 2: 2) and (b) bifacial reduction by parallel flaking by pressure and no retouch, followed by retouch of the active edges (Figure 2: 1). By selective we refer to the lack of a systematical diachrony of the flake negatives, and by trespassed we refer to negatives that trespass the middle of the piece in order to make it thinner (in proportion to the width).
The presence of
5. The tunas industry
The Tunas industry has never been identified by another name, except by the Umbu tradition [101]—since all stemmed points were directly associated to it since the late 1980s. The name of the industry is related to the Tunas Rock Shelter site, where it was defined [48, 49]. It is found in the Eastern part of Paraná state, Brazil, and presents blade cores, lesminas, and star-type points. The oldest site associated to the industry is in fact the Tunas Rock Shelter itself, dating back to 9630 ± 40 BP (11,134–10,744 cal BP). It is still not clear when this industry disappeared, but in the Tunas Rock Shelter site, this industry is only present until 7170 ± 60 BP (8152–7795 cal BP). After that, a totally different lithic technology replaces it [48].
The star point type is defined by the triangle-shaped body with straight or concave active edges, a bifurcated stem, and bifacial reduction by convergent trespassed pressure flaking (Figure 2: 3, 4). Blade cores are rare in Brazilian archaeology, but they are present in the Tunas industry, and one of the main types of tools produced by those cores are the lesminas—unifacially retouched blades or blade fragments presenting less than 7 cm length with edges that are appropriate as scrapers. This same technology seems to be present in other sites from Eastern Paraná state.
6. The Garivaldinense industry
The Garivaldinense industry was also one of those industries that were masked by the concept of the Umbu tradition. Its name comes from the site where it was first defined: the Garivaldino site, in mid-eastern Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The oldest dates for the industry also come from this site: 9430 ± 360 BP (11,772–9625 cal BP) [48]. It is not clear when this industry disappeared, since the most recent layers of the Garivaldino site itself presents the same material and the same point types since its oldest layers [48, 102]. The most recent layers have not been dated yet, but they are in the same context as some Taquara Tradition pottery fragments [103], indicating that its occupation lasted at least until the Late Holocene. In technological terms, three point types were identified in this industry: Garivaldinense, Montenegro, and Brochier types. Sites presenting these same types of points can be found in mid-eastern Rio Grande do Sul State.
The Garivaldinense point type is defined by its triangle-shaped body with irregular or straight active edges and straight wings, straight or bifurcated stems, and three distinct technological methods of production: (a) bifacial reduction by selective and trespassed percussion or pressure flaking, followed by bifacial retouch by pressure flaking (Figure 2: 5); (b) bifacial reduction by convergent non-trespassed percussion or pressure flaking, followed by bifacial retouch by pressure flaking (Figure 2: 6); and (c) thin flakes bifacially retouched by pressure (Figure 2: 7). Some of these points are clearly recycled and turned into scrapers, with unifacial retouch of the body forming a convex edge.
The Montenegro point type is defined by its triangle blade-shaped bodies with serrated edges, small bifurcate stems, and systematic bifacial parallel reduction forming a vertical central rib in the artefact body. Pressure flaking always starts from the extremities and finishes in the middle of the point (Figure 2: 8). This seems to be a logical strategy to avoid leaving the middle of the point thinner than the rest and breaking the point during pressure flaking. The ones with a triangle-shaped, shorter body seem to be broken and reworked, due the diachrony of the body negatives.
The Brochier point type is defined by having no stem and wings, being small, and presenting a tapered or lanceolate shape formed by bifacial or unifacial retouch by pressure flaking. They rarely present reduction, since thin agate flakes are used as blanks most of the time (Figure 2: 9).
7. The Lagoassantense culture
The Lagoassantense Paleoindian culture gets its name from the name of the region where it was first defined. The region of Lagoa Santa, in Southeastern Brazil, was a target of archaeological and paleontological studies ever since Danish researcher Peter W. Lund visited the region in the nineteenth century [104]. However, it was only in the 1970s that the region started to be systematically studied by a French-Brazilian program led by Annette Laming-Emperaire [105]. Unfortunately, these studies were suddenly interrupted by the unfortunate case of her death, but they were responsible for the discovery of Lagoa Santa and Luzia—the oldest human skeleton known in the Americas until then. It was only in the 2010s that new systematic research in the area was carried out, led by Walter Neves [106], including interdisciplinary analyses of the material culture, such as fauna [107, 108], human skeletons, and burials [109, 110, 111], lithic industry [112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117], micro residues [20, 118, 119], and bone industry [120, 121]. Thanks to this research, specific cultural patterns were identified for the region that persisted from the Pleistocene–Holocene transition until some centuries before the Portuguese conquest. The Lapa do Santo site, for example, that presents the best chronology dates to between 10,490 ± 50 BP (12,552–12,057 cal BP) and 790 ± 40 BP (739–571 cal BP).
The Lagoassantense lithic industry was clearly not taken into account by the previously proposed Itaparica-Umbu traditions model, since it does not present
The Lagoassantense lithic industry is defined by the debitage of small crystal quartz flakes (Figure 3: 3) using the diagonal slicing core (Figure 3: 1) and the opposite platform core methods (Figure 3: 2) and by the low production of ground axes [94]. These are the oldest records for ground axe blades in the Americas (Figure 3: 4). The lithic industry is also defined by the persistence of making those microliths in the exact same way for at least 8000 years [122], considering that crystal quartz is not a common raw material in the Lagoa Santa region, and other tools (bigger and more complex) could be produced using other types of raw material, like high-quality quartzite, that could be easily found in the area. In this sense, the cultural norm for using small crystals defined the technological limitations of the industry.
8. Paleoindians without cultural association
Even though some lithic industries are finally being defined in technological terms in Eastern South America, many Paleoindian sites are known which have never been the target of systematic technological studies.
We can mention the Paleoindian sites in the Amazon region. The Pedra Pintada cave, for example, presents
In the Serra da Canastra region, located between the Rioclarense and Lagoassantense coverage areas, some sites are known that present
The same must be said about the Paleoindian sites located in the middle Uruguay River, close to the Tigre/Catalanense/Pay Paso coverage areas. Even though some technological studies have been carried out in the Laranjito site [32], the technological analysis of the stemmed points in that region has never been done.
The Lagoassantense and the Catalanense industries are proof that not all Paleoindian industries present
9. Conclusion
Paleoindian cultures in Eastern South America are finally starting to be studied more in detail due to the systematic research that has been carried out since the beginning of the twenty-first century. It is not yet possible to define archaeological cultures for the earlier Paleoindian period (before 13,000 cal BP) since those sites are rare in the whole American continent. But due the high presence of sites in the late Paleoindian period (after 13,000 cal BP), it is now possible to describe these cultures through systematic research of their lithic technologies. However, it is important to notice that much more research still needs to be carried out in order to have a more complete understanding.
Archaeological evidence in South America does not corroborate the “Clovis First” hypothesis—which assumes that the oldest evidence in Americas are the Clovis Culture artefacts—since many of these cultures arise simultaneously, or even previous to, the Clovis lithic industry [136], considering that the oldest associate Clovis sites date around 11,000 BP (13,000 cal BP) [137]. Few of the Eastern South American Paleoindian assemblages present technological features that are similar to Clovis, except maybe the Fell industry, which presents both blade technology and points made by the bifacial thinning method with fluting. In simple terms, Fell points are Clovis points with a retouched stem, and they are probably related, but it does not necessarily mean that Fell points are derived from Clovis [138]. No other artefact type in Eastern South America presents any similarities to Fell or Clovis points that could indicate any trace of cultural ancestry. In fact, it seems that several cultures emerged independently in South America, with particular, well-defined, attributes. The empirical data in South America is not feasible under the “Clovis First” hypothesis. Not surprisingly, new models are now being discussed, considering multiple migrations, the earliest ones before the Last Glacial Maximum [136].
More research still needs to be done to better delimitate these industries in chronological and geographical terms and to enable verification of cultural ancestry relationships. Regarding the Itaparica tradition, even though recent studies cannot contradict the hypothesis that all sites are culturally homogeneous, few studies have actually been carried out, and the available data are not sufficient to verify if sites with
Lithic studies are important for the understanding of ancient societies, since lithics are the best-preserved class of material culture and many methods can be applied in their analysis. Lithics are the class of vestiges that most achieved results on understanding cultural diversity of the first human settlers in the Americas to this day. Other types of vestiges have not presented such potential either due to their preservation issues (the case of organic materials), lack of studies and data (e.g., bone artefacts), or even lack of potential to achieve cultural aspects (e.g., ancient DNA)—even though DNA brings us important data on the understanding of people’s biological dispersal, it does not tell us about cultural history of societies, like cultural origins and diversity, since genes and culture do not necessarily flow together. Studies of other archaeological materials related to the Eastern South American Paleoindian cultures are still necessary in order to understand them in a more complete and accurate way. Many of these sites present rock art, faunal remains, and micro residues that have never been studied until now. The bone industry is perhaps the category of material culture that most warrants detailed analysis in Eastern South America, since they also enable a technological analysis and are preserved in many Paleoindian sites in Eastern South America [121]. The more archaeologists become concerned with these issues, the more we can understand cultural diversity and the dispersal of the first human societies to colonise the South American continent during the Late Pleistocene. To understand this cultural diversity throughout time and space is the best way to understand the real history of native people, the ancestors of many of us.
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the editors of the book for the invitation and opportunity to present the “state of the art” of Paleoindian research in Eastern South America. It is also necessary to mention that many of the Paleoindian cultures presented in the text are due to the research funding provided from 2015 to 2019 by the Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)—the main Brazilian government agency for scientific research funding.
Note
All dates were calibrated using the most appropriate curve for its location (IntCal 13 or SHCal13 calibration curves) [139], with 95.4% probability range.
References
- 1.
Delibrias G, Guidon N, Parenti F. The Toca do Boqueirão do Sítio da Pedra Furada: Stratigraphy and chronology. In: Presca JR, editor. Early Man in the Southern Hemisphere. Adelaide: Australian Studies; 1988. pp. 3-11 - 2.
Parenti F. Le gisement quaternaire de la Pedra Furada (Piauí, Brésil) dans le contexte de la préhistoire sud-américaine: Stratigraphie, chronologie, évolution culturelle [PhD dissertation]. Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales; 1993 - 3.
Parenti F. Le gisement quaternaire de la Pedra Furada (Piauí, Bresil). Stratigraphie, chronologie, evolution culturelle. Paris: Editions Recherches sur les Civilisations; 2001. 399p - 4.
Parenti F. Pedra Furada. In: Smith C, editor. Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology. New York: Springer; 2014. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_1688 - 5.
Parenti F. Old and new on the same site: Putting Vale da Pedra Furada into a wider context. A comment to Lahaye et al. 2015. Quaternary Geochronology. 2015; 30 :48-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.quageo.2015.06.008 - 6.
Santos G, Bird MI, Parenti F, Fifield LK, Guidon N, Hausladen P. A revised chronology of the lowest occupation layer of Pedra Furada rock shelter, Piauí, Brazil: The Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2003; 22 (21-22):2303-2310. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00205-1 - 7.
Aimola G, Andrade C, Mota L, Parenti F. Final Pleistocene and early Holocene at Sitio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil: Stratigraphy and comparison with Pedra Furada. Journal of Lithic Studies. 2014; 1 (2):5-24. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v1i2.1125 - 8.
Boëda E, Clemente-Conte I, Fontugne M, Lahaye C, Pino M, Felice G, et al. A new late Pleistocene archaeological sequence in South America: The Vale da Pedra Furada (Piauí, Brazil). Antiquity. 2014; 88 :927-955. DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00050845 - 9.
Boëda E, Rocca R, Costa A, Fontugne M, Hatté C, Clemente-Conte I, et al. New data on a Pleistocene archaeological sequence in South America: Toca do Sítio do Meio, Piauí, Brazil. PaleoAmerica. 2014; 2 (4):286-302. DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2016.1237828 - 10.
Lahaye C, Guérin G, Boëda E, Fontugne M, Hatté C, Frouin M, et al. New insights into a late-Pleistocene human occupation in America: The Vale da Pedra Furada complete chronological study. Quaternary Geochronology. 2015; 30 :445-451. DOI: 10.1016/j.quageo.2015.03.009 - 11.
Parenti F, Cannell A, Debard E, Faure M, Okumura M. Genesis and taphonomy of the archaeological layers of Pedra Furada rock-shelter, Brazil. Quaternaire. 2018; 29 (3):255-269 - 12.
Dillehay T, Ocampo C, Saavedra J, Sawakuchi A, Vega R, Pino M, et al. Correction: New archaeological evidence for an early human presence at Monte Verde, Chile. PLoS One. 2015; 10 (12):e0145471. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145471 - 13.
Vilhena-Vialou A. Occupations humaines et faune éteinte du Pléistocène au centre de l'Amérique du Sud: L'abri rupestre Santa Elina, Mato Grosso, Brésil. In: Vialou D, editor. Peuplements et Préhistoire en Amériques. Paris: Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques; 2011. pp. 193-208 - 14.
Vialou D, Benabdelhadi M, Feathers J, Fontugne M, Vilhena-Vialou A. Peopling South America’s centre: The late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina. Antiquity. 2017; 91 (358):865-884. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2017.101 - 15.
Bryan A, Casamiquela R, Cruxent J, Gruhun R, Ochsenius C. An El Jobo Mastodon Kill at Taima-Taima, Venezuela. Science. 1978; 200 (4347):1275-1277. DOI: 10.1126/science.200.4347.1275 - 16.
PRONAPA. Brazilian Archaeology in 1968: An interim report on the National Program of archaeological research. American Antiquity. 1970; 35 :1-23. DOI: 10.2307/278174 - 17.
Schmitz P. A Evolução da Cultura no Sudoeste Goiano. Pesquisas – Antropologia. 1980; 31 :185-225 - 18.
Schmitz P, Barbosa AS, Jacobus AL, Ribeiro MB. Arqueologia nos Cerrados do Brasil Central: Serranópolis I. Pesquisas – Antropologia. 1989; 44 :208 - 19.
Schmitz P, Rosa AO, Bitencourt AL. Arqueologia nos Cerrados do Brasil Central. Serranópolis III. Pesquisas – Antropologia. 2004; 60 :1-286 - 20.
Angeles Flores R, Moreno De Sousa JC, Araujo A, Ceccantini G. Before Lagoa Santa: Microrremain and technological analysis in a lithic artifact from the Itaparica industry. Journal of Lithic Studies. 2016; 3 (1):6-29. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v3i1.1423 - 21.
Fogaça E. Mãos Para o Pensamento. Estudo da Variabilidade Tecnológica de Indústrias Líticas de Caçadores-Coletores do Início do Holoceno a Partir de um Estudo de Caso: As Camadas Arqueológicas VIII e VII da Lapa do Boquete (MG - Brasil) [PhD dissertation]. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul; 2001. 452p - 22.
Fogaça E, Lourdeau A. Uma abordagem tecno-funcional e evolutiva dos instrumentos plano-convexos (lesmas) da transição Pleistoceno/Holoceno no Brasil central. FUMDHAMentos. 2008; 7 :260-347 - 23.
Lourdeau A. Le Technocomplexe Itaparica. Définition Techno-Fonctionelle des Industries à Pièces Façonnées Unifacialement à une Face Plane dans le Centre et le Nord-Est du Brésil Pendant la Transition Pléistocène-Holocène et l'Holocène Ancien [PhD dissertation]. Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Defense; 2010. 477p - 24.
Moreno De Sousa JC. Lithic technology of an Itaparica industry archaeological site: The Gruta das Araras rockshelter, Midwest of Brazil. Journal of Lithic Studies. 2016; 3 (1):87-106. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v3i1.1298 - 25.
Moreno De Sousa JC. Did Palaeoindian technology persist during the middle or late Holocene in Central Brazil? A review from the Córrego do Ouro 19 site (GO-CP-17), Goiás state. Palaeoindian Archaeology. 2016; 1 (1):32-49 - 26.
Galhardo D. As cadeias operatórias de manufatura de três instrumentos líticos unifaciais. Revista de Arqueologia. 2016; 29 (1):18-37. DOI: 10.24885/sab.v29i1.441 - 27.
Rodet MJ, Duarte-Talim D, Bassi L. Reflexões sobre as primeiras populações do Brasil Central: “Tradição Itaparica”. Habitus. 2011; 9 (1):81-100. DOI: 10.18224/hab.v9.1.2011.81-100 - 28.
Henri-Martin L. Recherches sur l’évolution du Moustérien, dans le gisement de la Quina (Charente). Deuxième volumen. Angoulême: Industrie Lithique;1923. 147p - 29.
Bordes F. Typologie du Palaeolithique Ancien et Moyen. Institute de Prehistoire de Bourdeaux: Bourdeaux; 1961. 216p - 30.
Moreno de Sousa JC, Okumura M. The association of palaeoindian sites from southern Brazil and Uruguay with the Umbu tradition: Comments on Suárez et al. (2017). Quaternary International. 2018; 467 :292-296. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.11.056 - 31.
Miller E. Pesquisas arqueológicas paleoindígenas no Brasil ocidental. Estudios Atacameños. 1987; 8 :39-64 - 32.
Moreno De Sousa JC. Paleoindian lithic Industries of Southern Brazil: A technological study of the Laranjito archaeological site, Pleistocene-Holocene transition. PaleoAmerica. 2017; 3 (1):74-83. DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2016.1248752 - 33.
Rohr JA. Achados arqueol6gicos em Itapiranga. Pesquisas: Antropologia. 1968; 18 :49-51 - 34.
Schmitz P, Becker I. Uma indústria lítica de tipo Alto Paranaense - ltapiranga-SC. Pesquisas: Antropologia. 1968; 18 :21-46 - 35.
Prous A. Arqueologia Brasileira. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília; 1991. 613p - 36.
Hilbert K. Caçadores coletores pré-históricos no sul do Brasil: um projeto para a redefinição das tradições líticas Umbu e Humaitá. In: Flores M, editor. Negros e índios: literatura e história. Porto Alegre: EDIPUCRS; 1994. pp. 9-24 - 37.
Dias A, Hoeltz S. Indústrias Líticas em Contexto: O problema Humaitá na arqueologia sul brasileira. Revista de Arqueologia. 2010; 23 (2):40-67. DOI: 10.24885/sab.v23i2.299 - 38.
Milder S. Caçadores coletores: A problemática arqueológica e ambiental sobre os primeiros povoadores do Rio Grande do Sul. Revista do CEPA. 1999; 23 :7-56 - 39.
Milder S. Arqueologia do Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, Uma Perspectiva Geoarqueológica [PhD dissertation]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2000. 182p - 40.
Milder S. Histórico do Projeto Paleoindígena. Revista LEPA – Textos de Arqueologia e Patrimônio. 2013; 1 :112-140 - 41.
Suárez R, Piñeiro G, Barceló F. Living on the river edge: The Tigre site (K-87) new data and implications for the initial colonization of the Uruguay River basin. Quaternary International. 2018; 473 (B):242-260. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2017.08.024 - 42.
Hilbert K. Archäologische Fundplätze des Río Uruguay, Tigre und des Mandyú, Republik Uruguay: Untersuchungen am lithischen material. Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie. 1985; 7 :447-561 - 43.
Hilbert K. Aspectos de la Arqueología en el Uruguay. Mainz am Rhien, von Zabern; 1991. 137p - 44.
Suárez R. Arqueología durante la Transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno en Uruguay. Componentes Paloindios, organización de la tecnología lítica y movilidad de los primeros americanos. BAR International Series 2220. Oxford: Archeopress; 2011. 254p - 45.
Okumura M, Araujo A. Pontas Bifaciais no Brasil Meridional: Caracterização Estatística das Formas e suas Implicações Culturais. Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia. 2013; 23 :111-127. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2013.106842 - 46.
Okumura M, Araujo A. The Southern Divide: Testing morphological differences among bifacial points from southern and southeastern Brazil using geometric morphometrics. Journal of Lithic Studies. 2016; 3 (1):107-131. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v3i1.1379; - 47.
Okumura M, Araujo A. Fronteiras sul e sudeste: Uma análise morfométrica de pontas bifaciais de Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil). Journal of Lithic Studies. 2017; 4 (3):163-188. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v4i3.1619 - 48.
Moreno de Sousa JC. Tecnologia de Ponta a Ponta: Em busca de mudanças culturais durante o Holoceno em indústrias líticas do Sudeste e Sul do Brasil [PhD dissertation]. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2019. 445p - 49.
Moreno de Sousa JC, Okumura M. Lithic technology as an approach for looking for cultural diversity in hunter-gatherers societies: The case of the paleoindian period, Eastern South America. Latin American Antiquity. In press - 50.
Bird J. Antiquity and migrations of the early inhabitants of Patagonia. The Geographical Revie. 1938; 28 (2):250-275 - 51.
Bird J. A comparison of south Chilean and Ecuatorial “fishtail” projectile points. The Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers. 1969; 40 :52-71 - 52.
Bird J. Travels and Archaeology in South Chile. Iowa: University of Iowa Press; 2005. 278p - 53.
Emperaire J, Laming A, Reichlen H, Poulain-Josien T. La grotte Fell et autres sites de la région volcanique de la Patagonie chilienne. Journal de la Société des Américanistes. 1963; 52 :167-254. DOI: 10.3406/jsa.1963 - 54.
Mayer-Oakes W. Early man in the Andes. Scientific American. 1963; 208 :117-128. DOI: 10.1038/scientificamerican0563-116 - 55.
Mayer-Oakes W. El Inga. A paleoindian site in the sierra of northern Ecuador. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 1986; 76 (4):1-235. DOI: 10.2307/1006466 - 56.
Bosch A, Olivera A, Femenías J. Dispersión de las puntas de proyectil líticas “pisciforme” en el Uruguay. Actas del Tercer Congreso Nacional de Arqueología. Cuarto Encuentro de Arqueologia del Litoral. Montevideo:Centro de Estudios Arqueológicos;1980. pp. 245-261 - 57.
Dillehay T. The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory. New York: Basic Books; 2000. 394p - 58.
Miotti L, Salemme M. Hunting and butchering events at late Pleistocene and early Holocene in Piedra Museo (Patagonia, Southermost South America). In: Bonnichsen R, editor. Paleoamerican Prehistory: Colonization Models, Biological Populations, and Human Adaptations. Texas A. & M. University, College Station: Center for the Study of the First Americans; 2005. pp. 141-151 - 59.
Nami H. Technological observations on the Paleoindian artifacts from Fell’s cave, Magallanes, Chile. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 1998; 15 :81-83 - 60.
Nami H. Experimentos para explorar la secuencia de reducción Fell de la Patagonia Austral. Magallania. 2003; 31 :107-138 - 61.
Nami H. Research in the middle Negro River basin (Uruguay) and the Paleoindian occupation of the southern cone. Current Anthropology. 2007; 48 (1):164-176. DOI: 10.1086/510465 - 62.
Nami H. Crystal quartz and fishtail projectile points: Considerations on raw materials selection by Paleo-south Americans. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2009; 26 :9-12 - 63.
Nami H. Tecnología paleoindia de Sudamérica: Nuevos experimentos y observaciones para conocer la secuencia de reducción Fell. Orígenes. 2010; 9 :1-40 - 64.
Nami H. Observaciones experimentales sobre las puntas de proyectil Fell de Sudamerica. In: Morgado A, Baena Preysler J, García González D, editors. La Investigación Experimental Aplicada a la Arqueología. Granada/Madrid: Universidad de Granada/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; 2011. pp. 105-111 - 65.
Nami H. Exceptional fell projectile points from Uruguay: More data on Paleoindian technology in the southern cone. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2011; 28 :112-116 - 66.
Nami H. Archaelogy, Paleoindian research and lithic technology in the middle Negro River, Central Uruguay. Archaeological Discovery. 2013; 1 :1-22. DOI: 10.4236/ad.2013.11001; - 67.
Nami H. Arqueología del último milenio del Pleistoceno en el Cono Sur de Sudamérica, puntas de proyectil y observaciones sobre tecnología Paleoindia en el Nuevo Mundo. In: Farias M, Lourdeau A, editors. Peuplement et modalités d’occupation de l’Amérique du sud: l’apport de la technologie lithique. Prigonrieux: @rchéo-éditions.com; 2014. pp. 279-336 - 68.
Nami H. Observaciones para conocer secuencias de reducción bifaciales paleoindias y puntas Fell en el valle del Ilalo, Ecuador. In: Farias M, Lourdeau A, editors. Peuplement et modalités d’occupation de l’Amérique du sud: l’apport de la technologie lithique. Prigonrieux: @rchéo-éditions.com; 2014. pp. 179-220 - 69.
Nami H. New records and observations on Paleo-American artifacts from Cerro Largo, northeastern Uruguay and a peculiar case of reclaimed fishtail points. Archaeological Discovery. 2015; 3 :114-127. DOI: 10.4236/ad.2015.33011 - 70.
Nami H. Paleoamerican artifacts from Cerro Largo, northeastern Uruguay. PaleoAmerica. 2015; 1 :288-292. DOI: 10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000005 - 71.
Nami H. Paleo American finds from Venezuela: Evidence to discuss the spread of fell points and the peopling of northern South America. Cadernos do CEOM. 2016; 29 (45):212-219. DOI: 10.22562/2016.45.08 - 72.
Suárez R. Paleoindian occupations in Uruguay. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2000; 17 :78-80 - 73.
Suárez R. Technomorphological observations on fishtail projectile points and bifacial artifacts from northern Uruguay. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2001; 18 :56-57 - 74.
Rodríguez LH. Una punta tipo “cola de pescado” con acanaladura de Quillane, Arequipa. Tambo. Boletín de Arqueología. 2008; 1 :73-82 - 75.
Castiñeira C, Cardillo M, Charlin J, Fernicola JC, Baeza J. Análisis morfométrico de los cabezales líticos “cola de pescado” del Uruguay. 2do Congreso Argentino y 1er Congreso Latinoamericano de Arqueometría. Buenos Aires; 2007 - 76.
Castiñeira C, Cardillo M, Charlin J, Baeza J. Análisis de morfometría geométrica en puntas cola de pescado del Uruguay. Latin American Antiquity. 2011; 22 (3):335-358. DOI: 10.7183/1045-6635.22.3.335 - 77.
Flegenheimer N, Martínez JG, Colombo M. Un experimento de lanzamiento de puntas cola de pescado. In: Berón M, Luna L, Bonomo M, Monsalvo C, Aranda C, Carrera Aizpitarte M, editors. Mamül Mapu. Pasado y Presente desde la Arqueología Pampeana II. Ayacucho: Libros del Espinillo; 2010. pp. 215-232 - 78.
Flegenheimer N, Miotti L, Mazzia N. Rethinking early objects and landscape in the southern cone: Fishtail point concentrations in the pampas and northern Patagonia. In: Graf K, Ketron C, Waters M, editors. Paleoamerican Odyssey. Bryan: Texas A&M University; 2013. pp. 359-376 - 79.
Nami H, Heusser CJ. Cueva del Medio: A Paleoindian site and its environmental setting in southern South America. Archaeological Discovery. 2015; 3 :62-71. DOI: 10.4236/ad.2015.32007 - 80.
Nami H, Florines A, Toscano A. New Paleoindian finds, further fell points data, and technological observations from Uruguay: Implications for the human peopling in southeastern South America. Archaeological Discovery. 2018; 6 :21-37. DOI: 10.4236/ad.2018.61002 - 81.
Weitzel C, Mazzia N, Flegenheimer N. Assessing fishtail points distribution in the southern cone. Quaternary International. 2018; 473 :161-172. DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2018.01.005 - 82.
Suárez R. The Paleoamerican occupation of the plains of Uruguay: Technology, adaptations, and mobility. PaleoAmerica. 2015; 1 (1):88-104. DOI: 10.1179/2055556314Z.00000000010 - 83.
Suárez R. Unifacial fishtail points: Considerations about the archaeological record of Paleo south Americans. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2009; 26 :12-15 - 84.
Weitzel C, Flegenheimer N, Colombo M, Martínez J. Breakage patterns on fishtail projectile points: Experimental and archaeological cases. Ethnoarchaeology. 2014; 6 (2):81-102. DOI: 10.1179/1944289014Z.00000000017 - 85.
Flegenheimer N, Weitzel C, Mazzia N. Miniature points in an exceptional early south American context. World Archaeology. 2015; 47 (1):117-136. DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2014.991806 - 86.
Flegenheimer N, Weitzel C. Fishtail points from the pampas of South America: Their variability and life histories. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 2017; 45 :142-156. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaa.2016.12.001 - 87.
Loponte D, Carbonera M, Silvestre R. Fishtail projectile points from South America: The Brazilian record. Scientific Research. 2015; 3 (3):85-103. DOI: 10.4236/ad.2015.33009 - 88.
Loponte D, Okumura M, Carbonera M. New records of fishtails projectile points from Brazil and its implications for its peopling. Journal of Lithic Studies. 2016; 3 (1):63-85. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v3i1.1312), 10.2218/jls.v3i1.1312) - 89.
Suárez R. Movilidad, acceso y uso de agata traslucida por los cazadores-recolectores tempranos durante la transicion Pleistoceno-Holoceno en el norte de Uruguay (ca. 11,000-8500 a.P.). Latin American Antiquity. 2011; 22 (3):359-383. DOI: 10.7183/1045-6635.22.3.359 - 90.
Suárez R, Gillam C. The Paleoindian database of Uruguay: Collections survey and GIS data development. Current Research in the Pleistocene. 2008; 25 :200-202 - 91.
Campá-Soler R, Taddei A, Chebataroff J. Horizontes precerámicos en el Uruguay. Informe preliminar sobre uma Cultura Precerámica en el Catalán Chico. Actas del 33° Congreso Internacional de Americanistas. 1959;2:378-381 - 92.
Campá-Soler R, Vidart DEC. Una industria de morfología protolítica en el Uruguay. Amerindia. 1962; 1 :2-28 - 93.
Bórmida M. Las indústrias líticas precerámicas del Arroyo Catalán Chico y del Río Cuareim. Rivista di Scienze Prehistoriche. 1964; 19 :195-232 - 94.
Taddei A. Una industria lítica precerámica en Sierra de Aceguá, Cerro Largo. Comunicaciones antropológicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo. 1972; 1 :10 - 95.
Taddei A. Un yacimiento de cazadores superiores en el Río Negro (Paso del Puerto). 3° Congreso Nacional de Arqueología. 4° Encuentro de Arqueologia del Litoral;1982 - 96.
Taddei A. Algunos aspectos de la arqueología prehistórica del Uruguay. Estudios Atacameños. 1987;(8):69 - 97.
Becerra O. Informe Preliminar Sobre Sitio Precerámico En Valle Edén. Depto. Tacarembó. 3° Congreso Nacional De Arqueología. 4° Encuentro De Arqueologia Del Litoral; 1974 - 98.
Miller T Jr. Sítios arqueológicos da região de Rio Claro, Estado de São Paulo. Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Rio Claro;1969. 81p - 99.
Miller T Jr. Arqueologia da região central do Estado de São Paulo. Dédalo. 1972; 16 :13-118 - 100.
Chmyz, I. A ocorrência de sítio arqueológico com pontas-de-projétil no litoral paranaense. Nota prévia sobre o sítio PR P 31: Ribeirão. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 1975; 47 (Suplemento):81-89 - 101.
Chmyz I, Sganzerla E, Volcov J, Bora E, Ceccon R. A Arqueologia da Área da LT 750kV Ivaiporã - Itabera III, Paraná - São Paulo. Arqueologia. 2008; 5 :1-305 - 102.
Okumura M, Araujo A. Long-term cultural stability in hunter-gatherers: A case study using traditional and geometric morphometric analysis of lithic stemmed bifacial points from southern Brazil. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2014; 45 :59-71. DOI: 10.1016/j.jas.2014.02.009 - 103.
Mentz Ribeiro P, Ribeiro C. Escavações Arqueológicas no Sítio RS-TQ-58: Montenegro, RS, Brasil. Série Documentos da FURG. 1999; 10 :1-86 - 104.
Lund P. Carta Escripta de Lagoa Santa a 21 de Abril de 1844. Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro. 1844; 6 :334-342 - 105.
Laming-Emperaire A, Prous A, Vilhena de Moraes A, Beltrão M. Grottes et Abris de la Region de Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brésil - Premier Rapport de la Mission Archéologique Franco-Brésilienne de Lagoa Santa. Cahiers D'Arquéologie d'Amérique du Sud, 1. Paris: École Pratique des Hautes Etudes, VIe Section: Sciences Economiqueset Socieles;1975. 185p - 106.
Da-Gloria P, Neves W, Hubbe M. Archaeological and Paleontological Research in Lagoa Santa. New York, Springer: The Quest for the First Americans; 2017. 401p - 107.
Mingatos G, Okumura M. Modelo de Amplitude de Dieta aplicada a restos faunísticos do sítio Lapa do Santo (MG) e suas implicações para o entendimento da dieta em grupos Paleoíndios do Brasil central. Palaeoindian Archaeology. 2016; 1 (1):15-31 - 108.
Mingatos G. Caça ou Deixa Passar? A Dieta dos Grupos Humanos do Sítio Lapa do Santo, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais [Master thesis]. Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; 2017. 88p - 109.
Bernardo D. Afinidades morfológicas intra e extra continentais dos Paleoíndios de Lagoa Santa: uma nova abordagem [Master thesis]. Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo; 2007 - 110.
Strauss A. As Práticas Mortuárias dos Caçadores-Coletores Pré-Históricos da Região de Lagoa Santa (MG): Um Estudo de Caso do Sítio Arqueológico “Lapa do Santo” [Master thesis]. Laboratório de Estudos Evolutivos Humanos, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo; 2010 - 111.
Strauss A, Oliveira RE, Villagran XS, Bernardo DV, Salazar-García DC, Bissaro MC, et al. Early Holocene ritual complexity in South America: The archaeological record of Lapa do Santo (east-Central Brazil). Antiquity. 2016; 90 (354):1454-1473. DOI: 10.15184/aqy.2016.220 - 112.
Pugliese F Jr. Os Líticos de Lagoa Santa: Um Estudo sobre a organização tecnológica e caçadores-coletores do Brasil central [Master thesis]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2007. 139p. DOI: 10.11606/D.71.2008.tde-10042008-110501 - 113.
Araujo A, Pugliese F Jr. A Indústria Lítica. In: Araujo A, Neves W, editors. Lapa das Boleiras: Um Sítio Paleoíndio no Carste de Lagoa Santa, MG, Brasil. São Paulo: FAPESP/Annablume; 2010. pp. 79-109 - 114.
Bueno L. Tecnologia lítica, cronologia e sequência de ocupação: o estudo de um sítio a céu aberto na região de Lagoa Santa, MG. Revista do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia. 2010;(20):91-107. DOI: 10.11606/issn.2448-1750.revmae.2010.89915 - 115.
Bueno L. Entre Abrigos e Lagoas: Tecnologia Lítica e Territorialidade em Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais, Brasil). Revista de Arqueologia. 2012; 25 (2):62-83. DOI: 10.24885/sab.v25i2.355 - 116.
Moreno de Sousa JC, Araujo AGM. Cognição e Cultura no Mundo Material: Os Itaparicas, Os Umbus e os Lagoassantenses. [Master thesis]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2014. 200 p. DOI: 10.11606/D.71.2014.tde-26092014-16081 - 117.
Moreno de Sousa JC, Araujo A. Microliths and polished stone tools during the pleistocene-holocene transition and early Holocene in South America: The Lagoa Santa lithic industry. PaleoAmerica. 2018; 4 (3):219-238. DOI: 10.1080/20555563.2018.1531350 - 118.
Angeles Flores R. Uso de Recursos Vegetais em Lapa Grande de Taquaraçu: Evidências Microscópicas [master thesis] Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2015. DOI: 10.11606/D.71.2015.tde-30072015-144906 - 119.
Ortega D. Microvestígios botânicos em artefatos líticos do sítio Lapa do Santo (Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais) [master thesis]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2019 - 120.
Santos R. As tecnologias esqueletais: uma investigação sobre o uso de matérias-primas de origem esqueletal por meio de análise comparativa entre coleções arqueológicas e etnográficas [master thesis]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo; 2011 - 121.
Mingatos G. O estudos da confecção de artefatos ósseos de grupos caçadores-coletores. VI Semana Internacional de Arqueologia do MAE-USP, May 2012, São Paulo, Brazil; 2019 - 122.
Araujo A, Pugliese F Jr, Santos R, Okumura M. Extreme cultural persistence in eastern-central Brazil: the case of Lagoa Santa Paleaeoindians. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2018; 90 (2 Suplemento 1): 2501-2521. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720170109 - 123.
Roosevelt A, Costa M, Machado C, Michab M, Mercier N, Valladas H, et al. Paleoindian cave dwellers in the Amazon: The peopling of the Americas. Science. 1996; 272 :373-398. DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5260.373 - 124.
Costa F. Arqueologia das Campinaranas do baixo rio Negro: em busca dos pré-ceramistas nos areais da Amazônia Central [PhD thesis]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo;2009 - 125.
Roosevelt A, Douglas J, Brown L. The migrations and adaptations of the first Americans: Clovis and pre-Clovis viewed from South America. In: Jablonski NG, editor. The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. San Francisco: California University Press; 2002. pp. 159-235 - 126.
Sevillano J. Lithic tool making by Amazonian palaeoindians: A case-study on materials selection. Journal of Materials Science Letters. 1997; 16 :465-468. DOI: 10.1023/a:1018560225861 - 127.
Magalhães M. A Phýsis da Origem. O sentido da História na Amazônia. Belém: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; 2005. 267p - 128.
Kipnis R, Caldarelli S, Oliveira W. Contribuição para a cronologia da colonização amazônica e suas implicações teóricas. Revista de Arqueologia. 2005; 18 :81-94 - 129.
Caldarelli S, Costa F, Kern D. Assentamentos a céu-aberto de caçadores-coletores datados da transição Pleistoceno final/Holoceno inicial no sudeste do Pará. Revista de Arqueologia. 2005; 18 :95-108. DOI: 10.24885/sab.v18i1.207 - 130.
Koole E. Entre as tradições planálticas e meridionais: Caracterização arqueológica dos grupos caçadores coletores a partir da análise de sete elementos e suas implicações para a ocupação pré-cerâmica da Região Cárstica do Alto São Francisco, Minas Gerais, Brasil: Cronologia, tecnologia lítica, subsistência (fauna), sepultamentos, mobilidade, uso do espaço em abrigos naturais e arte rupestre [PhD dissertation]. Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia, Universidade de São Paulo;2014. 416p. DOI: 10.11606/T.71.2014.tde-12122014-144602 - 131.
Juliani LJCO. Relatório de campo da terceira fase de resgate arqueológico do sítio Carcará. Loteamento Alphaville, São José dos Campos, SP [Research report]. 2012 - 132.
Araujo A, Correa L. First notice of a Paleoindian site in Central São Paulo state, Brazil: Bastos site, Dourado County. Palaeoindian Archaeology. 2016; 1 (1):4-14 - 133.
Lourdeau A, Carbonera M, Hoeltz S, Santos M, Lucas L, Da Costa A, et al. Debitagem laminar no Sul do Brasil: Habemus núcleos! Journal of lithic Studies. 2017; 4 (4):127-143. DOI: 10.2218/jls.v4i4.2530 - 134.
Williams T. The morphology and Technology of Clovis Flat-Backed Cores from the Gault site (41BL323), Texas. Lithic Technology. 2016; 41 (2):139-153. DOI: 10.1080/01977261.2016.1155275 - 135.
Fagundes M. Análise intra-sítio do sítio Justino, baixo São Francisco – as fases ocupacionais. Revista de Arqueologia. 2010; 23 (2):68-97. DOI: 10.24885/sab.v23i2.300 - 136.
Araujo A. On vastness and variability: Cultural transmission, historicity and the paleoindian record in eastern South America. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2015; 87 (2):1239-1258. DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201520140219 - 137.
Anderson D, Smallwood A, Miller DS. Pleistocene human settlement in the southeastern United States: Current evidence and future directions. PaleoAmerica. 2015; 1 :7-51. DOI: 10.1179/2055556314Z.00000000012 - 138.
Bradley B. The two Cs: Cola de Pescado and Clovis. PaleoAmerica. 2015; 1 (2):127-130. DOI: 10.1179/2055556315z.00000000014 - 139.
Marsh E, Bruno M, Fritz S, Baker P, Capriles J, Hastorf C. Intcal, SHcal, or a mixed curve? Choosing a 14c calibration curve for archaeological and paleoenvironmental records from tropical South America. Radiocarbon. 2018; 60 (3):925-940. DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2018.16