Erythrocytes, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration in various species of animals.
Abstract
A preponderance of therapeutic and toxic agents that affect erythrocytes is being used in preclinical and clinical settings. Such agents are responsible for wrong diagnosis of a myriad of diseases and poor prognosis of some therapeutic interventions. In view of this, literature search was carried out with a view to investigate morphometry of erythrocytes in various diseased conditions and species of animals. Findings have shown that erythrocyte size, area, and volume vary in different species of animals under different diseased conditions. Environmental factors, toxicants, toxins, therapeutics, and management system, among others, can cause erythrocyte deformation, leading to anemia. Erythrocyte-related diseases include but not limited to sickle cell anemia, malaria, cancer, psychiatric illness, and chronic inflammation. Hence the principal source of our survival is erythrocyte, because it transports oxygen needed for metabolism of cell nutrients.
Keywords
- drug
- toxin
- toxicant
- size
- shape
- erythrocyte
- blood disease
- treatment
- allometry
1. Introduction
Blood is a connective tissue comprising hematocrit (45%), white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells, and plasma (55%) which is a mixture of protein, water, lipids, amino acids, hormone, carbohydrates, vitamins, and cellular wastes [1]. About 8% of body weight is blood [2, 3], 18% protein and water substances, 15% fat, 7% mineral, and 60% water [4]. Increased surface area of erythrocytes is an adaptation for transportation of oxygen bound to hemoglobin [5]. But destruction of RBCs can lead to anemia based on cause and morphology of erythrocytes. Anemia could be hereditary [6], sickle cell anemia, Mediterranean anemia (thalassemia), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (6GPD) anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic disease of newborn, and acquired hemolytic anemia [7]. Fresh frozen plasma and plasma protein can serve as expander and supply clotting for patients with clotting factor-deficient diseases [8]. Blood can be collected from mice and rat tail, lateral saphenous vein, lateral tail vein, retro-orbital sinus, and heart. Only 1% of blood should be collected at a time [9]. Plasma expanders exert oncotic pressure during infusion and are retained in the vascular compartment [10]. Bed rest of 100–200 days decreased plasma volume by 30% [11]. Blood count consists of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leucocytes, and differential leucocyte counts. The normal range of erythrocytes (4.2–6.2 × 1012/L), hemoglobin (100 g/100 mL), and hematocrit (38–54%) of the total blood volume are the standards for human species [12]. Variation in species, age, environmental factors, management system, and pathological conditions could affect the size, shape, area, and volume of erythrocytes.
2. Methodology
Extensive literature search was carried out to identify differences between normal and abnormal erythrocytes of various species of animals including the ones in the wild. Information on beneficial and toxic effects of drugs, chemical toxicants, toxins, plant extracts, chemicals, and diseased conditions were searched on erythrocyte shape, size, and volume for various species of animals including human. Some developed formulas were modified for determination of anemic, polycythemic, hydrated, and dehydrated erythrocytes. Physiological and pathological features of the erythrocytes were also highlighted. Preclinical and clinical values of the changes in erythrocytes in relation to blood diseases caused by various agents were critically analyzed. Effects of toxic and therapeutic agents on metabolic, cancer, infectious, inheritable, and noninheritable diseases of erythrocytes, such as sickle cell anemia, malaria, and hereditary spherocytosis, among others, were elucidated.
3. Results
The values of erythrocytes, packed cell volume plasma volume, hemoglobin concentration, body weight, and salient features of erythrocytes are presented in Table 1 [26, 27].
Breed | English name | Scientific name | Weight (kg) | Erythrocytes (×106/ | Hematocrit | Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) | Plasma volume (ml) | Total blood volume (ml) | Comment(s) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Canis | Dog | 7.19 | 6.12 ± 0.25 | 36.75 ± 1.49 | 12.25 ± 0.49 | 363.8 | 575.2 | High blood volume | [13] | |
Mus | Mouse | 0.025 | 9.60 ± 1.02 | 36.00 ± 2.58 | 11.90 ± 0.86 | 1.28 | 2.0 | High plasma volume | [14] | |
Meleagris | Turkey | 2.0 | 1.99–2.26 | 33.2 ± 3.56 | 11.07 | 106.9 | 160 | High plasma volume | [15] | |
Mus | Mouse | 0.021 | 1.09 ± 0.04 | 41.00 ± 2.08 | 13.67 | 1.0 | 1.7 | High hematocrit | [16] | |
Rattus | Rat | 0.16 | 7.21 | 38.17 | 13.83 | 7.9 | 12.8 | High erythrocytes | [17] | |
Caprine | Goat | 13 | 11.5 | 29.4 | 9.8 | 734.2 | 1040 | Higher erythrocytes | [18] | |
Labeo | Fish | 1.48 | 1.3 | 24.30 | 8.1 | 89.6 | 118.4 | Lower hematocrit | [19] | |
Struthio | Ostrich | 111 | 151.58 | 36.47 | 11.37 | 5641.7 | 8880 | Very high erythrocytes | [20] | |
Streptopelia | Laughing dove | 0.1 | 3.76 | 42.60 | 14.04 | 4.6 | 8.0 | Higher hematocrit | [21] | |
Naja | Indian cobra | 9.3 | 0.58 | 30.11 | 7.6 | 520 | 744 | Lower hemoglobin | [22] | |
Bos | Cow | 450 | 6.7 ± 0.65 | 28.50 | 7.55 | 25,740 | 36,000 | Lower hematocrit | [23] | |
Homo | Child | 23.25 | 0.36–0.28 | 24.33–19.09 | 7.81–4.59 | 1407.5-1505 | 1860 | Lower parameters | [24] | |
Homo | Man | 70 | 4.5–5.9 | 39–49 | 13.6–17.2 | 2856.1–3416.1 | 5600 | Lower plasma volume | [25] | |
Homo | Woman | 70 | 3.5–5.0 | 33–43 | 12.0–15.0 | 3192.2–3752.1 | 5600 | Higher plasma volume | [25] |
3.1 Morphometry of erythrocytes
Erythrocytes have larger (a) and minor (b) axes, volume (v), and surface area. The measurement is in micrometer (
Hematological variances can occur between animals of different species and the same species. Erythrocytes of
4. Discussion
4.1 Erythrocytes in various species of animals
Erythrocytes in various species of animals vary both in quality and quantity. For example, lactating Holstein breed of cow had hematocrit of 28.50 ± 2.05% and hemoglobin of 7.55 ± 3.5 g/dl on the first lactation and hematocrit (30.02 ± 2.05%) and hemoglobin (12.5 ± 2.1 g/dl) on the sixth lactation, respectively. Hence frequency of lactations changes erythrocytes in dairy cow. Albumin (2.92 ± 0.17 g/dl) on the first lactation increased to 3.69 ± 0.08 g/dl on the sixth lactation, respectively [23]. Hence increased erythrocytes may connote increased albumin. Ostrich (
4.2 Diseases of erythrocytes
But changes in erythrocyte shape, area, and volume may be caused by malaria, sickle cell disease, and other related erythrocytes diseases. Malaria parasites of clinical and laboratory importance include
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by dense dehydrated red blood cells (DRBCs) that undergo polymerization and sickling due to sickle cell hemoglobin (Hbs) concentration. DRBCs in sickle cell disease patients caused priapism, renal dysfunction, skin ulcer, deletion of α-thalassemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased lactate dehydrogenase [38]. There is comorbidity of SCD and malaria among indigenes of Northwestern Nigeria with highest incidence of SS (51.8%), SC (28.4%), AS (16.2%), and SS + F (3.6%), respectively. Hemophilia, epistaxis, and splenomegaly, among others, are associated with SCD. Weight, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, total blood volume, red blood cell volume, and plasma volume are seriously affected in sickle cell patients that are not therapeutically managed causing the need for blood transfusion. Good prognosis is guaranteed by polypharmacy that involves the use of hematonic, anti-sickling, analgesic, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients from Northwestern Nigeria can live up to 49 years [24].
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia is associated with erythrocytes characterized by hemolysis and autoantibodies of anti-erythrocytes. Neurological sign is common in pernicious anemia. However normal morphology of erythrocytes and leucocytes is necessary for diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. But pernicious anemia is characterized by dyserythropoiesis and low vitamin B12 with anti-intrinsic factor and anti-gastric mural cell antibodies being positive. Hence pernicious anemia is treated using vitamin B12 [41]. Complete blood count (CBC) identifies anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, polycythemia, thrombocytosis, and leukocytosis, but 10–20% of results are abnormal [42].
The life span of erythrocytes in human is 120 days; 20
Low calcium concentrations were reported in erythrocytes of patients with depressive disorders [46] indicating that erythrocytes could be used to assess therapeutic success of depressive illness and high calcium level could abate the disease. There was higher concentration of soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) in erythrocytes of patients suffering from bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder than anorexia nervosa [47] indicating that erythrocytes could be used for diagnosis of eating disorders. Favism, neonatal icterus, hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, drug-induced hemolytic anemia, and hemolytic anemia due to infection are caused by increased destruction of erythrocytes with enzyme deficiencies. Quinine, chloroquine, sulfadiazine, phenytoin, isoniazid, chloramphenicol, ascorbic acid, and colchicine, among others, could be given in therapeutic doses to G-6-PD-deficient patients without non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia [48]. Hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary pyropoikilocytosis, and hereditary stomatocytosis are hemolytic anemias characterized by heterogeneity and treated by splenectomy which in turn causes complications of cardiovascular diseases, thromboembolic disorders, pulmonary hypertension, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci [49]. Human erythrocytes are subject to degree of genetic diversity. This variability results in anemia, cyanosis, polycythemia, non-hematologic alterations, sickling disorders, unstable hemoglobinopathies, or hemoglobinopathies associated with polycythemia, methemoglobinemia, and α- and β-thalassemias [48]. The cardiovascular effects of SCD and thalassemia are due to iron accumulation and hypoxia, respectively. The risk of thromboembolism should be assessed after splenectomy in the case of congenital chronic hemolytic anemia [50].
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is potentially severe, characterized by destruction of RBCs and immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-RBC [51]. Hence, RBC membrane could be used to diagnose autism spectrum disorders using biophotonics [52]. Therefore, relative deformability difference between tumor cells and blood cells as indicated by the length of time [53] may be used to diagnose and determine prognosis of some erythrocyte-related diseases and therapeutic interventions. Small intestinal resection and anastomosis by 70% decreased RBC from 6.23 to 5.1% pre-administration of glutamine. However, RBC decreased from 5.8 to 4.5% on the 12th day of experimentation. Honey, ascorbic acid, and glutamine caused decreased erythrocytes in intestinal resection and anastomosis in dogs [54]. Canine parvoviral enteritis causes anemia with highest incidence in Nigerian local dog occurring in January of every year and prevalence of 5.7% for the past 7 years [55]. Erythrocyte sedimentation is the speed with which erythrocyte levels fall in the blood of normal animals over a period of time. Hence diseased animals have high ESR, whereas healthy animals have low ESR [56] signifying that erythrocyte diseases can be diagnosed using ESR.
4.3 Effects of toxic agents on erythrocytes
Potassium permanganate (16 mg/kg) decreased hematocrit from 41.00 ± 2.08 to 39.29
4.4 Effects of therapeutic agents on erythrocytes
Hexavalent chromium increased erythrocytes from 1.3
But
Erythrocytes infected with 107
4.5 Relationship between body weight, body surface area, erythrocytes, and area under curve
Formulas have been derived from the existing formulas that could be used for calculation of body weight, blood volume, erythrocyte volume, and PCV. The derived formulas are:
But 0.08 = 8% [2].
Substitute BW of Eq. (11) in Eq. (12):
where
However, pharmacokinetic data are more useful in relation to disease of pathological findings instead of focusing on the mean data in relation to risk assessment [76]. Baseline variable is important to consider when using AUC for determination of relevant parameters [77]:
where PCL = plasma clearance.
where BSA = body surface area [78].
However toxic agent could cause lethality by destroying erythrocytes. The amount of a toxicant that causes death in 50% of test animals is called median lethal dose (LD50). The formula is used for determination of both median lethal and median effective dose of snake venom and antivenom, respectively:
where
Substitute BW of Eq. (19) in Eq. (20):
Equations (18)–(21) are relevant in the study using experimental animals. However, there are various human body surface area formulas that vary from race to race and could be used in calculation of body surface area [80]. But the unique body surface area formula for human and dog may be relevant [81], and it is given below:
The height of dog must be multiplied by 2, and it is always in meter. More so Treeing Walker Coonhound (65 kg), female Komondor (59 kg), Greater Swiss mountain dog (59 kg), French Mastiff (50 kg), and long-haired St. Bernard (55 kg) have the same body surface area of humans weighing 51.3, 59, 46.7, 44, and 44.8 kg, respectively [81], and the two may have the same erythrocytes and other hematological values. Also, malignant lymphoma (cancer of the white blood cells) and other blood-related cancers can be treated using some other established BSA formulas [80]. But, scorpion sting can cause bleeding, leading to anemia and death. Hence the formula for determination of median lethal dose (
4.6 Transport of oxygen by erythrocytes
Erythrocytes in contact with alveoli receive oxygen which is combined with hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin) and transported to various parts of the body. After the delivery of oxygen, the erythrocytes return
The presence of COOH and C=O in piroxicam and other chemically related compounds [83] may interfere with chemistry of erythrocytes causing hemolysis and anemia. Also degradation products of some polymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polyethylene glycol, polycaprolactone, and poly(propylene glycol) are converted to lactic acid and glycolic acid which are in turn converted to carbon dioxide and water [84] indicating that some polymers could also affect erythrocytes. Polycythemia could be confirmed by hyperpnea. Meat from an animal poisoned with potassium permanganate could react with 0.2% ethanolic benzidine changing the color of meat to dark green in 1–2 s [85], and potassium permanganate causes hyperpnea. Lowest oxygen saturation could be improved by zolpidem [86]. Erythrocytes of cow, dog, goat, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep composed greatly of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters, triglycerides, and free fatty acids are present in trace quantity. They may not be true constituents of erythrocytes, but rather contaminants from plasma lipoproteins or leucocytes. Cholesterol is 30% of cell lipid and has molar ratio with phospholipid [87] and may affect oxygen capacity of erythrocytes. Hence cow, sheep, horse, rabbit, and chicken erythrocytes are susceptible to
Lysis of erythrocytes by toxins of cobra could cause anemia and splitting of phospholipids in equal capacity in rabbit, dog, human, and guinea pig, but not in camel and sheep erythrocytes. Phosphatide acylhydrolase is responsible for splitting of the erythrocytes. The action is via lytic factor which is hemolytic. The phospholipase readily hydrolyzes phospholipids of erythrocytes.
4.7 Morphologic differences in erythrocytes of animals
Llama, dromedary, and camel have low hematocrit value and low RBC aggregation [96]. Such RBCs may be small and elliptical in shape [97]. Nonmammalian RBCs have nucleus and microtubular bundle connected to a marginal band [98]. The erythrocytes are elliptical, larger, and not bending, with decreased blood cell count. But nonnucleated erythrocytes exhibit nonalignment. Hence erythrocytes of bird are flattened, lenticular, spherical, and folded when deformed [99]. Hemoglobin concentration of nonmammalian erythrocytes is 15–20% higher than that of mammalian species, with increased RBC density, and the nucleus contains 20% of cytoplasmic volume [100, 101] with RBC rigidity [102]. However, RBCs of reptiles are least decreased than that of mammal, the membrane having shear elastic modulus [103]. But fish might have the largest RBC volumes. The cells are elliptical and bulge in the region of their nucleus. Fish hematocrit drops with water temperature and can change due to the environmental temperature [104]. Aggregation capacity of equine erythrocyte is higher than that of dog and sheep, but could not be measured. There is species variation in erythrocyte elongation not linked with the aggregation property. Also deformability of erythrocytes is species-specific [105]. Tannic acid increases or decreases agglutinability of erythrocytes in the presence of immune serum [106]. Attachment of endotoxins, e.g., lipopolysaccharide antigen, to erythrocytes was strongly prevented by mammalian and avian sera followed by that of reptilian (moderate) and amphibian (minimal) [107]. But temperature has no effect on flexibility of horse, cattle, sheep, goat, and some human erythrocytes indicating that blood viscosity varies with temperature [108]. Diameter, circumference, and surface area are higher in erythrocytes of dog followed by horse, cattle, sheep, and goat in that order [109].
4.8 Metabolic pathway of erythrocytes
Ion transport pathways of the erythrocytes are
4.9 Anemia as a major sign of erythrocyte deformation
Causes of anemia in cats are acute blood loss, chronic inflammatory disease, renal disease, feline leukemia, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, pure red cell aplasia, myeloproliferative syndrome, mycoplasma infection, cytauxzoonosis, iron deficiency, and nutritional deficiency. The prognosis of feline nonregenerative anemia is variable, reversible, chronic, or fatal [121]. The spleen contributes to anemia by removing the damaged erythrocytes. Hereditary spherocytosis is spectrin-deficient and ankyrin-deficient erythrocytes dependent and could cause hemolysis [122]. Glycogen storage disease could affect erythrocytes. The disease is classified as follows: Type 1 (von Gierke’s disease) is caused by deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate, whereas type 2 (Pompe’s disease) is generalized glycogenosis. But type 3 (limit dextrinosis) is characterized by deficiency of the amylo-1, 6-glucosidase or debrancher enzyme, and type 4 is characterized by hepatic cirrhosis, abnormal glycogen resembling amylopectin, and deficiency of amylo-1, 4-1, 6-transglucosidase. Type 5 is characterized by weakness of muscle and phosphorylase deficiency in adults, and type 6 is clinically similar to type 1, characterized by higher phosphorylase. But type 3 has the highest concentration of glycogen, in the erythrocytes, but the concentration of glycogen is normal in type 1 and 2 [123].
Examination of urine sediment could serve as a guide for diagnosis and management of kidney disease [128] in relation to erythrocyte disorders. Erythrocytes have linked type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease in human. Superimposed alterations have been observed in Alzheimer disease patients caused by oxidative stress of erythrocytes [129], suggesting that therapeutic target on RBCs could alleviate Alzheimer disease. Hence erythrocytes’ mechanical properties toward microfluidics could provide a clinical correlate in diseases of erythrocytes [130]. End-stage renal disease causes alteration of erythrocytes. Therefore, erythrocytes from peritoneal dialysis patients are more prone to aggregation that may be caused by uremia, hypoproteinemia, and high oxidative stress on erythrocytes, impairing blood flow dynamics and causing inadequate microcirculatory perfusion [131]. Erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (E-CR 1) level of expression could be used as a diagnostic marker for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [132]. The level of concentration of methotrexate polyglutamate in erythrocytes is associated with alleviation of rheumatoid arthritis [133].
Blood transfusion and febrile condition could also affect morphology of erythrocytes and erythrocyte count [134]. However, 15% of cancer patients with anemia are given blood transfusion and with hemoglobin level of <9 g/dl used as index of anemia. After transfusion hemoglobin rises by 1 g/dl, and the transfused erythrocytes last for 100–110 days with complications including but not limited to iron overload, viral and bacterial infections, immune injury, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia which are some worst outcome in selected cancers [135]. Trypanosomosis, pediculosis, helminthosis, lousiness, colibacillosis, babesiosis, coccidiosis, and amoebiasis characterized by anemia in advanced condition could be treated using various species of medicinal plants. The therapeutic principles are alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, minerals, and vitamins [136]. Health education could lead to disappearing of blood-related diseases such as malaria [137]. Ebola affects the blood leading to hemorrhage, septic shock, and multiple organ failure [138]. This point to the need for transfusion which could not be instituted until blood and erythrocytes are assessed. Because less than 1% dense hematocrit could cause aneurysm in aged dogs, canine hematocrit is an accurate model for human hematocrit [139].
5. Conclusion
Erythrocytes are red blood cells that transport oxygen from the alveoli to other parts of the body. Hence they are very vital connective tissues that play a metabolic role on the functional organ system. Its pathological features could be used for diagnosis of a myriad of metabolic, non-metabolic, infectious, noninfectious, hereditary, and non-hereditary diseases. Erythrocyte shape, size, area, and volume could be used to determine a prognosis of a disease. Erythrocytes also store some drugs invariably prolonging their half-life. Hemolysis can lead to anemia that is treated using hematonics. But severe blood loss is corrected by blood transfusion.
References
- 1.
Shier D, Butler J, Lewis R. Hole’s Essential of Human Anatomy and Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006. p. 590 - 2.
Saganuwan SA, Onyeyili PA. Haematonic and plasma expander effects of aqueous leaf extract of Abrus precatorius inMus musculus . Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2012;21 (6):1249-1255 - 3.
Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P. Anatomy and Physiology. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003. p. 1105 - 4.
Ganong FW. Review of Medical Physiology. 21st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2003. p. 912 - 5.
Brown BA. Haematology Principles and Procedures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1976. pp. 56-81 - 6.
Crowley LV. Anaemia. In: Crowley LV, editor. An Introduction to Human Disease, Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations. 5th ed. Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett; 2001. p. 790 - 7.
Porth CM. Pathophysiology, Concepts of Altered Health States. 3rd ed. Vol. 1158. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1992 - 8.
Lawlor GJ, Fisher TJ. Manual of Allergy and Immunology: Diagnosis and Therapy. 2nd ed. Boston: Little Brown and Company; 1989. p. 511 - 9.
Kahn CM. The Merck Veterinary Manual. 9th ed. Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co, Inc; 2005. p. 2712 - 10.
Tripath KD. Essentials of Medical Pharmacology. 5th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers; 2004. p. 875 - 11.
Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP, Baldwin KM. Exercise Physiology: Human Biogenetics and Its Applications. 3rd ed. New-York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 851 - 12.
Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P. Anatomy and Physiology. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1992. p. 98 - 13.
Tion MT, Fotina HA, Saganuwan A. Comparative haematological and biochemical effects of cocktail vaccine (DHLLP;) and Abrus precatorius seed aqueous extract on canine parvoviral vaccinated and unvaccinated Nigerian local dogs. Scientific Messenger LNUVMB. 2018;20 (92):1-6 - 14.
Tion MT, Fotina H, Saganuwan SA. Phytochemical screening, proximate analysis, median lethal dose (LDSO), haematological and biochemical effects of various extracts of Abrus precatorius seeds inMus musculus . JAVAR. 2018;5 (3):354-360 - 15.
Saganuwan SA. Effects of ceftriaxone on haematological and biochemical parameters of Turkey. ARI. 2006; 3 (3):562-565 - 16.
Saganuwan SA, Ahur VM, Yohanna CA. Acute toxicity studies of potassium permanganate in Swiss albino mice. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences. 2008; 23 (1–2):31-35 - 17.
Adamu AS. Effects of aqueous-ethanolic extract of guava ( Psidium guajava linn) leaves on reproductive functions of albino rats [MSc thesis]. Nigeria: Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi; 2017 - 18.
Daramola JO, Adetoye AA, Fatoba TA, Soladoye AO. Haematological and biochemical parameters of West African dwarf goats. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2005; 17 (8):1-9 - 19.
Vutukuru SS. Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, haematolgoical parameters and some biochemical profiles of the Indian Major Carp, Labeo rohita. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2005; 2 (3):456-462 - 20.
Durgun Z, Keskin E, Atalay B. Selected haematological and biochemical values in ostrich chicks and growers. Archive Geflugelkd. 2005; 69 (2):62-66 - 21.
Azeez OI, Oyagbemi AA, Olawuwo OS, Oyewale JO. Changes in haematology, plasma biochemistry and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of the Nigerian laughing dove ( Streptopelia senegalensis ) in captivity. Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences. 2013;28 :63-68 - 22.
Satheeshkumar P, Ananthan G, Kumar DS, Jagadeesan L. Haematology and biochemical parameters of different feeding behaviour of teleost fishes from Vellar estuary, India. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2010; 21 (6):1-5. DOI: 10.1007 500580-011-1259-7 - 23.
Coroian CO, Miresan V, Coroian A, Raducu C, Andronie L, Marchis Z, et al. Biochemical and haematological blood parameters at different stages of lactations in cows. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine. Animal Science and Biotechnologies. 2017; 74 (1):31-36 - 24.
Saganuwan SA. The pattern of sickle cell disease in sickle cell patients from Northwestern Nigeria. Clinical Medicine Insights: Therapeutics. 2016; 8 :53-57 - 25.
Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic Pathology. 7th ed. Canada: Saunders, An Imprint of Elsevier; 2003. p. 873 - 26.
Arikan H, Cicek K. Haematology of amphibians and reptiles: A review. North-Western Journal of Zoology. 2014; 10 (1):190-209 - 27.
Jenkins-Perez J. Hematologic Evaluation of Reptiles: A Diagnostic Mainstay. Veterinary Technician; 2012:E1-E8 - 28.
Dal’ Bo GA, Sampaio FG, Losekann ME, de Queiroz JF, Luiz AJB, Wolf VHG, et al. Hematological and morphometric blood value of our cultured species of economically important tropical food fish. Neotropical Ichthyology. 2015; 13 (2):439-446 - 29.
Njidda AA, Hassan IT, Olatunji EA. Haematological and biochemical parameters of goats of semi-Arid environment fed on natural grazing rangeland of Northern Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science. 2013; 3 (2):01-08 - 30.
Radkowska I, Herbut E. Haematological and biochemical blood parameters in dairy cows depending on the management system. Animal Science Papers and Reports. 2014; 32 (4):317-325 - 31.
Fazio F, Marafioti S, Arfuso F, Ficcione G, Faggio C. Comparative study of the biochemical and haematological parameters of wild Tyrrhenian fish species. Veterinary Medicine. 2013; 11 :576-581 - 32.
Njidda AA, Shuaibu AA, Isidahomen CE. Haematological and serum biochemical indices of sheep in semi-arid environment of northern Nigeria. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research. 2014; 14 (2):1-9 - 33.
Etim NAN, Williams NE, Akpabio U, Offiong EFA. Haematological parameters and factors affecting their values. Agricultural Sciences. 2014; 2 (1):37-47 - 34.
Mauricio CRM, Schneider FK, Takahira RK, Santos LC, Gamba HR. Image-based red blood cell counter for multiple species of wild and domestic animals. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (ABMVZ). 2017; 69 (1):75-84 - 35.
Saganuwan SA, Onyeyti PA. Malaria and its therapeutic implications: The way forward. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health. 2014; 4 (7):802-840 - 36.
Saganuwan SA, Yatswako S. Malaria parasites of clinical and laboratory importance—An update. Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2006; 2 (3):36-40 - 37.
Kimura M, Teramoto I, Chan CW, Idris ZM, Kongere J, Kagaya W, et al. Improvement of malaria diagnostic system based on acridine orange staining. Malaria Journal. 2018; 17 (72):1-6 - 38.
Bartolucci P, Brugnara C, Teixeira-Pinto A, Pissard S, Moradkham K, Jovult H, et al. Erythrocyte density in sickle cell syndromes is associated with specific clinical manifestations and hemolysis. Blood. 2012; 120 (15):3136-3141. DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-04-424184 - 39.
Saganuwan SA. Some medicinal plants of Arabian Peninsula. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research: Planta Medica. 2010; 4 (9):766-788 - 40.
Saganuwan SA. A photo album of some medicinal plants of the Nigerian middle belt. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. 2010; 16 (3):219-292 - 41.
Yokoyama K, Ikeda Y. Autoimmune hematological diseases. JMAJ. 2004; 47 (9):412-418 - 42.
Teferi A, Hanson CA, Inwards DJ. How to interpret and pursue an abnormal complete blood cell count in adults. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2005; 80 (7):923-936 - 43.
Spivak JL. Cancer-related anaemia: Its causes and characteristics. Seminars in Oncology. 1994; 21 (3):3-8 - 44.
Tin T, He S, Liu X, Jiang W, Ye Y, Lin Z, et al. Extracellular red blood cells and hemoglobin promote tumor growth and therapeutic resistance as endogenous danger signals. Journal of Immunology. 2015; 194 :429-437 - 45.
Wan G, Chen B, Li L, Wang D, Shi S, Zhang D, et al. Nanoscaled red blood cells facilitate breast cancer treatment by combining photothermal/photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. Biomalerial. 2018; 155 :25-40 - 46.
Kamei K, Tabata O, Muneoka K, Muraoka SI, Tomiyoshi R, Takigawa M. Electrolytes in erythrocytes of patients with depressive disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 1998; 52 :529-533 - 47.
Amorim-Barbosa T, Serrao MP, Brando I, Vieira-Coelho MA. Catechol-O-methyl transferase activity in erythrocytes from patients with eating disorders. Eating and Weight Disorders Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2016; 21 (2):221-227 - 48.
Van Solinge WW, Van Wijk R. Erythrocyte enzyme disorders. In: Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Prichal JT, Levi MM, Press OW, Burns LJ, Caligiuri M (eds) William?s Hematology, 9th ed., Mc Graw-Hill Education, Minion Pro, 2015:3-2393 - 49.
Gallagher PG, Jarolim P. Red cell membrane disorders. In: Hoffman R, Furie B, Benz EJ, McGlave P, Silberstein LE, Shattil SJ (eds). Basic Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2009:623-643 - 50.
Mozos I. Mechanisms linking red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases. BioMed Research International. 2015:1-12 - 51.
Sonneveld ME, de Haas M, Koeleman C, de Haan N, Zeerleder SS, Ligthart PC, Wuhrer M, van der Schoot CE, Vidarsson G. Patients with IgG 1-anti-red blood cell antibodies show aberrant Fc-glycosylation. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7 :1-9 - 52.
Giacometti G, Ferreri C, Sansone A, Chatgilialoglu C, Mazetti C, Spyratou E, et al. High predictive values of RBC membrane-based diagnostics by biophotonics in an integrated approach for autism spectrum disorders. Scientific Reports. 2017; 7 (1):1-9 - 53.
Bagnall JS. Deformability of tumor cells versus blood cells. Nature. 2017; 5 :1-12 - 54.
Kisani AI, Adeyanju JB, Sonfada ML. Haematological and biochemical changes in Nigerian dogs with short bowel syndrome. World’s Veterinary Journal. 2017; 7 (3):89-100 - 55.
Tion MT, Apaa TT, Saganuwan SA, Nwanko HC, Tughgba T, Anumtyo TM, et al. The epidemiology of canine parvoviral enteritis in dogs of Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. World’s Veterinary Journal. 2018; 8 (3):48-54 - 56.
Coles EH. Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1974. p. 615 - 57.
Bosisio F, Fernandes K, Rezende FO, Barbieri E. Alterations in the haemotological parameters of juvenile Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) submitted to different salinities. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences. 2017;12 (2):146-154 - 58.
Saganuwan SA, Ahur VM, Mhonga LI. Sodium chloride decrease body weight of non-water deprived Rattus norvegicus . Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2010;4 (8):322-329 - 59.
Tion MT, Dvorska J, Saganuwan SA. A review on urolithiasis in dogs and cats. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2015; 18 (1):1-18 - 60.
Saganuwan SA. Toxicity studies of drugs and chemicals in animals: An overview. Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2017; 20 (4):291-318 - 61.
Andrews GS, Simon UT, John AU, Godwin OO, Alexander NI, Ikagu YM. Studies on changes in some haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in Wister rats fed on diets containing calcium carbide ripened mango fruits. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering. 2018; 8 (2):27-36 - 62.
Saganuwan SA, Onyeyili PA, Ameh EG, Etuk EU. In vivo antiplasmodial activity by aqueous extract of Abrus precatorius in mice. Revista Latinoamericana de Química. 2011; 39 (1–2):32-44 - 63.
Azab ME, Abdel-Maksoud HA. Changes in some haematological and biochemical parameters during prepartum and postpartum period in female Baladi goats. Small Ruminant Research. 1999; 34 (1):77-85 - 64.
Dissanzayake DSB, Thewarage LD, Rathnayake RMPM, Kularatne AMK, Ranasinghe JGS, Rajapakse PVJ. Hematological and plasma biochemical parameters in a wild population of Naja naja (Linnaeus, 1785) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. 2017;23 (8):1-9 - 65.
Ejeh AS. Effects of aqueous root bark extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus on castor oil and bacterial induced diarrhea in albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) [MSc thesis]. Nigeria: Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi; 2018 - 66.
Chineke CA, Ologun AG, Ikeobi CON. Haematological parameters in rabbit breeds and crosses in humid tropics. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2006; 9 (11):2102-2106 - 67.
Okpe O, Habila N, Ikwebe J, Upev VA, Okoduwa SIR, Isaac OT. Antimalaria potential of carica papaya and Vernonia amygdalina in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei . Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2016:1-6 - 68.
Ahur VM, Adenkola YA, Saganuwan SA, Ikye-Tor T. Ameliorative properties of aqueous extract of ficus thonningii on erythrocyte osmotic fragility induced by acetaminophen in Rattus norvegicus. Veterinary Research Forum. 2013; 4 (4):207-212 - 69.
Saganuwan SA, Onyeyili PA, Ameh IG, Nwodo NJ, Brun R. In vitro antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of various fractions of Abrus precatorius leaf. International Journal of Tropical Disease & Health. 2015;5 (3):221-229 - 70.
Saganuwan SA. The paradox of human equivalent dose formula: A canonical case study of Abrus precatorius aqueous leaf extract in monogastric animals. Macedonian Veterinary Review. 2016; 39 (1):23-32 - 71.
Saganuwan SA, Ndakotsu AM. Standardization and scoring of the body surface area (bsa) formula for calculation of the doses of anticancer agents for cancer patients from the North Western Nigeria. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy. 2015; 7 (1):012-018 - 72.
Saganuwan SA, Onyeyili PA, Suleiman AO. Comparative toxicological effects of orally and intraperitoneally administered aqueous extracts of Abrus precatorius leaf inMus musculus . Herba Polonica. 2013;56 (3):32-44 - 73.
Wang MC, Huang CE, Lin MH, Yang YHCH, Chen PT, Nu YY, et al. Impacts of demographic and laboratory parameters on key hematological indices in an adult population of Southern-Taiwan; a cohort study. PLoS One. 2018; 13 (8):1-14 - 74.
Horay P, Harp D. Hot water therapy: How to Save Your Back, Neck and Shoulders in 10 Minutes A Day of Exercise in Your Shower, Bath or Hot Tub. 10th ed. New Delhi: Orient Paperbacks; 2010. p. 150 - 75.
Smalley G. The Joy of Committed Love: A Handbook for Husband. Vol. 168. India: Better Yourself Books; 2016 - 76.
Ploemen JPHTM, Kramer H, Krajnc EI, Martin I. The use of toxicokinetic data in periodical safety assessment: A toxicologic pathologist perspective. Toxicologic Pathology. 2007; 35 :834-837 - 77.
Scheff JD, Almon RR, DuBis DC, Jusko WJ, Androulakis IP. Assessment of pharmacologic area under the curve when baselines are variable. Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 28 (5):1081-1089 - 78.
Saganuwan SA. The use of body surface area for determination of age, body weight, urine creatinine, plasma creatinine, serum creatinine, urine volume, and creatinine clearance; the reliable canonical method of assessing renotoxicity in animals. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2018; 27 :1531-1536 - 79.
Saganuwan SA. Calculation of effective dose fifty (ED50) of antivenin for American pit viper venom. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2018; 27 :1321-1325 - 80.
Saganuwan SA, Ndakotsu AM. Standardization and scoring of the body surface area (bsa) formulas for calculation of the doses of anticancer agents for cancer patients from the North-Western Nigeria. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy. 2015; 7 (1):012-018 - 81.
Saganuwan SA. Derivation of a unique body surface area (bsa) formula for calculation of relatively safe doses of dog and human anticancer drugs. Journal of Cancer Science and Therapy. 2017; 9 (10):690-704 - 82.
Saganuwan SA. Determination of median effect dose (ED50) of scorpion antivenom against scorpion envenomation using a newly developed formula. Animal Models and Experimental Medicine. 2008; 1 :228-234 - 83.
Saganuwan SA. Piroxicam: Source for synthesis of central nervous system (cns) acting drugs. CNSAMC. 2017; 17 (2):1-5 - 84.
Saganuwan SA. Biomedical application of polymers: A case of non-CNS drugs becoming CNS acting drugs. Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 2017; 17 (3):1-7 - 85.
Balji Y, Adilbekov Z, Scheiko Y, Seidenova S, Ismagulova G, Zamaratskaia G. A rapid and sensitive method to determine potassium permanganate in meat. Journal of Consumer Protection and Food Safety. 2018:1-6 - 86.
Mickelson SA. Perioperative monitoring in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome. In: Sleep Apnea and Snoring. 2009 - 87.
Nelson GJ. Composition of neural lipids from erythrocytes of common mammals. Journal of Lipid Research. 1967; 8 :374-379 - 88.
Tamanaka H, Shimatani S, Tanaka M, Katsu T, Ono B, Shinoda S. Susceptibility of erythrocytes from several animal species to Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 1989; 61 :251-256 - 89.
Kaibara M, Shinozaki T, Kita R, Iwata H, Ujiie H, Sasaki K, et al. Analysis of coagulation of blood in different animal species with special reference to procoagulant species with special reference to procoagulant activity of red blood cells. Journal of Japanese Society of Biorheology. 2006; 20 (1):35-43 - 90.
Condrea E, Mammon Z, Aloof S, de Vries A. Susceptibility of erythrocytes of various animal species to the hemolytic and phospholipid splitting action of snake venom. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1964; 84 (4):365-375 - 91.
Kaymaz AA, Tamer S, Albeniz I, Cefle K, Palanduz S, Ozturk S, et al. Alterations in rheological properties and erythrocytes membrane proteins in cats with diabetes mellitus. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2005; 33 :81-88 - 92.
Windberger U, Bertholovitsch A, Plasenzotti R, Korak KJ, Heinke G. Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation in nine mammalian species: Reference values and comparison of data. Experimental Physiology. 2003; 88 :431-440 - 93.
Windberger U, Plasenzotti R, Voracek T. The fluidity of blood in African elephants ( Loxodonta africana ). Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2005;33 :321-326 - 94.
Windberger U, Ribitsch V, Resch KL, Losert U. The viscoelasticity of blood and plasma in pig, horse, dog and sheep. Journal of Experimental Animal Science. 1993/1994; 36 :89-95 - 95.
Smith BD, La Celle PL. Erythrocyte-endothelial cell adherence in sickle cell disorders. Blood. 1986; 68 (5):1050-1054 - 96.
Johnn H, Phipps C, Gascoyne SC, Hawkey C, Rampling MW. A comparison of the viscometric properties of the blood from a wide range of mammals. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 1992; 12 :639-647 - 97.
Van Houten D, Weiser MG, Johnson L, Garry F. Reference hematologic values and morphologic features of blood cells in healthy adult Llamas. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1992; 53 :1773-1775 - 98.
Nikinmaa M. Vertebrate Red Blood Cells. Berlin: Siringer; 1990 - 99.
Gaehtgens P, Schmidt F, Will G. Comparative rheology of nucleated and non-nucleated red blood cells I. Microrheology of avian erythrocytes during capillary flow. Pflügers Archiv. 1981; 390 :278-282 - 100.
Hawkey CM, Bennett PM, Gascoyne SC, Hart MG, Kirkwood JK. Erythrocyte size, number and haemoglobin content in vertebrates. British Journal of Haematology. 1991; 77 :392-397 - 101.
Nguyen DP, Tamuguchi K, Scheid P, Piiper J. Kinetics of oxygen uptake and release by red blood cells of chicken and duck. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1986; 125 :15-27 - 102.
Mirsalimi SM, Julian RJ. Reduced erythrocyte deformability as a possible contributing factor to pulmonary hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens. Avian Diseases. 1992; 33 :871-877 - 103.
Waugh RE. Red cell deformability in different vertebrate animals. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 1992; 12 :649-656 - 104.
Nash GB, Egginton S. Comparative theology of human and trout red blood cells. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 1993; 174 :109-122 - 105.
Plasenzotti R, Stoiber B, Posch M, Windberger U. Red blood cell deformability and aggregation behaviour in different animal species. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2004; 31 :105-111 - 106.
Garabedian GA. The behaviour of tanned erythrocytes in various haemagglutination systems. Journal of General Microbiology. 1965; 38 :181-187 - 107.
Praino M, Neter E. Effect of scrum from various animals species on erythrocytes attachment of endotoxins and other bacterial antigens. Infection and Immunity. 1972; 18 (3):612-616 - 108.
Amin TM, Sirs JA. The blood rheology of man and various animal species. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology. 1985; 70 :37-49 - 109.
Adili N, Melizi M, Belabbas H. Species determination using the red blood cells morphometry in domestic animals. Veterinary World. 2016; 9 (9):960-963 - 110.
An X, Mohandas N. Disorders of red cell membrane. British Journal of Haematology. 2008; 141 :367-375 - 111.
Prankerd TAJ. Enzyme assays in diseases of erythrocytes. Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1970; 24 (4):71-74 - 112.
Villiers E. Disorders of erythrocytes. In: BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Clinical Pathol. 3rd ed., 2016:1-624 - 113.
Tavazzi D, Taher A, Cppellini MD. Red blood cell enzyme disorders: an overview. Pediatric Annals. 2008; 37 (5):303-310 - 114.
Bain BJ, Batse I, Caffan MA. Blood cell morphology in health and disease. British Journal of Haematology 2017; 178 (4):652 - 115.
Gallagher PG. Disorders of erythrocyte hydration. Blood. 2017; 130 (25):2699-2708 - 116.
Kim J, Lee HY, Shin S. Advances in the measurement of red blood cell deformability. A brief review. Journal of Cellular Biotechnology. 2015; 1 :63-79 - 117.
King MJ, Zanella A. Hereditary red cell membrane disorders and laboratory diagnostic testing. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology. 2013; 35 (3):237-243 - 118.
Boyo AE, Ikomi-Kumm JA. Increased metabolic heat production of erythrocytes in sickle-cell disease. Lauret. 1972; 299 (7762):1215-1216 - 119.
Berentsen S, Sundic T. Red blood cell destruction in autoimmune hemolytic anemia: Role of complement and potential new targets for therapy. BioMed Research International. 2015:1-11 - 120.
Da Costa L, Galimand J, Fenneteau O, Mohandas N. Hereditary spherocytosis, elliptocytosis, and other red cell membrane disorders. Blood Reviews. 2013; 27 (4):167-178 - 121.
White C, Reine N. Feline nonregenerative anaemia: Pathophysiology and etiologies. Compendium of Continuing Education for Veterinarians. 2009; 31 (7):1-7 - 122.
Li H, Lu L, Li X, Buffet PA, Dao M, Karniadakis GE, et al. Mechanics of diseased red blood cells in human spleen and consequences for hereditary blood disorders. PNAS. 2018; 38 :9574-9579 - 123.
Sidbury JB, Cornblath M, Fisher J, House E. Glycogen in erythrocytes of patients with glycogen storage disease. Pediatrics. 1961; 27 :103-111 - 124.
McCullough J. RBCs as targets of infection. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program. 2014; 1 :404-409 - 125.
Gallagher PG. Disorders of erythrocyte hydration. Blood. 2017; 130 (25):2699-2108 - 126.
Ozatli D, Koksal AS, Haznedroglu IC, Simsek H, Karakus S, Buyukasik Y, et al. Erythrocytes: Anemias in chronic liver disease. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 2000; 51 :69-76 - 127.
Kaibara M, Shinozaki T, Kita R, Iwata H, Ujiie H, Sasaki K, Li JY, Sawasaki T, Ogawa H. Analysis of coagulation of blood in different animal species with special reference to procoagulant activity of red blood cell. Journal of Japanese Society of Biochemistry. 2006; 20 (1):35-43 - 128.
Cavanaugh C, Perazella MA. Urine sediment examination in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease: Core curriculum. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2019; 73 (2):258-272 - 129.
Carelli-Alinovi C, Misiti F. Erythrocytes as potential link between diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2017; 9 :276 - 130.
Tomaiholo G. Biomechanical properties of red blood cells in health and disease towards microfluidics. Biomicrofludics. 2014; 8 :1-19 - 131.
Ertan NZ, Bozfukloglu S, Ugurei E, Sonan M, Talcin O. Alterations of erythrocytes rheology and cellular susceptibility in end stage renal disease: Effects of peritoneal dialysis. Plosone. 2017; 12 (2):1-13 - 132.
Yang DH, Chen CH, Wei CC, Cheng YW. Expression of complements receptor type 1 on erythrocytes in autoimmune diseases. Journal of Molecular Biomarkers and Diagnosis. 2014; 5 (2):1-6 - 133.
De Rotte MCFJ, den Boer E, de Jong PHP, Phijm SMF, Calasan MB, Weel AE, et al. Methotrexate polyglutamates in erythrocytes are associated with lower disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cupus BMJ. Annal of Rheumatoid Disease. 2015; 74 (2):408-414 - 134.
Madubueze CC, Chukwu COO, Anyanwu C. Blood transfusion practice in orthopaedics and trauma patients at the Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital. Orient Journal of Medicine. 2008; 20 (1–4):23-28 - 135.
Schrijvers D. Management of anemia in cancer patients: Transfusions. The Oncologist. 2011; 16 (3):12-18 - 136.
Saganuwan SA. Ethnoveterinary values of Nigerian medicinal plants: An overview. European Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2017; 18 (4):1-35 - 137.
Saganuwan SA, Abdul MS. The prevalence of malaria and its therapeutic implication: A case study of Katcha community. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2015; 10 (110):212-215 - 138.
Feldmann H, Geisbert TW. Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Seminar. 2011; 377 :849-852 - 139.
Christian JA, Wang J, Kiyatkina N. How old are densed red blood cells? The dog’s tale. Blood. 1998; 92 (7):2590-2604