Abstract
This chapter intends to consider Pseudomonas versatility as regards the beneficial uses of Pseudomonas for production of primary metabolites including enzymes. This chapter will consider the use of Pseudomonas for production of secondary metabolites from various pathways which are equally useful in the industries and in medicine. Pseudomonas pigments and its usefulness in bioelectricity, medicine, etc. will equally be considered in this chapter. The authors are to integrate knowledge in versatility of Pseudomonas for use as agents of microbial production of biosurfactants for environmental cleanup, restoration, and remediation.
Keywords
- pigments
- enzymes
- bioelectrochemical
- bioremediation
- medicine
- industries
1. Introduction
The diversity of
Other species of
2. Beneficial roles of Pseudomonas species in medicine
Recent research has shown strain of
2.1 Hydroxytyrosol from Pseudomonas for management of cardiovascular disease
Hydroxytyrosol, a phenylethanoid, is a molecule that has attracted high interests from the pharmaceutical industry due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotection, antitumor, and chemomodulation effects and its role against cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. Interest in this molecule has led to a wide research on its biological activities, its valuable effects in humans, and how to synthetize new molecules from hydroxytyrosol.
In addition,
3. Beneficial roles of Pseudomonas species in the industries
Strains of
Vanillin
Rhamnolipids
Protease
Lipase
Biopigments etc.
3.1 Vanillin synthesized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa for industrial application
It is one of the most important components of natural flavors; vanillin is broadly used in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Recent research reports the production of vanillin through microbial transformation using isoeugenol as a precursor by a novel strain of
3.2 Rhamnolipids of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for industrial applications
Rhamnolipids are a class of glycolipid produced by
Furthermore, beyond the roles of rhamnolipids as agents that reduce surface and interfacial tension, they also have several other functions in food where they promote texture and shelf life of starch-containing products; regulate the agglomeration of fat globules; stabilize aerated systems; modify rheological properties of wheat dough; improve stability, consistency, and texture of oils and fat-based products; and inhibit separation. They aid in the general mixing of ingredients and can also retard the growth of molds and some bacteria in food. In ice cream and bakery formulations, rhamnolipids are also used to control consistency, retard staling, solubilize flavor oils, stabilize fats, and reduce spattering [25]. It has been demonstrated that rhamnolipids can be explored to control the attachment and to disrupt biofilms of individual and mixed cultures of the food-borne pathogens [26].
3.3 Industrial application of proteases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Proteolytic enzymes are largely found in all living organisms and are necessary for the growth of cells and cell differentiation [27].
3.4 Lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for industrial applications
Lipases are glycerol ester hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.3) that hydrolyze ester linkages of glycerides at water-oil interface. Recent research shows that
3.5 Biopigments from Pseudomonas aeruginosa for industrial applications
The production of pigments by
Phenazine pigments are naturally occurring heterocyclic compounds with varied chemical formula and pigmentations and are secreted mostly by
Research exploits have traced microbial antagonistic activities of pyocyanin to be due to its redox activity in terms of univalent oxidoreductive ability as well as its ability to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and radicals of superoxide. This biomechanism is basically broad spectrum; however, extensive research has been embarked upon to enhance modes of delivery using nanotechnology and other important techniques, thus boosting its value for application [33]. In addition, the ROS generated by pyocyanin can be targeted against tumor cells, these cells are susceptible to pyocyanin-generated ROS as it basically interferes with some inherent intracellular eukaryotic cell functions like the activities of topoisomerase I and II.
An extensive industrial application of the electrochemical values of pyocyanin has also found applications in biosensor design and production. Pyocyanin is utilized as a redox compound for transporting electrons extracellularly between cells/test enzyme molecules and the material used as electrode. The application of such biosensor can be tailored for agriculture, environmental studies, and medical diagnostics.
In the textile industry, there is potential for the applications of phenazine pigments as textile colorants. This can be a way of reducing cost and increasing awareness on the sustainable use of natural products in industrial processes.
4. Contributions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the environment
A vast variety of synthetic chemicals have gained entrance into the ecosystem as a consequence of industrial activities, agricultural applications, and domestic usage which results to pollution in the environment. Furthermore, it is important to state that environmental pollution takes place when pollutants contaminate the surroundings, bringing about changes which adversely affect our normal lifestyles. This results in the incorporation of unwanted substances in the soil and water bodies due to anthropogenic activities. These pollutants are a result of oil spillage, herbicides, and pesticides. The use of herbicides and pesticides in soil ecosystem leads to the absorption of the nitrogen compounds into the soil. In response to this, nutrients might be available in the soil but not available to the plants.
4.1 Biodegradation of xenobiotics by various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pesticides are organic compounds manufactured and used for the control of pests. They have great impact on human health and have active ingredient for the management and control of plant pests, insects and vermin [34]. An organochlorinated cyclodiene pesticide generally known as endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide), currently in use around the globe for pest control in food and nonfood crops, has been classified under the category of persistent organic pollutant (POP). The solubility of endosulfan in water is significantly low, but it persists in the soil and water environment for more than 3 to 6 months. Endosulfan is pervasive and environmentally persistent; as a result the presence of endosulfan residues can be traced in surface water, groundwater, atmosphere, and water bodies. When these pesticides are released in the environment, they become pollutants, with ecological effects that require remediation. The consistent use and release of large quantities of pesticides either from accidental spills, direct application in agriculture, residues from cleaning of containers, faulty equipment, or inefficient methods used in the application of the products have led to huge environmental pollution and other attendant issues. Some of such issues include but not limited to changes in the nature of soils, groundwater, inland and coastal waters, and air [35, 36]. Biodegradation of toxic waste offers a promising strategy by which such chemicals may be detoxified [37] (Figure 1).
Soil microorganisms including
4.2 The use of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the biodegradation and bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons
Crude oil spills into marine (offshore) bodies or soil (onshore) environments are very toxic and dangerous to the ecosystem and could be detrimental to the well-being of life forms, air, water, and soil processes and could as well increase the potential of fire hazards [39]. Onshore spill of crude oil affects living forms in the habitat, reduces agricultural productivity, and pollutes groundwater and sources of potable water and living biota in flowing water bodies, among others [40]. Eliminating or limiting these adverse effects from crude oil spillage situations implies total prevention of the spillage where possible and amending the soil via the procedure known as bioremediation [41]. Some known methods used in remediating crude oil-polluted soils include physical separation, chemical degradation, photodegradation, and bioremediation [42]. However, bioremediation is gaining preference because of its comparative effectiveness, relatively lower costs, and eco-friendliness when compared to other techniques. Conversely, methods other than bioremediation used for oil-polluted soil remediation have shown potentials of leaving secondary metabolites, which are secondary residuals left after the primary crude oil pollutant has been removed [43]. These by-products can even exhibit higher toxicity levels than the parent crude oil pollutant. Fortunately, bioremediation technique usage detoxifies contaminants in crude oil and effectively removes pollutant by destroying them instead of transferring them to other medium [44].
Researchers have used plant species for bioremediation, in a process known as phytoremediation, but the deploying microorganisms as biologically mediated remediation of crude oil-polluted soil are still linked to the effectiveness of phytoremediation systems [45]. This is as result of the fact that microorganisms are still required in the rhizosphere of plants for efficient soil remediation via phytoremediation [58]. This makes the use of microorganisms for the remediation of soil polluted by crude oil spills of increasing interest to researchers and stakeholders involved in crude oil-polluted soil amendment. A good example of bacterial strains of microbes used in reported works for effective repair of crude oil-polluted soil is
4.3 Production of biosurfactants by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Biosurfactants are a structurally diverse group of surface-active substances produced by microorganisms. The microorganisms that produce biosurfactants include
All biosurfactants are amphiphiles which consist of two parts: a polar (hydrophilic) moiety and nonpolar (hydrophobic) group [48].
The advantages of biosurfactants over chemically synthesized surfactants includes but not limited to; pH tolerance, less toxicity to the environment, biodegradability, better foaming properties, and them being able to be produced from agro-based industrial wastes [49].
Generally, biosurfactants have an ability to stabilize emulsions in various industrial applications [50] and are well-used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to achieve stability of emulsions. In addition, they have been applied in polluted water and soil during bioremediation in order to reduce interfacial tension, and it enhances the polar and nonpolar moieties to mix up.
Rhamnolipids are the major type of biosurfactant produced by
Incorporating rhamnolipids into remediation process enhances the solubility and elimination of these contaminants by improving oil biodegradations rates. Comparative study of biosurfactants for washing soil contaminated with crude oil was carried out where rhamnolipids showed a high degradable capacity; 80% of oil were degraded. Oil washing experiments by a combination of 10 g/l NaCl, 5.0 g/l n-butyl alcohol, and 2.0 g/l rhamnolipid provide very high oil extraction rates [52, 53, 54]. Even though rhamnolipids are the preferred enhancers for petroleum hydrocarbon soil pollutant degradation and have shown potentials to facilitate the bioremediation of soil contaminated by hydrocarbons, it has been suggested that their application must be evaluated carefully to reduce their exhibition on antimicrobial activity [55, 56, 57].
5. Conclusion
Basically, strains of
However, this chapter took a different dimension toward the beneficial roles of
Typically, in Nigeria and other developing countries, most of these materials from
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