The physical and mechanical properties of alumina and SiC fibers.
\\n\\n
These books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\\n\\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\\n\\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\\n\\n\\n\\n\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:null},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched formed a partnership to support researchers working in engineering sciences by enabling an easier approach to publishing Open Access content. Using the Knowledge Unlatched crowdfunding model to raise the publishing costs through libraries around the world, Open Access Publishing Fee (OAPF) was not required from the authors.
\n\nInitially, the partnership supported engineering research, but it soon grew to include physical and life sciences, attracting more researchers to the advantages of Open Access publishing.
\n\n\n\nThese books synthesize perspectives of renowned scientists from the world’s most prestigious institutions - from Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute in Japan to Stanford University in the United States, including Columbia University (US), University of Sidney (AU), University of Miami (USA), Cardiff University (UK), and many others.
\n\nThis collaboration embodied the true essence of Open Access by simplifying the approach to OA publishing for Academic editors and authors who contributed their research and allowed the new research to be made available free and open to anyone anywhere in the world.
\n\nTo celebrate the 50 books published, we have gathered them at one location - just one click away, so that you can easily browse the subjects of your interest, download the content directly, share it or read online.
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"234",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Acute Phase Proteins - Regulation and Functions of Acute Phase Proteins",title:"Acute Phase Proteins",subtitle:"Regulation and Functions of Acute Phase Proteins",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The two volumes of Acute Phase Proteins book consist of chapters that give a large panel of fundamental and applied knowledge on one of the major elements of the inflammatory process during the acute phase response, i.e., the acute phase proteins expression and functions that regulate homeostasis. We have organized this book in two volumes - the first volume, mainly containing chapters on structure, biology and functions of APP, the second volume discussing different uses of APP as diagnostic tools in human and veterinary medicine.",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-307-252-4",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4424-3",doi:"10.5772/756",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"acute-phase-proteins-regulation-and-functions-of-acute-phase-proteins",numberOfPages:382,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:1,isInBkci:!0,hash:"67e54ad18f99669c120f8db71ae779d4",bookSignature:"Francisco Veas",publishedDate:"October 5th 2011",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/234.jpg",numberOfDownloads:56905,numberOfWosCitations:86,numberOfCrossrefCitations:38,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:113,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:3,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:237,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"October 25th 2010",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"November 22nd 2010",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"March 29th 2011",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"April 28th 2011",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"June 27th 2011",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"38691",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Veas",slug:"francisco-veas",fullName:"Francisco Veas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/38691/images/system/38691.png",biography:"Francisco Veas, Ph.D. HDR, is a French Citizen and full Research Director/Research Professor on Immuno-Physiopathology, Director of the Immuno-Physiopathology Lab at the French Research Institute for Development (IRD) &UMR5569. He received from the Montpellier University his Ph.D. in 1986. He was a post-doctoral laureate fellow (1987-8) on molecular biology at CNRS. From this date, he has been heading/coordinating several dozens of projects on viral pathogenesis (eg: HIV, Dengue, Hantavirus, Ebola, SARS-CoV-2) funded by international agencies, including the European Commission (2006 -2022). He created biotech companies (ApoH-Technologies) and platforms BSL2/3. He is a member of different evaluation panels (NIH, European Council, Frontiers in Immunology, etc). His scientific activities operating under the “One-health in a Healthy Planet” framework, and patents are related to viral innate immunity, barriers disruption, ultrasensitive diagnostics, vaccines adjuvants.",institutionString:"Montpellier University, UM and French Research Institute for Development, IRD",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"University of Montpellier",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1040",title:"Immunoproteomics",slug:"immunoproteomics"}],chapters:[{id:"21445",title:"Transcriptional Regulation of Acute Phase Protein Genes",doi:"10.5772/20381",slug:"transcriptional-regulation-of-acute-phase-protein-genes",totalDownloads:3100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Claude Asselin and Mylène Blais",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21445",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21445",authors:[{id:"38677",title:"Prof.",name:"Claude",surname:"Asselin",slug:"claude-asselin",fullName:"Claude Asselin"},{id:"49008",title:"Dr.",name:"Mylène",surname:"Blais",slug:"mylene-blais",fullName:"Mylène Blais"}],corrections:null},{id:"21446",title:"Acute Phase Proteins: Structure and Function Relationship",doi:"10.5772/18121",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-structure-and-function-relationship",totalDownloads:4218,totalCrossrefCites:7,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Sabina Janciauskiene, Tobias Welte and Ravi Mahadeva",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21446",authors:[{id:"30473",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",surname:"Janciauskiene",slug:"sabina-janciauskiene",fullName:"Sabina Janciauskiene"},{id:"47774",title:"Dr.",name:"Ravi",surname:"Mahadeva",slug:"ravi-mahadeva",fullName:"Ravi Mahadeva"},{id:"47775",title:"Prof.",name:"Tobias",surname:"Welte",slug:"tobias-welte",fullName:"Tobias Welte"}],corrections:null},{id:"21447",title:"Regulatory Mechanisms Controlling Inflammation and Synthesis of Acute Phase Proteins",doi:"10.5772/18207",slug:"regulatory-mechanisms-controlling-inflammation-and-synthesis-of-acute-phase-proteins",totalDownloads:3087,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Jolanta Jura and Aleksander Koj",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21447",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21447",authors:[{id:"30745",title:"Prof.",name:"Aleksander",surname:"Koj",slug:"aleksander-koj",fullName:"Aleksander Koj"},{id:"44986",title:"Mrs.",name:"Jolanta",surname:"Jura",slug:"jolanta-jura",fullName:"Jolanta Jura"}],corrections:null},{id:"21448",title:"IL-22 Induces an Acute-Phase Response Associated to a Cohort of Acute Phase Proteins and Antimicrobial Peptides as Players of Homeostasis",doi:"10.5772/20386",slug:"il-22-induces-an-acute-phase-response-associated-to-a-cohort-of-acute-phase-proteins-and-antimicrobi",totalDownloads:2832,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Francisco Veas and Gregor Dubois",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21448",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21448",authors:[{id:"38691",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Veas",slug:"francisco-veas",fullName:"Francisco Veas"},{id:"135651",title:"Prof.",name:"Gregor",surname:"Dubois",slug:"gregor-dubois",fullName:"Gregor Dubois"}],corrections:null},{id:"21449",title:"Hemostatic Soluble Plasma Proteins During Acute-Phase Response and Chronic Inflammation",doi:"10.5772/20408",slug:"hemostatic-soluble-plasma-proteins-during-acute-phase-response-and-chronic-inflammation",totalDownloads:2310,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:null,signatures:"Irina I. Patalakh",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21449",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21449",authors:[{id:"38818",title:"Dr.",name:"Irina",surname:"Patalakh",slug:"irina-patalakh",fullName:"Irina Patalakh"}],corrections:null},{id:"21450",title:"Brain Barriers and the Acute-Phase Response",doi:"10.5772/22780",slug:"brain-barriers-and-the-acute-phase-response",totalDownloads:2387,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Fernanda Marques, Margarida Correia-Neves, João Carlos Sousa, Nuno Sousa and Joana Almeida Palha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21450",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21450",authors:[{id:"49168",title:"Prof.",name:"Joana",surname:"Palha",slug:"joana-palha",fullName:"Joana Palha"},{id:"49381",title:"Prof.",name:"Fernanda",surname:"Marques",slug:"fernanda-marques",fullName:"Fernanda Marques"},{id:"49382",title:"Prof.",name:"Margarida",surname:"Correia-Neves",slug:"margarida-correia-neves",fullName:"Margarida Correia-Neves"},{id:"49383",title:"Prof.",name:"João Carlos",surname:"Sousa",slug:"joao-carlos-sousa",fullName:"João Carlos Sousa"},{id:"49384",title:"Prof.",name:"Nuno",surname:"Sousa",slug:"nuno-sousa",fullName:"Nuno Sousa"}],corrections:null},{id:"21451",title:"Acute Phase Proteins: Ferritin and Ferritin Isoforms",doi:"10.5772/20586",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-ferritin-and-ferritin-isoforms",totalDownloads:4906,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:12,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Alida Maria Koorts and Margaretha Viljoen",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21451",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21451",authors:[{id:"39603",title:"Dr.",name:"Alida",surname:"Koorts",slug:"alida-koorts",fullName:"Alida Koorts"},{id:"47735",title:"Prof.",name:"Margaretha",surname:"Viljoen",slug:"margaretha-viljoen",fullName:"Margaretha Viljoen"}],corrections:null},{id:"21452",title:"The Hepatic Acute Phase Response to Thermal Injury",doi:"10.5772/18591",slug:"the-hepatic-acute-phase-response-to-thermal-injury",totalDownloads:2e3,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Marc G. Jeschke",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21452",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21452",authors:[{id:"31953",title:"Dr",name:"Marc",surname:"Jeschke",slug:"marc-jeschke",fullName:"Marc Jeschke"}],corrections:null},{id:"21453",title:"Adipocytokines in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock",doi:"10.5772/23683",slug:"adipocytokines-in-severe-sepsis-and-septic-shock",totalDownloads:2092,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Hanna Dückers, Frank Tacke, Christian Trautwein and Alexander Koch",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21453",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21453",authors:[{id:"53194",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Koch",slug:"alexander-koch",fullName:"Alexander Koch"},{id:"86874",title:"Dr.",name:"Hanna",surname:"Dueckers",slug:"hanna-dueckers",fullName:"Hanna Dueckers"},{id:"86875",title:"Dr.",name:"Frank",surname:"Tacke",slug:"frank-tacke",fullName:"Frank Tacke"},{id:"86876",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",surname:"Trautwein",slug:"christian-trautwein",fullName:"Christian Trautwein"}],corrections:null},{id:"21454",title:"Haptoglobin Function and Regulation in Autoimmune Diseases",doi:"10.5772/22483",slug:"haptoglobin-function-and-regulation-in-autoimmune-diseases",totalDownloads:4437,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Georgina Galicia and Jan L. Ceuppens",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21454",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21454",authors:[{id:"47882",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Ceuppens",slug:"jan-ceuppens",fullName:"Jan Ceuppens"},{id:"47886",title:"Dr",name:"Georgina",surname:"Galicia",slug:"georgina-galicia",fullName:"Georgina Galicia"}],corrections:null},{id:"21455",title:"Acute-Phase Proteins: Alpha -1- Acid Glycoprotein",doi:"10.5772/22640",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein",totalDownloads:6916,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:11,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"C. Tesseromatis, A. Alevizou, E. Tigka and A. Kotsiou",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21455",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21455",authors:[{id:"48524",title:"Dr.",name:"Christine",surname:"Tesseromatis",slug:"christine-tesseromatis",fullName:"Christine Tesseromatis"},{id:"108829",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Alevizou",slug:"anastasia-alevizou",fullName:"Anastasia Alevizou"},{id:"108830",title:"Dr.",name:"Elina",surname:"Tigka",slug:"elina-tigka",fullName:"Elina Tigka"},{id:"108832",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonia",surname:"Kotsiou",slug:"antonia-kotsiou",fullName:"Antonia Kotsiou"}],corrections:null},{id:"21456",title:"Haptoglobin and Hemopexin in Heme Detoxification and Iron Recycling",doi:"10.5772/18241",slug:"haptoglobin-and-hemopexin-in-heme-detoxification-and-iron-recycling",totalDownloads:4123,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:20,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Deborah Chiabrando, Francesca Vinchi, Veronica Fiorito and Emanuela Tolosano",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21456",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21456",authors:[{id:"30837",title:"Prof.",name:"Emanuela",surname:"Tolosano",slug:"emanuela-tolosano",fullName:"Emanuela Tolosano"},{id:"48270",title:"Dr.",name:"Deborah",surname:"Chiabrando",slug:"deborah-chiabrando",fullName:"Deborah Chiabrando"},{id:"48271",title:"Dr.",name:"Francesca",surname:"Vinchi",slug:"francesca-vinchi",fullName:"Francesca Vinchi"},{id:"48272",title:"Dr.",name:"Veronica",surname:"Fiorito",slug:"veronica-fiorito",fullName:"Veronica Fiorito"}],corrections:null},{id:"21457",title:"Haptoglobin is an Exercise-Responsive Acute-Phase Protein",doi:"10.5772/21827",slug:"haptoglobin-is-an-exercise-responsive-acute-phase-protein",totalDownloads:2560,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:4,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Cheng-Yu Chen, Wan-Ling Hsieh, Po-Ju Lin, Yung-Liang Chen and Simon J. T. Mao",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21457",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21457",authors:[{id:"45019",title:"Prof.",name:"Simon",surname:"Mao",slug:"simon-mao",fullName:"Simon Mao"},{id:"48160",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheng-Yu",surname:"Chen",slug:"cheng-yu-chen",fullName:"Cheng-Yu Chen"},{id:"48163",title:"Dr.",name:"Yung-Liang",surname:"Chen",slug:"yung-liang-chen",fullName:"Yung-Liang Chen"},{id:"48165",title:"MSc",name:"Wan-Ling",surname:"Hsieh",slug:"wan-ling-hsieh",fullName:"Wan-Ling Hsieh"},{id:"48178",title:"MSc",name:"Po-Ju",surname:"Lin",slug:"po-ju-lin",fullName:"Po-Ju Lin"}],corrections:null},{id:"21458",title:"Acute Phase Proteins in Prototype Rheumatic Inflammatory Diseases",doi:"10.5772/18350",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-in-prototype-rheumatic-inflammatory-diseases",totalDownloads:2346,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Katja Lakota, Mojca Frank, Olivio Buzan, Matija Tomsic, Blaz Rozman and Snezna Sodin-Semrl",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21458",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21458",authors:[{id:"31224",title:"Prof.",name:"Snežna",surname:"Sodin-Šemrl",slug:"snezna-sodin-semrl",fullName:"Snežna Sodin-Šemrl"},{id:"47782",title:"Ms.",name:"Katja",surname:"Lakota",slug:"katja-lakota",fullName:"Katja Lakota"},{id:"47783",title:"Dr.",name:"Mojca",surname:"Frank",slug:"mojca-frank",fullName:"Mojca Frank"}],corrections:null},{id:"21459",title:"Role of Fetuin-A in Injury and Infection",doi:"10.5772/18073",slug:"role-of-fetuin-a-in-injury-and-infection",totalDownloads:2418,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:13,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Haichao Wang, Wei Li, Shu Zhu, Ping Wang and Andrew E. Sama",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21459",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21459",authors:[{id:"30316",title:"Prof.",name:"Haichao",surname:"Wang",slug:"haichao-wang",fullName:"Haichao Wang"},{id:"85626",title:"Dr.",name:"Wei",surname:"Li",slug:"wei-li",fullName:"Wei Li"},{id:"85627",title:"Dr.",name:"Shu",surname:"Zhu",slug:"shu-zhu",fullName:"Shu Zhu"},{id:"85628",title:"Prof.",name:"Ping",surname:"Wang",slug:"ping-wang",fullName:"Ping Wang"},{id:"85629",title:"Prof.",name:"Andrew",surname:"Sama",slug:"andrew-sama",fullName:"Andrew Sama"}],corrections:null},{id:"21460",title:"Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin: Structure, Function and Role in Human Pathogenesis",doi:"10.5772/18755",slug:"neutrophil-gelatinase-associated-lipocalin-structure-function-and-role-in-human-pathogenesis",totalDownloads:7175,totalCrossrefCites:4,totalDimensionsCites:9,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Subhankar Chakraborty, Sukhwinder Kaur, Zhimin Tong, Surinder K. Batra and Sushovan Guha",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/21460",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/21460",authors:[{id:"32460",title:"Dr.",name:"Sushovan",surname:"Guha",slug:"sushovan-guha",fullName:"Sushovan Guha"},{id:"49139",title:"Dr.",name:"Subhankar",surname:"Chakraborty",slug:"subhankar-chakraborty",fullName:"Subhankar Chakraborty"},{id:"49140",title:"Dr.",name:"Sukhwinder",surname:"Kaur",slug:"sukhwinder-kaur",fullName:"Sukhwinder Kaur"},{id:"49141",title:"Dr.",name:"Zhimin",surname:"Tong",slug:"zhimin-tong",fullName:"Zhimin Tong"},{id:"62274",title:"Dr.",name:"Surinder",surname:"Batra",slug:"surinder-batra",fullName:"Surinder Batra"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:[{id:"65",label:"highly cited contributor"}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"534",title:"Acute Phase Proteins as Early Non-Specific Biomarkers of Human and Veterinary Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"10bdb7d515216fe45c40522e1c5ac699",slug:"acute-phase-proteins-as-early-non-specific-biomarkers-of-human-and-veterinary-diseases",bookSignature:"Francisco Veas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/534.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"38691",title:"Prof.",name:"Francisco",surname:"Veas",slug:"francisco-veas",fullName:"Francisco Veas"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3318",title:"Acute Phase Proteins",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fef15210e05f332c704e2ee4b69d2912",slug:"acute-phase-proteins",bookSignature:"Sabina Janciauskiene",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3318.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"30473",title:"Prof.",name:"Sabina",surname:"Janciauskiene",slug:"sabina-janciauskiene",fullName:"Sabina Janciauskiene"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3824",title:"HLA and Associated Important Diseases",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"00746d26fc5889b954de0b35b9c60dd4",slug:"hla-and-associated-important-diseases",bookSignature:"Yongzhi Xi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3824.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"161075",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Yongzhi",surname:"Xi",slug:"yongzhi-xi",fullName:"Yongzhi Xi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7853",title:"Cytokines",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8f4e8633673d74a52a8394aa6c7b68f2",slug:"cytokines",bookSignature:"Payam Behzadi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7853.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"45803",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Payam",surname:"Behzadi",slug:"payam-behzadi",fullName:"Payam Behzadi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7140",title:"Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1dfb5e02db6bfe9eb05123da3c1552f3",slug:"human-leukocyte-antigen-hla-",bookSignature:"Batool Mutar Mahdi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7140.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"77656",title:"Dr.",name:"Batool Mutar",surname:"Mahdi",slug:"batool-mutar-mahdi",fullName:"Batool Mutar Mahdi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"74443",slug:"corrigendum-to-fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implicat",title:"Corrigendum to: Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea): Biology, Host Plants, Natural Enemies, and the Implications to Their Natural Control",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/74443.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/74443",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/74443",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/74443",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/74443",chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]}},chapter:{id:"29609",slug:"fruit-flies-diptera-tephritoidea-biology-host-plants-natural-enemies-and-the-implications-to-their-n",signatures:"M. A. Uchoa",dateSubmitted:"March 31st 2011",dateReviewed:"September 21st 2011",datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"February 24th 2012",book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:[{id:"87919",title:"Dr.",name:"Manoel",middleName:null,surname:"Uchoa",fullName:"Manoel Uchoa",slug:"manoel-uchoa",email:"uchoa.manoel@gmail.com",position:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},book:{id:"874",title:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control",subtitle:"Current and Future Tactics",fullTitle:"Integrated Pest Management and Pest Control - Current and Future Tactics",slug:"integrated-pest-management-and-pest-control-current-and-future-tactics",publishedDate:"February 24th 2012",bookSignature:"Marcelo L. Larramendy and Sonia Soloneski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/874.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"14863",title:"Dr.",name:"Sonia",middleName:null,surname:"Soloneski",slug:"sonia-soloneski",fullName:"Sonia Soloneski"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"9861",leadTitle:null,title:"Supersymmetry in Physics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This book will be a self-contained collection of scholarly papers targeting an audience of practicing researchers, academics, PhD students and other scientists. The contents of the book will be written by multiple authors and edited by experts in the field.",isbn:null,printIsbn:null,pdfIsbn:null,doi:null,price:0,priceEur:0,priceUsd:0,slug:null,numberOfPages:0,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"ef9240efb577442af37dc1f899e7dea9",bookSignature:"",publishedDate:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9861.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:null,numberOfWosCitations:0,numberOfCrossrefCitations:null,numberOfDimensionsCitations:null,numberOfTotalCitations:null,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 6th 2019",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"June 27th 2019",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 26th 2019",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 14th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 13th 2020",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"3 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:1,editedByType:null,kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"20",title:"Physics",slug:"physics"}],chapters:null,productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"8356",title:"Metastable, Spintronics Materials and Mechanics of Deformable Bodies",subtitle:"Recent Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"1550f1986ce9bcc0db87d407a8b47078",slug:"solid-state-physics-metastable-spintronics-materials-and-mechanics-of-deformable-bodies-recent-progress",bookSignature:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran, Pramoda Kumar Nayak and Ezgi Günay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8356.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"190989",title:"Dr.",name:"Subbarayan",surname:"Sivasankaran",slug:"subbarayan-sivasankaran",fullName:"Subbarayan Sivasankaran"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"2270",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Materials Analysis",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5e094b066da527193e878e160b4772af",slug:"fourier-transform-materials-analysis",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"117",title:"Artificial Neural Networks",subtitle:"Methodological Advances and Biomedical Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:null,slug:"artificial-neural-networks-methodological-advances-and-biomedical-applications",bookSignature:"Kenji Suzuki",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/117.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3095",title:"Prof.",name:"Kenji",surname:"Suzuki",slug:"kenji-suzuki",fullName:"Kenji Suzuki"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3828",title:"Application of Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"51a27e7adbfafcfedb6e9683f209cba4",slug:"application-of-nanotechnology-in-drug-delivery",bookSignature:"Ali Demir Sezer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3828.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"872",title:"Organic Pollutants Ten Years After the Stockholm Convention",subtitle:"Environmental and Analytical Update",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f01dc7077e1d23f3d8f5454985cafa0a",slug:"organic-pollutants-ten-years-after-the-stockholm-convention-environmental-and-analytical-update",bookSignature:"Tomasz Puzyn and Aleksandra Mostrag-Szlichtyng",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/872.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"84887",title:"Dr.",name:"Tomasz",surname:"Puzyn",slug:"tomasz-puzyn",fullName:"Tomasz Puzyn"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"6739",title:"Prediction of Magnetite Segregation and Coal Partitioning In Dense Medium Cyclone Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique",doi:"10.5772/7107",slug:"prediction-of-magnetite-segregation-and-coal-partitioning-in-dense-medium-cyclone-using-computationa",body:null,keywords:null,chapterPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/6739.pdf",chapterXML:null,downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/6739",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/6739",totalDownloads:4992,totalViews:91,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,totalAltmetricsMentions:0,impactScore:0,impactScorePercentile:17,impactScoreQuartile:1,hasAltmetrics:0,dateSubmitted:null,dateReviewed:null,datePrePublished:null,datePublished:"January 1st 2010",dateFinished:null,readingETA:"0",abstract:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/6739",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/6739",book:{id:"3194",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics"},signatures:"M. Narasimha, M. S. Brennan, P.N. Holtham and P.K. Banerjee",authors:[{id:"7278",title:"Dr.",name:"Mangadoddy",middleName:null,surname:"Narasimha",fullName:"Mangadoddy Narasimha",slug:"mangadoddy-narasimha",email:"narasi23@gmail.com",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:null},{id:"135101",title:"Prof.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Brennan",fullName:"M Brennan",slug:"m-brennan",email:"m.brennan@uq.edu.au",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"135104",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Holtham",fullName:"Peter Holtham",slug:"peter-holtham",email:"p.holtham@uq.edu.au",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institution:{name:"University of Queensland",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}],sections:null,chapterReferences:null,footnotes:null,contributors:null,corrections:null},book:{id:"3194",type:"book",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",publishedDate:"January 1st 2010",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3194.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY-NC-SA 3.0",editedByType:"Edited by",isbn:null,printIsbn:"978-953-7619-59-6",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-5484-6",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",numberOfWosCitations:56,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"610"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"6728",type:"chapter",title:"Applications of CFD in Natural Gas Processing and Transportation",slug:"applications-of-cfd-in-natural-gas-processing-and-transportation",totalDownloads:5626,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Majid Abedinzadegan Abdi, Esam Jassim, Mohammad Haghighi and Yuri Muzychka",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"5285",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sayad Haghighi",fullName:"Mohammad Sayad Haghighi",slug:"mohammad-sayad-haghighi"},{id:"7274",title:"Dr.",name:"Majid",middleName:null,surname:"A. Abdi",fullName:"Majid A. Abdi",slug:"majid-a.-abdi"},{id:"135072",title:"Prof.",name:"Esam",middleName:null,surname:"Jassim",fullName:"Esam Jassim",slug:"esam-jassim"},{id:"135074",title:"Dr.",name:"Yuri",middleName:null,surname:"Muzychka",fullName:"Yuri Muzychka",slug:"yuri-muzychka"}]},{id:"6729",type:"chapter",title:"CFD Two Fluid Model for Adiabatic and Boiling Bubbly Flows in Ducts",slug:"cfd-two-fluid-model-for-adiabatic-and-boiling-bubbly-flows-in-ducts",totalDownloads:4984,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Martin Lopez de Bertodano and Deoras Prabhudharwadkar",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7083",title:"Prof",name:"Martin",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez de Bertodano",fullName:"Martin Lopez de Bertodano",slug:"martin-lopez-de-bertodano"},{id:"13513",title:"Dr.",name:"Deoras",middleName:null,surname:"Prabhudharwadkar",fullName:"Deoras Prabhudharwadkar",slug:"deoras-prabhudharwadkar"}]},{id:"6730",type:"chapter",title:"Contaminant Dispersion Within and Around Poultry Houses Using Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"contaminant-dispersion-within-and-around-poultry-houses-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",totalDownloads:3996,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Sourabh R. Pawar, John M. Cimbala, Eileen F. Wheeler and Darla V. Lindberg",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7928",title:"Professor",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Cimbala",fullName:"John Cimbala",slug:"john-cimbala"},{id:"9643",title:"Professor",name:"Darla",middleName:null,surname:"Lindberg",fullName:"Darla Lindberg",slug:"darla-lindberg"},{id:"135078",title:"Prof.",name:"Sourabh",middleName:"U.",surname:"Pawar",fullName:"Sourabh Pawar",slug:"sourabh-pawar"},{id:"135080",title:"Prof.",name:"Eileen",middleName:null,surname:"Wheeler",fullName:"Eileen Wheeler",slug:"eileen-wheeler"}]},{id:"6731",type:"chapter",title:"Investigation of Mixing in Shear Thinning Fluids Using Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"investigation-of-mixing-in-shear-thinning-fluids-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",totalDownloads:5853,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Farhad Ein-Mozaffari and Simant R. Upreti",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7619",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Ein-Mozaffari",fullName:"Farhad Ein-Mozaffari",slug:"farhad-ein-mozaffari"},{id:"135082",title:"Dr.",name:"Simant",middleName:null,surname:"Upreti",fullName:"Simant Upreti",slug:"simant-upreti"}]},{id:"6732",type:"chapter",title:"Turbulence, Vibrations, Noise and Fluid Instabilities. Practical Approach.",slug:"turbulence-vibrations-noise-and-fluid-instabilities-practical-approach-",totalDownloads:9459,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Carlos Gavilán Moreno",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6829",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Gavilán Moreno",fullName:"Carlos Gavilán Moreno",slug:"carlos-gavilan-moreno"}]},{id:"6733",type:"chapter",title:"CFD-based Evaluation of Interfacial Flows",slug:"cfd-based-evaluation-of-interfacial-flows",totalDownloads:3269,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Kei Ito, Hiroyuki Ohshima, Takaaki Sakai and Tomoaki Kunugi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7405",title:"Dr.",name:"Kei",middleName:null,surname:"Ito",fullName:"Kei Ito",slug:"kei-ito"},{id:"11984",title:"Mr",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Ohshima",fullName:"Hiroyuki Ohshima",slug:"hiroyuki-ohshima"},{id:"11985",title:"Dr.",name:"Takaaki",middleName:null,surname:"Sakai",fullName:"Takaaki Sakai",slug:"takaaki-sakai"},{id:"11986",title:"Prof.",name:"Tomoaki",middleName:null,surname:"Kunugi",fullName:"Tomoaki Kunugi",slug:"tomoaki-kunugi"}]},{id:"6734",type:"chapter",title:"Numerical Simulation of Flow in Erlenmeyer Shaken Flask",slug:"numerical-simulation-of-flow-in-erlenmeyer-shaken-flask",totalDownloads:4864,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Liu Tianzhong, Su Ge, Li Jing, Qi Xiangming and Zhan Xiaobei",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7272",title:"Dr.",name:"Tianzhong",middleName:null,surname:"Liu",fullName:"Tianzhong Liu",slug:"tianzhong-liu"}]},{id:"6735",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to the Study of Designed Green Features for Sustainable Buildings",slug:"application-of-computational-fluid-dynamics-to-the-study-of-designed-green-features-for-sustainable-",totalDownloads:3797,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Cheuk Ming Mak",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7666",title:"Dr.",name:"Cheuk Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Mak",fullName:"Cheuk Ming Mak",slug:"cheuk-ming-mak"}]},{id:"6736",type:"chapter",title:"Unsteady Computational and Experimental Fluid Dynamics Investigations of Aerodynamic Loads of Large Optical Telescopes",slug:"unsteady-computational-and-experimental-fluid-dynamics-investigations-of-aerodynamic-loads-of-large-",totalDownloads:2707,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Mahmoud Mamou, Youssef Mébarki and Ali Tahi",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7732",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmoud",middleName:null,surname:"Mamou",fullName:"Mahmoud Mamou",slug:"mahmoud-mamou"},{id:"135091",title:"Prof.",name:"Youssef",middleName:null,surname:"Mébarki",fullName:"Youssef Mébarki",slug:"youssef-mebarki"},{id:"135092",title:"Prof.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Tahi",fullName:"Ali Tahi",slug:"ali-tahi"}]},{id:"6737",type:"chapter",title:"Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics to Practical Design and Performance Analysis of Turbomachinery",slug:"application-of-computational-fluid-dynamics-to-practical-design-and-performance-analysis-of-turbomac",totalDownloads:6373,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Hyoung Woo OH",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",middleName:null,surname:"Oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh"}]},{id:"6738",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrodynamic Simulation of Cyclone Separators",slug:"hydrodynamic-simulation-of-cyclone-separators",totalDownloads:19619,totalCrossrefCites:14,signatures:"Utikar, R., Darmawan, N., Tade, M., Li, Q, Evans, G., Glenny, M. and Pareek, V.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7765",title:"Prof.",name:"Vishnu",middleName:null,surname:"Pareek",fullName:"Vishnu Pareek",slug:"vishnu-pareek"},{id:"135094",title:"Dr.",name:"Ranjeet",middleName:null,surname:"Utikar",fullName:"Ranjeet Utikar",slug:"ranjeet-utikar"}]},{id:"6739",type:"chapter",title:"Prediction of Magnetite Segregation and Coal Partitioning In Dense Medium Cyclone Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Technique",slug:"prediction-of-magnetite-segregation-and-coal-partitioning-in-dense-medium-cyclone-using-computationa",totalDownloads:4992,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"M. Narasimha, M. S. Brennan, P.N. Holtham and P.K. Banerjee",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7278",title:"Dr.",name:"Mangadoddy",middleName:null,surname:"Narasimha",fullName:"Mangadoddy Narasimha",slug:"mangadoddy-narasimha"},{id:"135101",title:"Prof.",name:"M",middleName:null,surname:"Brennan",fullName:"M Brennan",slug:"m-brennan"},{id:"135104",title:"Prof.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Holtham",fullName:"Peter Holtham",slug:"peter-holtham"}]},{id:"6740",type:"chapter",title:"Modeling of Turbulent Flows and Boundary Layer",slug:"modeling-of-turbulent-flows-and-boundary-layer",totalDownloads:16523,totalCrossrefCites:1,signatures:"Srinivasa Rao P.",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"6897",title:"Dr.",name:"Srinivasa",middleName:"P",surname:"Rao",fullName:"Srinivasa Rao",slug:"srinivasa-rao"}]},{id:"6741",type:"chapter",title:"Computational Flow Modeling of Multiphase Mechanically Agitated Reactors",slug:"computational-flow-modeling-of-multiphase-mechanically-agitated-reactors",totalDownloads:4502,totalCrossrefCites:2,signatures:"Panneerselvam Ranganathan and Sivaraman Savithri",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7245",title:"Dr.",name:"Sivaraman",middleName:null,surname:"Savithri",fullName:"Sivaraman Savithri",slug:"sivaraman-savithri"},{id:"134512",title:"PhD.",name:"Panneerselvam",middleName:null,surname:"Ranganathan",fullName:"Panneerselvam Ranganathan",slug:"panneerselvam-ranganathan"}]},{id:"6742",type:"chapter",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics Methods for Gas Pipeline System Control",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-methods-for-gas-pipeline-system-control",totalDownloads:3895,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Vadim Seleznev",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7131",title:"Dr.",name:"Vadim",middleName:null,surname:"Seleznev",fullName:"Vadim Seleznev",slug:"vadim-seleznev"}]},{id:"6743",type:"chapter",title:"A Preconditioned Arbitrary Mach Number Scheme Applied to Rotating Machinery",slug:"a-preconditioned-arbitrary-mach-number-scheme-applied-to-rotating-machinery",totalDownloads:2906,totalCrossrefCites:3,signatures:"Chunhua Sheng",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7312",title:"Dr.",name:"Chunhua",middleName:null,surname:"Sheng",fullName:"Chunhua Sheng",slug:"chunhua-sheng"}]},{id:"6744",type:"chapter",title:"Modelling Hydrodynamic Drag in Swimming using Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"modelling-hydrodynamic-drag-in-swimming-using-computational-fluid-dynamics",totalDownloads:5224,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Daniel A. Marinho, Tiago M. Barbosa, Per L. Kjendlie, Narendra Mantripragada, João P. Vilas-Boas, Leandro Machado, Francisco B. Alves, Abel I. Rouboa and António J. Silva",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"17807",title:"Dr.",name:"Abel",middleName:null,surname:"Rouboa",fullName:"Abel Rouboa",slug:"abel-rouboa"},{id:"35335",title:"Prof.",name:"Tiago",middleName:"M.",surname:"Barbosa",fullName:"Tiago Barbosa",slug:"tiago-barbosa"},{id:"39583",title:"Prof.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Marinho",fullName:"Daniel Marinho",slug:"daniel-marinho"},{id:"134527",title:"Dr.",name:"Per-Ludvik",middleName:null,surname:"Kjendlie",fullName:"Per-Ludvik Kjendlie",slug:"per-ludvik-kjendlie"},{id:"134530",title:"PhD.",name:"Leandro",middleName:null,surname:"Machado",fullName:"Leandro Machado",slug:"leandro-machado"},{id:"134531",title:"PhD.",name:"Francisco",middleName:null,surname:"Alves",fullName:"Francisco Alves",slug:"francisco-alves"}]},{id:"6745",type:"chapter",title:"Hydrodynamic Behavior of Flow in a Drinking Water Treatment Clarifier",slug:"hydrodynamic-behavior-of-flow-in-a-drinking-water-treatment-clarifier",totalDownloads:3831,totalCrossrefCites:0,signatures:"Wen-Jie Yang, Syuan-Jhih Wu, Yu-Hsuan Li, Hung-Chi Liao, Chia-Yi Yang, Keng-Lin Shih and Rome-Ming Wu",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",authors:[{id:"7186",title:"Dr.",name:"Rome-Ming",middleName:null,surname:"Wu",fullName:"Rome-Ming Wu",slug:"rome-ming-wu"}]}]},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"1988",title:"Applied Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"31dcd7458d945041cbdfec7adbc2fa11",slug:"applied-computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},chapters:[{id:"31925",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",signatures:"Victor Udoewa and Vinod Kumar",authors:[{id:"74201",title:"Prof.",name:"Victor",middleName:null,surname:"Udoewa",fullName:"Victor Udoewa",slug:"victor-udoewa"}]},{id:"31926",title:"A Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Flow and Settling in Sedimentation Tanks",slug:"a-computational-fluid-dynamics-model-of-flow-and-settling-in-sedimentation-tanks",signatures:"Ali Hadi Ghawi and Jozef Kriš",authors:[{id:"69002",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Ghawi",fullName:"Ali Hadi Ghawi",slug:"ali-hadi-ghawi"},{id:"70310",title:"Dr.",name:"Jozef",middleName:null,surname:"Kris",fullName:"Jozef Kris",slug:"jozef-kris"}]},{id:"31927",title:"Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics Applied to the Greenhouse Environment",slug:"advances-in-computational-fluid-dynamics-applied-to-the-greenhouse-environment",signatures:"Jorge Flores-Velázquez, Guillermo De la Torre-Gea, Enrique Rico-García, Irineo L. López-Cruz and Abraham Rojano-Aguilar",authors:[{id:"66804",title:"Dr.",name:"Irineo L.",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Cruz",fullName:"Irineo L. Lopez-Cruz",slug:"irineo-l.-lopez-cruz"}]},{id:"31928",title:"Fluid Dynamics Analysis of a Space Vehicle Entering the Mars Atmosphere",slug:"aerodynamic-design-of-vto-hopper-vehicle-of-future-launchers-preparatory-programme",signatures:"Antonio Viviani and Giuseppe Pezzella",authors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella"}]},{id:"31929",title:"Air Movement Within Enclosed Road-Objects with Contra-Traffica CFD-Investigation",slug:"air-movement-within-enclosed-road-objects-with-contra-traffic-a-cfd-investigation",signatures:"M. Muhasilovic, A. Mededovic, E. Gacanin, K. Ciahotny and V. Koza",authors:[{id:"67635",title:"Dr.",name:"Medzid",middleName:null,surname:"Muhasilovic",fullName:"Medzid Muhasilovic",slug:"medzid-muhasilovic"}]},{id:"31930",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Discrete Element Method (DEM) Applied to Centrifuges",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-and-discrete-element-method-in-centrifuges",signatures:"Xiana Romani Fernandez, Lars Egmont Spelter and Hermann Nirschl",authors:[{id:"69076",title:"MSc.",name:"Xiana",middleName:null,surname:"Romani",fullName:"Xiana Romani",slug:"xiana-romani"},{id:"70095",title:"Mr.",name:"Lars",middleName:null,surname:"Spelter",fullName:"Lars Spelter",slug:"lars-spelter"}]},{id:"31931",title:"CFD and Thermography Techniques Applied in Cooling Systems Designs",slug:"cfd-and-thermography-techniques-applied-in-cooling-systems-designs",signatures:"Samuel Santos Borges and Cassiano Antunes Cezario",authors:[{id:"66203",title:"Mr.",name:"Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Borges",fullName:"Samuel Borges",slug:"samuel-borges"}]},{id:"31932",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Modeling of Photochemical Reactors",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-cfd-modeling-of-photochemical-reactors",signatures:"Masroor Mohajerani, Mehrab Mehrvar and Farhad Ein-Mozaffari",authors:[{id:"7619",title:"Dr.",name:"Farhad",middleName:null,surname:"Ein-Mozaffari",fullName:"Farhad Ein-Mozaffari",slug:"farhad-ein-mozaffari"},{id:"66753",title:"Prof.",name:"Mehrab",middleName:null,surname:"Mehrvar",fullName:"Mehrab Mehrvar",slug:"mehrab-mehrvar"},{id:"74107",title:"Mr.",name:"Masroor",middleName:null,surname:"Mohajerani",fullName:"Masroor Mohajerani",slug:"masroor-mohajerani"}]},{id:"31933",title:"Aerodynamic Design of the Vertical Takeoff Hopper Concept of Future Launchers Preparatory Programme",slug:"fluid-dynamics-analysis-of-a-space-vehicle-entering-the-mars-atmosphere-",signatures:"Giuseppe Pezzella",authors:[{id:"14939",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pezzella",fullName:"Giuseppe Pezzella",slug:"giuseppe-pezzella"},{id:"14946",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Viviani",fullName:"Antonio Viviani",slug:"antonio-viviani"}]},{id:"31934",title:"Fluid-Structure Interaction of a Radial Turbine",slug:"fluid-structure-interaction-of-a-radial-turbine",signatures:"Zied Driss, Sarhan Karray, Hedi Kchaou and Mohamed Salah Abid",authors:[{id:"64610",title:"Dr.",name:"Zied",middleName:null,surname:"Driss",fullName:"Zied Driss",slug:"zied-driss"},{id:"119392",title:"Mr.",name:"Sarhan",middleName:null,surname:"Karray",fullName:"Sarhan Karray",slug:"sarhan-karray"},{id:"119393",title:"Dr.",name:"Hedi",middleName:null,surname:"Kchaou",fullName:"Hedi Kchaou",slug:"hedi-kchaou"},{id:"119394",title:"Prof.",name:"Mohamed Salah",middleName:null,surname:"Abid",fullName:"Mohamed Salah Abid",slug:"mohamed-salah-abid"}]},{id:"31935",title:"Industrial Sprays: Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modeling",slug:"industrial-sprays-experimental-characterization-and-numerical-modeling",signatures:"Avinash Khopkar, Michael D. Cloeter and Quan Yuan",authors:[{id:"72270",title:"Dr.",name:"Avinash",middleName:null,surname:"Khopkar",fullName:"Avinash Khopkar",slug:"avinash-khopkar"},{id:"76424",title:"Dr",name:"Michael",middleName:null,surname:"Cloeter",fullName:"Michael Cloeter",slug:"michael-cloeter"},{id:"81695",title:"Dr.",name:"Quan",middleName:null,surname:"Yuan",fullName:"Quan Yuan",slug:"quan-yuan"}]},{id:"31936",title:"Multidimensional Design of Hydraulic Components and Systems",slug:"multidimensional-design-of-hydraulic-components-and-systems",signatures:"Massimo Milani, Luca Montorsi and Fabrizio Paltrinieri",authors:[{id:"65491",title:"Prof.",name:"Massimo",middleName:null,surname:"Milani",fullName:"Massimo Milani",slug:"massimo-milani"},{id:"73280",title:"Dr.",name:"Luca",middleName:null,surname:"Montorsi",fullName:"Luca Montorsi",slug:"luca-montorsi"},{id:"73281",title:"Dr.",name:"Fabrizio",middleName:null,surname:"Paltrinieri",fullName:"Fabrizio Paltrinieri",slug:"fabrizio-paltrinieri"}]},{id:"31937",title:"Study of an Individual Air-Conditioning Energy-Saving Equipment",slug:"study-of-an-individual-control-energy-saving-air-conditioning-system",signatures:"Nguyen Anh Tuan, Wu-Chieh Wu and K-David Huang",authors:[{id:"70094",title:"Dr.",name:"Nguyen",middleName:"Anh",surname:"Tuan",fullName:"Nguyen Tuan",slug:"nguyen-tuan"}]},{id:"31938",title:"Unsteady Differentiation of Aerodynamic Coefficients: Methodology and Application",slug:"unsteady-differentiation-of-aerodynamic-coefficients-methodology-and-application",signatures:"Carlo Necci and Nicola Ceresola",authors:[{id:"69751",title:"Dr",name:"Carlo",middleName:null,surname:"Necci",fullName:"Carlo Necci",slug:"carlo-necci"},{id:"71559",title:"Dr.",name:"Nicola",middleName:null,surname:"Ceresola",fullName:"Nicola Ceresola",slug:"nicola-ceresola"}]},{id:"31939",title:"Use of Fluid Dynamic Simulation to Improve the Design of Spouted Beds",slug:"use-of-fluid-dynamic-simulation-to-improve-the-design-of-spouted-beds",signatures:"Rodrigo Béttega, Ronaldo Guimarães Corrêa and José Teixeira Freire",authors:[{id:"42687",title:"Prof.",name:"Jose",middleName:null,surname:"Freire",fullName:"Jose Freire",slug:"jose-freire"},{id:"69846",title:"Prof.",name:"Ronaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Correa",fullName:"Ronaldo Correa",slug:"ronaldo-correa"},{id:"69860",title:"Prof.",name:"Rodrigo",middleName:null,surname:"Bettega",fullName:"Rodrigo Bettega",slug:"rodrigo-bettega"}]}]}],publishedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"3832",title:"Computational and Numerical Simulations",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"44c51ee67bb45c4a080ece19bd0f6a08",slug:"computational-and-numerical-simulations",bookSignature:"Jan Awrejcewicz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3832.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"68338",title:"Prof.",name:"Jan",surname:"Awrejcewicz",slug:"jan-awrejcewicz",fullName:"Jan Awrejcewicz"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4538",title:"Fourier Transform",subtitle:"Signal Processing and Physical Sciences",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4dfc78ab6a3abc41b6136a4a9e2b8afa",slug:"fourier-transform-signal-processing-and-physical-sciences",bookSignature:"Salih Mohammed Salih",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4538.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"111691",title:"Dr.Ing.",name:"Salih",surname:"Salih",slug:"salih-salih",fullName:"Salih Salih"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6281",title:"Finite Element Method",subtitle:"Simulation, Numerical Analysis and Solution Techniques",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9dde55be38d54e4593f142a4a5642f58",slug:"finite-element-method-simulation-numerical-analysis-and-solution-techniques",bookSignature:"Răzvan Păcurar",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6281.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"179623",title:"Dr.",name:"Răzvan",surname:"Păcurar",slug:"razvan-pacurar",fullName:"Răzvan Păcurar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"161",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:"Technologies and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d636946634ddf4e48b6e9bc6a0cd615a",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics-technologies-and-applications",bookSignature:"Igor V. Minin and Oleg V. Minin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"3712",title:"Prof.",name:"Oleg",surname:"Minin",slug:"oleg-minin",fullName:"Oleg Minin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"532",title:"Two Phase Flow, Phase Change and Numerical Modeling",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"331fe87b8edf0e8adf7e6086e4eea81c",slug:"two-phase-flow-phase-change-and-numerical-modeling",bookSignature:"Amimul Ahsan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/532.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"36782",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Amimul",surname:"Ahsan",slug:"amimul-ahsan",fullName:"Amimul Ahsan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],publishedBooksByAuthor:[{type:"book",id:"3194",title:"Computational Fluid Dynamics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"240e32819f5a408715331a202e7971b4",slug:"computational-fluid-dynamics",bookSignature:"Hyoung Woo Oh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3194.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"63199",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyoung Woo",surname:"Oh",slug:"hyoung-woo-oh",fullName:"Hyoung Woo Oh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},onlineFirst:{chapter:{type:"chapter",id:"80471",title:"Ballistic Composites, the Present and the Future",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102524",slug:"ballistic-composites-the-present-and-the-future",body:'
In many situations through history, it has been proven that saving every life is priceless and that no machine can replace its existence in active conflict and peace-keeping times. In modern warfare, it is important that the soldiers and high mobility vehicles are equipped with sufficient and effective ballistic protection so that used materials do not negatively affect the performance of tactical actions of an individual or a vehicle. For that purpose, depending on the mission, flexible body armor, molded breastplates and helmets could be used for the body protection of the individuals. Adequate ballistic plates are needed to be designed in a way to able to prevent projectiles of various calibers to penetrate, damage, and destroy armored vehicles such as transporters, tanks, helicopters .
This chapter contains the definition and classification of armor materials with a focus on ceramics and ceramic composites, the usage of ceramic fibers, processing of ceramics-based ballistic materials, and the design and manufacture of ceramic-based composite ballistic materials. The primary goal of this chapter is to explain to somebody outside this field of research and development the significance of the development and application of ceramics and composites based on ceramics in ballistic protection, production methods and secondary explain a problem that has always existed is how to describe to somebody term “Bulletproof”.
The development of armaments throughout history had to be accompanied by the development of shields. From ancient times until today, there has been a constant race in the development of weapons and ballistic protection of personnel and vehicles. Since the metal age, the shields have been made of metal, which provided sufficient protection. In the middle of the twentieth century, research has begun on the possible usage of composite materials in protection against projectile penetration. The sudden turn in armor-making technology of that era looked like science fiction. Serial production of composite helmets began in the 1970s in the USA and Great Britain, followed by the production of composite-based armored panels for combat vehicles. Today, modern materials for ballistic protection of humans and vehicles must meet certain strict requirements. Such materials can be defined as materials that must be generally light, cost-effective, low density, high compressive strength, high hardness, durability, and capable of retaining or breaking a projectile penetrator of a certain caliber. Nowadays, ballistic materials can be divided into four basic categories:
Metal (e.g., aluminum, armor steel),
Polymers (e.g., polyethylene, aramid),
Ceramics (e.g., alumina, silicon carbide, boron carbide, and titanium diboride),
Composite of the above materials (e.g., tandem armor system).
As mentioned earlier, metals are the oldest materials used for defensive purposes to cover the body of combat operations. Modern aluminum-based ballistic materials are usually made of 7xxx series aluminum alloy. According to studies, the performance of these alloys can be cured by heat treatment of aging, and sintering can be controlled by particle size. In particular, 7039 aluminum alloys, due to their high strength and ability to absorb energy, are of exceptional importance. These materials are used in combat vehicles as armor material [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Armor plate of hardened steel has been used for many years to provide protection of objects against impact damage. Commercial representatives of steel used in ballistic vehicle protection are Mars ® 300, high-strength steels, namely AISI 4340 and DIN 100Cr6 [6, 7].
The polymeric-based materials used for reinforcement of matrix intended for ballistic protection of personnel and vehicle can be divided at the para-aramid group (e.g., Kevlar ® and Twaron®), ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) (e.g., Spectra®, Dyneema®, and Technora®) and liquid-crystal polymer fibers (e.g., Zylon® and Vectran®) [8]. Polymeric materials are primarily lightweight, but the primary disadvantage of ballistic composites made of polymeric materials are sensitive to high temperature, humidity, radiation, ultraviolet (UV) light, etc., it is very important to study the durability and reliability of body armor.
There is a wide range of ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites that can be used in protection against projectile penetration. These ceramic materials can be divided into oxide ceramics (mostly, alumina ceramics with different contents of Al2O3) and non-oxide ceramics (mostly carbides, nitrides, borides, and their combinations) [9]. Alumina due to its high density (3.95 g cm−3), relatively high physical properties, low cost, and easy production is the most widely used oxide ceramics used to make ballistic materials [10]. Other types of non-oxide ceramic materials are carbides (e.g., silicon carbide-SiC and boron carbide-B4C) nitrides (e.g., silicon nitride-SiN) and borides (e.g., titanium diboride-TiB2). Enumerated non-oxide ceramics are more expensive than aluminum and a combination of different non-oxide ceramics is also possible [11, 12, 13].
Armor systems made of ceramics and composite materials are widely used in ballistic applications to repel armored missiles using materials with substrate properties and materials that minimize breakage. In order to make a quality ballistic composite, it is necessary to find the optimal composition and conditions to make them.
Armor systems made of ceramics and composite materials are widely used in ballistic applications to repel armored missiles using materials with substrate properties and materials that minimize breakage. In order to make a quality ballistic composite that can meet the requirements of modern warfare, it is necessary to find the optimal composition and conditions for making the composite. The main objective of ballistic material is to develop protection systems that are both effective and lighter in weight. Ceramic and ceramic-composite are lightweight materials that can provide the level of armor protection as 5083 Al and high-hard steel, but their application reduces the mass of soldiers` equipment or the entire combat vehicle, which increases their mobility, unlike metal applications. Also, usage of these materials for body armor needs to purchase the trauma reduction caused via projectile impact.
The ceramic fibers possess excellent physical and mechanical properties (e.g., high-strength and high-modulus properties). Due to their high resistance to very high temperatures, these fibers had found usage in the aerospace and rocket industry in manufacturing objects able to sustain the high level of physical and mechanical load [14]. Because these fibers have a large diameter, they can be used as uni-directional tapes in the prepreg manufacturing process of clay-fibers composites. Characteristics of composites intended for ballistic protection largely depend on fiber type and layer orientation. The ceramic fibers layer tends to be strongest when the load acts along the direction in which the fibers are laid. The impact of the projectile causes the development of longitudinal and transverse waves, which help define the mode of failure [15]. Also, many kinds of research prove that the direction and structure of fibers have an effect on ballistic resistance properties. The development of ballistic resistance plates with different fibers and fabrics have been explored for performance. Woven fabrics were found to provide better mechanical properties than unidirectional fabrics [16].
The ceramic fibers are usually made from large-diameter monofilaments tungsten-core wire and vapors of ceramic materials (e.g., boron and silicon carbide) in the vapor deposition process, and spinning method to obtain alumina ceramic fibers [17]. The physical and mechanical properties of different ceramic fibers are shown in Table 1.
Type | Density (g cm−3) | Elastic modulus (GPa) | Tensile strength (MPa) | Strain to Failure (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alumina (Nextel 3 M) | 2.50 | 152 | 1720 | 2.1 |
Silicon Carbide (Nippon) | 2.80 | 418 | 4000 | 0.7 |
The physical and mechanical properties of alumina and SiC fibers.
Unlike other fibers used in the manufacture of composites to increase the ballistic protection of soldiers and vehicles (poly aramids, glass, aromatic polyesters, and UHMWPE), ceramic fibers can withstand temperatures up to 12,000°C. The materials for ballistic protection do not need to withstand such high temperatures, and the primary need is to prevent penetration of projectile. Fabrics made of ceramic fibers for the purpose of making composite materials in order to increase ballistic protection can be two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) fabrics. Two-dimensional woven fabrics are mainly used in the production of composites for ballistic applications. In laminated ballistic composites, different types of yarns that are intertwined can be combined, i.e. different yarns that extend along the length of the fabric (warp) and yarns that go from edge to edge (weft) based on a predefined pattern. The combination of layers that can be seen in one or more directions improves ballistic resistance and puncture resistance, resulting in multiple 2D woven fabrics. Multiple 2D woven fabrics can be layered to provide ballistic and puncture resistance, in particular by enhancing the ballistic and stabbing resistance, especially by decreasing the back-face deformation. The disadvantage of 2D woven fabric is that there is a high possibility of sequential delamination due to projectile impact and weakening of the adhesion caused by the deterioration of the matrix [18, 19]. The presence of Z-oriented fibers in 3D enhances in-plane properties due to the bias yarn layers so that could be the solution for the delamination problem. Figure 1 is shown the various weave constructions of 2D and 3D fabrics used in ballistic composite production.
Weave constructions of 2D and 3D fabrics.
Table 2 shows the density and Hugoniot elastic limits (HEL) of different ceramic fibers which can be used in the production process of ballistic protection products.
Type | Density (g cm−3) | HEL |
---|---|---|
Alumina (Al2O3) | 2.50 | 11.2 |
Boron Carbide (B4C) | 2.82 | 15.0 |
Beryllium-oxide (BeO) | 2.84 | 8.5 |
Magnesia (MgO) | 3.57 | 8.9 |
The density and Hugoniot elastic limits (HEL) of different ceramic fibers.
From the aspect of economic profitability, the use of alumina ceramic fibers is the most favorable among advanced ceramics fibers with high physical and mechanical properties. However, by the analysis shown in Table 2, using alumina (Nextel 3 M) has the lowest projectile penetration protection efficiency of all the materials shown but composites made on the basis of these fibers have the lowest efficiency of all the listed materials. Carbides are the hardest ceramics but do not withstand high impact pressures due to an amortization process that weakens the ceramic [20]. The Beryllium-oxide and Magnesia.
It was mentioned earlier that due to their good physical and mechanical properties, they are the most often used in the ballistic protection of soldiers and vehicles. Alumina provides excellent impact resistance, chemical resistance, abrasion resistance, and high-temperature properties and this material is cheaper than other ceramic materials for this purpose. Alumina can be found in several different phases: alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), eta (η), qi (χ), delta (δ) and cap (κ) alumina [21, 22, 23, 24, 25]. The α-alumina particles look like white powder, have a small active surface, are more resistant to high temperatures, and have very good physical and mechanical properties. They are most often used as ceramic materials. β-alumina has a hexagonal structure with a lamellar structure. The γ-alumina particles are also nano-aluminum oxides of high purity, and also have a large active surface area. Lattices of this type of material are porous and stable at high temperatures. By modifying the structure of γ-alumina, they can be used as an adsorbent and/or catalyst [26]. η-Al2O3 particles have a similar crystal structure as γ-Al2O3 and a large specific surface area (2200 m2 g−1), which is why they can be used without modification as adsorbents or as catalysts if certain modifications are made [27]. Alumina in the χ-Al2O3 phase is a metastable material of hexagonal crystal structure that has high thermal stability and the ability to bind metal cations, which is why it can be used as a catalyst [28]. The structure of δ-Al2O3 has been studied for over fifty years, and recent research has shown that at this stage there is a complex structure created by the internal development of various polytypes from tetrahedral to octahedral structure [29]. Particles κ-Al2O3 represent one of the transition phases of aluminum oxide, which has a polyhedral crystal structure in which oxygen and aluminum usually form octahedra and tetrahedra [30]. The chemical routes of alumina powder synthesis for sintering of ballistic protective equipment can be obtained by sol–gel [31], control precipitation [32], and hydrothermal processing [33] methods.
The mass fraction of alumina in ballistic plates is generally from 96 to 99%. The following Figure 2 shows the morphology of alumina ballistic plates. Table 3 shows the physical and mechanical properties of alumina-based ballistic plates manufactured by CeramTec12000 (https://www.ceramtec-industrial.com/en/ballistic-protective-ceramics).
SEM photographs of alumina alumina-based ballistic plates with 96 (a) and 99 (b) mass % and characteristic EDS spectra.
96% Al2O3 | 98% Al2O3 | 99% Al2O3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Density | g cm−3 | 3.75 | 3.80 | 3.87 |
Residual porosity | % | <2 | <2 | <2 |
Medium Grain Size | μm | 5 | 6 | 10 |
Vickers Hardness | GPa | 12.5 | 13.5 | 15 |
Young’s Modulus | GPa | 310 | 335 | 365 |
Bending Strength | MPa | 250 | 260 | 280 |
Fracture Toughness | MPam 0.5 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 |
Physical and mechanical properties of alumina-based ballistic plates manufactured by CeramTec.
According to the properties shown in Table 3, it can be concluded that with an increase in the mass fraction of Al2O3, the improvement of physical and mechanical properties is accompanied by an increase in density and mass. Impurities will mostly come from magnesium-oxide added to be avoided uncontrolled grain growth and enable the increased ballistic efficiency of corundum.
Aside from alumina materials which are widely in use today, silicon carbide will be used where significant weight reduction or increased mechanical properties are required. This ceramic material has very high hardness and a high strength-to-weight ratio, which makes Silicon Carbide very convenient for armor applications. Besides mentioned properties, the significant parameter for ballistic protection usage is the high impact resistance of the material. The physical and mechanical properties depend on the method of production. It can be produced by Sintering, hot-pressing, hot-isostatic pressing, reaction bonding, and spark plasma sintering. The processing temperature of Silicon Carbide is approximately 1600°C. Nowadays, studies of silicon carbide properties have shown that it was found that one-dimensional nanostructures such as wires, rods, and tubes have received continued interest as a result of their excellent physical and mechanical properties, in comparison to their bulk counterparts. Figure 3 shows the morphology and EDS spectra of Silicon Carbide ballistic plate and at Table 4 the physical and mechanical properties of Silicon Carbide-based ballistic plates manufactured by CeramTec.
SSEM photograph (a) and characteristic EDS spectra (b) of silicon carbide ballistic plate.
SiC | ||
---|---|---|
Density | g cm−3 | 3.1 |
Residual porosity | % | <2.5 |
Medium Grain Size | Μm | <5 |
Vickers Hardness | GPa | 26 |
Young’s Modulus | GPa | 410 |
Bending Strength | MPa | 400 |
Fracture Toughness | MPam 0.5 | 3.2 |
Physical and mechanical properties of SiC ballistic materials manufactured by CeramTec.
The study in which they have examined the ceramic composite plate based on Silicon Carbide and Dyneema fibers provide ballistic protection. This type of composite which combines Silicon Carbide and Dyneema fibers provides physical and mechanical properties ballistic protection to the US National Institute of Justice level four (NIJ IV) standards indicating that the plate can resist .30 cal steel core armor-piercing rifle ammunition [34].
Boron Carbide is a ceramic material with outstanding physical and mechanical properties such as high hardness Hugoniot elastic limit and low specific weight which makes this material good for lightweight ballistic protection. The testing of this ceramic material pointed out a very interesting parameter, which is the high value of HEL (15–20 GPa). The material exhibits an abrupt drop in strength at very high pressures and impact rates. The production of light materials for ballistic protection based on boron carbide 95–99% of the theoretical density and grain size in the range between 1.5 and 60 mm is usually done by hot pressing and sintering without pressure [35]. Table 5 shows the physical and mechanical properties of Boron Carbide lightweight ballistic material.
B4C | |||
---|---|---|---|
Density | g cm−3 | 2.52 | [36] |
Compressive strength | GPa | 3–5 | [37] |
Flexural strength | MPa | 350–500 | [36] |
High hardness | GPa | 25–30 | [38] |
Young’s Modulus | GPa | 450–550 | [39] |
Fracture Toughness | MPam 0.5 | 2.7–3.6 | [35] |
Physical and mechanical properties of B4C ballistic materials.
The physical and mechanical properties of B4C ballistic materials largely depend on the method of processing and raw material. The ballistic characteristic of ceramic material based on boron carbide can be reinforced by the addition of silicone or titanium to obtain better ballistic performance. Also, raw B4C matrix can be reinforced with the addition of titanium-diboride powder to produce a composite with better ballistic performance [40]. From the point of fabrication, the composite based on Boron Carbide modified by the addition of Silicon Carbide is easier to form into the complex shapes needed for torso body armor and is nearly as effective ballistically as boron carbide itself.
Titanium-diboride with a melting point of 3225°C is classified as ultra-high-temperature ceramics. The monolithic TiB2 and TiB2-based ceramic composites are materials that, due to their physical and mechanical properties (e.g., HEL, density, strength, toughness, and hardness, etc.), have wide application, but can most often be used in cutting tools and materials for ballistic protection [41, 42, 43]. Since this material is fireproof, it can also be used at high temperatures, but it has been determined that at temperatures higher than 1400°C, the mechanism of plastic deformation is activated, which leads to grain-boundary sliding and creep boundary [43]. In order to increase the quality of ceramic products based on TiB2, a series of tests of microstructural design control procedures have been initiated. Thus, research in recent years has led to improvements in the sintering process compared to traditional non-pressure techniques that are more efficient in terms of economic viability and physical-mechanical properties of the product. Advanced methods such as external pressure contribute to the consolidation of the ceramic structure and obtaining a dense mass. Hot pressing or hot isostatic by pressing have enabled the improvement of the microstructure of fireproof materials with reduced processing temperatures. In recent years, the Spark Plasma Sintering process has played a significant role in the production of ceramic materials, in which the density of the final product is increased by pulsed electrical flow electricity for a shorter period of treatment. Table 6 shows the physical, mechanical, and oxidation properties of Titanium-diboride [44].
TiB2 | ||
---|---|---|
Density | g cm−3 | 4.5 |
Elastic modulus | GPa | 560 |
Flexural strength | MPa | 700–1000 |
High hardness | GPa | 25–35 |
Fracture Toughness | MPam 0.5 | 4–5 |
Oxidation resistance | °C | <1200 |
Physical, mechanical, and oxidation properties of TiB2.
By comparison of physical and mechanical properties in Table 5 and previous one showed properties of Alumina, Silicon Carbide and Boron Carbide it can be concluded that is all parameters higher in the case of Titanium-diboride than previously explained ceramics materials. In the case of the production and application of composites based on titanium-diboride, due to the increased density, the final product would have a higher mass compared to previous ceramics. Therefore, optimal parameters should be found in the production of composites.
The constant race in armaments and the development of new types of weapons with different calibers, requires a response in protection from the same. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly develop ballistic materials that would protect people and vehicles on duty. Today, modern armies’ function on the basis of three postulates: do not notice, do not shoot, and do not break through armor. The last, perhaps the most important requirement depends on the material. The efficiency of existing materials can be improved with ceramic-based composites.
The ceramic material can be reinforced by metal/metal oxide powder addition before sintering. This method of ceramic reinforcement was described by A. Pettersson et al. in the study of titanium-diboride reinforced by titanium powder addition before the sintering process [13]. The precursor powders were mixed in a high-speed planetary mil and after drying the matrix was treated by spark plasma sintering. The results of mechanical tests show that the composite with titanium contains between 5 and 6 wt. % have the best physical and mechanical properties. In the case of fracture toughness tests, this parameter is less sensitive to titanium content, except when 10% by weight is used, where toughness begins to increase rapidly. At the same procedure, ceramic composite can be reinforced by the addition of aluminum and magnesium [45], zirconia [46], and silicon [47].
Different reinforcement method of ceramics is the addition of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene or low-density polyethylene (LDPE) before sintering by the hot-pressing process to fill possible cavities (pores) formed during sintering. Oliveira et al. [48] had examined the ballistic properties of alumina-based composites reinforced by the different mass fractions of low-density polyethylene. In the stated examination, alumina-based composites were modified by 10–30 wt. % of low-density polyethylene. Results obtained by these tests lead to the following conclusions: LPDE has the function of keeping the alumina grains cohesive, LDPE among the alumina particles helps to increase the toughness of the composite and optimal addition of 20 wt. % of LDPE.
Ballistic ceramic-based composites can also be reinforced by a metal plate. The bonding of different materials by adhesion allows the composite to withstand the acoustic waves generated by the projectile impact. Due to the existence of acoustic impedance, in such composites, the effect of matching impedances produced by acoustic waves during projectile impact is reduced. Reducing this effect improves the physical and mechanical properties and prevents cracking of the ceramic armor, which allows one armor plate to protect itself from multiple impacts, provides structural integrity, and, to a lesser extent, the efficiency of the ballistic mass of the composite ceramic armor. Due to their increased mass, such composites are not used to increase the ballistic protection of people, but mainly vehicles. Due to the specific mass of metal and the load of the object, which requires an increase in ballistic protection, aluminum is most often used to strengthen ceramics-based composites. The main challenge in producing these composites is choosing the right adhesive. The adhesive must provide a ceramic-metal bond, not to allow easy separation of the composite during the impact of the projectile and to withstand the force of acoustic waves. The main criteria for choosing an adhesive is the ability to keep composites bonded after an impact of the projectile. The service life of the composite also depends on the quality of the adhesive. For this purpose, polymeric and high-temperature adhesives are used for ceramic-based composites production. One approach to improving the ballistic performance of ceramic armor with metal backings is to create a strong metallurgical bond and functionally graded composites in which metal layers transition to the ceramic layers without damaging interfaces. In ceramic-based composites, aluminum as backing material can be changed by other ceramics, Kevlar®, Twaron®, fiberglass, UHMWPE, and polyamide which can undergo thermal treatment of the glued ceramic product with backing material in an autoclave where temperature, pressure, and vacuum are applied.
The physical and mechanical properties of ceramic-based ballistic materials largely depend on the processing methods and tooling. The density, high-strength, and high-modulus properties are influenced by the processing method, and the processing method is influenced by a number of factors. The factors that determine the quality of the material are the size and shape of raw materials, availability of tooling for that particular size and shape, compatibility of different raw materials and adhesives, resin content, economical parameters (cost of raw materials and labor cost). The secondary factor on making the selection in the manufacturing process depends on the main target which protects as well. This factor depends on the ballistic threat, the maximum acceptable weight for personnel and/or vehicles, structural and impact requirements, exposure to chemicals, fuels and lubricants, moisture, and other threats.
The most widespread processes for the production of ballistic materials based on ceramics are a hand-layup method, vacuum bagging, vacuum and oven processing, compression molding, and autoclave method.
Hand-layup method is also known as the wet-layup method. This process is the simplest process for the production of ballistic protection composites and is based on the application of materials in layers. The production of composites by this method is a combination of a polymer matrix reinforced mainly with fibers. The shape of the product depends on the mold used in which the layers of reinforcing fibers are placed, which are then saturated with wet (resin) by pouring over the fabric and pulling into the fabric. The resin is generally applied to reinforcing fibers or fabric with a roller. After applying the reinforcement to the resin matrix, the tool is left to harden the resin at room temperature or elevated depending on the type of matrix. The hand-layup method is suitable for the production of smaller quantities and in the conditions of manufacture and acceptable for prototype production in which complex molding or other costs might be an issue. The hand-layup method is not suitable for high-volume applications and has high labor costs.
Vacuum bagging is an extension of the previously explained process by applying pressure to the laminate when it is laid to improve its consolidation. In this process, sealing of reinforcing fibers or fabrics is achieved. The air under the bag is extracted by means of a vacuum pump and in this way up to 1 atm of pressure can be applied to the laminate to solidify it. The main advantages of this process are higher fiber content laminates can usually be achieved than with standard hand-layup method, lower void content is achieved and better fiber wet-out due to pressure and resin flow throughout structural fibers, with excess into bagging materials, and the vacuum reduces the amount of volatiles emitted during cure. The disadvantages of the explained process are extra process costs, higher level of skilled operators needed, especially in mixing and control of resin content.
Processing in a vacuum and in the oven is the processing of pre-impregnated fabrics and fabrics soaked in resin film is performed at atmospheric pressure and at elevated temperature. The vacuum bag surrounds the composite which binds the hermetic membrane and uses the ambient atmospheric pressure to compress the product in the vacuum bag, and, at the same time, heat is applied to the composite structure so that it takes the shape of a mold during the curing process. For all resin content used for the matrix is accurately set by the manufacturer. Using this method, higher fiber contents can be achieved. The disadvantage is higher material cost than previously described methods. The processing cost can be high, because of the autoclave required to cure the composite using high temperature and pressure.
Compression molding is the production of ballistic composites the heating of composite placed in mold cavity (female) or form (male) using a two-part mold system. The composite raw materials suffer applied force and pressure during contact with all mold areas, while heat and pressure are maintained until the molding material has been cured or sintered. This process can be used for ceramic-plastic or ceramic-metal composite production and heating of thermosetting resins for adhesives for the curing process. With compression on one side only, the result is an increase in pressure on the other side equal to the amount of vacuum being generated. Compression molding produces high-strength composite structures and complex parts in a wide variety of sizes. Compression-molded fiberglass or composite parts are characterized by net size and shape, two excellent finished surfaces, and outstanding part-to-part repeatability. This type of method enables the production of large-size parts beyond the capacity of extrusion techniques, and it can apply to composite thermoplastics with ceramic materials, UD tapes, woven fabrics, randomly oriented fiber mats, or chopped strands, also ceramics can be sintered by this method. Compression molding is one of the lowest cost options for the molding of complex composite parts. However, the slow production and limited largely too flat or moderately curved parts with no undercuts are disadvantages of this method.
Autoclave processing is an advanced pressure-bag and the vacuum-bag molding process, and represents the production of composite materials uses denser molds without cavities because higher heat and pressure are used for curing. Autoclaves are essentially heated pressure vessels usually equipped with vacuum systems in which the packed layer on the mold is taken for the curing cycle. This method has wide usage, in the aerospace industry to fabricate high strength-to-weight ratio parts from impregnated high-strength fibers for aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. The heating mechanism in the autoclave can be direct or indirect. Indirect heating systems have the heat source outside the autoclave and transfer heat into the working envelope by means of a heat exchanger. Direct heating systems have their heat source within the autoclave and aim to maximize the heat transfer from the elements to the pressure medium.
The production of ballistic ceramic production requires far higher temperatures than for crosslinking polymeric materials used in the manufacture of ballistic composites. At high sintering temperatures of ceramic materials, none of the polymeric materials such as Kevlar®, Twaron®, and others can resist. Therefore, ceramic materials must be specially made of a backing made of plastic. According to new research, ceramic and/or glass fibers that can withstand high sintering temperatures can be added to ceramic materials before sintering.
In accordance with the pressure amount applied, sintering can be divided into pressureless and pressurized sintering. Further, pressureless sintering can be divided into reaction sintering, thermal plasma sintering, microwave sintering, and atmospheric sintering. The second group is pressurized sintering which can be divided into solid (hot pressing, spark plasma sintering, and ultra-high-pressure sintering) and gas compaction (hot isostatic pressing and high-pressure gas reaction sintering).
The methods that represent pressureless sintering are usually economically acceptable methods for fabrication of ballistic ceramics than pressurized sintering, but these methods require the use of a high sintering temperature (≥1200°C) and the process least longer than 120 min for densification and solute homogenization. Nowadays, ballistic ceramics are mostly produced by spark plasma sintering [20, 43, 49] and hot-pressing sintering [37, 45].
Spark plasma sintering is a pressurized sintering method assisted by the pulsed-direct current process. The powder of raw material is loaded in an electrically conducting matrix and sintered under uniaxial pressure. Bypassing direct current through a matrix and sintered powder, if they are conductive, they act as a heating source, so in addition to external heating, internal heating is provided, which leads to improved heat transfer and rapid consolidation during sintering, which speeds up the production of ceramic materials for ballistic composites. This method can be used to produce large plates that can be machined later. Hot pressing is the most commonly used technique for fabricating dense, non-oxide monolithic ceramics and their composites. The ceramic materials can be produced in a mixture matrix (coil and graphite) and metal or metal-oxide powder under a uniaxial pressure hot-pressing but in the absence of direct current. At maximum pressure, the contact points between raw materials develop very high stress, increasing the local diffusion rates.
The time of processing, heating, densification, particle size, temperature, pressure, heating rate, and holding time all influence the physical and mechanical properties of the hot-pressed ceramics whilst a controlled atmosphere is required for the non-oxides. Carbides and borides are often hot-pressed under a vacuum or an inert gas such as argon whilst the nitrides are generally densified under a nitrogen atmosphere. Often, the pressure is applied when the maximum sintering temperature is reached, though it can be increased at intervals as the temperature increases.
The chapter Ballistic Composites, The Present and The future have attempted to present usage of ceramic materials and ceramic-based composites intended for needed for personnel and combat vehicles ballistic protection from penetration and impact of the projectile. Ballistic materials during the history of war follow the armament development to protect the soldier in the first place. Nowadays, metals and steels are increasingly being replaced by lightweight materials such as ceramics and composites, and in the future with the development of technology, metals and steels are likely to be completely phased out for ballistic protection. Ceramic materials such as alumina, SiC, B4C, and TiB2, have acceptable physical and mechanical properties to absorb and minimize breakage and stop the projectile penetration before reaching the vital organs and purchase the trauma reduction of the soldier or essential parts of the vehicle mechanism.
Ceramics and ceramic-based bulletproof materials can be divided into oxide and non-oxide ceramics materials and they are generally light, cost-effective, low density, high compressive strength, high hardness, durability, and capable of retaining or breaking a projectile penetrator of a certain caliber and fully can change the armor plate of aluminum or hardened steel. The main objective of ballistic material is to develop protection systems that are both effective and lighter in weight. The physical and mechanical properties of ceramic and ceramic-based composites depend on processing. The ballistic composite production methods which can be used are a hand-layup method, vacuum bagging, vacuum and oven processing, compression molding, and autoclave processing. Also, ceramic materials require higher temperatures and pressures than ceramic-plastic composite, and these materials can be produced by sintering processes. In this chapter, special attention was paid to processes of spark plasma sintering and hot-pressing methods.
According to the current tendency of weapons development and the requirements of modern battlefields, the tactics are primarily based on greater mobility of units while maintaining protection against the penetration of projectiles. Therefore, research and future production have turned to lightweight materials such as ceramic materials and their composites.
The author declares no conflict of interest.
Customer Satisfaction is of paramount importance at IntechOpen and we take all complaints very seriously. Our Authors, their institutions, and other purchasers, if dissatisfied with the service provided, or the product purchased, can file a written complaint to IntechOpen, 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, UK or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.
',metaTitle:"Customer Complaints",metaDescription:"Our authors, their institutions and other purchasers, if unsatisfied with the service provided or the product purchased, can file a written complaint at IN TECH d.o.o offices at Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia, or via the following e-mail address: info@intechopen.com.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:null,contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\\n\\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\\n\\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\\n\\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\\n\\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:"Receipt of complaints will be acknowledged in writing and Intech Limited will respond fully to concerns within 15 business days.
\n\nCustomers have the right to terminate the contract without giving any reason (written notice of termination). The deadline for said termination is fourteen (14) days from the date of receipt of goods. Returns are at the expense of the Customer and must be made within the fourteen (14) days from the date of the written notice of termination. Intech Limited will process refunds to the Customer without undue delay.
\n\nIn the event that the Publisher ships damaged or misbound copies of products, or duplicate or incorrect copies of the products are received by the Customer, the Publisher will accept returns at the Publisher's expense, provided notice of such damaged or incorrect shipment is given to the Publisher within fourteen (14) working days from the date of receipt.
\n\nPublishing errors, including but not limited to typographical errors, having no significant effect on the editorial content or design characteristics of the products, cannot be considered a reason for rejecting payment or, as the case may be, modifying the agreed price.
\n\nAt the Publisher's request, the customer should provide evidence of the damaged or incorrect shipment. The Publisher will refund or ship the ordered products without delays.
\n"}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. He is a very good player of squash but has not played squash since his arrival in Denmark.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"611",title:"Prof.",name:"T",middleName:null,surname:"Nagarajan",slug:"t-nagarajan",fullName:"T Nagarajan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Teknologi Petronas",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6669},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5955},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2458},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12710},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1016},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17715}],offset:12,limit:12,total:134176},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",src:"S-T-0"},books:[{type:"book",id:"9985",title:"Geostatistics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"423cb3896195a618c4acb493ce4fd23d",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jeffrey M. Yarus, Dr. Marko Maucec, Dr. Timothy C. Coburn and Associate Prof. Michael Pyrcz",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9985.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"78011",title:"Prof.",name:"Jeffrey M.",surname:"Yarus",slug:"jeffrey-m.-yarus",fullName:"Jeffrey M. Yarus"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11856",title:"Testosterone - Functions, Uses, Deficiencies, and Substitution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"8549d2b1fcd1242f85a6a70447b1db10",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Hirokazu Doi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11856.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"473383",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Hirokazu",surname:"Doi",slug:"hirokazu-doi",fullName:"Hirokazu Doi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12063",title:"Critical Infrastructure - Modern Approach and New Developments",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a88b0006f3a58c0a60f89e06efb31102",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Antonio Di Pietro and Prof. Jose Marti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12063.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"284589",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",surname:"Di Pietro",slug:"antonio-di-pietro",fullName:"Antonio Di Pietro"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12387",title:"Natural Killer Cells - Lessons and Challenges",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"5576cda9d50adf4e4256e47427560510",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Leisheng Zhang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12387.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"439674",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Leisheng",surname:"Zhang",slug:"leisheng-zhang",fullName:"Leisheng Zhang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12072",title:"Finite Element Method and Its Extensions",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"3b9656ca1f591fcc44f127e12a6ef28f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Mahboub Baccouch",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12072.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186635",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahboub",surname:"Baccouch",slug:"mahboub-baccouch",fullName:"Mahboub Baccouch"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11994",title:"MXenes - Fabrications and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"184e1a0c9b5e62ebb3c7ebc53103db9f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Dhanasekaran Vikraman",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11994.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"199404",title:"Prof.",name:"Dhanasekaran",surname:"Vikraman",slug:"dhanasekaran-vikraman",fullName:"Dhanasekaran Vikraman"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12143",title:"Herbs and Spices - New Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"dbbc40b4b09244389b52ca80dcc10768",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Eva Ivanišová",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12143.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"352448",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",surname:"Ivanišová",slug:"eva-ivanisova",fullName:"Eva Ivanišová"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12007",title:"Updates in Volcanology - Linking Active Volcanism and the Geological Record",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a55d00d84b7616824cc783586c092525",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Károly Németh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12007.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"51162",title:"Dr.",name:"Károly",surname:"Németh",slug:"karoly-nemeth",fullName:"Károly Németh"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12202",title:"Sexual Violence - Issues in Prevention, Treatment, and Policy",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"d3d39a00095ec14f7f869ed5b5211527",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Kathleen Monahan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12202.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"463306",title:"Dr.",name:"Kathleen",surname:"Monahan",slug:"kathleen-monahan",fullName:"Kathleen Monahan"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12307",title:"New Insights Into Dystonia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1b011946aab26d18e0f4cfa61eb4249a",slug:null,bookSignature:" Tamer Rizk",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12307.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"170531",title:null,name:"Tamer",surname:"Rizk",slug:"tamer-rizk",fullName:"Tamer Rizk"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:39},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:23},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:24},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:66},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:16},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:120},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:6},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:10},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:2},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:4}],offset:12,limit:12,total:424},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11012",title:"Radiopharmaceuticals",subtitle:"Current Research for Better Diagnosis and Therapy",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f9046d6f96148b285e776f384991120d",slug:"radiopharmaceuticals-current-research-for-better-diagnosis-and-therapy",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11012.jpg",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4430},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10858",title:"MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses)",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d32f86793bc72dde32532f509b1ec5b0",slug:"mooc-massive-open-online-courses-",bookSignature:"Dragan Cvetković",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10858.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1677,editors:[{id:"101330",title:"Dr.",name:"Dragan",middleName:"Mladen",surname:"Cvetković",slug:"dragan-cvetkovic",fullName:"Dragan Cvetković"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10195",title:"Serotonin and the CNS",subtitle:"New Developments in Pharmacology and Therapeutics",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ed9d96da98233a885bd2869a8056c36",slug:"serotonin-and-the-cns-new-developments-in-pharmacology-and-therapeutics",bookSignature:"Berend Olivier",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10195.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1337,editors:[{id:"71579",title:"Prof.",name:"Berend",middleName:null,surname:"Olivier",slug:"berend-olivier",fullName:"Berend Olivier"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10755",title:"Corporate Governance",subtitle:"Recent Advances and Perspectives",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"ffe06d1d5c4bf0fc2e63511825fe1257",slug:"corporate-governance-recent-advances-and-perspectives",bookSignature:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali and Feyza Bhatti",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10755.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:1309,editors:[{id:"196317",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Okechukwu Lawrence",middleName:null,surname:"Emeagwali",slug:"okechukwu-lawrence-emeagwali",fullName:"Okechukwu Lawrence Emeagwali"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11120",title:"Environmental Impact and Remediation of Heavy Metals",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9e77514288e7394f1e6cd13481af3509",slug:"environmental-impact-and-remediation-of-heavy-metals",bookSignature:"Hosam M. Saleh and Amal I. Hassan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11120.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:847,editors:[{id:"144691",title:"Prof.",name:"Hosam M.",middleName:null,surname:"Saleh",slug:"hosam-m.-saleh",fullName:"Hosam M. Saleh"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10901",title:"Grapes and Wine",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5d7f2aa74874444bc6986e613ccebd7c",slug:"grapes-and-wine",bookSignature:"Antonio Morata, Iris Loira and Carmen González",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10901.jpg",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2273,editors:[{id:"180952",title:"Prof.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Morata",slug:"antonio-morata",fullName:"Antonio Morata"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11080",title:"Engineering Principles",subtitle:"Welding and Residual Stresses",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6c07a13a113bce94174b40096f30fb5e",slug:"engineering-principles-welding-and-residual-stresses",bookSignature:"Kavian Omar Cooke and Ronaldo Câmara Cozza",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11080.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:591,editors:[{id:"138778",title:"Dr.",name:"Kavian",middleName:"Omar",surname:"Cooke",slug:"kavian-cooke",fullName:"Kavian Cooke"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:515,editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11029",title:"Hepatitis B",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"609701f502efc3538c112ff47a2c2119",slug:"hepatitis-b",bookSignature:"Luis Rodrigo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11029.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:413,editors:[{id:"73208",title:"Prof.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Rodrigo",slug:"luis-rodrigo",fullName:"Luis Rodrigo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9537",title:"Human Rights in the Contemporary World",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"54f05b93812fd434f3962956d6413a6b",slug:"human-rights-in-the-contemporary-world",bookSignature:"Trudy Corrigan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9537.jpg",publishedDate:"June 8th 2022",numberOfDownloads:2194,editors:[{id:"197557",title:"Dr.",name:"Trudy",middleName:null,surname:"Corrigan",slug:"trudy-corrigan",fullName:"Trudy Corrigan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11371",title:"Cerebral Circulation",subtitle:"Updates on Models, Diagnostics and Treatments of Related Diseases",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2d3335445d2852d0b906bb9750e939f",slug:"cerebral-circulation-updates-on-models-diagnostics-and-treatments-of-related-diseases",bookSignature:"Alba Scerrati, Luca Ricciardi and Flavia Dones",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11371.jpg",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",numberOfDownloads:341,editors:[{id:"182614",title:"Dr.",name:"Alba",middleName:null,surname:"Scerrati",slug:"alba-scerrati",fullName:"Alba Scerrati"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"11043",title:"Endometriosis",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Treatments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7baf1c70b11d41400bb9302ae9411ca4",slug:"endometriosis-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-treatments",bookSignature:"Giovana Ap. Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11043.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"185930",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Giovana",middleName:null,surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"giovana-goncalves",fullName:"Giovana Gonçalves"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10536",title:"Campylobacter",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c4b132b741dd0a2ed539b824ab63965f",slug:"campylobacter",bookSignature:"Guillermo Tellez-Isaias and Saeed El-Ashram",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10536.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"73465",title:"Dr.",name:"Guillermo",middleName:null,surname:"Téllez",slug:"guillermo-tellez",fullName:"Guillermo Téllez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11083",title:"Hazardous Waste Management",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d553bd4f6f1c4b115ca69bd19faac7dc",slug:"hazardous-waste-management",bookSignature:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar, Kavitha Sankarapandian and Yukesh Kannah Ravi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11083.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"218539",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh Banu",middleName:null,surname:"Jeyakumar",slug:"rajesh-banu-jeyakumar",fullName:"Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10848",title:"Tribology of Machine Elements",subtitle:"Fundamentals and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"3c4ca4c4692ca8d4fa749b4ae81ec1fa",slug:"tribology-of-machine-elements-fundamentals-and-applications",bookSignature:"Giuseppe Pintaude, Tiago Cousseau and Anna Rudawska",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10848.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"18347",title:"Prof.",name:"Giuseppe",middleName:null,surname:"Pintaude",slug:"giuseppe-pintaude",fullName:"Giuseppe Pintaude"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10856",title:"Crude Oil",subtitle:"New Technologies and Recent Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"8d0a7ca35b3de95b295dc4eab39a087e",slug:"crude-oil-new-technologies-and-recent-approaches",bookSignature:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf and Mohamed Hasan El-Keshawy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10856.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"102626",title:"Prof.",name:"Manar",middleName:null,surname:"Elsayed Abdel-Raouf",slug:"manar-elsayed-abdel-raouf",fullName:"Manar Elsayed Abdel-Raouf"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9625",title:"Spinocerebellar Ataxia",subtitle:"Concepts, Particularities and Generalities",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"365a7025fd46eb45de2549bdd9d50b98",slug:"spinocerebellar-ataxia-concepts-particularities-and-generalities",bookSignature:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9625.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"221787",title:"Dr.",name:"Patricia",middleName:null,surname:"Bozzetto Ambrosi",slug:"patricia-bozzetto-ambrosi",fullName:"Patricia Bozzetto Ambrosi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10905",title:"Plant Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"84ad5b27dde5f01dc76087d0fd6fa834",slug:"plant-defense-mechanisms",bookSignature:"Josphert Ngui Kimatu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10905.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"224171",title:"Prof.",name:"Josphert N.",middleName:null,surname:"Kimatu",slug:"josphert-n.-kimatu",fullName:"Josphert N. Kimatu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10686",title:"Natural Gas",subtitle:"New Perspectives and Future Developments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"581763788a6a59e653a9d1d9b5a42d79",slug:"natural-gas-new-perspectives-and-future-developments",bookSignature:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10686.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"2416",title:"Dr.",name:"Maryam",middleName:null,surname:"Takht Ravanchi",slug:"maryam-takht-ravanchi",fullName:"Maryam Takht Ravanchi"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10988",title:"Railway Transport Planning and Manageme",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5cb54cc53caedad9ec78372563c82e2c",slug:"railway-transport-planning-and-management",bookSignature:"Stefano de Luca, Roberta Di Pace and Chiara Fiori",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10988.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editors:[{id:"271061",title:"Prof.",name:"Stefano",middleName:null,surname:"de Luca",slug:"stefano-de-luca",fullName:"Stefano de Luca"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"616",title:"Mathematical Modeling",slug:"theory-of-computation-mathematical-modeling",parent:{id:"96",title:"Theory of Computation",slug:"theory-of-computation"},numberOfBooks:5,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:48,numberOfWosCitations:189,numberOfCrossrefCitations:126,numberOfDimensionsCitations:241,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"616",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"2185",title:"Petri Nets",subtitle:"Manufacturing and Computer Science",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"cd35e0811ba40522bbb37a6ad2390bc4",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",bookSignature:"Pawel Pawlewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2185.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4487",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlewski",slug:"pawel-pawlewski",fullName:"Pawel Pawlewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"4460",title:"Advances in Petri Net",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"eb16f30c8c97de6bf750fde5e04363ae",slug:"advances-in-petri-net-theory-and-applications",bookSignature:"Tauseef Aized",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/4460.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"10867",title:"Prof.",name:"Tauseef",middleName:null,surname:"Aized",slug:"tauseef-aized",fullName:"Tauseef Aized"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3780",title:"Petri Nets",subtitle:"Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b1f80da4d06e2b7b4076e74797319265",slug:"petri-nets-applications",bookSignature:"Pawel Pawlewski",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3780.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4487",title:"Dr.",name:"Pawel",middleName:null,surname:"Pawlewski",slug:"pawel-pawlewski",fullName:"Pawel Pawlewski"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5329",title:"Cognitive Maps",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"95e2c75f734f41a231480f0272fed2ed",slug:"cognitive-maps",bookSignature:"Karl Perusich",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5329.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6071",title:"Dr.",name:"Karl",middleName:null,surname:"Perusich",slug:"karl-perusich",fullName:"Karl Perusich"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"5330",title:"Petri Net",subtitle:"Theory and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"4ebb7d10fa68cbcab11de39a524f2581",slug:"petri_net_theory_and_applications",bookSignature:"Vedran Kordic",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5330.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:5,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"9201",doi:"10.5772/7497",title:"Modelling and Analysis of Traffic Light Control Systems Using Timed Coloured Petri nets",slug:"modelling-and-analysis-of-traffic-light-control-systems-using-timed-coloured-petri-nets",totalDownloads:4736,totalCrossrefCites:2,totalDimensionsCites:19,abstract:null,book:{id:"3780",slug:"petri-nets-applications",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets Applications"},signatures:"Yi-Sheng Huang and Ta-Hsiang Chung",authors:null},{id:"38510",doi:"10.5772/47829",title:"A Petri Net-Based Approach to the Quantification of Data Center Dependability",slug:"a-petri-net-based-approach-to-the-quantification-of-data-center-dependability",totalDownloads:3282,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2185",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets - Manufacturing and Computer Science"},signatures:"Gustavo Callou, Paulo Maciel, Dietmar Tutsch, Julian Araújo, João Ferreira and Rafael Souza",authors:[{id:"30126",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Romero Martins",surname:"Maciel",slug:"paulo-maciel",fullName:"Paulo Maciel"},{id:"121996",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Callou",slug:"gustavo-callou",fullName:"Gustavo Callou"},{id:"148639",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",slug:"carlos-araujo",fullName:"Carlos Araujo"},{id:"148867",title:"Mr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira"},{id:"148871",title:"Prof.",name:"Dietmar",middleName:null,surname:"Tutsch",slug:"dietmar-tutsch",fullName:"Dietmar Tutsch"},{id:"157701",title:"BSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",slug:"rafael-souza",fullName:"Rafael Souza"}]},{id:"38516",doi:"10.5772/50117",title:"Timed Petri Nets",slug:"timed-petri-nets",totalDownloads:3595,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:12,abstract:null,book:{id:"2185",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets - Manufacturing and Computer Science"},signatures:"José Reinaldo Silva and Pedro M. G. del Foyo",authors:[{id:"148751",title:"Dr.",name:"José Reinaldo",middleName:null,surname:"Silva",slug:"jose-reinaldo-silva",fullName:"José Reinaldo Silva"}]},{id:"708",doi:"10.5772/5310",title:"Petri Net Transformations",slug:"petri_net_transformations",totalDownloads:4417,totalCrossrefCites:8,totalDimensionsCites:11,abstract:null,book:{id:"5330",slug:"petri_net_theory_and_applications",title:"Petri Net",fullTitle:"Petri Net, Theory and Applications"},signatures:"Hartmut Ehrig, Kathrin Hoffmann, Julia Padberg, Claudia Ermel, Ulrike Prange, Enrico Biermann and Tony Modica",authors:null},{id:"6750",doi:"10.5772/7118",title:"Subject-formal Methods Based on Cognitive Maps and the Problem of Risk Due to the Human Factor",slug:"subject-formal-methods-based-on-cognitive-maps-and-the-problem-of-risk-due-to-the-human-factor",totalDownloads:2712,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:10,abstract:null,book:{id:"5329",slug:"cognitive-maps",title:"Cognitive Maps",fullTitle:"Cognitive Maps"},signatures:"Abramova N., Avdeeva Z., Kovriga S. and Makarenko D.",authors:null}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"6752",title:"The Role of Public Visual Art in Urban Space Recognition",slug:"the-role-of-public-visual-art-in-urban-space-recognition",totalDownloads:8630,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"5329",slug:"cognitive-maps",title:"Cognitive Maps",fullTitle:"Cognitive Maps"},signatures:"Anna Januchta-Szostak",authors:null},{id:"38495",title:"Petri Nets Models for Analysis and Control of Public Bicycle-Sharing Systems",slug:"petri-nets-models-for-analysis-and-control-of-public-bicycle-sharing-systems",totalDownloads:2956,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:9,abstract:null,book:{id:"2185",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets - Manufacturing and Computer Science"},signatures:"Karim Labadi, Taha Benarbia, Samir Hamaci and A-Moumen Darcherif",authors:[{id:"11428",title:"Dr.",name:"Karim",middleName:null,surname:"Labadi",slug:"karim-labadi",fullName:"Karim Labadi"},{id:"145768",title:"Mr.",name:"Taha",middleName:null,surname:"Benarbia",slug:"taha-benarbia",fullName:"Taha Benarbia"}]},{id:"38493",title:"Construction and Application of Learning Petri Net",slug:"construction-and-application-of-learning-petri-net",totalDownloads:3415,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,abstract:null,book:{id:"2185",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets - Manufacturing and Computer Science"},signatures:"Liangbing Feng, Masanao Obayashi, Takashi Kuremoto and Kunikazu Kobayashi",authors:[{id:"14090",title:"Prof.",name:"Masanao",middleName:null,surname:"Obayashi",slug:"masanao-obayashi",fullName:"Masanao Obayashi"},{id:"15895",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Takashi",middleName:null,surname:"Kuremoto",slug:"takashi-kuremoto",fullName:"Takashi Kuremoto"},{id:"15896",title:"Dr.",name:"Kunikazu",middleName:null,surname:"Kobayashi",slug:"kunikazu-kobayashi",fullName:"Kunikazu Kobayashi"},{id:"15897",title:"Dr.",name:"Liangbing",middleName:null,surname:"Feng",slug:"liangbing-feng",fullName:"Liangbing Feng"}]},{id:"38499",title:"Performance Evaluation of Distributed System Using SPN",slug:"performance-evaluation-of-distributed-system-using-spn",totalDownloads:2050,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"2185",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets - Manufacturing and Computer Science"},signatures:"Razib Hayat Khan, Poul E. Heegaard and Kazi Wali Ullah",authors:[{id:"150886",title:"Mr.",name:"Razib Hayat",middleName:null,surname:"Khan",slug:"razib-hayat-khan",fullName:"Razib Hayat Khan"},{id:"155603",title:"Prof.",name:"Poul E",middleName:null,surname:"Heegaard",slug:"poul-e-heegaard",fullName:"Poul E Heegaard"},{id:"156101",title:"Mr.",name:"Kazi Wali",middleName:null,surname:"Ullah",slug:"kazi-wali-ullah",fullName:"Kazi Wali Ullah"}]},{id:"38510",title:"A Petri Net-Based Approach to the Quantification of Data Center Dependability",slug:"a-petri-net-based-approach-to-the-quantification-of-data-center-dependability",totalDownloads:3282,totalCrossrefCites:9,totalDimensionsCites:14,abstract:null,book:{id:"2185",slug:"petri-nets-manufacturing-and-computer-science",title:"Petri Nets",fullTitle:"Petri Nets - Manufacturing and Computer Science"},signatures:"Gustavo Callou, Paulo Maciel, Dietmar Tutsch, Julian Araújo, João Ferreira and Rafael Souza",authors:[{id:"30126",title:"Prof.",name:"Paulo",middleName:"Romero Martins",surname:"Maciel",slug:"paulo-maciel",fullName:"Paulo Maciel"},{id:"121996",title:"Prof.",name:"Gustavo",middleName:null,surname:"Callou",slug:"gustavo-callou",fullName:"Gustavo Callou"},{id:"148639",title:"MSc.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Araujo",slug:"carlos-araujo",fullName:"Carlos Araujo"},{id:"148867",title:"Mr.",name:"João",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira",slug:"joao-ferreira",fullName:"João Ferreira"},{id:"148871",title:"Prof.",name:"Dietmar",middleName:null,surname:"Tutsch",slug:"dietmar-tutsch",fullName:"Dietmar Tutsch"},{id:"157701",title:"BSc.",name:"Rafael",middleName:null,surname:"Souza",slug:"rafael-souza",fullName:"Rafael Souza"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"616",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:0,limit:8,total:null},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}},{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",issn:null,scope:"\r\n\tEducation and Human Development is an interdisciplinary research area that aims to shed light on topics related to both learning and development. This Series is intended for researchers, practitioners, and students who are interested in understanding more about these fields and their applications.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/23.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 25th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:0,editor:{id:"280770",title:"Dr.",name:"Katherine K.M.",middleName:null,surname:"Stavropoulos",slug:"katherine-k.m.-stavropoulos",fullName:"Katherine K.M. Stavropoulos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRdFuQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-24T09:03:48.jpg",biography:"Katherine Stavropoulos received her BA in Psychology from Trinity College, in Connecticut, USA. Dr. Stavropoulos received her Ph.D. in Experimental Psychology from the University of California, San Diego. She completed her postdoctoral work at the Yale Child Study Center with Dr. James McPartland. Dr. Stavropoulos’ doctoral dissertation explored neural correlates of reward anticipation to social versus nonsocial stimuli in children with and without autism spectrum disorders (ASD). She has been a faculty member at the University of California, Riverside in the School of Education since 2016. Her research focuses on translational studies to explore the reward system in ASD, as well as how anxiety contributes to social challenges in ASD. She also investigates how behavioral interventions affect neural activity, behavior, and school performance in children with ASD. She is also involved in the diagnosis of children with ASD and is a licensed clinical psychologist in California. She is the Assistant Director of the SEARCH Center at UCR and is a Faculty member in the Graduate Program in Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of California, Riverside",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:2,paginationItems:[{id:"89",title:"Education",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/89.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!1,editor:{id:"260066",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Michail",middleName:null,surname:"Kalogiannakis",slug:"michail-kalogiannakis",fullName:"Michail Kalogiannakis",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/260066/images/system/260066.jpg",biography:"Michail Kalogiannakis is an Associate Professor of the Department of Preschool Education, University of Crete, and an Associate Tutor at School of Humanities at the Hellenic Open University. He graduated from the Physics Department of the University of Crete and continued his post-graduate studies at the University Paris 7-Denis Diderot (D.E.A. in Didactic of Physics), University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (D.E.A. in Science Education) and received his Ph.D. degree at the University Paris 5-René Descartes-Sorbonne (PhD in Science Education). His research interests include science education in early childhood, science teaching and learning, e-learning, the use of ICT in science education, games simulations, and mobile learning. He has published over 120 articles in international conferences and journals and has served on the program committees of numerous international conferences.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorTwo:{id:"422488",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Ampartzaki",slug:"maria-ampartzaki",fullName:"Maria Ampartzaki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/422488/images/system/422488.jpg",biography:"Dr Maria Ampartzaki is an Assistant Professor in Early Childhood Education in the Department of Preschool Education at the University of Crete. Her research interests include ICT in education, science education in the early years, inquiry-based and art-based learning, teachers’ professional development, action research, and the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies, among others. She has run and participated in several funded and non-funded projects on the teaching of Science, Social Sciences, and ICT in education. She also has the experience of participating in five Erasmus+ projects.",institutionString:"University of Crete",institution:{name:"University of Crete",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"90",title:"Human Development",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/90.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"191040",title:"Dr.",name:"Tal",middleName:null,surname:"Dotan Ben-Soussan",slug:"tal-dotan-ben-soussan",fullName:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSBf1QAG/Profile_Picture_2022-03-18T07:56:11.jpg",biography:"Tal Dotan Ben-Soussan, Ph.D., is the director of the Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics (RINED) – Paoletti Foundation. Ben-Soussan leads international studies on training and neuroplasticity from neurophysiological and psychobiological perspectives. As a neuroscientist and bio-psychologist, she has published numerous articles on neuroplasticity, movement and meditation. She acts as an editor and reviewer in several renowned journals and coordinates international conferences integrating theoretical, methodological and practical approaches on various topics, such as silence, logics and neuro-education. She lives in Assisi, Italy.",institutionString:"Research Institute for Neuroscience, Education and Didactics, Patrizio Paoletti Foundation",institution:null},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:0,paginationItems:[]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:5,paginationItems:[{id:"82394",title:"Learning by Doing Active Social Learning",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105523",signatures:"Anat Raviv",slug:"learning-by-doing-active-social-learning",totalDownloads:2,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82310",title:"Knowledge of Intergenerational Contact to Combat Ageism towards Older People",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105592",signatures:"Alice Nga Lai Kwong",slug:"knowledge-of-intergenerational-contact-to-combat-ageism-towards-older-people",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Social Aspects of Ageing - Selected Challenges, Analyses, and Solutions",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11479.jpg",subseries:{id:"90",title:"Human Development"}}},{id:"81993",title:"Emergent Chemistry: Using Visualizations to Develop Abstract Thinking and a Sense of Scale Within the Preschool Setting",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105216",signatures:"Karina Adbo",slug:"emergent-chemistry-using-visualizations-to-develop-abstract-thinking-and-a-sense-of-scale-within-the",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"82252",title:"Early Childhood: Enriched Environments and Roles of Caring Adults",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105157",signatures:"Analía Mignaton",slug:"early-childhood-enriched-environments-and-roles-of-caring-adults",totalDownloads:4,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}},{id:"81996",title:"Perspective Chapter: New Active Learning Models in Africa",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105217",signatures:"Fred Awaah, Cosmas Lambini Kombat and Emmanuel Okyere Ekwam",slug:"perspective-chapter-new-active-learning-models-in-africa",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Active Learning - Research and Practice",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11481.jpg",subseries:{id:"89",title:"Education"}}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Human Development",value:90,count:1,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Education",value:89,count:4,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:32,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10839",title:"Protein Detection",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10839.jpg",slug:"protein-detection",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Yusuf Tutar and Lütfi Tutar",hash:"2f1c0e4e0207fc45c936e7d22a5369c4",volumeInSeries:31,fullTitle:"Protein Detection",editors:[{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10797",title:"Cell Culture",subtitle:"Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10797.jpg",slug:"cell-culture-advanced-technology-and-applications-in-medical-and-life-sciences",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"2c628f4757f9639a4450728d839a7842",volumeInSeries:30,fullTitle:"Cell Culture - Advanced Technology and Applications in Medical and Life Sciences",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:4},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:9},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:13}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:8},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:250,paginationItems:[{id:"274452",title:"Dr.",name:"Yousif",middleName:"Mohamed",surname:"Abdallah",slug:"yousif-abdallah",fullName:"Yousif Abdallah",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/274452/images/8324_n.jpg",biography:"I certainly enjoyed my experience in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, particularly it has been in different institutions and hospitals with different Medical Cultures and allocated resources. Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Technology has always been my aspiration and my life. As years passed I accumulated a tremendous amount of skills and knowledge in Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Conventional Radiology, Radiation Protection, Bioinformatics Technology, PACS, Image processing, clinically and lecturing that will enable me to provide a valuable service to the community as a Researcher and Consultant in this field. My method of translating this into day to day in clinical practice is non-exhaustible and my habit of exchanging knowledge and expertise with others in those fields is the code and secret of success.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"313277",title:"Dr.",name:"Bartłomiej",middleName:null,surname:"Płaczek",slug:"bartlomiej-placzek",fullName:"Bartłomiej Płaczek",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/313277/images/system/313277.jpg",biography:"Bartłomiej Płaczek, MSc (2002), Ph.D. (2005), Habilitation (2016), is a professor at the University of Silesia, Institute of Computer Science, Poland, and an expert from the National Centre for Research and Development. His research interests include sensor networks, smart sensors, intelligent systems, and image processing with applications in healthcare and medicine. He is the author or co-author of more than seventy papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences as well as the co-author of several books. He serves as a reviewer for many scientific journals, international conferences, and research foundations. Since 2010, Dr. Placzek has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in the field of information technologies.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:{name:"University of Silesia",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"35000",title:"Prof.",name:"Ulrich H.P",middleName:"H.P.",surname:"Fischer",slug:"ulrich-h.p-fischer",fullName:"Ulrich H.P Fischer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/35000/images/3052_n.jpg",biography:"Academic and Professional Background\nUlrich H. P. has Diploma and PhD degrees in Physics from the Free University Berlin, Germany. He has been working on research positions in the Heinrich-Hertz-Institute in Germany. Several international research projects has been performed with European partners from France, Netherlands, Norway and the UK. He is currently Professor of Communications Systems at the Harz University of Applied Sciences, Germany.\n\nPublications and Publishing\nHe has edited one book, a special interest book about ‘Optoelectronic Packaging’ (VDE, Berlin, Germany), and has published over 100 papers and is owner of several international patents for WDM over POF key elements.\n\nKey Research and Consulting Interests\nUlrich’s research activity has always been related to Spectroscopy and Optical Communications Technology. Specific current interests include the validation of complex instruments, and the application of VR technology to the development and testing of measurement systems. He has been reviewer for several publications of the Optical Society of America\\'s including Photonics Technology Letters and Applied Optics.\n\nPersonal Interests\nThese include motor cycling in a very relaxed manner and performing martial arts.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Charité",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"341622",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Eduardo",middleName:null,surname:"Rojas Alvarez",slug:"eduardo-rojas-alvarez",fullName:"Eduardo Rojas Alvarez",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/341622/images/15892_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Cuenca",country:{name:"Ecuador"}}},{id:"215610",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Sarfraz",slug:"muhammad-sarfraz",fullName:"Muhammad Sarfraz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/215610/images/system/215610.jpeg",biography:"Muhammad Sarfraz is a professor in the Department of Information Science, Kuwait University. His research interests include computer graphics, computer vision, image processing, machine learning, pattern recognition, soft computing, data science, intelligent systems, information technology, and information systems. Prof. Sarfraz has been a keynote/invited speaker on various platforms around the globe. He has advised various students for their MSc and Ph.D. theses. He has published more than 400 publications as books, journal articles, and conference papers. He is a member of various professional societies and a chair and member of the International Advisory Committees and Organizing Committees of various international conferences. Prof. Sarfraz is also an editor-in-chief and editor of various international journals.",institutionString:"Kuwait University",institution:{name:"Kuwait University",country:{name:"Kuwait"}}},{id:"32650",title:"Prof.",name:"Lukas",middleName:"Willem",surname:"Snyman",slug:"lukas-snyman",fullName:"Lukas Snyman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/32650/images/4136_n.jpg",biography:"Lukas Willem Snyman received his basic education at primary and high schools in South Africa, Eastern Cape. He enrolled at today's Nelson Metropolitan University and graduated from this university with a BSc in Physics and Mathematics, B.Sc Honors in Physics, MSc in Semiconductor Physics, and a Ph.D. in Semiconductor Physics in 1987. After his studies, he chose an academic career and devoted his energy to the teaching of physics to first, second, and third-year students. After positions as a lecturer at the University of Port Elizabeth, he accepted a position as Associate Professor at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.\r\n\r\nIn 1992, he motivates the concept of 'television and computer-based education” as means to reach large student numbers with only the best of teaching expertise and publishes an article on the concept in the SA Journal of Higher Education of 1993 (and later in 2003). The University of Pretoria subsequently approved a series of test projects on the concept with outreach to Mamelodi and Eerste Rust in 1993. In 1994, the University established a 'Unit for Telematic Education ' as a support section for multiple faculties at the University of Pretoria. In subsequent years, the concept of 'telematic education” subsequently becomes well established in academic circles in South Africa, grew in popularity, and is adopted by many universities and colleges throughout South Africa as a medium of enhancing education and training, as a method to reaching out to far out communities, and as a means to enhance study from the home environment.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman in subsequent years pursued research in semiconductor physics, semiconductor devices, microelectronics, and optoelectronics.\r\n\r\nIn 2000 he joined the TUT as a full professor. Here served for a period as head of the Department of Electronic Engineering. Here he makes contributions to solar energy development, microwave and optoelectronic device development, silicon photonics, as well as contributions to new mobile telecommunication systems and network planning in SA.\r\n\r\nCurrently, he teaches electronics and telecommunications at the TUT to audiences ranging from first-year students to Ph.D. level.\r\n\r\nFor his research in the field of 'Silicon Photonics” since 1990, he has published (as author and co-author) about thirty internationally reviewed articles in scientific journals, contributed to more than forty international conferences, about 25 South African provisional patents (as inventor and co-inventor), 8 PCT international patent applications until now. Of these, two USA patents applications, two European Patents, two Korean patents, and ten SA patents have been granted. A further 4 USA patents, 5 European patents, 3 Korean patents, 3 Chinese patents, and 3 Japanese patents are currently under consideration.\r\n\r\nRecently he has also published an extensive scholarly chapter in an internet open access book on 'Integrating Microphotonic Systems and MOEMS into standard Silicon CMOS Integrated circuitry”.\r\n\r\nFurthermore, Professor Snyman recently steered a new initiative at the TUT by introducing a 'Laboratory for Innovative Electronic Systems ' at the Department of Electrical Engineering. The model of this laboratory or center is to primarily combine outputs as achieved by high-level research with lower-level system development and entrepreneurship in a technical university environment. Students are allocated to projects at different levels with PhDs and Master students allocated to the generation of new knowledge and new technologies, while students at the diploma and Baccalaureus level are allocated to electronic systems development with a direct and a near application for application in industry or the commercial and public sectors in South Africa.\r\n\r\nProfessor Snyman received the WIRSAM Award of 1983 and the WIRSAM Award in 1985 in South Africa for best research papers by a young scientist at two international conferences on electron microscopy in South Africa. He subsequently received the SA Microelectronics Award for the best dissertation emanating from studies executed at a South African university in the field of Physics and Microelectronics in South Africa in 1987. In October of 2011, Professor Snyman received the prestigious Institutional Award for 'Innovator of the Year” for 2010 at the Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. This award was based on the number of patents recognized and granted by local and international institutions as well as for his contributions concerning innovation at the TUT.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of South Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"317279",title:"Mr.",name:"Ali",middleName:"Usama",surname:"Syed",slug:"ali-syed",fullName:"Ali Syed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/317279/images/16024_n.png",biography:"A creative, talented, and innovative young professional who is dedicated, well organized, and capable research fellow with two years of experience in graduate-level research, published in engineering journals and book, with related expertise in Bio-robotics, equally passionate about the aesthetics of the mechanical and electronic system, obtained expertise in the use of MS Office, MATLAB, SolidWorks, LabVIEW, Proteus, Fusion 360, having a grasp on python, C++ and assembly language, possess proven ability in acquiring research grants, previous appointments with social and educational societies with experience in administration, current affiliations with IEEE and Web of Science, a confident presenter at conferences and teacher in classrooms, able to explain complex information to audiences of all levels.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Air University",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"75526",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Zihni Onur",middleName:null,surname:"Uygun",slug:"zihni-onur-uygun",fullName:"Zihni Onur Uygun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/75526/images/12_n.jpg",biography:"My undergraduate education and my Master of Science educations at Ege University and at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University have given me a firm foundation in Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Physical Chemistry and Medicine. After obtaining my degree as a MSc in analytical chemistry, I started working as a research assistant in Ege University Medical Faculty in 2014. In parallel, I enrolled to the MSc program at the Department of Medical Biochemistry at Ege University to gain deeper knowledge on medical and biochemical sciences as well as clinical chemistry in 2014. In my PhD I deeply researched on biosensors and bioelectronics and finished in 2020. Now I have eleven SCI-Expanded Index published papers, 6 international book chapters, referee assignments for different SCIE journals, one international patent pending, several international awards, projects and bursaries. In parallel to my research assistant position at Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biochemistry, in April 2016, I also founded a Start-Up Company (Denosens Biotechnology LTD) by the support of The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Currently, I am also working as a CEO in Denosens Biotechnology. The main purposes of the company, which carries out R&D as a research center, are to develop new generation biosensors and sensors for both point-of-care diagnostics; such as glucose, lactate, cholesterol and cancer biomarker detections. My specific experimental and instrumental skills are Biochemistry, Biosensor, Analytical Chemistry, Electrochemistry, Mobile phone based point-of-care diagnostic device, POCTs and Patient interface designs, HPLC, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Spectrophotometry, ELISA.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ege University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"267434",title:"Dr.",name:"Rohit",middleName:null,surname:"Raja",slug:"rohit-raja",fullName:"Rohit Raja",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/267434/images/system/267434.jpg",biography:"Dr. Rohit Raja received Ph.D. in Computer Science and Engineering from Dr. CVRAMAN University in 2016. His main research interest includes Face recognition and Identification, Digital Image Processing, Signal Processing, and Networking. Presently he is working as Associate Professor in IT Department, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur (CG), India. He has authored several Journal and Conference Papers. He has good Academics & Research experience in various areas of CSE and IT. He has filed and successfully published 27 Patents. He has received many time invitations to be a Guest at IEEE Conferences. He has published 100 research papers in various International/National Journals (including IEEE, Springer, etc.) and Proceedings of the reputed International/ National Conferences (including Springer and IEEE). He has been nominated to the board of editors/reviewers of many peer-reviewed and refereed Journals (including IEEE, Springer).",institutionString:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",institution:{name:"Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"246502",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya T.",middleName:"T",surname:"Varkey",slug:"jaya-t.-varkey",fullName:"Jaya T. Varkey",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/246502/images/11160_n.jpg",biography:"Jaya T. Varkey, PhD, graduated with a degree in Chemistry from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, India. She obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India, and completed a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Minnesota, USA. She is a research guide at Mahatma Gandhi University and Associate Professor in Chemistry, St. Teresa’s College, Kochi, Kerala, India.\nDr. Varkey received a National Young Scientist award from the Indian Science Congress (1995), a UGC Research award (2016–2018), an Indian National Science Academy (INSA) Visiting Scientist award (2018–2019), and a Best Innovative Faculty award from the All India Association for Christian Higher Education (AIACHE) (2019). She Hashas received the Sr. Mary Cecil prize for best research paper three times. She was also awarded a start-up to develop a tea bag water filter. \nDr. Varkey has published two international books and twenty-seven international journal publications. She is an editorial board member for five international journals.",institutionString:"St. Teresa’s College",institution:null},{id:"250668",title:"Dr.",name:"Ali",middleName:null,surname:"Nabipour Chakoli",slug:"ali-nabipour-chakoli",fullName:"Ali Nabipour Chakoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/250668/images/system/250668.jpg",biography:"Academic Qualification:\r\n•\tPhD in Materials Physics and Chemistry, From: Sep. 2006, to: Sep. 2010, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Thesis: Structure and Shape Memory Effect of Functionalized MWCNTs/poly (L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Nanocomposites. Supervisor: Prof. Wei Cai,\r\n•\tM.Sc in Applied Physics, From: 1996, to: 1998, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Determination of Boron in Micro alloy Steels with solid state nuclear track detectors by neutron induced auto radiography, Supervisors: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi and Dr. A. Hosseini.\r\n•\tB.Sc. in Applied Physics, From: 1991, to: 1996, Faculty of Physics & Nuclear Science, Amirkabir Uni. of Technology, Tehran, Iran, Thesis: Design of shielding for Am-Be neutron sources for In Vivo neutron activation analysis, Supervisor: Dr. M. Hosseini Ashrafi.\r\n\r\nResearch Experiences:\r\n1.\tNanomaterials, Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene: Synthesis, Functionalization and Characterization,\r\n2.\tMWCNTs/Polymer Composites: Fabrication and Characterization, \r\n3.\tShape Memory Polymers, Biodegradable Polymers, ORC, Collagen,\r\n4.\tMaterials Analysis and Characterizations: TEM, SEM, XPS, FT-IR, Raman, DSC, DMA, TGA, XRD, GPC, Fluoroscopy, \r\n5.\tInteraction of Radiation with Mater, Nuclear Safety and Security, NDT(RT),\r\n6.\tRadiation Detectors, Calibration (SSDL),\r\n7.\tCompleted IAEA e-learning Courses:\r\nNuclear Security (15 Modules),\r\nNuclear Safety:\r\nTSA 2: Regulatory Protection in Occupational Exposure,\r\nTips & Tricks: Radiation Protection in Radiography,\r\nSafety and Quality in Radiotherapy,\r\nCourse on Sealed Radioactive Sources,\r\nCourse on Fundamentals of Environmental Remediation,\r\nCourse on Planning for Environmental Remediation,\r\nKnowledge Management Orientation Course,\r\nFood Irradiation - Technology, Applications and Good Practices,\r\nEmployment:\r\nFrom 2010 to now: Academic staff, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Kargar Shomali, Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box: 14395-836.\r\nFrom 1997 to 2006: Expert of Materials Analysis and Characterization. Research Center of Agriculture and Medicine. Rajaeeshahr, Karaj, Iran, P. O. Box: 31585-498.",institutionString:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",institution:{name:"Atomic Energy Organization of Iran",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"248279",title:"Dr.",name:"Monika",middleName:"Elzbieta",surname:"Machoy",slug:"monika-machoy",fullName:"Monika Machoy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/248279/images/system/248279.jpeg",biography:"Monika Elżbieta Machoy, MD, graduated with distinction from the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry at the Pomeranian Medical University in 2009, defended her PhD thesis with summa cum laude in 2016 and is currently employed as a researcher at the Department of Orthodontics of the Pomeranian Medical University. She expanded her professional knowledge during a one-year scholarship program at the Ernst Moritz Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany and during a three-year internship at the Technical University in Dresden, Germany. She has been a speaker at numerous orthodontic conferences, among others, American Association of Orthodontics, European Orthodontic Symposium and numerous conferences of the Polish Orthodontic Society. She conducts research focusing on the effect of orthodontic treatment on dental and periodontal tissues and the causes of pain in orthodontic patients.",institutionString:"Pomeranian Medical University",institution:{name:"Pomeranian Medical University",country:{name:"Poland"}}},{id:"252743",title:"Prof.",name:"Aswini",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kar",slug:"aswini-kar",fullName:"Aswini Kar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/252743/images/10381_n.jpg",biography:"uploaded in cv",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"KIIT University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"204256",title:"Dr.",name:"Anil",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Kumar Sahu",slug:"anil-kumar-sahu",fullName:"Anil Kumar Sahu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/204256/images/14201_n.jpg",biography:"I have nearly 11 years of research and teaching experience. I have done my master degree from University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravi Shankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh India. I have published 16 review and research articles in international and national journals and published 4 chapters in IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open access books. I have presented many papers at national and international conferences. I have received research award from Indian Drug Manufacturers Association in year 2015. My research interest extends from novel lymphatic drug delivery systems, oral delivery system for herbal bioactive to formulation optimization.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"253468",title:"Dr.",name:"Mariusz",middleName:null,surname:"Marzec",slug:"mariusz-marzec",fullName:"Mariusz Marzec",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/253468/images/system/253468.png",biography:"An assistant professor at Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, at Institute of Computer Science, Silesian University in Katowice. Scientific interests: computer analysis and processing of images, biomedical images, databases and programming languages. He is an author and co-author of scientific publications covering analysis and processing of biomedical images and development of database systems.",institutionString:"University of Silesia",institution:null},{id:"212432",title:"Prof.",name:"Hadi",middleName:null,surname:"Mohammadi",slug:"hadi-mohammadi",fullName:"Hadi Mohammadi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212432/images/system/212432.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Hadi Mohammadi is a biomedical engineer with hands-on experience in the design and development of many engineering structures and medical devices through various projects that he has been involved in over the past twenty years. Dr. Mohammadi received his BSc. and MSc. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, and his PhD. degree in Biomedical Engineering (biomaterials) from the University of Western Ontario. He was a postdoctoral trainee for almost four years at University of Calgary and Harvard Medical School. He is an industry innovator having created the technology to produce lifelike synthetic platforms that can be used for the simulation of almost all cardiovascular reconstructive surgeries. He’s been heavily involved in the design and development of cardiovascular devices and technology for the past 10 years. He is currently an Assistant Professor with the University of British Colombia, Canada.",institutionString:"University of British Columbia",institution:{name:"University of British Columbia",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"254463",title:"Prof.",name:"Haisheng",middleName:null,surname:"Yang",slug:"haisheng-yang",fullName:"Haisheng Yang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/254463/images/system/254463.jpeg",biography:"Haisheng Yang, Ph.D., Professor and Director of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology. He received his Ph.D. degree in Mechanics/Biomechanics from Harbin Institute of Technology (jointly with University of California, Berkeley). Afterwards, he worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Purdue Musculoskeletal Biology and Mechanics Lab at the Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, USA. He also conducted research in the Research Centre of Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada at McGill University, Canada. Dr. Yang has over 10 years research experience in orthopaedic biomechanics and mechanobiology of bone adaptation and regeneration. He earned an award from Beijing Overseas Talents Aggregation program in 2017 and serves as Beijing Distinguished Professor.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Beijing University of Technology",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"89721",title:"Dr.",name:"Mehmet",middleName:"Cuneyt",surname:"Ozmen",slug:"mehmet-ozmen",fullName:"Mehmet Ozmen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/89721/images/7289_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Gazi University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"243698",title:"M.D.",name:"Xiaogang",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",slug:"xiaogang-wang",fullName:"Xiaogang Wang",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243698/images/system/243698.png",biography:"Dr. Xiaogang Wang, a faculty member of Shanxi Eye Hospital specializing in the treatment of cataract and retinal disease and a tutor for postgraduate students of Shanxi Medical University, worked in the COOL Lab as an international visiting scholar under the supervision of Dr. David Huang and Yali Jia from October 2012 through November 2013. Dr. Wang earned an MD from Shanxi Medical University and a Ph.D. from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Dr. Wang was awarded two research project grants focused on multimodal optical coherence tomography imaging and deep learning in cataract and retinal disease, from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has published around 30 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters and co-edited one book.",institutionString:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",institution:{name:"Shanxi Eye Hospital",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"242893",title:"Ph.D. Student",name:"Joaquim",middleName:null,surname:"De Moura",slug:"joaquim-de-moura",fullName:"Joaquim De Moura",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/242893/images/7133_n.jpg",biography:"Joaquim de Moura received his degree in Computer Engineering in 2014 from the University of A Coruña (Spain). In 2016, he received his M.Sc degree in Computer Engineering from the same university. He is currently pursuing his Ph.D degree in Computer Science in a collaborative project between ophthalmology centers in Galicia and the University of A Coruña. His research interests include computer vision, machine learning algorithms and analysis and medical imaging processing of various kinds.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of A Coruña",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"294334",title:"B.Sc.",name:"Marc",middleName:null,surname:"Bruggeman",slug:"marc-bruggeman",fullName:"Marc Bruggeman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/294334/images/8242_n.jpg",biography:"Chemical engineer graduate, with a passion for material science and specific interest in polymers - their near infinite applications intrigue me. \n\nI plan to continue my scientific career in the field of polymeric biomaterials as I am fascinated by intelligent, bioactive and biomimetic materials for use in both consumer and medical applications.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"255757",title:"Dr.",name:"Igor",middleName:"Victorovich",surname:"Lakhno",slug:"igor-lakhno",fullName:"Igor Lakhno",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/255757/images/system/255757.jpg",biography:"Igor Victorovich Lakhno was born in 1971 in Kharkiv (Ukraine). \nMD – 1994, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nOb&Gyn; – 1997, master courses in Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education.\nPh.D. – 1999, Kharkiv National Medical Univesity.\nDSC – 2019, PL Shupik National Academy of Postgraduate Education \nProfessor – 2021, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of VN Karazin Kharkiv National University\nHead of Department – 2021, Department of Perinatology, Obstetrics and gynecology of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education\nIgor Lakhno has been graduated from international training courses on reproductive medicine and family planning held at Debrecen University (Hungary) in 1997. Since 1998 Lakhno Igor has worked as an associate professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and an associate professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department of Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education. Since June 2019 he’s been a professor in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of VN Karazin National University and a professor of the perinatology, obstetrics, and gynecology department. He’s affiliated with Kharkiv Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education as a Head of Department from November 2021. Igor Lakhno has participated in several international projects on fetal non-invasive electrocardiography (with Dr. J. A. Behar (Technion), Prof. D. Hoyer (Jena University), and José Alejandro Díaz Méndez (National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics, and Electronics, Mexico). He’s an author of about 200 printed works and there are 31 of them in Scopus or Web of Science databases. Igor Lakhno is a member of the Editorial Board of Reproductive Health of Woman, Emergency Medicine, and Technology Transfer Innovative Solutions in Medicine (Estonia). He is a medical Editor of “Z turbotoyu pro zhinku”. Igor Lakhno is a reviewer of the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Taylor and Francis), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wiley), Informatics in Medicine Unlocked (Elsevier), The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research (Wiley), Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Bentham Open), The Open Biomedical Engineering Journal (Bentham Open), etc. He’s defended a dissertation for a DSc degree “Pre-eclampsia: prediction, prevention, and treatment”. Three years ago Igor Lakhno has participated in a training course on innovative technologies in medical education at Lublin Medical University (Poland). Lakhno Igor has participated as a speaker in several international conferences and congresses (International Conference on Biological Oscillations April 10th-14th 2016, Lancaster, UK, The 9th conference of the European Study Group on Cardiovascular Oscillations). His main scientific interests: are obstetrics, women’s health, fetal medicine, and cardiovascular medicine. \nIgor Lakhno is a consultant at Kharkiv municipal perinatal center. He’s graduated from training courses on endoscopy in gynecology. He has 28 years of practical experience in the field.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"244950",title:"Dr.",name:"Salvatore",middleName:null,surname:"Di Lauro",slug:"salvatore-di-lauro",fullName:"Salvatore Di Lauro",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0030O00002bSF1HQAW/ProfilePicture%202021-12-20%2014%3A54%3A14.482",biography:"Name:\n\tSALVATORE DI LAURO\nAddress:\n\tHospital Clínico Universitario Valladolid\nAvda Ramón y Cajal 3\n47005, Valladolid\nSpain\nPhone number: \nFax\nE-mail:\n\t+34 983420000 ext 292\n+34 983420084\nsadilauro@live.it\nDate and place of Birth:\nID Number\nMedical Licence \nLanguages\t09-05-1985. Villaricca (Italy)\n\nY1281863H\n474707061\nItalian (native language)\nSpanish (read, written, spoken)\nEnglish (read, written, spoken)\nPortuguese (read, spoken)\nFrench (read)\n\t\t\nCurrent position (title and company)\tDate (Year)\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. Private practise.\t2017-today\n\n2019-today\n\t\n\t\nEducation (High school, university and postgraduate training > 3 months)\tDate (Year)\nDegree in Medicine and Surgery. University of Neaples 'Federico II”\nResident in Opthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid\nMaster in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nFellow of the European Board of Ophthalmology. Paris\nMaster in Research in Ophthalmology. University of Valladolid\t2003-2009\n2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2016\n2012-2013\n\t\nEmployments (company and positions)\tDate (Year)\nResident in Ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl.\nFellow in Vitreo-Retina. IOBA. University of Valladolid\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Hospital Clinico Universitario Valladolid. Sacyl. National Health System.\nVitreo-Retinal consultant in ophthalmology. Instituto Oftalmologico Recoletas. Red Hospitalaria Recoletas. \n\t2012-2016\n2016-2017\n2017-today\n\n2019-Today\n\n\n\t\nClinical Research Experience (tasks and role)\tDate (Year)\nAssociated investigator\n\n' FIS PI20/00740: DESARROLLO DE UNA CALCULADORA DE RIESGO DE\nAPARICION DE RETINOPATIA DIABETICA BASADA EN TECNICAS DE IMAGEN MULTIMODAL EN PACIENTES DIABETICOS TIPO 1. Grant by: Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion \n\n' (BIO/VA23/14) Estudio clínico multicéntrico y prospectivo para validar dos\nbiomarcadores ubicados en los genes p53 y MDM2 en la predicción de los resultados funcionales de la cirugía del desprendimiento de retina regmatógeno. Grant by: Gerencia Regional de Salud de la Junta de Castilla y León.\n' Estudio multicéntrico, aleatorizado, con enmascaramiento doble, en 2 grupos\nparalelos y de 52 semanas de duración para comparar la eficacia, seguridad e inmunogenicidad de SOK583A1 respecto a Eylea® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad' (CSOK583A12301; N.EUDRA: 2019-004838-41; FASE III). Grant by Hexal AG\n\n' Estudio de fase III, aleatorizado, doble ciego, con grupos paralelos, multicéntrico para comparar la eficacia y la seguridad de QL1205 frente a Lucentis® en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. (EUDRACT: 2018-004486-13). Grant by Qilu Pharmaceutical Co\n\n' Estudio NEUTON: Ensayo clinico en fase IV para evaluar la eficacia de aflibercept en pacientes Naive con Edema MacUlar secundario a Oclusion de Vena CenTral de la Retina (OVCR) en regimen de tratamientO iNdividualizado Treat and Extend (TAE)”, (2014-000975-21). Grant by Fundacion Retinaplus\n\n' Evaluación de la seguridad y bioactividad de anillos de tensión capsular en conejo. Proyecto Procusens. Grant by AJL, S.A.\n\n'Estudio epidemiológico, prospectivo, multicéntrico y abierto\\npara valorar la frecuencia de la conjuntivitis adenovírica diagnosticada mediante el test AdenoPlus®\\nTest en pacientes enfermos de conjuntivitis aguda”\\n. National, multicenter study. Grant by: NICOX.\n\nEuropean multicentric trial: 'Evaluation of clinical outcomes following the use of Systane Hydration in patients with dry eye”. Study Phase 4. Grant by: Alcon Labs'\n\nVLPs Injection and Activation in a Rabbit Model of Uveal Melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nUpdating and characterization of a rabbit model of uveal melanoma. Grant by Aura Bioscience\n\nEnsayo clínico en fase IV para evaluar las variantes genéticas de la vía del VEGF como biomarcadores de eficacia del tratamiento con aflibercept en pacientes con degeneración macular asociada a la edad (DMAE) neovascular. Estudio BIOIMAGE. IMO-AFLI-2013-01\n\nEstudio In-Eye:Ensayo clínico en fase IV, abierto, aleatorizado, de 2 brazos,\nmulticçentrico y de 12 meses de duración, para evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de un régimen de PRN flexible individualizado de 'esperar y extender' versus un régimen PRN según criterios de estabilización mediante evaluaciones mensuales de inyecciones intravítreas de ranibizumab 0,5 mg en pacientes naive con neovascularización coriodea secunaria a la degeneración macular relacionada con la edad. CP: CRFB002AES03T\n\nTREND: Estudio Fase IIIb multicéntrico, randomizado, de 12 meses de\nseguimiento con evaluador de la agudeza visual enmascarado, para evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de ranibizumab 0.5mg en un régimen de tratar y extender comparado con un régimen mensual, en pacientes con degeneración macular neovascular asociada a la edad. CP: CRFB002A2411 Código Eudra CT:\n2013-002626-23\n\n\n\nPublications\t\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n\n2021\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2015-16\n\n\n\n2015\n\n\n2014\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2014\n\nJose Carlos Pastor; Jimena Rojas; Salvador Pastor-Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Lucia Gonzalez-Buendia; Santiago Delgado-Tirado. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy: A new concept of disease pathogenesis and practical\nconsequences. Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 51, pp. 125 - 155. 03/2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.005\n\n\nLabrador-Velandia S; Alonso-Alonso ML; Di Lauro S; García-Gutierrez MT; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Mesenchymal stem cells provide paracrine neuroprotective resources that delay degeneration of co-cultured organotypic neuroretinal cultures.Experimental Eye Research. 185, 17/05/2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.011\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Maria Teresa Garcia Gutierrez; Ivan Fernandez Bueno. Quantification of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in an ex vivo coculture of retinal pigment epithelium cells and neuroretina.\nJournal of Allbiosolution. 2019. ISSN 2605-3535\n\nSonia Labrador Velandia; Salvatore Di Lauro; Alonso-Alonso ML; Tabera Bartolomé S; Srivastava GK; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I. Biocompatibility of intravitreal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in immunocompetent rabbits. Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology. 256 - 1, pp. 125 - 134. 01/2018. DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3842-3\n\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro, David Rodriguez-Crespo, Manuel J Gayoso, Maria T Garcia-Gutierrez, J Carlos Pastor, Girish K Srivastava, Ivan Fernandez-Bueno. A novel coculture model of porcine central neuroretina explants and retinal pigment epithelium cells. Molecular Vision. 2016 - 22, pp. 243 - 253. 01/2016.\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro. Classifications for Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy ({PVR}): An Analysis of Their Use in Publications over the Last 15 Years. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016, pp. 1 - 6. 01/2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/7807596\n\nSalvatore Di Lauro; Rosa Maria Coco; Rosa Maria Sanabria; Enrique Rodriguez de la Rua; Jose Carlos Pastor. Loss of Visual Acuity after Successful Surgery for Macula-On Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment in a Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:821864, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/821864\n\nIvan Fernandez-Bueno; Salvatore Di Lauro; Ivan Alvarez; Jose Carlos Lopez; Maria Teresa Garcia-Gutierrez; Itziar Fernandez; Eva Larra; Jose Carlos Pastor. Safety and Biocompatibility of a New High-Density Polyethylene-Based\nSpherical Integrated Porous Orbital Implant: An Experimental Study in Rabbits. Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015:904096, 2015. DOI: 10.1155/2015/904096\n\nPastor JC; Pastor-Idoate S; Rodríguez-Hernandez I; Rojas J; Fernandez I; Gonzalez-Buendia L; Di Lauro S; Gonzalez-Sarmiento R. Genetics of PVR and RD. Ophthalmologica. 232 - Suppl 1, pp. 28 - 29. 2014\n\nRodriguez-Crespo D; Di Lauro S; Singh AK; Garcia-Gutierrez MT; Garrosa M; Pastor JC; Fernandez-Bueno I; Srivastava GK. Triple-layered mixed co-culture model of RPE cells with neuroretina for evaluating the neuroprotective effects of adipose-MSCs. Cell Tissue Res. 358 - 3, pp. 705 - 716. 2014.\nDOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1987-5\n\nCarlo De Werra; Salvatore Condurro; Salvatore Tramontano; Mario Perone; Ivana Donzelli; Salvatore Di Lauro; Massimo Di Giuseppe; Rosa Di Micco; Annalisa Pascariello; Antonio Pastore; Giorgio Diamantis; Giuseppe Galloro. Hydatid disease of the liver: thirty years of surgical experience.Chirurgia italiana. 59 - 5, pp. 611 - 636.\n(Italia): 2007. ISSN 0009-4773\n\nChapters in books\n\t\n' Salvador Pastor Idoate; Salvatore Di Lauro; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. PVR: Pathogenesis, Histopathology and Classification. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy with Small Gauge Vitrectomy. Springer, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-78445-8\nDOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78446-5_2. \n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Maria Isabel Lopez Galvez. Quistes vítreos en una mujer joven. Problemas diagnósticos en patología retinocoroidea. Sociedad Española de Retina-Vitreo. 2018.\n\n' Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor Jimeno. iOCT in PVR management. OCT Applications in Opthalmology. pp. 1 - 8. INTECH, 2018. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.78774.\n\n' Rosa Coco Martin; Salvatore Di Lauro; Salvador Pastor Idoate; Jose Carlos Pastor. amponadores, manipuladores y tinciones en la cirugía del traumatismo ocular.Trauma Ocular. Ponencia de la SEO 2018..\n\n' LOPEZ GALVEZ; DI LAURO; CRESPO. OCT angiografia y complicaciones retinianas de la diabetes. PONENCIA SEO 2021, CAPITULO 20. (España): 2021.\n\n' Múltiples desprendimientos neurosensoriales bilaterales en paciente joven. Enfermedades Degenerativas De Retina Y Coroides. SERV 04/2016. \n' González-Buendía L; Di Lauro S; Pastor-Idoate S; Pastor Jimeno JC. Vitreorretinopatía proliferante (VRP) e inflamación: LA INFLAMACIÓN in «INMUNOMODULADORES Y ANTIINFLAMATORIOS: MÁS ALLÁ DE LOS CORTICOIDES. RELACION DE PONENCIAS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA. 10/2014.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"265335",title:"Mr.",name:"Stefan",middleName:"Radnev",surname:"Stefanov",slug:"stefan-stefanov",fullName:"Stefan Stefanov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/265335/images/7562_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"7227",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroaki",middleName:null,surname:"Matsui",slug:"hiroaki-matsui",fullName:"Hiroaki Matsui",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Tokyo",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"318905",title:"Prof.",name:"Elvis",middleName:"Kwason",surname:"Tiburu",slug:"elvis-tiburu",fullName:"Elvis Tiburu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"336193",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Alamoudi",slug:"abdullah-alamoudi",fullName:"Abdullah Alamoudi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Majmaah University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"318657",title:"MSc.",name:"Isabell",middleName:null,surname:"Steuding",slug:"isabell-steuding",fullName:"Isabell Steuding",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"318656",title:"BSc.",name:"Peter",middleName:null,surname:"Kußmann",slug:"peter-kussmann",fullName:"Peter Kußmann",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Harz University of Applied Sciences",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"338222",title:"Mrs.",name:"María José",middleName:null,surname:"Lucía Mudas",slug:"maria-jose-lucia-mudas",fullName:"María José Lucía Mudas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carlos III University of Madrid",country:{name:"Spain"}}}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"23",type:"subseries",title:"Computational Neuroscience",keywords:"Single-Neuron Modeling, Sensory Processing, Motor Control, Memory and Synaptic Pasticity, Attention, Identification, Categorization, Discrimination, Learning, Development, Axonal Patterning and Guidance, Neural Architecture, Behaviours and Dynamics of Networks, Cognition and the Neuroscientific Basis of Consciousness",scope:"Computational neuroscience focuses on biologically realistic abstractions and models validated and solved through computational simulations to understand principles for the development, structure, physiology, and ability of the nervous system. This topic is dedicated to biologically plausible descriptions and computational models - at various abstraction levels - of neurons and neural systems. This includes, but is not limited to: single-neuron modeling, sensory processing, motor control, memory, and synaptic plasticity, attention, identification, categorization, discrimination, learning, development, axonal patterning, guidance, neural architecture, behaviors, and dynamics of networks, cognition and the neuroscientific basis of consciousness. Particularly interesting are models of various types of more compound functions and abilities, various and more general fundamental principles (e.g., regarding architecture, organization, learning, development, etc.) found at various spatial and temporal levels.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/23.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!1,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11419,editor:{id:"14004",title:"Dr.",name:"Magnus",middleName:null,surname:"Johnsson",slug:"magnus-johnsson",fullName:"Magnus Johnsson",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/14004/images/system/14004.png",biography:"Dr Magnus Johnsson is a cross-disciplinary scientist, lecturer, scientific editor and AI/machine learning consultant from Sweden. \n\nHe is currently at Malmö University in Sweden, but also held positions at Lund University in Sweden and at Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. \nHe holds editorial positions at several international scientific journals and has served as a scientific editor for books and special journal issues. \nHis research interests are wide and include, but are not limited to, autonomous systems, computer modeling, artificial neural networks, artificial intelligence, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive robotics, cognitive architectures, cognitive aids and the philosophy of mind. \n\nDr. Johnsson has experience from working in the industry and he has a keen interest in the application of neural networks and artificial intelligence to fields like industry, finance, and medicine. \n\nWeb page: www.magnusjohnsson.se",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Malmö University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Sweden"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",issn:"2633-1403"},editorialBoard:[{id:"13818",title:"Dr.",name:"Asim",middleName:null,surname:"Bhatti",slug:"asim-bhatti",fullName:"Asim Bhatti",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/13818/images/system/13818.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Deakin University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}},{id:"151889",title:"Dr.",name:"Joao Luis Garcia",middleName:null,surname:"Rosa",slug:"joao-luis-garcia-rosa",fullName:"Joao Luis Garcia Rosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/151889/images/4861_n.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Sao Paulo",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"103779",title:"Prof.",name:"Yalcin",middleName:null,surname:"Isler",slug:"yalcin-isler",fullName:"Yalcin Isler",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRyQ8QAK/Profile_Picture_1628834958734",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Izmir Kâtip Çelebi University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:14,paginationItems:[{id:"82103",title:"The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Its Regulation in the Progression of Neurological and Infectious Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.105543",signatures:"Mary Dover, Michael Kishek, Miranda Eddins, Naneeta Desar, Ketema Paul and Milan Fiala",slug:"the-role-of-endoplasmic-reticulum-stress-and-its-regulation-in-the-progression-of-neurological-and-i",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Updates on Endoplasmic Reticulum",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11674.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80954",title:"Ion Channels and Neurodegenerative Disease Aging Related",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103074",signatures:"Marika Cordaro, Salvatore Cuzzocrea and Rosanna Di Paola",slug:"ion-channels-and-neurodegenerative-disease-aging-related",totalDownloads:6,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:27,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81099",title:"SK Channels and Heart Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104115",signatures:"Katherine Zhong, Shawn Kant, Frank Sellke and Jun Feng",slug:"sk-channels-and-heart-disease",totalDownloads:22,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80967",title:"Hot on the Trail of Skin Inflammation: Focus on TRPV1/TRPV3 Channels in Psoriasis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103792",signatures:"Lisa S. Martin, Emma Fraillon, Fabien P. Chevalier and Bérengère Fromy",slug:"hot-on-the-trail-of-skin-inflammation-focus-on-trpv1-trpv3-channels-in-psoriasis",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80952",title:"TRPV Family Ion Channels in the Mammary Epithelium: Role in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and along Breast Cancer Progression",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103665",signatures:"Sari Susanna Tojkander",slug:"trpv-family-ion-channels-in-the-mammary-epithelium-role-in-normal-tissue-homeostasis-and-along-breas",totalDownloads:19,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"80157",title:"Structural Determinants for Ligand Accommodation in Voltage Sensors",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102094",signatures:"Abigail García-Morales, Aylin López-Palestino and Daniel Balleza",slug:"structural-determinants-for-ligand-accommodation-in-voltage-sensors",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"79690",title:"Mitochondrial Channels and their Role in Cardioprotection",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101127",signatures:"Keerti Mishra and Min Luo",slug:"mitochondrial-channels-and-their-role-in-cardioprotection",totalDownloads:100,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Ion Channels - From Basic Properties to Medical Treatment",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10838.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"78415",title:"Epigenetic",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.99964",signatures:"Mehmet Ünal",slug:"epigenetic",totalDownloads:150,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"77443",title:"Cyanobacterial Phytochromes in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97522",signatures:"Sivasankari Sivaprakasam, Vinoth Mani, Nagalakshmi Balasubramaniyan and David Ravindran Abraham",slug:"cyanobacterial-phytochromes-in-optogenetics",totalDownloads:197,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"75979",title:"Spatiotemporal Regulation of Cell–Cell Adhesions",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97009",signatures:"Brent M. Bijonowski",slug:"spatiotemporal-regulation-of-cell-cell-adhesions",totalDownloads:180,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76646",title:"Functional Mechanism of Proton Pump-Type Rhodopsins Found in Various Microorganisms as a Potential Effective Tool in Optogenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97589",signatures:"Jun Tamogami and Takashi Kikukawa",slug:"functional-mechanism-of-proton-pump-type-rhodopsins-found-in-various-microorganisms-as-a-potential-e",totalDownloads:216,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"76510",title:"Evolution of Epigenome as the Blueprint for Carcinogenesis",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.97379",signatures:"Zeenat Farooq, Ambreen Shah, Mohammad Tauseef, Riyaz A. Rather and Mumtaz Anwar",slug:"evolution-of-epigenome-as-the-blueprint-for-carcinogenesis",totalDownloads:196,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"74615",title:"Diet-Epigenome Interactions: Epi-Drugs Modulating the Epigenetic Machinery During Cancer Prevention",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.95374",signatures:"Fadime Eryılmaz Pehlivan",slug:"diet-epigenome-interactions-epi-drugs-modulating-the-epigenetic-machinery-during-cancer-prevention",totalDownloads:377,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:[{name:"Fadime",surname:"Eryılmaz Pehlivan"}],book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:13,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10798",title:"Starch",subtitle:"Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",slug:"starch-evolution-and-recent-advances",publishedDate:"June 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",hash:"f197f6062c1574a9a90e50a369271bcf",volumeInSeries:33,fullTitle:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11332",title:"Essential Oils",subtitle:"Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",slug:"essential-oils-advances-in-extractions-and-biological-applications",publishedDate:"June 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mozaniel Santana de Oliveira and Eloisa Helena de Aguiar Andrade",hash:"742e6cae3a35686f975edc8d7f9afa94",volumeInSeries:32,fullTitle:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",editors:[{id:"195290",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mozaniel",middleName:null,surname:"Santana De Oliveira",slug:"mozaniel-santana-de-oliveira",fullName:"Mozaniel Santana De Oliveira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/195290/images/system/195290.png",institutionString:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institution:{name:"Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10841",title:"Hydrolases",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10841.jpg",slug:"hydrolases",publishedDate:"June 15th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Sajjad Haider, Adnan Haider and Angel Catalá",hash:"4e868cde273d65a7ff54b1817d640629",volumeInSeries:29,fullTitle:"Hydrolases",editors:[{id:"110708",title:"Dr.",name:"Sajjad",middleName:null,surname:"Haider",slug:"sajjad-haider",fullName:"Sajjad Haider",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/110708/images/system/110708.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8094",title:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8094.jpg",slug:"aflatoxin-b1-occurrence-detection-and-toxicological-effects",publishedDate:"June 3rd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xi-Dai Long",hash:"44f4ad52d8a8cbb22ef3d505d6b18027",volumeInSeries:14,fullTitle:"Aflatoxin B1 Occurrence, Detection and Toxicological Effects",editors:[{id:"202142",title:"Prof.",name:"Xi-Dai",middleName:null,surname:"Long",slug:"xi-dai-long",fullName:"Xi-Dai Long",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202142/images/system/202142.jpeg",institutionString:"Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8004",title:"Nitrogen Fixation",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8004.jpg",slug:"nitrogen-fixation",publishedDate:"April 8th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Everlon Cid Rigobelo and Ademar Pereira Serra",hash:"02f39c8365ba155d1c520184c2f26976",volumeInSeries:11,fullTitle:"Nitrogen Fixation",editors:[{id:"39553",title:"Prof.",name:"Everlon",middleName:"Cid",surname:"Rigobelo",slug:"everlon-rigobelo",fullName:"Everlon Rigobelo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/39553/images/system/39553.jpg",institutionString:"São Paulo State University",institution:{name:"Sao Paulo State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8028",title:"Flavonoids",subtitle:"A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8028.jpg",slug:"flavonoids-a-coloring-model-for-cheering-up-life",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria and Anthony Ananga",hash:"6c33178a5c7d2b276d2c6af4255def64",volumeInSeries:10,fullTitle:"Flavonoids - A Coloring Model for Cheering up Life",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8170",title:"Chemical Properties of Starch",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8170.jpg",slug:"chemical-properties-of-starch",publishedDate:"March 11th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martins Emeje",hash:"0aedfdb374631bb3a33870c4ed16559a",volumeInSeries:9,fullTitle:"Chemical Properties of Starch",editors:[{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Nigeria"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8019",title:"Alginates",subtitle:"Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8019.jpg",slug:"alginates-recent-uses-of-this-natural-polymer",publishedDate:"February 5th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira",hash:"61ea5c1aef462684a3b2215631b7dbf2",volumeInSeries:7,fullTitle:"Alginates - Recent Uses of This Natural Polymer",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/279788/images/system/279788.jpg",institutionString:"University of Coimbra",institution:{name:"University of Coimbra",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8504",title:"Pectins",subtitle:"Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8504.jpg",slug:"pectins-extraction-purification-characterization-and-applications",publishedDate:"January 22nd 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Martin Masuelli",hash:"ff1acef627b277c575a10b3259dd331b",volumeInSeries:6,fullTitle:"Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications",editors:[{id:"99994",title:"Dr.",name:"Martin",middleName:"Alberto",surname:"Masuelli",slug:"martin-masuelli",fullName:"Martin Masuelli",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99994/images/system/99994.png",institutionString:"National University of San Luis",institution:{name:"National University of San Luis",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Argentina"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:89,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:32,numberOfPublishedChapters:317,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:141,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:113,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:105,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:5,numberOfOpenTopics:1,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:15,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"12222",title:"Advances and Challenges in Microplastics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"a36734a551e0997d2255f6ce99eff818",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. El-Sayed Salama",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12222.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 1st 2022",editors:[{id:"347657",title:"Prof.",name:"El-Sayed",middleName:null,surname:"Salama",slug:"el-sayed-salama",fullName:"El-Sayed Salama",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/347657/images/system/347657.png",biography:"El-Sayed Salama is a professor in the Public Health School,\nLanzhou University, China. He is also a director of the Green Environmental & Energy Laboratory (GEEL) and a distinguished\nexpert of science and technology in the ecological industry, Gansu Province. His GEEL research work focuses on bioenvironmental science and bioenergy. He has several journal publications to\nhis credit.",institutionString:"Lanzhou University, Gansu Academy of Membrane Science and Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Lanzhou University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11668",title:"Mercury Pollution",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"0bd111f57835089cad4a9741326dbab7",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Ahmed Abdelhafez and Dr. Mohamed Abbas",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11668.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"July 22nd 2022",editors:[{id:"196849",title:"Dr.",name:"Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Abdelhafez",slug:"ahmed-abdelhafez",fullName:"Ahmed Abdelhafez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196849/images/system/196849.jpg",biography:"Ahmed A. Abdelhafez, PhD, is an associate professor of the Department of Soils and Water Science, Faculty of Agriculture, New Valley University. He is one of the leading scientists in the field of biochar in the Arab region. He worked as a researcher at the Department of Environmental Researches, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt, for more than 10 years. Dr. Abdelhafez focuses mainly on agricultural production, environmental contamination control, risk assessment and biochar technology. He is a member of the National Committee of Soil Sciences and the Academy of Scientific Research & Technology, Egypt. He has published several research papers related to environmental contamination, risk assessment and potential remediation technologies.",institutionString:"New Valley University",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"2",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"1",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"11666",title:"Soil Contamination - Recent Advances and Future Perspectives",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"c8890038b86fb6e5af16ea3c22669ae9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Adnan Mustafa and Dr. Muhammad Naveed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11666.jpg",editedByType:null,submissionDeadline:"June 9th 2022",editors:[{id:"299110",title:"Dr.",name:"Adnan",middleName:null,surname:"Mustafa",slug:"adnan-mustafa",fullName:"Adnan Mustafa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/299110/images/system/299110.jpg",biography:"Adnan has completed his Ph.D in Soil Science from Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.\nHe is currently working as an Assistant Professor at Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic. He is simultaneously working as a Researcher with Department of Agrochemistry, Soil Science, Microbiology and Plant Nutrition (FA), Mendel University Brno and Institute of Environmental Studies, Charles University Prague, Czechia. \nHis research is focused on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation mechanisms, plant-microbe interactions, biochar production, and utilization for agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. He is actively involved in bioremediation of contaminated soils using organic and inorganic amendments in addition to exploiting plant-microbe interactions. He has published over 50 refereed journal articles, many of which sought to explore the effectiveness of innovative soil amendments and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for improving crop performance and soil resilience under various abiotic stresses. He has been working for several renowned academic societies and enjoys early career in research.",institutionString:"Brno University of Technology",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"1",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:{name:"Brno University of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",issn:"2753-894X",scope:"\r\n\tThis series will provide a comprehensive overview of recent research trends in business and management, economics, and marketing. Topics will include asset liability management, financial consequences of the financial crisis and covid-19, financial accounting, mergers and acquisitions, management accounting, SMEs, financial markets, corporate finance and governance, managerial technology and innovation, resource management and sustainable development, social entrepreneurship, corporate responsibility, ethics and accountability, microeconomics, labour economics, macroeconomics, public economics, financial economics, econometrics, direct marketing, creative marketing, internet marketing, market planning and forecasting, brand management, market segmentation and targeting and other topics under business and management. This book series will focus on various aspects of business and management whose in-depth understanding is critical for business and company management to function effectively during this uncertain time of financial crisis, Covid-19 pandemic, and military activity in Europe.
",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/22.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"June 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfPublishedChapters:19,numberOfPublishedBooks:1,editor:{id:"356540",title:"Prof.",name:"Taufiq",middleName:null,surname:"Choudhry",fullName:"Taufiq Choudhry",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000036X2hvQAC/Profile_Picture_2022-03-14T08:58:03.jpg",biography:"Prof. Choudhry holds a BSc degree in Economics from the University of Iowa, as well as a Masters and Ph.D. in Applied Economics from Clemson University, USA. In January 2006, he became a Professor of Finance at the University of Southampton Business School. He was previously a Professor of Finance at the University of Bradford Management School. He has over 80 articles published in international finance and economics journals. His research interests and specialties include financial econometrics, financial economics, international economics and finance, housing markets, financial markets, among others.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Southampton",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},subseries:[{id:"86",title:"Business and Management",keywords:"Demographic shifts, Innovation, Technology, Next-gen leaders, Worldwide environmental issues and clean technology, Uncertainty and political risks, Radical adjacency, Emergence of new business ecosystem type, Emergence of different leader and leader values types, Universal connector, Elastic enterprise, Business platform, Supply chain complexity",scope:"\r\n\tThe topic on Economics is designed to disseminate knowledge around broad global economic issues. Original submissions will be accepted in English for applied and theoretical articles, case studies and reviews about the specific challenges and opportunities faced by the economies and markets around the world. The authors are encouraged to apply rigorous economic analysis with significant policy implications for developed and developing countries. Examples of subjects of interest will include, but are not limited to globalization, economic integration, growth and development, international trade, environmental development, country specific comparative analysis, technical innovation and knowledge management, political economy analysis, and banking and financial markets.
",annualVolume:11971,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/87.jpg",editor:{id:"327730",title:"Prof.",name:"Jaime",middleName:null,surname:"Ortiz",fullName:"Jaime Ortiz",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00002zaOKZQA2/Profile_Picture_1642145584421",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Houston",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"104262",title:"Dr.",name:"Chee-Heong",middleName:null,surname:"Quah",fullName:"Chee-Heong Quah",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/104262/images/system/104262.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaya",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"236659",title:"Prof.",name:"Monica Violeta",middleName:null,surname:"Achim",fullName:"Monica Violeta Achim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/236659/images/system/236659.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Babeș-Bolyai University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"202039",title:"Dr.",name:"Nahanga",middleName:null,surname:"Verter",fullName:"Nahanga Verter",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCwtQAG/Profile_Picture_1643101901237",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Mendel University Brno",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Czech Republic"}}},{id:"107745",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Panagiotis E.",middleName:null,surname:"Petrakis",fullName:"Panagiotis E. Petrakis",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRzzaQAC/Profile_Picture_1644221136992",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"196259",title:"Dr.",name:"Ryan Merlin",middleName:null,surname:"Yonk",fullName:"Ryan Merlin Yonk",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196259/images/system/196259.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"American Institute for Economic Research",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"88",title:"Marketing",keywords:"Consumer trends, Consumer needs, Media, Pricing, Distribution, Branding, Innovation, Neuromarketing",scope:"