Diagnostic performance of 2D SWE.SSI for significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) and cirrhosis (F = 4) in different chronic liver diseases—adapted after Jeong JY et al. [19].
\r\n\t
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Liver biopsy, the gold standard method for liver fibrosis assessment, is an invasive procedure, with possible complications and lower compliance as compared to noninvasive techniques.
Ultrasound-based liver elastography was developed as a noninvasive, easy to perform, and well-accepted tool for liver fibrosis assessment and proved to be a very dynamic research field in the last years, this being demonstrated also by the large number of publications and guidelines published in this field [1, 2, 3].
2D shear wave elastography is one of the new developed ultrasound-based techniques [1], embedded in ultrasound machines, that allow the interrogation of the tissue by dynamic acoustic radiation force impulses induced into the tissues by focused ultrasonic beams and capture the propagation of resulting shear waves in real time. The technique has the advantage that the elasticity is displayed using a color-coded image superimposed on a B-mode image, and at the same time, a quantitative estimation of liver stiffness (LS) can be performed in a certain region of interest (ROI), the results being expressed in kPa or m/s.
The measurements are performed, similar to other elastography techniques, with the patient lying in supine position with the right arm in maximal abduction, in the right liver lobe, by placing the probe in between the ribs, in the seventh to ninth intercostal space, perpendicular on the liver surface [1]. The examiner should apply sufficient pressure on the probe to make good contact with the tissue, should stabilize the hand and the probe while performing the measurement, and should ask the patient to stop breathing and avoid deep inspiration. The ROI should be placed in an area free of vessels, at least 1–2 cm and at maximum of 6 cm under the liver capsule [1].
The technique has the advantage that can be performed also in patients with ascites, but an adequate B-mode ultrasound live image is necessary for reliable results. On the other hand, published data showed that for a high feasibility of the method, ultrasound experience is needed, especially in difficult cases, for example, obese patients or narrow intercostal spaces [1, 4, 5].
First 2D SWE technique was developed by Supersonic Imagine (France) (2D SWE.SSI) and embedded in Aixplorer® system (Figure 1). Other companies followed with similar techniques, for example, General Electric (2D SWE.GE) (Figure 2), 2D SWE technique with a propagation map Canon-Toshiba (Figure 3), Philips (ElastQ), Samsung, etc.
2D SWE.SSI.
2D SWE.GE.
2D SWE with a propagation map (Canon).
Published data showed that 2D SWE.SSI is a feasible and reproducible method [6]. The manufacturer recommends a minimum of three valid measurements to be obtained and rejects any measurement that achieves less than 90% stability index (SI), as a reliability criterion. Other authors [7] used standard deviation/median liver stiffness of ≤0.10 and measurement depth of <5.6 cm as quality parameters for reliable measurements. Most published data showed that reliable LS measurements can be obtained in 90–98.9% of cases [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] with a good intra- and interobserver reproducibility [9, 11, 12].
The values of LS evaluated by 2D SWE.SSI in healthy volunteers varied from 2.6 to 6.2 kPa [13, 14, 15], with higher values in male vs. female patients (6.6 ± 1.5 vs. 5.7 ± 1.3 kPa, p = 0.01.) [14].
Similar to other ultrasound-based elastographic methods, the liver stiffness results obtained by 2D SWE.SSI may be influenced by food intake; some authors suggest that the values increase significantly in the first hour after food intake and decrease after 60 min after meal [16, 17], while in other studies, these results were not reproduced [18], suggesting that maybe this method is less influenced by food intake. Nevertheless, while more studies are necessary to clarify this issue, the measurements should be performed in fasting condition to avoid any errors.
Other studies are also needed to evaluate the effect of cytolysis, cholestasis, or congestive heart failure on the liver stiffness values obtained through 2D SWE.
Several studies showed good accuracy for 2D SWE.SSI for predicting significant fibrosis and liver cirrhosis in chronic liver diseases of different etiologies (Table 1). Overall, the method has good accuracy for evaluating both significant and severe fibrosis, slightly better for liver cirrhosis, but with very different cutoff values between etiologies and between different studies.
Ref. | Year | Etiology | Patients ( | Fibrosis stage | AUROC | Cutoffs (kPa) | Se (%) | Sp (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jeong et al. [20] | 2014 | Mixt | 70 | F ≥ 2 | 0.915 | 8.60 | 78.2 | 93.3 | 97.7 | 53.8 |
F = 4 | 0.878 | 14.00 | 77.3 | 85.4 | 70.8 | 89.2 | ||||
Deffieux et al. [21] | 2015 | Mixt | 120 | F ≥ 2 | 0.890 | 8.90 | 77.0 | 79.0 | 77.0 | 79.0 |
F = 4 | 0.890 | 10.20 | 83.0 | 76.0 | 38.0 | 96.0 | ||||
Sporea et al. [22] | 2014 | Mixt | 383 | F ≥ 2 | 0.859 | 7.8 | 76.8 | 82.6 | 77.9 | 81.5 |
F = 4 | 0.914 | 11.5 | 80.6 | 92.7 | 60.9 | 97.1 | ||||
Sporea et al. [23] | 2018 | Mixt | 82 | F ≥ 2 | 0.853 | 7.1 | 96.8 | 78 | 73.8 | 97.5 |
F = 4 | 0.94 | 13 | 78.9 | 97.7 | 88.2 | 95.5 | ||||
Bavu et al. [24] | 2011 | HCV | 113 | F ≥ 2 | 0.950 | 9.12 | 81.0 | 72.0 | ||
F = 4 | 0.970 | 13.30 | 80.0 | 87.0 | ||||||
Ferraioli et al. [5] | 2012 | HCV | 121 | F ≥ 2 | 0.920 | 7.10 | 90.0 | 87.5 | 91.3 | 85.7 |
F = 4 | 0.980 | 10.40 | 87.5 | 96.8 | 87.5 | 96.8 | ||||
Tada et al. [25] | 2013 | HCV | 55 | F ≥ 2 | 0.940 | 8.80 | 88.9 | 91.9 | 84.2 | 94.4 |
Leung et al. [8] | 2013 | HBV | 226 | F ≥ 2 | 0.880 | 7.100 | 84.70 | 92.10 | 85.3 | 91.7 |
F = 4 | 0.980 | 10.100 | 97.40 | 93.00 | 60.1 | 99.6 | ||||
Zeng et al. [26] | 2014 | HBV | 206 | F ≥ 2 | 0.917 | 7.200 | 86.36 | 86.96 | 88.8 | 84.2 |
F = 4 | 0.945 | 11.700 | 91.89 | 89.70 | 66.7 | 98.0 | ||||
Wu et al. [27] | 2016 | HBV | 437 | F ≥ 2 | 0.903 | 8.200 | 78.16 | 85.28 | 82.6 | 81.4 |
F = 4 | 0.926 | 11.256 | 91.80 | 84.31 | 48.7 | 98.4 | ||||
Zhuang et al. [28] | 2017 | HBV | 304 | F ≥ 2 | 0.970 | 7.600 | 92.00 | 90.00 | 98.4 | 64.3 |
F = 4 | 0.980 | 10.400 | 94.60 | 94.90 | 95.7 | 93.5 | ||||
Zeng et al. [29] | 2017 | HBV | 257 | F ≥ 2 | 0.882 | 7.100 | 88.89 | 76.38 | 76.2 | 89.0 |
F = 4 | 0.926 | 11.300 | 93.55 | 87.25 | 52.7 | 98.9 | ||||
Cassinotto et al. [30] | 2016 | NAFLD | 291 | F ≥ 2 | 0.860 | 8.90 | 68.0 | 94.0 | ||
F = 4 | 0.880 | 10.00 | 95.0 | 69.0 | ||||||
Takeuchi et al. [31] | 2018 | NAFLD | 71 | F ≥ 2 | 0.750 | 11.57 | 52.0 | 44.0 | ||
F = 4 | 0.900 | 15.73 | 100.0 | 82.0 | ||||||
Thiele et al. [32] | 2016 | Alcohol | 199 | F ≥ 2 | 0.940 | 10.20 | 82.0 | 93.0 | 90.0 | 88.0 |
F = 4 | 0.950 | 16.40 | 94.0 | 91.0 | 71.0 | 99.0 | ||||
Zeng et al. [33] | 2017 | Autoimmune | 114 | F ≥ 2 | 0.850 | 9.70 | 81.7 | 81.3 | 91.8 | 63.4 |
F = 4 | 0.860 | 16.30 | 87.0 | 80.2 | 52.6 | 96.1 | ||||
Li et al. [34] | 2018 | Autoimmune | 51 | F ≥ 2 | 0.781 | 9.15 | 83.3 | 72.7 |
Diagnostic performance of 2D SWE.SSI for significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) and cirrhosis (F = 4) in different chronic liver diseases—adapted after Jeong JY et al. [19].
Two comparative studies between transient elastography, point SWE (VTQ) and 2D SWE.SSI, were proposed by Cassinotto et al. in chronic liver diseases [35] and NAFLD patients [30]. The first study enrolled 349 consecutive patients with chronic liver diseases who underwent liver biopsy. For each patient, LS was assessed by 2D SWE.SSI, pSWE (VTQ), and transient elastography (FibroScan, M and XL probes). 2D SWE.SSI, transient elastography and VTQ , correlated significantly with histological fibrosis score (r = 0.79, p < .00001; r = 0.70, p < .00001; r = 0.64, p < .00001, respectively) with no significant differences between methods for the diagnosis of mild fibrosis and cirrhosis.
The second study [30] included 291 NAFLD patients in whom liver stiffness was assessed by 2D SWE.SSI, transient elastography (M probe), and VTQ within 2 weeks prior to liver biopsy. The AUROC for 2D SWE.SSI, transient elastography, and VTQ were 0.86, 0.82, and 0.77 for diagnoses of ≥F2; 0.89, 0.86, and 0.84 for ≥F3; and 0.88, 0.87, and 0.84 for F4, respectively. The cutoff values for 2D SWE.SSI and transient elastography for predicting fibrosis with a sensitivity ≥90% were very close: 6.3/6.2 kPa for ≥F2, 8.3/8.2 kPa for ≥F3, and 10.5/9.5 kPa for F4.
In an individual patient data based on meta-analysis [36] that included 1340 patients and compared 2D SWE.SSI with liver biopsy as reference method, 2D SWE.SSI showed a good to excellent performance in LS assessment in patients with HCV, HBV, and NAFLD, with AUROCs of 86.3, 91.6, and 85.9% for diagnosing significant fibrosis (F ≥ 2) and 96.1, 97.1, and 95.5% for diagnosing cirrhosis (F = 4), respectively. The optimal cutoff for diagnosing significant fibrosis in all patients was 7.1 kPa, while for diagnosing liver cirrhosis was 13.5 kPa in HCV and NAFLD and 11.5 kPa in HBV patients.
Other three meta-analyses published that included more than 900 patients each [37, 38, 39] confirmed these results, with pooled sensitivities between 0.84 and 0.85, pooled specificities between 0.81 and 0.83 and AUROC between 0.85 and 0.87 for significant fibrosis and with pooled sensitivities between 0.87 and 0.89, and pooled specificities between 0.86 and 0.88 and AUROC between 0.93 and 0.94 for liver cirrhosis.
The method was studied also as a predictor for the presence of clinically significant portal hypertension. Thus, while Kim et al. showed that for a cutoff value of 15.2 kPa, the sensitivity and specificity of 2D SWE.SSI for predicting clinically significant portal hypertension were 85.7 and 80%, respectively, (AUROC 0.819) (HVPG >10 mmHg) [40], Procopet et al. [7], by using standard deviation/median liver stiffness ≤0.10 and measurement depth < 5.6 cm as quality criteria, had better results for the optimal cutoff value of 15.4 kPa (AUROC =0.948, with sensitivity and specificity both higher than 90%).
Another study that included 79 patients with liver cirrhosis [41] evaluated LS and spleen stiffness (SS) by 2D SWE.SSI, TE, and HVPG measurements; 2D SWE.SSI LS of more than 24.6 kPa had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for clinically significant portal hypertension of 81, 88, and 82%, respectively, with better performance than SS (AUROC of 0.87 vs. 0.64, P = 0.003).
In a larger study that enrolled 401 consecutive cirrhotic patients [42], the LS cutoff values for a NPV ≥90% for high-risk esophageal varices, history of ascites, Child-Pugh B/C, variceal bleeding, and clinical decompensation were 12.8, 19, 21.4, 30.5, and 39.4 kPa, respectively, with AUROC of 0.77 for detection of esophageal varices.
Jeong et al. [43] looked on the role of 2D SWE in predicting the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, showing that patients with LS ≥10 kPa by 2D SWE had a fourfold higher risk of presenting hepatocellular carcinoma than those with LS <10 kPa.
More studies are needed to address these issues and conclude for the clinical practice.
The field of elastography, as noninvasive evaluation tool, became of interest also in pediatric population [44]. Thus a study that enrolled 54 consecutive children and adolescents with different chronic liver diseases that were examined by means of TE, ARFI, and 2D SWE.SSI showed a sensitivity of 2D SWE.SSI for detecting F1, F2, F3, and liver cirrhosis of 92.85, 83.33, 87.5, and 85.71%, respectively [45], better than a point SWE technique.
Another system that implemented the 2D SWE technique comes from General Electrics, embedded first in
This new technique showed also good intra- and interobserver reproducibility. In a study that included 60 patients evaluated by 2D SWE.GE by three examiners with different levels of experience in ultrasound-based elastography and ultrasound, the overall agreement between examiners was excellent: 0.915 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.870-0.946). The intra-observer reproducibility for each of the examiners was excellent; however, the inter-class correlation coefficients were higher for the examiners more experienced in elastography: 0.936 (95% CI: 0.896-0.963) vs. 0.966 (95% CI: 0.943-0.980) vs. 0.984 (95% CI: 0. 973-0.991) [46].
The method showed also very good feasibility and reproducibility also in pediatric population. In a study that enrolled 243 healthy participants aged 4–17 years, valid measurements were obtained in 242 of 243 (99.6%) subjects for 2D SWE.GE, with an intraclass correlation coefficients between observers of 0.84 [47].
The mean LS measurement by 2D SWE.GE in healthy subjects was 5.1 ± 1.3 kPa, significantly higher than the LS measurement assessed by transient elastography (4.3 ± 0.9 kPa, p < 0.0001) and significantly higher for male vs. female, 5.9 ± 1.2 vs. 4.7 ± 1.2 kPa (p = 0.0005) [48].
There are few data available in the literature regarding the performance of this method in evaluating liver fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, but the results are promising.
Thus in a study that enrolled 331 consecutive subjects with or without chronic hepatopathies [49] in whom LS was evaluated in the same session by means of two elastographic techniques, transient elastography and 2D SWE.GE, reliable LS measurements were obtained in 95.8% subjects by 2D SWE.GE and 94.2% by TE (p = 0.44), with a strong correlation between the LS values obtained by the two methods: r = 0.83, p < 0.0001. The best cutoff value for F ≥ 2, F ≥ 3, and for F = 4 were 6.7, 8.2, and 9.3 kPa.
Similar results were obtained in an Italian study [50] that enrolled 54 healthy subjects and 174 patients with chronic liver diseases and compared 2D SWE.GE with liver biopsy as reference method and obtained reliable LS measurements in all subjects, with a strong correlation the LS measurements and liver fibrosis (r = 0.628). The AUROC values were better also for severe fibrosis: for F ≥ 2: 0.857, for F ≥ 3: 0.946, and for F = 4: 0.935.
Even if 2D SWE techniques are quite newer on the market, they proved to be reliable methods for liver fibrosis evaluation, and several advantages can be highlighted: they are integrated into standard ultrasound systems, are real-time elastographic methods, and are feasible also in patients with ascites and with large and adjustable size of the ROI that will be evaluated. These techniques have better accuracy for predicting liver cirrhosis, with accuracy more than 95%, and they also have good accuracy (more than 85%) for predicting significant fibrosis (F2).
Malaria is one of the world’s deadliest parasitic diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported an estimate of 241 million cases as compared to 227 million cases in 2019, with the number of deaths standing at 627,000 [1]. Due to the spread of insecticide-resistant mosquitoes as well as the development of
The female anopheles mosquito requires blood to nourish her eggs. As she sucks her victim’s blood, she secretes saliva and, if infected, injects sporozoites into the subcutaneous layer of the skin of her victim. The sporozoite travel to the liver where it invades hepatocytes. Here, it replicates asexually (mitotically) producing thousands of merozoites over a period of 6–15 days without causing any symptoms. Thereafter, the merozoites are released from the hepatocytes in the form of vesicles (merozomes). The vesicles disintegrate, releasing merozoites into the bloodstream to begin the erythrocytic stage of the disease. Within RBCs, parasites develop through ring, trophozoite, and schizont stages producing approximately 16 daughter merozoite per schizont. The schizont then ruptures in near synchrony with each other (unlike other human malaria parasites,
While the male anopheles mosquito feeds exclusively on plant nectar, in addition to feeding on plant nectar, the female anopheles mosquito requires blood to nourish and develop her eggs. During blood feeding, she’s exposed to malaria parasites (gametocytes), which must complete its complex developmental life cycle inside a mosquito host. The mosquito vector risks infection when there is physical injury to its cuticle or following cuticular degradation by the parasite. However, infection can be limited or reduced by mounting immune (innate and humoral) responses mediated by pattern recognition receptors and factors that trigger parasite killing via lysis, melanization (deposition of melanin on the surface of invading pathogens), and hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis. Further, many other mosquito molecules have also been reported to limit infection in the primary mosquito compartments which pathogens inhabit i.e. the midgut, the hemocoel, and the salivary glands.
Upon ingestion of erythrocytes, cibarial armatures which mosquitoes use for RBC lysis are the first barriers faced by pathogens before they reach the midgut. Although the cibarial armature is effective in limiting infection by large metazoan parasites, it is not very effective at destroying protozoan parasites such as the malaria parasite [6, 7]. Transformation of ookinete to oocyst in the midgut is drastically reduced following lytic and melanization events. A number of molecules have been found to either facilitate or inhibit the parasite development within the midgut. They include the protein alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1); a surface recognition molecule which acts as a receptor for the malaria parasite in the mosquito midgut [8], a thioester-containing protein (TEP1), and leucine-rich repeat immune protein, (LRIM1) which recognizes the invading ookinetes at the basal lamina which surrounds the mosquito midgut and trigger immune responses [9, 10]. On the other hand, molecules such as C-type lectin 4 (CTL4), caspar, and cactus have been reported to negatively regulate the immune response of the mosquito, as silencing of these proteins resulted in decreased oocyst count [11, 12]. In
The hemocoel is a nutrient-rich medium containing immune surveillance cells known as hemocytes. Hemocytes can be grouped into two sub-populations; granulocytes and oenocytoid. The granulocyte sub-population is capable of phagocytosing pathogens. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) are hemolymph proteins involved in the killing of
Oenocytoids constitute the remaining population of the hemocytes. They are known to secrete enzymes of the melanization pathway (such as phenoloxidase and phenylalanine hydroxylase) used by mosquito to kill pathogens. Although the mechanism of pathogen killing by melanization remains unclear, it has been suggested that killing could either be the result of oxidative stress generated by unstable intermediates during melanogenesis or the result of starvation since melanization isolates the pathogen from the nutrient-rich hemocoel [18, 19]. In a literature search, Sreenivasamurthy et al. [20] identified a total of 22 molecules which play a role in melanization of ookinetes within the mosquito midgut.
Sporozoites that successfully break through the mosquito immune defense system in the midgut lamina migrate to the salivary gland via the hemolymph. This they must do for transmission to occur. About 80–90% of sporozoites are reportedly lost during migration through the hemolymph. The mechanism by which this occurs is however not fully understood [21]. The invasion of the mosquito’s salivary gland has been reported to be triggered by effective and specific associations of sporozoite surface antigens such as thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP), with receptors such as saglin present on the salivary glands of the mosquito [14]. Using knockdown assays, Cui et al. [22] showed that four genes {AGAP006268 (peritrophin), AGAP002848 (Niemann-Pick Type C-2) (NPC-2), AGAP006972 (keratin-associated protein 16–1), and AGAP002851 (NPC-2)} play a crucial role in protecting the mosquito from parasite invasion whereas three other genes {AGAP008138 (uncharacterized), FREP1 (
The malaria parasite must evolve mechanisms to evade the barriers put in place by the mosquito for successful completion of its life cycle which is an absolute requirement for parasite survival and effective transmission. A
Once sporozoites are released from the oocyst, they migrate to the salivary gland via the hemocoel [21]. Salivary gland invasion is a key step in the life cycle of the parasite since changes that take place on the sporozoites surface proteins in the salivary gland enable them to invade the salivary gland of the mosquito and also to be successfully transmitted. The proteins,
Over the last two decades, the use of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have been major contributors to gains in malaria eradication efforts [35, 36, 37, 38]. Even with the routine use of these key malaria interventions as well as effective malaria treatment with artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), malaria-related mortality and morbidity remain unacceptably high with about half a million people losing their lives to the disease annually. Further, the development of resistance by the vector to insecticides as well as generation of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs highlights the need for sustaining current gains and developing additional innovative control measures. Novel transmission-blocking intervention by vaccines or genetically engineered mosquitoes may provide a promising approach.
In 2013, the Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) was rolled out. One of its key goals is the development of vaccines capable of interrupting transmission. Transmission- blocking vaccines (TBVs) are the result of efforts put in place by researchers to understand the interaction between the parasite and mosquito. Some TBVs are currently undergoing trials for efficacy and other key measures of success (Table 1). Alanyl aminopeptidase N (AnAPN1) is the leading midgut TBV immunogen [8]. (AnAPN1) is highly immunogenic and conserved between different anophelines. This makes it very attractive for vaccine development as vaccines prepared with this antigen should be active against all human malaria vectors hence saving the resources needed to develop specific targets for different Anopheles/Plasmodium species combinations [54]. Other midgut candidate molecules include carboxypeptidase [40], calreticulin [41], Croquemort SCRBQ2 [42] and myosin [43]. Candidate parasite molecules include those found on the surface of gametocytes and gametes (Pfs 2400, Pfs230, Pfs48/45) as well as zygotes and ookinetes (Pfs25, Pfs28) [55]. Vaccine against Pvs25 and Pfs25, which blocks
Vaccine candidate | Target | Stage of development/ClinicalTrials.gov identifier number | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
AnANP1 | Midgut | Preclinical | [8] |
FREP1 | Midgut | Preclinical | [40] |
Carboxypeptidase | Midgut | Preclinical | [41] |
Calreticulin | Midgut | Preclinical | [42] |
Croquemort SCRBQ2 | Midgut | Preclinical | [43] |
Myosin | Midgut | Preclinical | [44] |
PfHAP2 | Zygote | Preclinical | [45] |
Pfs25 | Midgut | Phase I (NCT01867463; NCT00295581) | [46] |
Pfs28 | Ookinete | Preclinical | [46, 47] |
Pfs47 | Midgut | Preclinical | [48] |
Pfs48/45 | Gametocytes & gametes | Preclinical | [49, 50] |
Pfs230 | Gametocytes & gametes | Phase I (NCT02942277) | [51] |
Pfs2400 | Gametocytes & gametes | Preclinical | [52] |
Pvs25 | Gametocytes, gametes, zygote & ookinete | Phase I (NCT00295581) | [53] |
Pvs48/45 | Gametocytes & gametes | Preclinical | [48] |
Transmission-blocking vaccine candidates.
More recently, scientists have shifted attention from regular vector-control strategies (LLINs and IRS) to engaging advanced molecular tools such as CRISPR-cas9 to re-program the vector genome so as to make them refractory to the parasite (Figure 1). Gene drives skew the pattern of inheritance of genes creating mosquitoes that will either reduce mosquito populations or make mosquitoes less likely to spread the malaria parasite. Using such gene-drive systems in the laboratory, researchers have been able to transfer antimalarial effector genes to mosquitoes [57, 58]. Intriguing using similar allelic drive system in a
Breaking the cycle of malaria transmission.
Mosquito picks up gametocytes from the blood of an infected person. The sexual cycle is initiated due to the presence of xanthurenic acid (XA) as well as the low temperature and high pH of the mosquito stomach. The parasite then progresses through different stages and eventually forms sporozoites which are infective to humans. As depicted in the image above, parasite development can be interrupted at any stage of its sexual cycle either by using TBVs (candidate molecules are in boxes bordered by red broken lines) or genetic-based tools could be used to alter the expression levels of proteins crucial for mosquito infection (see boxes with broken black lines). Such tools capable of breaking the transmission chain could be incorporated as part of an integrated antimalarial strategy to eradicate the disease.
Although successful transgenic manipulation of mosquitoes has been achieved in the laboratories, their relative negative fitness in relation to wild-type populations is an important limitation for their relevance for large-scale use. For example, in a mark-release-recapture study in Burkina Faso recently, hemizygous genetically-modified (GM) sterile and non-transgenic sibling males of
Strategy | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|
TBVs | It can reduce child mortality in areas of malaria endemicity | Extremely long duration for vaccine preparation |
It can slow down the spread of mutant parasites thereby prolonging the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. | Lack of industrial partners which has hampered the progress of development [61]. | |
It can be combined with other multi-stage vaccines and contribute immensely to actualizing the eradication goal | Due to their mechanism of action, acceptability may be an issue. Although a recent survey in Bo, Sierra Leone reported that 96% of adults in that region will be willing to take TBVs [62], it remains to be seen if this will be the case when TBVs are eventually ready for use. | |
Gene drive | It can reduce or eliminate malaria by interrupting the transmission chain. | Safety concerns. The impact of gene drives on ecological habitat and the world at large is unknown. There is a possibility of off-targets that could cause serious harm to other organisms and even humans. |
Reduced use of insecticides thereby saving endangered species such as butterflies. | Ethical concerns of elimination of an entire population [63]. | |
Mosquitoes can be controlled in a more effective manner other than the conventional use of insecticides to which mosquitoes often become resistant. | Genetically modified mosquitoes could spread across borders creating more legal issues [64]. | |
It may reduce the economic and human cost of managing malaria. | Affordability. Many malaria endemic countries may be unable to afford it. | |
It may be more long-lasing than conventional vector control methods since gene-drives can continue to spread through multiple generations without the need to re-introduce them | Cost-effectiveness. Although gene drive was seen to be the most cost-effective tool for the elimination of malaria in the Democratic republic of Congo using a mathematical model [65], some school of thoughts believe investing more money on health systems would be more beneficial and less risky than developing a gene drive technology for malaria. |
Pros and cons of transmission-blocking intervention strategies.
The prolonged and repeated use of insecticides of a limited chemical class is a major contributor for the acquisition of resistance mutations in insecticide-target genes in insects. On the part of the malaria parasite, it also constantly evades antimalarial drugs by generating resistance mutations. Hence, the need to identify additional control measures that TBVs and genetics-based vector control tools may offer. Broad-spectrum malaria transmission-blocking vaccine antigens such as FREP1 [66] and (AnAPN1) offer attractive targets for the development of TBVs. However, due to the lack of industrial partners, the development and production of TBVs have stalled [61].
To generate transgenic mosquitoes, mosquito proteins that cause complete refractoriness in the vector upon silencing may be the target of choice. An ideal target molecule would be one that does not impose a relative negative fitness cost on the insect and one which could be used in combination with others targeting different stages of the parasite life cycle [67]. However, a major challenge with genome editing techniques is devising means to safely drive effector genes into mosquito populations in the field without causing harm to other organisms, including humans. Once safety concerns are addressed, such tools could be integrated with traditional vector control strategies, in addition to effective malaria treatment and good sanitation practices for the actualization of the eradication goal.
Authors declare no conflict of interests exists.
NE conceptualized the write-up. VO contributed to writing. NE contributed to writing, review and editing. Both authors have read and agreed to the final version of the manuscript.
This is a brief overview of the main steps involved in publishing with IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books. Once you submit your proposal you will be appointed a Author Service Manager who will be your single point of contact and lead you through all the described steps below.
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\n\nIntechOpen authors can choose whether to publish their book online only or opt for online and print editions. IntechOpen Compacts, Monographs and Edited Books will be published on www.intechopen.com. If ordered, print copies are delivered by DHL within 12 to 15 working days.
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From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. 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Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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Unfortunately, the comorbidities of aging have created a large economic and health burden on society. Osteoporosis is the most prevalent age-related disease. It is characterized by uncoupled bone resorption that leads to low bone mass, compromised microarchitecture and structural deterioration that increases the likelihood of fracture with minimal trauma, known as fragility fractures. These fractures lead to disproportionally high mortality rate and a drastic decline in quality of life for those affected. While estrogen loss is one known trigger of osteoporosis, a number of recent studies have shown that osteoporosis is a multifactorial condition in both humans and rodent models. The presence or absence of certain factors are likely to determine which subset of the population develop osteoporosis. In this chapter, we review the factors that contribute to osteoporosis with an emphasis on its multifactorial nature and the therapeutic consequences.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Di Wu, Anna Cline-Smith, Elena Shashkova and Rajeev Aurora",authors:[{id:"339667",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Aurora",slug:"rajeev-aurora",fullName:"Rajeev Aurora"},{id:"347366",title:"Mr.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"di-wu",fullName:"Di Wu"},{id:"347367",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Cline-Smith",slug:"anna-cline-smith",fullName:"Anna Cline-Smith"},{id:"347579",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Shashkova",slug:"elena-shashkova",fullName:"Elena Shashkova"}]},{id:"75660",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.96487",title:"Bone Quality of the Dento-Maxillofacial Complex and Osteoporosis. 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Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to describe the use of these parameters as an auxiliary mechanism in the detection of low bone mineral density, as well as to characterize the radiographic findings of patients with osteoporosis.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe, Giovani Antonio Rodrigues, Marcelo Rodrigues Azenha, Michel Campos Ribeiro, Enéas de Almeida Souza Filho, Rafael Angelo Soares Vieira and Fabio Santos Bottacin",authors:[{id:"76171",title:"Prof.",name:"Plauto C. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"plauto-c.-a.-watanabe",fullName:"Plauto C. A. 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Anti-inflammatory diet is designed to improve health and prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with inadequate diet. Proper nutrition is based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits are the long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and chronic diseases. Inflammatory factors from food may play a role in the development of osteoporosis and an anti-inflammatory diet may be a way to control and reduce long-term inflammation and prevent bone loss. Pro-inflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue, through activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system could intervene with bone metabolism in a way of increased bone loss. Therefore the special attention need to be given to obese patients due to twofold risk, one related to pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the other related to the deprivation of the vitamin D in the fat tissue.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza, Sandra Pavičić Žeželj, Gordana Kenđel Jovanović, Ivana Pavičić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Jasna Lulić Drenjak, Gordana Starčević Klasan, Ariana Fužinac Smojver and Juraj Arbanas",authors:[{id:"339281",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Cvijanović Peloza",slug:"olga-cvijanovic-peloza",fullName:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza"},{id:"346420",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić Žeželj",slug:"sandra-pavicic-zezelj",fullName:"Sandra Pavičić Žeželj"},{id:"346421",title:"BSc.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić",slug:"ivana-pavicic",fullName:"Ivana Pavičić"},{id:"346423",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezija",middleName:null,surname:"Jerbić Radetić",slug:"ana-terezija-jerbic-radetic",fullName:"Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić"},{id:"346424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanja",middleName:null,surname:"Zoričić Cvek",slug:"sanja-zoricic-cvek",fullName:"Sanja Zoričić Cvek"},{id:"346426",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasna",middleName:null,surname:"Lulić Drenjak",slug:"jasna-lulic-drenjak",fullName:"Jasna Lulić Drenjak"},{id:"346427",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Starčević Klasan",slug:"gordana-starcevic-klasan",fullName:"Gordana Starčević Klasan"},{id:"346428",title:"MSc.",name:"Ariana",middleName:null,surname:"Fužinac Smojver",slug:"ariana-fuzinac-smojver",fullName:"Ariana Fužinac Smojver"},{id:"346429",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Arbanas",slug:"juraj-arbanas",fullName:"Juraj Arbanas"},{id:"350011",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kenđel Jovanović",slug:"gordana-kendjel-jovanovic",fullName:"Gordana Kenđel Jovanović"}]},{id:"76351",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97416",title:"Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis",slug:"glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The use of glucocorticoids (GC) in the medium and long term, causes several considerable side effects, being one of the main ones the reduction of bone mineral density (BMD). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy reduces BMD by up to 20% in trabecular bone and approximately 2–3% in cortical bone in the first year of use. This loss rate declines and stabilizes at approximately 2% in subsequent years. Therefore, there is a considerable increase in the incidence of pathological fractures, whether clinically symptomatic or asymptomatic (detected as a radiological finding), which varies between 30 and 50% of patients who use GC for more than three months. In view of the above, it is essential to prevent fractures and treat osteoporosis in patients using glucocorticoids for long periods (in particular, greater than or equal to 3 months), which may or may not be associated with clinical risk factors or previous fractures. The guidelines for the treatment and prevention of this comorbidity are well established for postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. However, for patients below this range, studies are still lacking.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"José Renan Vieira da Costa Júnior and Sérgio Luchini Batista",authors:[{id:"164388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Luchini Batista",slug:"sergio-luchini-batista",fullName:"Sergio Luchini Batista"},{id:"354032",title:"Dr.",name:"José Renan",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira Da Costa Júnior",slug:"jose-renan-vieira-da-costa-junior",fullName:"José Renan Vieira Da Costa Júnior"}]},{id:"76677",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97760",title:"Introductory Chapter: Osteoporosis Overview",slug:"introductory-chapter-osteoporosis-overview",totalDownloads:176,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Luis Rodrigo",authors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"75660",title:"Bone Quality of the Dento-Maxillofacial Complex and Osteoporosis. 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Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to describe the use of these parameters as an auxiliary mechanism in the detection of low bone mineral density, as well as to characterize the radiographic findings of patients with osteoporosis.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Plauto Christopher Aranha Watanabe, Giovani Antonio Rodrigues, Marcelo Rodrigues Azenha, Michel Campos Ribeiro, Enéas de Almeida Souza Filho, Rafael Angelo Soares Vieira and Fabio Santos Bottacin",authors:[{id:"76171",title:"Prof.",name:"Plauto C. A.",middleName:null,surname:"Watanabe",slug:"plauto-c.-a.-watanabe",fullName:"Plauto C. A. 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Unfortunately, the comorbidities of aging have created a large economic and health burden on society. Osteoporosis is the most prevalent age-related disease. It is characterized by uncoupled bone resorption that leads to low bone mass, compromised microarchitecture and structural deterioration that increases the likelihood of fracture with minimal trauma, known as fragility fractures. These fractures lead to disproportionally high mortality rate and a drastic decline in quality of life for those affected. While estrogen loss is one known trigger of osteoporosis, a number of recent studies have shown that osteoporosis is a multifactorial condition in both humans and rodent models. The presence or absence of certain factors are likely to determine which subset of the population develop osteoporosis. In this chapter, we review the factors that contribute to osteoporosis with an emphasis on its multifactorial nature and the therapeutic consequences.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Di Wu, Anna Cline-Smith, Elena Shashkova and Rajeev Aurora",authors:[{id:"339667",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Rajeev",middleName:null,surname:"Aurora",slug:"rajeev-aurora",fullName:"Rajeev Aurora"},{id:"347366",title:"Mr.",name:"Di",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",slug:"di-wu",fullName:"Di Wu"},{id:"347367",title:"Ms.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Cline-Smith",slug:"anna-cline-smith",fullName:"Anna Cline-Smith"},{id:"347579",title:"Dr.",name:"Elena",middleName:null,surname:"Shashkova",slug:"elena-shashkova",fullName:"Elena Shashkova"}]},{id:"75742",title:"Osteoporosis and Dietary Inflammatory Index",slug:"osteoporosis-and-dietary-inflammatory-index",totalDownloads:235,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"Healthy bones are constantly being renewed and proper nutrition is an important factor in this process. Anti-inflammatory diet is designed to improve health and prevent the occurrence and development of chronic diseases associated with inadequate diet. Proper nutrition is based on the anti-inflammatory pyramid and changes in poor eating habits are the long-term strategy for preventing inflammation and chronic diseases. Inflammatory factors from food may play a role in the development of osteoporosis and an anti-inflammatory diet may be a way to control and reduce long-term inflammation and prevent bone loss. Pro-inflammatory cytokines from the fat tissue, through activation of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system could intervene with bone metabolism in a way of increased bone loss. Therefore the special attention need to be given to obese patients due to twofold risk, one related to pro-inflammatory cytokines release and the other related to the deprivation of the vitamin D in the fat tissue.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza, Sandra Pavičić Žeželj, Gordana Kenđel Jovanović, Ivana Pavičić, Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić, Sanja Zoričić Cvek, Jasna Lulić Drenjak, Gordana Starčević Klasan, Ariana Fužinac Smojver and Juraj Arbanas",authors:[{id:"339281",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Olga",middleName:null,surname:"Cvijanović Peloza",slug:"olga-cvijanovic-peloza",fullName:"Olga Cvijanović Peloza"},{id:"346420",title:"Prof.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić Žeželj",slug:"sandra-pavicic-zezelj",fullName:"Sandra Pavičić Žeželj"},{id:"346421",title:"BSc.",name:"Ivana",middleName:null,surname:"Pavičić",slug:"ivana-pavicic",fullName:"Ivana Pavičić"},{id:"346423",title:"Prof.",name:"Ana Terezija",middleName:null,surname:"Jerbić Radetić",slug:"ana-terezija-jerbic-radetic",fullName:"Ana Terezija Jerbić Radetić"},{id:"346424",title:"Prof.",name:"Sanja",middleName:null,surname:"Zoričić Cvek",slug:"sanja-zoricic-cvek",fullName:"Sanja Zoričić Cvek"},{id:"346426",title:"MSc.",name:"Jasna",middleName:null,surname:"Lulić Drenjak",slug:"jasna-lulic-drenjak",fullName:"Jasna Lulić Drenjak"},{id:"346427",title:"Prof.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Starčević Klasan",slug:"gordana-starcevic-klasan",fullName:"Gordana Starčević Klasan"},{id:"346428",title:"MSc.",name:"Ariana",middleName:null,surname:"Fužinac Smojver",slug:"ariana-fuzinac-smojver",fullName:"Ariana Fužinac Smojver"},{id:"346429",title:"Prof.",name:"Juraj",middleName:null,surname:"Arbanas",slug:"juraj-arbanas",fullName:"Juraj Arbanas"},{id:"350011",title:"Dr.",name:"Gordana",middleName:null,surname:"Kenđel Jovanović",slug:"gordana-kendjel-jovanovic",fullName:"Gordana Kenđel Jovanović"}]},{id:"76351",title:"Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis",slug:"glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis",totalDownloads:254,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:"The use of glucocorticoids (GC) in the medium and long term, causes several considerable side effects, being one of the main ones the reduction of bone mineral density (BMD). Prolonged corticosteroid therapy reduces BMD by up to 20% in trabecular bone and approximately 2–3% in cortical bone in the first year of use. This loss rate declines and stabilizes at approximately 2% in subsequent years. Therefore, there is a considerable increase in the incidence of pathological fractures, whether clinically symptomatic or asymptomatic (detected as a radiological finding), which varies between 30 and 50% of patients who use GC for more than three months. In view of the above, it is essential to prevent fractures and treat osteoporosis in patients using glucocorticoids for long periods (in particular, greater than or equal to 3 months), which may or may not be associated with clinical risk factors or previous fractures. The guidelines for the treatment and prevention of this comorbidity are well established for postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. However, for patients below this range, studies are still lacking.",book:{id:"10323",slug:"osteoporosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",title:"Osteoporosis",fullTitle:"Osteoporosis - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications"},signatures:"José Renan Vieira da Costa Júnior and Sérgio Luchini Batista",authors:[{id:"164388",title:"Prof.",name:"Sergio",middleName:null,surname:"Luchini Batista",slug:"sergio-luchini-batista",fullName:"Sergio Luchini Batista"},{id:"354032",title:"Dr.",name:"José Renan",middleName:null,surname:"Vieira Da Costa Júnior",slug:"jose-renan-vieira-da-costa-junior",fullName:"José Renan Vieira Da Costa Júnior"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"1414",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:318,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:106,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. 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He has both an MS and Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering. He was previously a research scientist at the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and visiting professor and researcher at the University of North Dakota. He is currently working in artificial intelligence and its applications in medical signal processing. In addition, he is using digital signal processing in medical imaging and speech processing. Dr. Asadpour has developed brain-computer interfacing algorithms and has published books, book chapters, and several journal and conference papers in this field and other areas of intelligent signal processing. He has also designed medical devices, including a laser Doppler monitoring system.",institutionString:"Kaiser Permanente Southern California",institution:null},{id:"169608",title:"Prof.",name:"Marian",middleName:null,surname:"Găiceanu",slug:"marian-gaiceanu",fullName:"Marian Găiceanu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/169608/images/system/169608.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Marian Gaiceanu graduated from the Naval and Electrical Engineering Faculty, Dunarea de Jos University of Galati, Romania, in 1997. He received a Ph.D. (Magna Cum Laude) in Electrical Engineering in 2002. Since 2017, Dr. Gaiceanu has been a Ph.D. supervisor for students in Electrical Engineering. He has been employed at Dunarea de Jos University of Galati since 1996, where he is currently a professor. Dr. Gaiceanu is a member of the National Council for Attesting Titles, Diplomas and Certificates, an expert of the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research Funding, and a member of the Senate of the Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. He has been the head of the Integrated Energy Conversion Systems and Advanced Control of Complex Processes Research Center, Romania, since 2016. He has conducted several projects in power converter systems for electrical drives, power quality, PEM and SOFC fuel cell power converters for utilities, electric vehicles, and marine applications with the Department of Regulation and Control, SIEI S.pA. (2002–2004) and the Polytechnic University of Turin, Italy (2002–2004, 2006–2007). He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and cofounder-member of the IEEE Power Electronics Romanian Chapter. He is a guest editor at Energies and an academic book editor for IntechOpen. He is also a member of the editorial boards of the Journal of Electrical Engineering, Electronics, Control and Computer Science and Sustainability. Dr. Gaiceanu has been General Chairman of the IEEE International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering in the last six editions.",institutionString:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',institution:{name:'"Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati',country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"4519",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaydip",middleName:null,surname:"Sen",slug:"jaydip-sen",fullName:"Jaydip Sen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/4519/images/system/4519.jpeg",biography:"Jaydip Sen is associated with Praxis Business School, Kolkata, India, as a professor in the Department of Data Science. His research areas include security and privacy issues in computing and communication, intrusion detection systems, machine learning, deep learning, and artificial intelligence in the financial domain. He has more than 200 publications in reputed international journals, refereed conference proceedings, and 20 book chapters in books published by internationally renowned publishing houses, such as Springer, CRC press, IGI Global, etc. Currently, he is serving on the editorial board of the prestigious journal Frontiers in Communications and Networks and in the technical program committees of a number of high-ranked international conferences organized by the IEEE, USA, and the ACM, USA. He has been listed among the top 2% of scientists in the world for the last three consecutive years, 2019 to 2021 as per studies conducted by the Stanford University, USA.",institutionString:"Praxis Business School",institution:null},{id:"320071",title:"Dr.",name:"Sidra",middleName:null,surname:"Mehtab",slug:"sidra-mehtab",fullName:"Sidra Mehtab",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002v6KHoQAM/Profile_Picture_1584512086360",biography:"Sidra Mehtab has completed her BS with honors in Physics from Calcutta University, India in 2018. She has done MS in Data Science and Analytics from Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology (MAKAUT), Kolkata, India in 2020. Her research areas include Econometrics, Time Series Analysis, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and Computer and Network Security with a particular focus on Cyber Security Analytics. Ms. Mehtab has published seven papers in international conferences and one of her papers has been accepted for publication in a reputable international journal. She has won the best paper awards in two prestigious international conferences – BAICONF 2019, and ICADCML 2021, organized in the Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, India in December 2019, and SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India in January 2021. Besides, Ms. Mehtab has also published two book chapters in two books. Seven of her book chapters will be published in a volume shortly in 2021 by Cambridge Scholars’ Press, UK. Currently, she is working as the joint editor of two edited volumes on Time Series Analysis and Forecasting to be published in the first half of 2021 by an international house. Currently, she is working as a Data Scientist with an MNC in Delhi, India.",institutionString:"NSHM College of Management and Technology",institution:null},{id:"226240",title:"Dr.",name:"Andri Irfan",middleName:null,surname:"Rifai",slug:"andri-irfan-rifai",fullName:"Andri Irfan Rifai",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/226240/images/7412_n.jpg",biography:"Andri IRFAN is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering and Planning. He completed the PhD at the Universitas Indonesia & Universidade do Minho with Sandwich Program Scholarship from the Directorate General of Higher Education and LPDP scholarship. He has been teaching for more than 19 years and much active to applied his knowledge in the project construction in Indonesia. His research interest ranges from pavement management system to advanced data mining techniques for transportation engineering. He has published more than 50 papers in journals and 2 books.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universitas Internasional Batam",country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"314576",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibai",middleName:null,surname:"Laña",slug:"ibai-lana",fullName:"Ibai Laña",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314576/images/system/314576.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ibai Laña works at TECNALIA as a data analyst. He received his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence from the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Spain, in 2018. He is currently a senior researcher at TECNALIA. His research interests fall within the intersection of intelligent transportation systems, machine learning, traffic data analysis, and data science. He has dealt with urban traffic forecasting problems, applying machine learning models and evolutionary algorithms. He has experience in origin-destination matrix estimation or point of interest and trajectory detection. Working with large volumes of data has given him a good command of big data processing tools and NoSQL databases. He has also been a visiting scholar at the Knowledge Engineering and Discovery Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"314575",title:"Dr.",name:"Jesus",middleName:null,surname:"L. Lobo",slug:"jesus-l.-lobo",fullName:"Jesus L. Lobo",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/314575/images/system/314575.png",biography:"Dr. Jesús López is currently based in Bilbao (Spain) working at TECNALIA as Artificial Intelligence Research Scientist. In most cases, a project idea or a new research line needs to be investigated to see if it is good enough to take into production or to focus on it. That is exactly what he does, diving into Machine Learning algorithms and technologies to help TECNALIA to decide whether something is great in theory or will actually impact on the product or processes of its projects. So, he is expert at framing experiments, developing hypotheses, and proving whether they’re true or not, in order to investigate fundamental problems with a longer time horizon. He is also able to design and develop PoCs and system prototypes in simulation. He has participated in several national and internacional R&D projects.\n\nAs another relevant part of his everyday research work, he usually publishes his findings in reputed scientific refereed journals and international conferences, occasionally acting as reviewer and Programme Commitee member. Concretely, since 2018 he has published 9 JCR (8 Q1) journal papers, 9 conference papers (e.g. ECML PKDD 2021), and he has co-edited a book. He is also active in popular science writing data science stories for reputed blogs (KDNuggets, TowardsDataScience, Naukas). Besides, he has recently embarked on mentoring programmes as mentor, and has also worked as data science trainer.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",biography:"Yalcin Isler (1971 - Burdur / Turkey) received the B.Sc. degree in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Anadolu University, Eskisehir, Turkey, in 1993, the M.Sc. degree from the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey, in 1996, the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey, in 2009, and the Competence of Associate Professorship from the Turkish Interuniversity Council in 2019.\n\nHe was Lecturer at Burdur Vocational School in Suleyman Demirel University (1993-2000, Burdur / Turkey), Software Engineer (2000-2002, Izmir / Turkey), Research Assistant in Bulent Ecevit University (2002-2003, Zonguldak / Turkey), Research Assistant in Dokuz Eylul University (2003-2010, Izmir / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering in Bulent Ecevit University (2010-2012, Zonguldak / Turkey), Assistant Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Izmir Katip Celebi University (2012-2019, Izmir / Turkey). He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir / Turkey, since 2019. In addition to academics, he has also founded Islerya Medical and Information Technologies Company, Izmir / Turkey, since 2017.\n\nHis main research interests cover biomedical signal processing, pattern recognition, medical device design, programming, and embedded systems. He has many scientific papers and participated in several projects in these study fields. He was an IEEE Student Member (2009-2011) and IEEE Member (2011-2014) and has been IEEE Senior Member since 2014.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"339677",title:"Dr.",name:"Mrinmoy",middleName:null,surname:"Roy",slug:"mrinmoy-roy",fullName:"Mrinmoy Roy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/339677/images/16768_n.jpg",biography:"An accomplished Sales & Marketing professional with 12 years of cross-functional experience in well-known organisations such as CIPLA, LUPIN, GLENMARK, ASTRAZENECA across different segment of Sales & Marketing, International Business, Institutional Business, Product Management, Strategic Marketing of HIV, Oncology, Derma, Respiratory, Anti-Diabetic, Nutraceutical & Stomatological Product Portfolio and Generic as well as Chronic Critical Care Portfolio. A First Class MBA in International Business & Strategic Marketing, B.Pharm, D.Pharm, Google Certified Digital Marketing Professional. Qualified PhD Candidate in Operations and Management with special focus on Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning adoption, analysis and use in Healthcare, Hospital & Pharma Domain. Seasoned with diverse therapy area of Pharmaceutical Sales & Marketing ranging from generating revenue through generating prescriptions, launching new products, and making them big brands with continuous strategy execution at the Physician and Patients level. Moved from Sales to Marketing and Business Development for 3.5 years in South East Asian Market operating from Manila, Philippines. Came back to India and handled and developed Brands such as Gluconorm, Lupisulin, Supracal, Absolut Woman, Hemozink, Fabiflu (For COVID 19), and many more. In my previous assignment I used to develop and execute strategies on Sales & Marketing, Commercialization & Business Development for Institution and Corporate Hospital Business portfolio of Oncology Therapy Area for AstraZeneca Pharma India Ltd. Being a Research Scholar and Student of ‘Operations Research & Management: Artificial Intelligence’ I published several pioneer research papers and book chapters on the same in Internationally reputed journals and Books indexed in Scopus, Springer and Ei Compendex, Google Scholar etc. Currently, I am launching PGDM Pharmaceutical Management Program in IIHMR Bangalore and spearheading the course curriculum and structure of the same. I am interested in Collaboration for Healthcare Innovation, Pharma AI Innovation, Future trend in Marketing and Management with incubation on Healthcare, Healthcare IT startups, AI-ML Modelling and Healthcare Algorithm based training module development. I am also an affiliated member of the Institute of Management Consultant of India, looking forward to Healthcare, Healthcare IT and Innovation, Pharma and Hospital Management Consulting works.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Lovely Professional University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"310576",title:"Prof.",name:"Erick Giovani",middleName:null,surname:"Sperandio Nascimento",slug:"erick-giovani-sperandio-nascimento",fullName:"Erick Giovani Sperandio Nascimento",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y00002pDKxDQAW/ProfilePicture%202022-06-20%2019%3A57%3A24.788",biography:"Prof. Erick Sperandio is the Lead Researcher and professor of Artificial Intelligence (AI) at SENAI CIMATEC, Bahia, Brazil, also working with Computational Modeling (CM) and HPC. He holds a PhD in Environmental Engineering in the area of Atmospheric Computational Modeling, a Master in Informatics in the field of Computational Intelligence and Graduated in Computer Science from UFES. He currently coordinates, leads and participates in R&D projects in the areas of AI, computational modeling and supercomputing applied to different areas such as Oil and Gas, Health, Advanced Manufacturing, Renewable Energies and Atmospheric Sciences, advising undergraduate, master's and doctoral students. He is the Lead Researcher at SENAI CIMATEC's Reference Center on Artificial Intelligence. In addition, he is a Certified Instructor and University Ambassador of the NVIDIA Deep Learning Institute (DLI) in the areas of Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Natural Language Processing and Recommender Systems, and Principal Investigator of the NVIDIA/CIMATEC AI Joint Lab, the first in Latin America within the NVIDIA AI Technology Center (NVAITC) worldwide program. He also works as a researcher at the Supercomputing Center for Industrial Innovation (CS2i) and at the SENAI Institute of Innovation for Automation (ISI Automação), both from SENAI CIMATEC. He is a member and vice-coordinator of the Basic Board of Scientific-Technological Advice and Evaluation, in the area of Innovation, of the Foundation for Research Support of the State of Bahia (FAPESB). He serves as Technology Transfer Coordinator and one of the Principal Investigators at the National Applied Research Center in Artificial Intelligence (CPA-IA) of SENAI CIMATEC, focusing on Industry, being one of the six CPA-IA in Brazil approved by MCTI / FAPESP / CGI.br. He also participates as one of the representatives of Brazil in the BRICS Innovation Collaboration Working Group on HPC, ICT and AI. He is the coordinator of the Work Group of the Axis 5 - Workforce and Training - of the Brazilian Strategy for Artificial Intelligence (EBIA), and member of the MCTI/EMBRAPII AI Innovation Network Training Committee. He is the coordinator, by SENAI CIMATEC, of the Artificial Intelligence Reference Network of the State of Bahia (REDE BAH.IA). He leads the working group of experts representing Brazil in the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI), on the theme \"AI and the Pandemic Response\".",institutionString:"Manufacturing and Technology Integrated Campus – SENAI CIMATEC",institution:null},{id:"1063",title:"Prof.",name:"Constantin",middleName:null,surname:"Volosencu",slug:"constantin-volosencu",fullName:"Constantin Volosencu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/1063/images/system/1063.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Constantin Voloşencu graduated as an engineer from\nPolitehnica University of Timișoara, Romania, where he also\nobtained a doctorate degree. He is currently a full professor in\nthe Department of Automation and Applied Informatics at the\nsame university. Dr. Voloşencu is the author of ten books, seven\nbook chapters, and more than 160 papers published in journals\nand conference proceedings. He has also edited twelve books and\nhas twenty-seven patents to his name. He is a manager of research grants, editor in\nchief and member of international journal editorial boards, a former plenary speaker, a member of scientific committees, and chair at international conferences. His\nresearch is in the fields of control systems, control of electric drives, fuzzy control\nsystems, neural network applications, fault detection and diagnosis, sensor network\napplications, monitoring of distributed parameter systems, and power ultrasound\napplications. He has developed automation equipment for machine tools, spooling\nmachines, high-power ultrasound processes, and more.",institutionString:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Timişoara",country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"221364",title:"Dr.",name:"Eneko",middleName:null,surname:"Osaba",slug:"eneko-osaba",fullName:"Eneko Osaba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/221364/images/system/221364.jpg",biography:"Dr. Eneko Osaba works at TECNALIA as a senior researcher. He obtained his Ph.D. in Artificial Intelligence in 2015. He has participated in more than twenty-five local and European research projects, and in the publication of more than 130 papers. He has performed several stays at universities in the United Kingdom, Italy, and Malta. Dr. Osaba has served as a program committee member in more than forty international conferences and participated in organizing activities in more than ten international conferences. He is a member of the editorial board of the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence, Data in Brief, and Journal of Advanced Transportation. He is also a guest editor for the Journal of Computational Science, Neurocomputing, Swarm, and Evolutionary Computation and IEEE ITS Magazine.",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"275829",title:"Dr.",name:"Esther",middleName:null,surname:"Villar-Rodriguez",slug:"esther-villar-rodriguez",fullName:"Esther Villar-Rodriguez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/275829/images/system/275829.jpg",biography:"Dr. Esther Villar obtained a Ph.D. in Information and Communication Technologies from the University of Alcalá, Spain, in 2015. She obtained a degree in Computer Science from the University of Deusto, Spain, in 2010, and an MSc in Computer Languages and Systems from the National University of Distance Education, Spain, in 2012. Her areas of interest and knowledge include natural language processing (NLP), detection of impersonation in social networks, semantic web, and machine learning. Dr. Esther Villar made several contributions at conferences and publishing in various journals in those fields. Currently, she is working within the OPTIMA (Optimization Modeling & Analytics) business of TECNALIA’s ICT Division as a data scientist in projects related to the prediction and optimization of management and industrial processes (resource planning, energy efficiency, etc).",institutionString:"TECNALIA Research & Innovation",institution:{name:"Tecnalia",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/49813/images/system/49813.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Javier Del Ser received his first PhD in Telecommunication Engineering (Cum Laude) from the University of Navarra, Spain, in 2006, and a second PhD in Computational Intelligence (Summa Cum Laude) from the University of Alcala, Spain, in 2013. He is currently a principal researcher in data analytics and optimisation at TECNALIA (Spain), a visiting fellow at the Basque Center for Applied Mathematics (BCAM) and a part-time lecturer at the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU). His research interests gravitate on the use of descriptive, prescriptive and predictive algorithms for data mining and optimization in a diverse range of application fields such as Energy, Transport, Telecommunications, Health and Industry, among others. In these fields he has published more than 240 articles, co-supervised 8 Ph.D. theses, edited 6 books, coauthored 7 patents and participated/led more than 40 research projects. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, and a recipient of the Biscay Talent prize for his academic career.",institutionString:"Tecnalia Research & Innovation",institution:null},{id:"278948",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos Pedro",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"carlos-pedro-goncalves",fullName:"Carlos Pedro Gonçalves",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRcmyQAC/Profile_Picture_1564224512145",biography:'Carlos Pedro Gonçalves (PhD) is an Associate Professor at Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies and a researcher on Complexity Sciences, Quantum Technologies, Artificial Intelligence, Strategic Studies, Studies in Intelligence and Security, FinTech and Financial Risk Modeling. He is also a progammer with programming experience in:\n\nA) Quantum Computing using Qiskit Python module and IBM Quantum Experience Platform, with software developed on the simulation of Quantum Artificial Neural Networks and Quantum Cybersecurity;\n\nB) Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning programming in Python;\n\nC) Artificial Intelligence, Multiagent Systems Modeling and System Dynamics Modeling in Netlogo, with models developed in the areas of Chaos Theory, Econophysics, Artificial Intelligence, Classical and Quantum Complex Systems Science, with the Econophysics models having been cited worldwide and incorporated in PhD programs by different Universities.\n\nReceived an Arctic Code Vault Contributor status by GitHub, due to having developed open source software preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\" for future generations (https://archiveprogram.github.com/arctic-vault/), with the Strategy Analyzer A.I. module for decision making support (based on his PhD thesis, used in his Classes on Decision Making and in Strategic Intelligence Consulting Activities) and QNeural Python Quantum Neural Network simulator also preserved in the \\"Arctic Code Vault\\", for access to these software modules see: https://github.com/cpgoncalves. He is also a peer reviewer with outsanding review status from Elsevier journals, including Physica A, Neurocomputing and Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence. Science CV available at: https://www.cienciavitae.pt//pt/8E1C-A8B3-78C5 and ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0298-3974',institutionString:"University of Lisbon",institution:{name:"Universidade Lusófona",country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"241400",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohammed",middleName:null,surname:"Bsiss",slug:"mohammed-bsiss",fullName:"Mohammed Bsiss",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/241400/images/8062_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"276128",title:"Dr.",name:"Hira",middleName:null,surname:"Fatima",slug:"hira-fatima",fullName:"Hira Fatima",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/276128/images/14420_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Hira Fatima\nAssistant Professor\nDepartment of Mathematics\nInstitute of Applied Science\nMangalayatan University, Aligarh\nMobile: no : 8532041179\nhirafatima2014@gmal.com\n\nDr. Hira Fatima has received his Ph.D. degree in pure Mathematics from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh India. Currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Institute of Applied Science, Mangalayatan University, Aligarh. She taught so many courses of Mathematics of UG and PG level. Her research Area of Expertise is Functional Analysis & Sequence Spaces. She has been working on Ideal Convergence of double sequence. She has published 17 research papers in National and International Journals including Cogent Mathematics, Filomat, Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Difference Equations, Journal of Mathematical Analysis, Journal of Mathematical & Computer Science etc. She has also reviewed few research papers for the and international journals. 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