An overview of the prototypes of harvesters together with the most important parameters.
\\n\\n
More than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\\n\\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\\n\\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\\n\\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\\n\\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\\n\\n\\n\\n
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"IntechOpen Maintains",originalUrl:"/media/original/113"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'
Simba Information has released its Open Access Book Publishing 2020 - 2024 report and has again identified IntechOpen as the world’s largest Open Access book publisher by title count.
\n\nSimba Information is a leading provider for market intelligence and forecasts in the media and publishing industry. The report, published every year, provides an overview and financial outlook for the global professional e-book publishing market.
\n\nIntechOpen, De Gruyter, and Frontiers are the largest OA book publishers by title count, with IntechOpen coming in at first place with 5,101 OA books published, a good 1,782 titles ahead of the nearest competitor.
\n\nSince the first Open Access Book Publishing report published in 2016, IntechOpen has held the top stop each year.
\n\n\n\nMore than half of the publishers listed alongside IntechOpen (18 out of 30) are Social Science and Humanities publishers. IntechOpen is an exception to this as a leader in not only Open Access content but Open Access content across all scientific disciplines, including Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Health Sciences, Life Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities.
\n\nOur breakdown of titles published demonstrates this with 47% PET, 31% HS, 18% LS, and 4% SSH books published.
\n\n“Even though ItechOpen has shown the potential of sci-tech books using an OA approach,” other publishers “have shown little interest in OA books.”
\n\nAdditionally, each book published by IntechOpen contains original content and research findings.
\n\nWe are honored to be among such prestigious publishers and we hope to continue to spearhead that growth in our quest to promote Open Access as a true pioneer in OA book publishing.
\n\n\n\n
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"8598",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Enhanced Expert Systems",title:"Enhanced Expert Systems",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"The theoretical approach of this book is to develop a primary survey of the knowledge representation model, providing convergence of classical operations research and modern knowledge engineering. This convergence creates new opportunities for complicated problems of formalization and solution by integrating the best features of mathematical programming or constraint programming. This book explains in six chapters that expert systems are products in the field of computer science that attempt to perform as intelligent software. What is outstanding for expert systems is the applicability area and the solving of different problems in many fields or industrial branches.",isbn:"978-1-83881-886-9",printIsbn:"978-1-83881-885-2",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83881-887-6",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79092",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"enhanced-expert-systems",numberOfPages:118,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"3cd73aedbaf8bde7433fb0f3d56203cd",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",publishedDate:"September 18th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8598.jpg",numberOfDownloads:4981,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:7,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:12,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:0,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:21,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"June 18th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"July 9th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"September 7th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 26th 2018",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"January 25th 2019",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6,7",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",middleName:null,surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12354/images/system/12354.png",biography:"Petrică Vizureanu obtained an MSc and Ph.D. in Heating Equipment from Gheorghe Asachi Technical University, Romania, in 1992 and 1999, respectively. He is currently a Full Professor and Scientific Supervisor in Materials Engineering at the same university. His research interests include expert systems for heating system programming, computer-assisted design for heating equipment, heating equipment for materials processing, heat transfer, biomaterials, and geopolymers. Dr. Vizureanu has more than 150 papers \n\nPublications are visible in over 150 papers in international journals and conferences (proceedings) and 35 books to his credit. Hirsch index: 18.",institutionString:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"9",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"7",institution:{name:"Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iași",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"87",title:"Artificial Intelligence",slug:"computer-and-information-science-artificial-intelligence"}],chapters:[{id:"66519",title:"Introductory Chapter: Enhanced Expert System - A Long-Life Solution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85704",slug:"introductory-chapter-enhanced-expert-system-a-long-life-solution",totalDownloads:968,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Petrică Vizureanu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66519",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66519",authors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],corrections:null},{id:"64149",title:"Issues in the Probability Elicitation Process of Expert-Based Bayesian Networks",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81602",slug:"issues-in-the-probability-elicitation-process-of-expert-based-bayesian-networks",totalDownloads:932,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"A major challenge in constructing a Bayesian network (BN) is defining the node probability tables (NPT), which can be learned from data or elicited from domain experts. In practice, it is common not to have enough data for learning, and elicitation from experts is the only option. However, the complexity of defining NPT grows exponentially, making their elicitation process costly and error-prone. In this research, we conducted an exploratory study through a literature review that identified the main issues related to the task of probability elicitation and solutions to construct large-scale NPT while reducing the exposure to these issues. In this chapter, we present in detail three semiautomatic methods that reduce the burden for experts. We discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, and present directions on how to improve them.",signatures:"João Nunes, Mirko Barbosa, Luiz Silva, Kyller Gorgônio, Hyggo Almeida and Angelo Perkusich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64149",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64149",authors:[{id:"165310",title:"Dr.",name:"Angelo",surname:"Perkusich",slug:"angelo-perkusich",fullName:"Angelo Perkusich"},{id:"219503",title:"Prof.",name:"Mirko",surname:"Perkusich",slug:"mirko-perkusich",fullName:"Mirko Perkusich"},{id:"266593",title:"BSc.",name:"Luiz",surname:"Silva",slug:"luiz-silva",fullName:"Luiz Silva"},{id:"266594",title:"BSc.",name:"João",surname:"Nunes",slug:"joao-nunes",fullName:"João Nunes"},{id:"266595",title:"Prof.",name:"Kyller",surname:"Gorgônio",slug:"kyller-gorgonio",fullName:"Kyller Gorgônio"},{id:"266597",title:"Prof.",name:"Hyggo",surname:"Almeida",slug:"hyggo-almeida",fullName:"Hyggo Almeida"}],corrections:null},{id:"66312",title:"Classic and Bayesian Tree-Based Methods",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.83380",slug:"classic-and-bayesian-tree-based-methods",totalDownloads:727,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Tree-based methods are nonparametric techniques and machine-learning methods for data prediction and exploratory modeling. These models are one of valuable and powerful tools among data mining methods and can be used for predicting different types of outcome (dependent) variable: (e.g., quantitative, qualitative, and time until an event occurs (survival data)). Tree model is called classification tree/regression tree/survival tree based on the type of outcome variable. These methods have some advantages over against traditional statistical methods such as generalized linear models (GLMs), discriminant analysis, and survival analysis. Some of these advantages are: without requiring to determine assumptions about the functional form between outcome variable and predictor (independent) variables, invariant to monotone transformations of predictor variables, useful for dealing with nonlinear relationships and high-order interactions, deal with different types of predictor variable, ease of interpretation and understanding results without requiring to have statistical experience, robust to missing values, outliers, and multicollinearity. Several classic and Bayesian tree algorithms are proposed for classification and regression trees, and in this chapter, we provide a review of these algorithms and appropriate criteria for determining the predictive performance of them.",signatures:"Amal Saki Malehi and Mina Jahangiri",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/66312",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/66312",authors:[{id:"266564",title:"Dr.",name:"Amal",surname:"Saki Malehi",slug:"amal-saki-malehi",fullName:"Amal Saki Malehi"},{id:"267284",title:"MSc.",name:"Mina",surname:"Jahangiri",slug:"mina-jahangiri",fullName:"Mina Jahangiri"}],corrections:null},{id:"64612",title:"Automatic Mapping of Student 3D Profiles in Software Metrics for Temporal Analysis of Programming Learning and Scoring Rubrics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81754",slug:"automatic-mapping-of-student-3d-profiles-in-software-metrics-for-temporal-analysis-of-programming-le",totalDownloads:818,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The purpose of this chapter is to present an online system for a 3D representation of programming students’ profiles on software metrics that quantify effort and quality of programming from the analysis of source codes. In this representation, each student profile is a three-dimensional vector represented by a set of programming solutions developed by a student and mapped on 348 metrics of software during a programming course. Applying this profile representation, we developed a system with the following functionalities: generation of student’s timelines to verify the evolution of metrics in a sequence of programming solutions over a course, different visualizations of these variables, automatic selection of representative codes for composition of rubrics with less effort of evaluation and selection of metrics that more influence in scores attributed by teachers. The advantages of this system are to enable the analysis of where the learning difficulties begin, the monitoring of how a class evolves along a course and the dynamic composition of rubric representations to inform assessment criteria. The system proposed therefore presents itself as a relevant tool to assist teachers about decisions of an evaluative process, allowing in fact to assist students from the beginning to the end of a course.",signatures:"Márcia Gonçalves de Oliveira, Ádler Oliveira Silva Neves and Mônica Ferreira Silva Lopes",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64612",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64612",authors:[{id:"266296",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcia",surname:"Oliveira",slug:"marcia-oliveira",fullName:"Marcia Oliveira"},{id:"277803",title:"Mr.",name:"Adler",surname:"Neves",slug:"adler-neves",fullName:"Adler Neves"},{id:"277805",title:"Mrs.",name:"Monica",surname:"Ferreira Silva Lopes",slug:"monica-ferreira-silva-lopes",fullName:"Monica Ferreira Silva Lopes"}],corrections:null},{id:"64477",title:"Multiset-Based Knowledge Representation for the Assessment and Optimization of Large-Scale Sociotechnical Systems",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.81698",slug:"multiset-based-knowledge-representation-for-the-assessment-and-optimization-of-large-scale-sociotech",totalDownloads:779,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"This chapter is dedicated to a new knowledge representation model, providing convergence of classical operations research and modern knowledge engineering. Kernel of the introduced model is the recursively generated multisets, selected according to the predefined restrictions and optimization criteria. Sets of multisets are described by the so-called multiset grammars (MGs), being projection of a conceptual background of well-known string-generating grammars on the multisets universum. Syntax and semantics of MGs and their practice-oriented development—unitary multiset grammars and metagrammars—are considered.",signatures:"Igor Sheremet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64477",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64477",authors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],corrections:null},{id:"64943",title:"Unitary Multiset Grammars an Metagrammars Algorithmics and Application",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.82713",slug:"unitary-multiset-grammars-an-metagrammars-algorithmics-and-application",totalDownloads:761,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"The chapter is dedicated to the algorithmics of unitary multiset grammars and metagrammars. Their application to some actual problems from the area of large-scale sociotechnical systems (STS) assessment and optimization is also considered: estimation of capabilities of the producing STS; amounts of resources, necessary to such STS for various orders completion; assessment of STS sustainability/vulnerability to various destructive impacts (natural disasters, technogenic catastrophes, mutual sanctions, etc.); and STS profit maximization, as well as works optimal distribution among non-antagonistic competing STS, operating in the market economy.",signatures:"Igor Sheremet",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/64943",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/64943",authors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"173",title:"Expert Systems for Human, Materials and Automation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d00cfbf1f4ec20211e33264642361190",slug:"expert-systems-for-human-materials-and-automation",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/173.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3188",title:"Expert Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7c4c4b1fe3003c2c5eed7a71a132b735",slug:"expert-systems",bookSignature:"Petrica Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3188.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3049",title:"Advances in Expert Systems",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"258147356cfb7ab3304e508afb7c8e5d",slug:"advances-in-expert-systems",bookSignature:"Petrica Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3049.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10620",title:"Advances in Geopolymer-Zeolite Composites",subtitle:"Synthesis and Characterization",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18b388275849b5d618617bfaec2f545b",slug:"advances-in-geopolymer-zeolite-composites-synthesis-and-characterization",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu and Pavel Krivenko",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10620.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"9574",title:"Biomaterials",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"730b237f28a94ddad58ba55ee6ab8811",slug:"biomaterials",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu and Claudia Manuela Da Cunha Ferreira Botelho",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9574.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8572",title:"Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e2e9e95bd0be692c5364418f341102b6",slug:"thermodynamics-and-energy-engineering",bookSignature:"Petrică Vizureanu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8572.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"12354",title:"Prof.",name:"Petrică",surname:"Vizureanu",slug:"petrica-vizureanu",fullName:"Petrică Vizureanu"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6646",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Emerging Trends and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"133520f4918b2d1f1c304ffeadba89a9",slug:"artificial-intelligence-emerging-trends-and-applications",bookSignature:"Marco Antonio Aceves-Fernandez",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6646.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"8841",title:"Deterministic Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bd65f564ea0b77f91dea36cfcbaa1da7",slug:"deterministic-artificial-intelligence",bookSignature:"Timothy Sands",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8841.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"258189",title:"Prof.",name:"Timothy",surname:"Sands",slug:"timothy-sands",fullName:"Timothy Sands"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7726",title:"Swarm Intelligence",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e7ea7e74ce7a7a8e5359629e07c68d31",slug:"swarm-intelligence-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Javier Del Ser, Esther Villar and Eneko Osaba",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7726.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"49813",title:"Dr.",name:"Javier",surname:"Del Ser",slug:"javier-del-ser",fullName:"Javier Del Ser"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7795",title:"Artificial Intelligence",subtitle:"Scope and Limitations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7e536b4fe8982ca9015228fe6f58c6ea",slug:"artificial-intelligence-scope-and-limitations",bookSignature:"Dinesh G. Harkut",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7795.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"216122",title:"Dr.",name:"Dinesh G.",surname:"Harkut",slug:"dinesh-g.-harkut",fullName:"Dinesh G. Harkut"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],ofsBooks:[]},correction:{item:{id:"81446",slug:"corrigendum-to-spoken-and-unspoken-between-indigenous-and-non-indigenous-trust-at-the-heart-of-inter",title:"Corrigendum to: Spoken and Unspoken between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous: Trust at the Heart of Intercultural Professional Collaborations",doi:null,correctionPDFUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/81446.pdf",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/81446",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/81446",totalDownloads:null,totalCrossrefCites:null,bibtexUrl:"/chapter/bibtex/81446",risUrl:"/chapter/ris/81446",chapter:{id:"80366",slug:"spoken-and-unspoken-between-indigenous-and-non-indigenous-trust-at-the-heart-of-intercultural-profes",signatures:"Emilie Deschênes and Sebastien Arcand",dateSubmitted:"September 20th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2021",datePrePublished:"February 4th 2022",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Psychology of Trust",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null}},chapter:{id:"80366",slug:"spoken-and-unspoken-between-indigenous-and-non-indigenous-trust-at-the-heart-of-intercultural-profes",signatures:"Emilie Deschênes and Sebastien Arcand",dateSubmitted:"September 20th 2021",dateReviewed:"November 22nd 2021",datePrePublished:"February 4th 2022",datePublished:null,book:{id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Psychology of Trust",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},authors:null},book:{id:"10673",title:"The Psychology of Trust",subtitle:null,fullTitle:"The Psychology of Trust",slug:null,publishedDate:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Martha Peaslee Levine",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10673.jpg",licenceType:"CC BY 3.0",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"186919",title:"Dr.",name:"Martha",middleName:null,surname:"Peaslee Levine",slug:"martha-peaslee-levine",fullName:"Martha Peaslee Levine"}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}},ofsBook:{item:{type:"book",id:"8416",leadTitle:null,title:"Non-Equilibrium Particle Dynamics",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"All engineering processes are processes of non-equilibrium because one or all of heat, mass, and momentum transfer occur in an open system. The pure equilibrium state can be established in an isolated system, in which neither mass nor heat is transferred between the system and the environment. Most engineering transport analyses are based on the semi-, quasi-, or local equilibrium assumptions, which assume that any infinitesimal volume can be treated as a box of equilibrium. This book includes various aspects of non-equilibrium or irreversible statistical mechanics and their relationships with engineering applications. I hope that this book contributes to expanding the predictability of holistic engineering consisting of thermo-, fluid, and particle dynamics.",isbn:"978-1-83968-078-6",printIsbn:"978-1-83968-077-9",pdfIsbn:"978-1-83968-079-3",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.78729",price:119,priceEur:129,priceUsd:155,slug:"non-equilibrium-particle-dynamics",numberOfPages:196,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isSalesforceBook:!1,isNomenclature:!1,hash:"2c3add7639dcd1cb442cb4313ea64e3a",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",publishedDate:"December 4th 2019",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8416.jpg",keywords:null,numberOfDownloads:5585,numberOfWosCitations:2,numberOfCrossrefCitations:2,numberOfDimensionsCitations:5,numberOfTotalCitations:9,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"May 18th 2018",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"August 28th 2018",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"October 27th 2018",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"January 15th 2019",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"March 16th 2019",dateConfirmationOfParticipation:null,remainingDaysToSecondStep:"4 years",secondStepPassed:!0,areRegistrationsClosed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,biosketch:null,coeditorOneBiosketch:null,coeditorTwoBiosketch:null,coeditorThreeBiosketch:null,coeditorFourBiosketch:null,coeditorFiveBiosketch:null,editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",middleName:null,surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/21045/images/system/21045.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Albert S. Kim earned his physics degree of BS from Kyung Hee University and MS from Yonsei University, South Korea. He received his MS (1997) and Ph.D. (2000) in Civil and Environmental Engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles, USA. He joined the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Hawaii at Manoa in 2001. \r\nDr. Kim’s scientific accomplishments include the US National Science Foundation Faculty Early Career (CAREER) Award (2005), the University of Hawaii Regents’ Medal for Excellence in Research (2006) and the Medal for Excellence in Teaching (2017). Professor Kim has published almost 60 peer-reviewed journal papers and four book chapters. He researches on computational environmental physics for engineering purposes.",institutionString:"University of Hawaii at Manoa",position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"6",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"3",institution:{name:"University of Hawaii at Manoa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],coeditorOne:null,coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"954",title:"Thermodynamics",slug:"thermodynamics"}],chapters:[{id:"66815",title:"Nonequilibrium Statistical Operator",slug:"nonequilibrium-statistical-operator",totalDownloads:727,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"260373",title:"Prof.",name:"Gerd",surname:"Roepke",slug:"gerd-roepke",fullName:"Gerd Roepke"}]},{id:"67626",title:"The Boundary Element Method for Fluctuating Active Colloids",slug:"the-boundary-element-method-for-fluctuating-active-colloids",totalDownloads:924,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"279308",title:"Prof.",name:"William",surname:"Uspal",slug:"william-uspal",fullName:"William Uspal"}]},{id:"67796",title:"Fundamentals of Irreversible Thermodynamics for Coupled Transport",slug:"fundamentals-of-irreversible-thermodynamics-for-coupled-transport",totalDownloads:1099,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}]},{id:"67414",title:"Using the Principles of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics for the Analysis of Phase Transformations in Iron-Carbon Alloys",slug:"using-the-principles-of-nonequilibrium-thermodynamics-for-the-analysis-of-phase-transformations-in-i",totalDownloads:654,totalCrossrefCites:1,authors:[{id:"259290",title:"Dr.",name:"Serhiy",surname:"Bobyr",slug:"serhiy-bobyr",fullName:"Serhiy Bobyr"}]},{id:"63569",title:"Variational Principle for Nonequilibrium Steady States Tested by Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Model Liquid Crystal Systems",slug:"variational-principle-for-nonequilibrium-steady-states-tested-by-molecular-dynamics-simulation-of-mo",totalDownloads:734,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"261664",title:"Dr.",name:"Sten",surname:"Sarman",slug:"sten-sarman",fullName:"Sten Sarman"},{id:"261894",title:"Prof.",name:"Aatto",surname:"Laaksonen",slug:"aatto-laaksonen",fullName:"Aatto Laaksonen"},{id:"270093",title:"Dr.",name:"Yonglei",surname:"Wang",slug:"yonglei-wang",fullName:"Yonglei Wang"}]},{id:"64948",title:"Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Hydrodynamic Modes of a Nematic Liquid Crystal",slug:"equilibrium-and-nonequilibrium-hydrodynamic-modes-of-a-nematic-liquid-crystal",totalDownloads:797,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"54980",title:"Mr.",name:"Rosalio",surname:"Rodriguez",slug:"rosalio-rodriguez",fullName:"Rosalio Rodriguez"},{id:"264974",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge Fernando",surname:"Camacho",slug:"jorge-fernando-camacho",fullName:"Jorge Fernando Camacho"}]},{id:"64599",title:"Non-Newtonian Dynamics with Heat Transport in Complex Systems",slug:"non-newtonian-dynamics-with-heat-transport-in-complex-systems",totalDownloads:650,totalCrossrefCites:0,authors:[{id:"238571",title:"Prof.",name:"Maogang",surname:"He",slug:"maogang-he",fullName:"Maogang He"},{id:"288354",title:"Dr.",name:"Aamir",surname:"Shahzad",slug:"aamir-shahzad",fullName:"Aamir Shahzad"}]}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},personalPublishingAssistant:{id:"177730",firstName:"Edi",lastName:"Lipovic",middleName:null,title:"Mr.",imageUrl:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/177730/images/4741_n.jpg",email:"edi@intechopen.com",biography:"As an Author Service Manager my responsibilities include monitoring and facilitating all publishing activities for authors and editors. From chapter submission and review, to approval and revision, copyediting and design, until final publication, I work closely with authors and editors to ensure a simple and easy publishing process. I maintain constant and effective communication with authors, editors and reviewers, which allows for a level of personal support that enables contributors to fully commit and concentrate on the chapters they are writing, editing, or reviewing. I assist authors in the preparation of their full chapter submissions and track important deadlines and ensure they are met. I help to coordinate internal processes such as linguistic review, and monitor the technical aspects of the process. As an ASM I am also involved in the acquisition of editors. Whether that be identifying an exceptional author and proposing an editorship collaboration, or contacting researchers who would like the opportunity to work with IntechOpen, I establish and help manage author and editor acquisition and contact."}},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9441",title:"Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)",subtitle:"Past, Present, and Progress",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"b0f6032c45ead7f1cb11bb488bfcd48d",slug:"ocean-thermal-energy-conversion-otec-past-present-and-progress",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim and Hyeon-Ju Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9441.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7583",title:"Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics for Emerging Engineering Processes",subtitle:"Eulerian vs. Lagrangian",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"896509fa2e7e659811bffd0f9779ca9d",slug:"advanced-computational-fluid-dynamics-for-emerging-engineering-processes-eulerian-vs-lagrangian",bookSignature:"Albert S. Kim",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7583.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"21045",title:"Prof.",name:"Albert S.",surname:"Kim",slug:"albert-s.-kim",fullName:"Albert S. Kim"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"7661",title:"Heat and Mass Transfer",subtitle:"Advances in Science and Technology Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c29b5c2ce24925a935ca52b8344fbb99",slug:"heat-and-mass-transfer-advances-in-science-and-technology-applications",bookSignature:"Alfredo Iranzo",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7661.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"67352",title:"Dr.",name:"Alfredo",surname:"Iranzo",slug:"alfredo-iranzo",fullName:"Alfredo Iranzo"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. Venkateswarlu",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/371.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"58592",title:"Dr.",name:"Arun",surname:"Shanker",slug:"arun-shanker",fullName:"Arun Shanker"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"72",title:"Ionic Liquids",subtitle:"Theory, Properties, New Approaches",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"d94ffa3cfa10505e3b1d676d46fcd3f5",slug:"ionic-liquids-theory-properties-new-approaches",bookSignature:"Alexander Kokorin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/72.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"314",title:"Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering",subtitle:"Cells and Biomaterials",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"bb67e80e480c86bb8315458012d65686",slug:"regenerative-medicine-and-tissue-engineering-cells-and-biomaterials",bookSignature:"Daniel Eberli",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/314.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"57",title:"Physics and Applications of Graphene",subtitle:"Experiments",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"0e6622a71cf4f02f45bfdd5691e1189a",slug:"physics-and-applications-of-graphene-experiments",bookSignature:"Sergey Mikhailov",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/57.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"16042",title:"Dr.",name:"Sergey",surname:"Mikhailov",slug:"sergey-mikhailov",fullName:"Sergey Mikhailov"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},chapter:{item:{type:"chapter",id:"67097",title:"Energy Harvester Based on Magnetomechanical Effect as a Power Source for Multi-node Wireless Network",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.85987",slug:"energy-harvester-based-on-magnetomechanical-effect-as-a-power-source-for-multi-node-wireless-network",body:'
The chapter describes the results obtained in the field of energy harvesting (hereinafter referred to as EH, also known in the literature as power harvesting or energy scavenging). EH is a set of methods that allow obtaining electricity from sur-rounding sources, such as mechanical, thermal, solar, and electromagnetic energy, salinity gradients, etc. [1, 2]. Energy harvesting is the use of sources commonly found in the environment (the so-called background energy), which are undesirable and usually suppressed (e.g., noise, shocks and mechanical vibrations of devices and structures, electromagnetic smog, heat as a result of friction and combustion, current flow, cooling engines, etc.) or widely available (sunlight, wave energy, salinity differences, biochemical processes, e.g., in plants), as well as those related to human biology (movement, body heat, etc.), for example [3]. Currently, it is assumed that EH can be an effective source of “cost-free” energy (after omitting the installation costs) for powering low-power devices (e.g. electronic devices, sensor systems, etc.). Hence the growing interest in civil and military applications. The area of use of EH concerns numerous civil and military applications and includes such disciplines as medicine, transport (cars, aviation, pipelines), construction structures (bridges, buildings), mechanical structures, sports and rescue equipment, and many more.
Energy harvesting creates new opportunities today, especially in the field of the so-called self-powered microsystems. This is a consequence of the progress in the field of materials and technologies enabling the recovery of energy from the so-called background, i.e., from known sources, but so far omitted, which in turn was due to the low efficiency of transforming energy and the high cost of producing the necessary devices for this purpose (the so-called harvesters). The decreasing energy consumption of these microsystems is also of key importance, which causes power sources with a power of a mile or even microwatts to acquire practical significance and allow to eliminate traditional power systems using cable systems or batteries or accumulators. A particularly promising area of EH applications is systems for continuous monitoring of inaccessible structures or biomedical implants, as well as distributed systems for the detection of threats on large surfaces (e.g., fire protection systems in forests or detection of chemical or radioactive contamination). It is predicted that in the near future the power of EH systems will increase significantly and will also have significance in industrial power engineering. A better solution is to take energy from the surroundings unlimited in time. It is assumed that in the future EH will be a source of high-power energy by creating appropriately extensive harvester networks.
The paper describes the main directions of EH research based on magnetic transducers and characterized numerous own constructions, including harvesters with magnetic processing using the Faraday effect and modal resonance, with a large increase in voltage under the influence of coil movement, with a moving core of austenitic steel and magnetostrictive core. In particular, the construction, selected characteristics, and possible areas of harvester use are described. The issue of miniaturization of the harvester’s construction and modification of the magnetostrictive core was undertaken. Magnetographic field measurements were also carried out outside the harvester. In addition, harvesters using mechanical shock and a dedicated inverter as well as a low-power electronic system were presented. A method has been developed for the use of harvesters and actuators for the wireless transmission of energy and information using Smart Ultrasonic Resonant Power System (the so-called SURPS system), an autonomous system of diagnostics of environmental and operating parameters’ multi-degree-of-freedom (Multi-DOF) and the so-called wireless harvesting nodes. The directions for further research have been defined at the end.
Authors recommend energy-harvesting solution to go (Figure 1), as an indispensable development system in EH applications. This is a versatile device from Würth Elektronik demonstrating the capabilities of EH and power supplies based on various sources of energy. There are two built-in subassemblies for obtaining energy: using a thermoelectric effect and photovoltaic panel. The electronic site consists of a series of inverters dedicated to EH by linear technology and EFM32 Giant Starter Kit (Silicone Labs) equipped in addition to the microcontroller including LED display and light sensor. This harvester provides the option of changing the configuration of connecting [4, 5, 6] power sources. This solution shows a multitude of potential power options using EH, which will be described later in the work.
Energy-harvesting solution to go.
Describing smart magnetic materials and taking into account their properties, it is difficult not to undertake in their own research the issues of their application in the field of energy recovery (EH) and—as discussed further—wireless transfer of energy and information. It can even be said that the development of EH is possible thanks to the advances in science and engineering in the field of smart materials, including those stimulated by a magnetic field. From a wide group of them, materials with a giant magnetostriction (GMM) were considered to be particularly worth the attention and acceptance as an object of research in the field of EH. The GMM properties are crucial here. A typical example is Terfenol-D. Materials with gigantic magnetostriction can convert magnetic energy into mechanical and vice versa. Thanks to such properties, these materials can be used in the construction of sensors, actuators, and harvester. GMMs obtain much larger deformations (Terfenol-D up to 70 times) than traditional magnetostrictive materials, and to achieve this effect, not very high magnetic field strength H is required. There is also the opposite effect.
Relatively small deformations generate relatively high magnetic field and therefore the induced electric current (in comparison with other ferromagnets). A very important feature of these materials is the wide range of operating temperature, as well as their low inertia (small hysteresis loop field), which facilitates their use in various conditions. The Curie temperature for Terfenol-D is 653–693 K, while the working temperature can reach up to 473 K. Examples of GMM applications in the EH range include aviation, road transport, stationary mechanical structures, medicine, sports and tourism equipment, and many more. The aim of the research is mainly to increase the efficiency of converting mechanical energy into electricity, miniaturization of harvesters, and reduction of their price. Solid Terfenol-D, despite its many advantages, has several disadvantages that hinder its wider application in the field of EH. A significant drawback is, above all, the high brittleness, which is associated with low tensile strength. Another limitation is eddy currents of considerable value, which limits the effective frequency of operation of the devices to several kilohertz. An important parameter is also the price of Terfenol-D, which remains at the level of 1 $/1 g. These disadvantages are the reason for searching for new solutions. One of them is magnetostrictive composites, which can also be used in the construction of harvester.
The use of harvesters increasingly requires solving the problem of unconventional energy and information transfer by solid, liquid, and gas media. Therefore, it was considered important to characterize the state of the art in this area and undertake own research. Smart materials in this case can be effectively used for wireless energy and information transfer using ultrasonic vibrations. Most often, piezoelectric and magnetostriction transducers are used for this purpose. There are many ways of wireless power transmission (WPT) using various couplings, e.g., inductive (most popular today since the pioneering work of N. Tesla), capacitive coupling, microwaves, optical coupling, and sound waves, including ultrasound. This last opportunity has been known for over 40 years. In 1970, the first paper [7] appeared, indicating the possibility of using ultrasounds not only for medical or engineering research but also as an energy carrier in transmission through solid bodies. The ease with which ultrasound passes through the solids was then observed. In 1998, using the given idea, a special heart stimulation electrode was patented for arrhythmia [8]. The biomedical application of ultrasound for energy transmission is intensively developed. Particularly noteworthy here is, for example, work [9], which shows the way of powering, using ultrasound, an actuator placed in the human body. The idea of this type of power lies in the fact that in the receiver, the energy of ultrasonic waves and vibrations caused by them are not converted back to the electrical voltage at all, but through the arrangement of vibrating elements—they directly supply the actuator. Other interesting studies in this area are described in [10, 11].
Much attention is devoted to energy conversion efficiency using piezoelectric transducers. The most frequently cited are works [12, 13, 14]. The last of them showed efficiency at the level of 50% in the transmission of ultrasound in the air at a distance of 70–80 m. Equally spectacular achievements are the Dutch team [15, 16]. Another interesting example is the transmission of data with the help of ultrasound over the plane [17, 18]. It should be noted that very intensively developed activities are aimed at mastering the effective transfer of energy and information through thick metal barriers, mainly using piezoelectric harvester. These works, initiated in the United States by Saulnier in 2006 [19], gained interest in the navy due to the possibility of sending energy and information through the thick walls of submarines. Particularly significant results were published in the dissertation of Lawry [20] and in a dozen or so publications after its defense, e.g., [21, 22]. The last two indicate that the state of knowledge allows the use of such relays on submarines today. The continuous supply of approximately 50 W of electricity, along with 12.4 Mbps of data through 2.5-inch (over 6 cm) metal walls, is an ideal system for use in submarines that require avoiding leakage and high safety. In [23], it is also pointed out that the system can also be used in ships, unmanned vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks, and airplanes.
Another large American project funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is research conducted by the team of Sherrit from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The research, begun already in 1998, concerned the possibility of generating and reading ultrasound signals using piezoelectric actuators and generators [23]. In 2005–2008 this technique was constantly improved. In 2005, the theoretical basis for energy transmission by flexible materials of thickness over 1.5 cm [24] using piezoelectric actuators was described and then—to improve efficiency—using special graphite “patches” attached with thin layers on both sides of the wall [25]. Obtained results were promising, and it was decided to do the first trials with use of mentioned above technology in the vehicles of the NASA. The team’s many years of work have been summarized in a comprehensive publication on the physical basis of ultrasonic harvesting [26] with the use of piezoelectric receivers and transmitters. Recently, a team led by Sherrit has developed a method for feeding the stepper motor through the metal wall of the vessel [27]. Thanks to the uniform power transmission, it is possible to continuously control the motor by the generated ultrasonic waves. Interestingly, this wave is not converted here to electricity and again to the mechanical energy of the engine, but the vibrating elements cause the motor to move directly by picking up ultrasonic waves. A broader literature analysis in the field of power transfer using ultrasound was carried out in [28].
Currently, there is a trend to create autonomous power supply systems for low-power consumer electronic devices (including the so-called toward zero-power information and communication technology (ICT)) or a variety of sensor systems and monitoring systems (e.g., structural health monitoring (SHM)), e.g., [6]. It is assumed that even the use of batteries in these cases is not an optimal solution, e.g., due to the troublesome replacement of batteries and their recycling.
The development of the physics of cross-field phenomena, in which one field (e.g., mechanical, thermal, magnetic) enables energy to be obtained in a different form (e.g., electricity), progresses very quickly and is supported by achievements in the field of material engineering. This results in the fact that there are an increasing number of materials usually called smart, which can be effectively used to build harvester.
The number of physical phenomena that produce electric current is significant, e.g., [29, 30, 31, 32]. You can include here:
Piezoelectric effect
Reverse magnetostriction (Villari effect)
Faraday electromagnetic induction phenomenon
Thermoelectric effect (Seebeck effect)
Static electricity
Differences in superconductor parameters
Pyroelectric effect
Ionization using an electromagnetic field
EH can also be realized using double cross fields, for example, first heat and then electric current. The interdisciplinary nature of the issue, which is energy harvesting (physics of cross effects, material engineering, mechanics, electronics), stimulates the development of science and the economy. It should be emphasized that, despite numerous works undertaken mainly in the last decade in the research centers of the most developed countries, the subject of EH and the various smart materials used for this purpose is still very topical in terms of science and application. Leading economies and research centers allocate significant resources to basic and applied research in the field of EH.
Due to scientific goals and interests, further work was focused on the use of methods increasing the parameters of harvester, mainly energy conversion efficiency, using the acquired experience in the field of magnetomechanical cross effects, smart materials, strength of materials and mechanical structures, and measurement methods. The extent of the subject matter required the imposition of restrictions. Therefore, magnetostrictive harvesters using GMM-type materials were recognized as key. Thanks to their application, instruments that were able to recover energy from sources not yet explored such as mechanical impact were obtained. An important limitation of the magnetic core harvester is its size and weight. Installing piezoelectric harvesters is a lot simpler than a magnetic core harvester that requires a complicated mechanical construction, premagnetization, and prestress. However, the current-voltage performance of magnetostrictive harvester is an order of magnitude larger than other types of harvester. That is why this type of harvester was considered to be particularly interesting. Further designs will include further miniaturization of the instruments. Current and future interests in this area are characterized by the graph presented in Figure 2. The following examples of implemented harvesting technologies are only briefly presented, the broader discussion of which will take place later.
Determining the dominant issues taken from energy harvesting.
In the field of low-power technique, the definition of harvester as the power supply of a single microprocessor was adopted, which after powering wirelessly sends data in accordance with its operating algorithm (program code) to the receiving and processing unit. A single harvesting system is a node in a larger structure managed from a central site. Individual configurations of harvester can make it easier to tune the harvesting power for specific phenomena that trigger its operation.
The obtained power in laboratory harvesters became bigger; hence these devices were treated as (source) an electric generator. Due to the physical phenomenon used for the EH effect, construction, the principle of work, the conditions in which the harvester works, and characteristics of the source, harvesters can be divided, as follows:
Constant voltage (e.g., harvesters based on a thermoelectric effect)
Variable voltage (e.g., harvesters based on the Faraday effect, e.g., as Piezo patch)
Impulse (e.g., solid-state harvesters, e.g., top core coil magnet (TCCM)
The pulse supply differs from the voltage-variable frequency of the occurrence of force and the instantaneous value of the generated current. Voltage supply is characterized by frequencies similar to the electricity in the electrical network (50/60 Hz). The generation of the voltage in the impulse supply occurs rarely and for a very short time, but the amplitude is very large. Due to the characteristics of the harvester circuits, they can be divided into:
Current sources (Faraday generator, magnetostrictive harvesters)
Voltage sources (Piezo patch type)
The essence of EH is to create new concepts of current generators, using cross effects, including more often magnetomechanical phenomena. It is assumed that even for small power and efficiency, it can be a valuable power source. The development of the technology of constructing harvester, with similar electrical parameters as chemical cells, may reduce the production of the latter for ecological reasons. As harvesters acquire energy in a nonparasitic manner, i.e., they process energy considered as a by-product (“junk”) process, they increase the efficiency of the system as a whole.
Both electricity and electric voltage must have the parameters necessary to supply both the sensors themselves and the built-in processor with the transmitter adapted to it, as well as the communication unit. Another problem is the conversion and conditioning of the voltage/current from the generator (Figure 3) [33, 34]. Designing electrical circuits for harvester requires knowledge of the device’s operating characteristics.
Configurations of electrical circuits due to energy recovery from a specific source and converter: (a) solar, (b) temperature differences, (c) piezoelectric transducer, and (d) magnetic transducer.
Only harvesters based on a thermoelectric or photovoltaic effect generate DC current. Harvesters recovering energy from vibration, magnetostrictive, and piezoelectric, as well as based on the Faraday effect, are on the other hand alternating current sources. Harvesters powered by impact impulse are a special case [35]. The generation of electricity in pulsed power takes place for a very short time, but the current amplitude is very high. Harvesters “powered” by mechanical shock generate a variable voltage waveform and are characterized by a strong current pulse, and in the generated signal, there are frequencies related to magnetic resonance of the core-coil system magnetostrictive core.
Electricity can be generated by operating on a coil with a variable magnetic field. Such a field can be induced by another coil, in which a variable current flows, we are talking about the mutual induction of coils. This is how the transformer works. By definition, a harvester should be designed so that it does not require additional power supply. Materials that can be used to generate a variable magnetic field are:
Permanent magnets (e.g., neodymium NdFeB), which are a source of constant magnetic field. In order to be able to recover energy through a coil, a source of an alternating magnetic field is necessary, which means movement of the magnet-coil system against one another.
Materials with gigantic magnetostriction (giant magnetostrictive material—GMM): Work on new materials has led to the development of materials with gigantic magnetostriction, which undergoes the action of force, deforming, while generating a variable magnetic field. If harvesters based on these methods are subjected to mechanical vibrations, which are a side effect of a certain process, they can be considered a “free” source of alternating electric current, resulting from the appearance of a variable magnetic field generated in the coil, obtaining the best energy conversion parameters [36, 37, 38, 39, 40].
As part of our own research, we selected a group of smart materials for harvesting applications and developed many solutions and harvesting methods predestined for the SHM [28, 41] application. The scope of works on magnetic harvester is presented in Figure 4 [42]. Harvesters with a smart magnetic core can be used as:
Impulse power supply operating under the influence of mechanical impact with energy adjusted to the size of the harvester core, conditioning its electrical power
As an electric power transmitter operating under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations above 25 kHz, supplied either from an actuator or a specific technological process
Types of harvesters with magnetic processing.
In the next step, it was considered advisable to undertake the task of miniaturizing the harvester structure by modifying the harvester core. The magnetic circuit of the core consists of a set of permanent magnets coupled with magnetostrictive elements, which in turn are cores made of Terfenol-D, solid, as well as in the form of compressed flakes, which makes it possible to reduce eddy currents. Proper selection of parameters related to prestress and magnetization of the magnetostrictive material ensured the supply of the microprocessor even with much smaller dimensions than the one described in [33]. In addition to the typical design assumptions, it was necessary to formulate assumptions from the electrical and functional side, which would ensure a total possibility of working in the mode of actuator-harvester [33].
Previously, harvesters with magnetic processing have been described. The subgroup of magnetic harvester is top core coil magnet (TCCM) harvesters and its variants, double top core coil magnet (DTCCM) and TCCM model 2 [36]. In the work [36], it was shown that harvesters have low electric power yields in relation to dimensions and weight. Further work was aimed at developing a new harvester structure capable of miniaturizing the device without compromising performance and electrical efficiency. The schedule of work on the development of the structure is presented in Figure 5.
Development of the next generation of harvester with magnetic core and their applications.
In order to develop a miniature harvester, the following assumptions were made:
As a core solid Terfenol-D must be used.
The core of Terfenol-D will be wrapped with foil, which will protect it against crumbling.
Alignment will be followed by a “cone-hole” pair.
An NdFeB magnet will be placed inside the coil, which will increase the obtained results with the Faraday effect under the influence of core magnetostriction.
Figure 6 shows a comparison of the TCCM structure currently developed based on two solid Terfenol-D cores. The fact that two external NdFeB magnets have been placed inside nonmagnetic oscillating cones is noteworthy.
Comparison of the structure of harvester construction developed in the Laboratory of Dynamics of WRUT.
The prestress of the core is determined by tightening the thread between the clamp and the body. A hole has been made in the aluminum cover in which a cylindrical-shaped ring is received, which receives vibrations. Between the clamp and the washer, there is a rubber ring, which acts as a shock absorber for transmitted vibrations and determines the prestress. By changing the mutual position of the clamp and body, the force at which the polyurethane ring is compressed is influenced, which acts on the core-coupled washer as shown in Figure 7.
List of all elements of the harvester: (a) main body, (b) coil with inner elements.
The harvester body is made of steel; it acts as a seismic mass, affecting the core through a cone embedded in the hole at its bottom. A hole has been made in the body with a diameter suitable for the coil with magnetostrictive cores and a supply opening for the coil wires. The advantage of the body is that it shields the magnetic field from the magnetic circuit. All elements and assembly of the harvester are shown in Figure 7.
The above described only selected own works which allowed to create a palette of harvesters. The type of work and power range of the harvester are shown in the graph below (Figure 8):
The classification of harvesters due to the nature of work, power, and the core material.
The electric power obtained by harvesters depends on the type of material and dimensions of the core. A separate group consists of solutions based on the method of demagnetizing magnets, in which neodymium magnets subjected to strong mechanical stimulation, sometimes to its destruction, are used as the core. They differ in the amount of Terfenol-D used in the magnetic circuit and provide the possibility of screwing into the structure. The view of made harvesters is shown in Figure 9 (Table 1).
A view of prototypes developed in the Laboratory of Dynamics WRUT (a) and (d) low power harvesters, (b) high power harvester, (c) “Tactical grade” type harvester.
Harvester type | View from Figure 9 | Dimensions [mm] | Mass [g] | Power in the impulse [mW] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Miniature | — | ϕ50 × 35 | 200 | 2000 |
Low power | (A, D) | ϕ50 × 50 | 300 | 5000 |
High power | (Β) | ϕ50 × 150 | 1000 | 10,000 |
“Tactical grade” | (C) | ϕ80 × 250 | 1500 | 10,000 |
An overview of the prototypes of harvesters together with the most important parameters.
Generators of special characteristics are the explosive-driven ferromagnetic generators (EDFMG) producing an electromagnetic wave that arises as a result of immediate demagnetization of the magnet by a stroke following an explosion or other strong force impulse. The magnet then loses its magnetic properties but generates a strong pulsed magnetic field around it. During the impact it is possible to even destroy the magnet, but the amount of energy that will be induced in the coil is large, and it is enough to charge high-voltage capacitors with a large capacity. This issue is the subject of intense research, especially in the last decade, and their goal is applications, mainly military [43, 44].
One of the proposed methods of generating electricity directly from the impact was the impact demagnetization of NdFeB permanent magnets [35, 36]. Just as a spring has its constant, which is a measure of energy accumulated in it, the magnet has similar storage properties. Large diameter springs have large solid, strong magnets and have a high energy density. Permanent magnets containing components of rare earth have the highest energy density (see Table 2). This applies to the generation of electricity for the instantaneous supply of microprocessor systems from the impact demagnetization of permanent magnet-type NdFeB. Currently, NdFeB magnets are the most powerful permanent magnets. The advantages of NdFeB permanent magnets in impact harvesting:
The largest—of all permanent magnets—BH energy, up to 600 kJ/m3
Strong magnetic flux at a surface of up to 2 T
High hardness of the structure with simultaneous resistance to cracking
The disadvantages of neodymium magnets include:
Poor resistance to thermal changes—high temperature has a destructive effect on the BH parameter.
Oxidation of the outer layer of the magnet makes it necessary to use chromium as the outer layer.
Material | Energy density [kJ/m3] | Bhmax MGsOe | Remanence kGs | Coercion kOe |
---|---|---|---|---|
N27 | 199–223 | 25–28 | 10.2–11.0 | Min. 9.6 |
N30 | 223–247 | 28–31 | 10.8–11.5 | Min. 10.0 |
N35 | 263–286 | 33–36 | 11.7–12.1 | Min. 10.9 |
N38 | 286–302 | 36–38 | 12.1–12.5 | Min. 11.3 |
N40 | 302–326 | 38–41 | 12.5–12.8 | Min. 11.6 |
N42 | 318–342 | 40–43 | 12.8–13.2 | Min. 11.6 |
N45 | 342–366 | 43–46 | 13.2–13.8 | Min. 11.0 |
Magnetic parameters of permanent magnets NdFeB divided into classes.
Through the use of NdFeB magnets, harvesters feature the smallest possible external dimensions. The process of releasing energy through a surge load has become a determinant for the construction of a new generation harvester.
The limited availability and increasing price of rare earth elements are the reason for reducing their share in the composition of permanent magnets. At the same time, this is the reason for intensive research on improving the operational performance of magnets, with a significant reduction in manufacturing costs. On the other hand, you can see that, despite the popularity of the so-called neodymium magnets, not all of their capabilities have been noticed and fully used. There is little work on the use of NdFeB magnets as energy storage sources, which are used if necessary due to demagnetization as a result of mechanical impact. Due to the “longevity” of magnets, you can store “programmed energy” in them much longer than in typical alkaline batteries or accumulators. Of course, the amount of stored energy is much smaller than in typical lithium batteries, but in the case of energy recovered from magnets, there are no limitations in the type of leakage current, causing self-exhaustion of batteries. It is also possible to recycle magnets after fully demagnetizing them. Assumptions adopted during the construction of the impact harvester:
Neodymium magnet with “stored” energy (BH) max can be treated as a warehouse with energy that can be used with impact demagnetization.
The harvester can be stored in conditions much less favorable than typical batteries, even in seawater.
The visible trend of reducing rare earth elements will result in a decrease in the cost of producing the harvester; however, a NdFeB magnet should be used as the method of standard.
In the magnetic circuit, the simplest construction of the magnetomechanical magnetic circuit should be used (application of pre-pressure, magnetic screens).
Energy “recovered” from a permanent magnet can be used to power a low-power sensor system.
Electronics used in the input stage supplying microprocessor elements should have a minimum starting voltage of several mV.
There are examples of ferromagnetic generators which, thanks to the impact (explosion) against the neodymium magnet, obtain instantaneous powers reaching MW; however, in the energy-harvesting application, there is no need to destroy the magnet but only a “light” impact that would not cause its rapid destruction. The way to convert energy into electricity is to place the magnet in the induction coil, just as it is placed in it and other materials, e.g., in electromagnets or in the case of Terfenol-D [2]. Due to the wave phenomena resulting from the stroke, the coil must have a special construction, also due to the polarity of the NdFeB magnet. In the case of a wave transition, a large number of windings are not required (Figure 10).
The scheme of MFT harvester construction together with the description of the relevant parameters.
Due to the pulsed energy release, too high inductance of the magnetic circuit causes the reduction of the recovered current due to the increase of the substitute output impedance. The winding should be permanently attached to the magnet. One of the most important information about a magnet that cannot be omitted is the shape and arrangement of the zero line. The winding should be made only at one of the poles, N or S. This means that the magnet should have the largest possible height to diameter ratio but at $ > 10 mm. Currently a 0.6 ratio is assumed to be the standard; however, there are solutions with a proportion close to 1. Be careful about the arrangement of the zero line, which shifts under the influence of demagnetization, and do not combine magnets in NSNS cascades, because the resulting relaxation of the NS transition results in a dramatic reduction in the performance of the magnetic circuit. A good chance to improve the performance of the recovered current is to use the Halbach matrix as the object to be demagnetized.
Harvesters using the mechanical impact phenomenon generate a variable voltage waveform. At the same time, it is characterized by a strong current impulse, and in the generated signal, there are frequencies associated with magnetic resonance of the core-coil system. Next, a new method of acquiring electric current is presented as a result of demagnetizing neodymium magnets in a circuit with a magnetostrictive core.
The use of a small number of coils around the magnet enables the “capture” of rapid change of the magnetic flux and the generation of electricity directly from the magnet impact. However, a very low voltage level at a very high current requires the use of specialized electronic transducers capable of delivering the appropriate voltage level to power the microprocessor system. The linear technology LTC3109 system dedicated to thermoelectric applications operating in a bipolar configuration was used in an original way, which, as it turned out, enables voltage processing from low-impedance magnetic circuits. The obtained results demonstrated the usefulness of the system to resonant frequencies close to 70 kHz. The most important features of the harvester with the LTC3109 system are shown in Figure 11.
Application of linear technology LTC3109 as a power conditioner for the microprocessor.
Thanks to the LTC3109 system, which enables the capacitor to be charged for the shortest possible time (the dynamic resistance parameter (ESR)), the operating time of the microprocessor is extended. It is estimated that the harvester subjected to a stroke with a 1 ms force impulse at the energy storage capacitor 100 nF manages to extend the microprocessor operating time to 6 ms. This effect is presented in Figure 12, and the view of the prototype impacts harvester system on Figure 13.
(a) An example diagram obtained as a result of stimulation of a harvester by mechanical shock, (b) waveforms on the conditioner LTC3109, and microprocessor by Atmel together with a description of the parameters.
View of the impact harvester with the ball as the element receiving the impact.
It should be borne in mind that the estimated efficiency of transforming the impact of the magnetization of the neodymium magnet to electric current is only 0.02%. Therefore, the key challenge is better transformation of energy, which requires changes in the harvester construction. An important aspect is the standardization of the harvester, in terms of their geometric dimensions, conditioned by the application requirements. It is possible to create their series of types, from miniature versions to powers of several watts, as well as relatively large ones (e.g., with neodymium magnets Ø100 mm diameter) for applications in, for example, mining. Further works should also consider the possibility of replacing relatively expensive neodymium magnets with their counterparts lacking rare earth elements.
The use of smart materials for wireless power transmission (and information) proved to be practical, and the results obtained during the research indicated the high efficiency of this method. Following further work, the project of Smart Ultrasonic Resonant Power System (SURPS) was created, which provides for the possibility of such transmission via various media and through various transmitter-receiver configurations. Diagrams are shown in Figure 14.
A schematic diagram of power transmission through ultrasonic vibrations.
The mechanism of energy transmission consists in “sending” mechanical energy through the actuator in the form of a pure, sinusoidal ultrasonic wave and then its “pickup” by the harvester through the magneto- or electrostatic material that is in it. In this way, energy (along with information) can be transmitted not only through different types of centers but also at different distances. The type of frequency modulation (FM) was used for transmission of information, which for the needs of various types of structures was modified so that the data transfer was less than the resonant frequency of the structure. This method worked well during laboratory tests, and a flow chart is shown in Figure 14. Figure 15A shows a schematic diagram of data sent by an actuator based on Terfenol-D (AT) or piezoelectric material (AP). Figure 15B in turn shows the signal that is obtained on a harvester with a core of magnetostrictive material. Figure 15C illustrates the result of the operation of the station with two magnetostriction rails and transducers from Figure 16. A sinusoidal carrier frequency with small harmonic distortion (in the below 23 kHz case) generated by an actuator for data transmission to a harvester-powered microprocessor is modulated in the “on-off” mode, that is, in some time fragments, the actuator does not work by temporarily disconnecting the power supply of the harvesting side. Due to the fact that the harvester power supply has been equipped with a bank of capacitors with a capacity of 0.5 s microprocessor operation without harvest rami support, satisfactory results have been achieved even when transmitting many bytes of information encoded in accordance with ASCII signs.
Diagram of data sent (A) and received (B) by elements of the SURPS system. AT/P, actuator based on Terfenol-D/piezo material; HT, harvester based on Terfenol-D.
Simultaneous supply of the sensory system was obtained, based on an industrial 32-bit microprocessor system and data transmission in half-duplex mode at the speed of about 1000 bps with the recovery of energy from mechanical vibrations with an over-acoustic frequency. A technique for feeding the microprocessor system from harvester machines combined with various configurations at carrier frequencies depending on the natural frequency of the structure containing dedicated actuators and harvester units with electromagnetic and magnetostriction transducers was developed.
Figure 16 shows a view of the assembled rail system with magnetostriction transducers with the possibility of powering the microprocessor system on the harvester side and transferring data in both directions.
View of the system of two rails with marked actuator and a unit recovering energy from mechanical vibrations (a) model, (b) real construction.
One of the main assumptions of the two rails’ system was to set the required prestress, within a single structure, obtained by means of plastic elements, separately with each magnetostrictive transducer. This resulted in mutual mechanical coupling of the actuator and harvester and the possibility of adjusting the resonance frequency lying in the over-acoustic band.
Figure 17 shows the difference in the structure of the actuators based on magnetostriction and piezoelectric transducers. The characteristic differences relate to the way of generating the signal that powers the given actuator. In the case of magnetostrictive devices, in which the induction coil is loaded, the basic problem is to obtain a sufficient level of magnetostriction at a current that does not overheat the magnetic circuit with the core. Piezoelectric actuators require a voltage of 200VRMS, which is obtained through a bandwidth transformer with a primary winding matched to the power level based on the M-type metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) configuration in the H-configuration. During the development of the SURPS system, a structure of certain stages of electro-magnetostrictive actuators and harvester was developed.
Specification of the individual sections of the actuator: magnetostrictive (A), electrostatic element (B).
Based on the assumptions described above, as well as the current state of knowledge in the field of ultrasonic, wireless power transmission, a complete transceiver system was designed based on a suitable microcontroller, attendance modulators, as well as dedicated software.
The main features of the SURPS system are:
Operation of piezoelectric actuators/harvester and magnetic processing.
Finding and generating the resonance frequency of mechanical construction.
Scanning of a given frequency range using the actuator-harvester system with real-time performance readout.
Reading the current root mean square (RMS) voltage from the harvester.
The system is equipped with the possibility of generating signals for two actuators generating vibrations of the same frequency but shifted in phase with each other.
Data transmission between the actuator and return harvester sections (Tx, Rx).
Frequency range from 0.1 to 50,000 Hz, 0.1 Hz (used direct digital synthesis generator (DDS) Analog Devices AD9851).
Figure 18 shows the frequency response of the mechanical structure of Figure 16. It is noteworthy that the highest performance (highest voltage) is in the over-acoustic range (above 20 kHz). The “SW” zone means an acceptable range of resonance frequencies lying near 20 kHz. On the characteristics with a dashed line, the 2.5 V voltage value is marked to guarantee the start of the microprocessor system. The points “A” and “B” marked on the waveform correspond to the most favorable ranges of carrier frequencies; it means that there are more frequencies capable of powering the system, and depending on the needs, the desired ranges of carriers can be selected. It is also possible to work more microprocessors connected to the same harvester but activated by a strictly defined frequency. The latter option allows the described solution to be used in SHM applications.
The frequency response of the double bus system.
As a model microprocessor system, a Silicon Laboratory solution called Gecko with a 32-bit Cortex-M3 processor with the designation EFM32TG840 was used. In all applications, this type of set was used, and the solution had to guarantee the ability to supply this system as typically industrial with simultaneous half-duplex transmission (data transmission in one direction at a time in a bidirectional channel).
Data transfer is carried out using our algorithmy which we called frequency double frequency amplitude modulation (F2F-AM). As a result, the flow of information is much lower than the resonant frequency caused by ultrasounds or the structure itself and can get up to 1000 bps. Higher information flow rates can be obtained by using other types of frequency modulation.
Thanks to the observations made, it was found that the use of solutions based on the SURPS system developed under the author’s guidance enables the transmission of energy over long distances without using cables but only through inaudible mechanical vibrations. However, the location of the harvester in different types of construction cannot be arbitrary. It is closely related to the medium in which the transmission takes place, as well as the length of the ultrasonic carrier wave.
A prototype of a simultaneous supply and data transmission system to the microprocessor sensory system was also created by the hermetic tank wall as a result of ultrasound wave stimulation, which is shown in Figure 19. Although its structure is similar, the frequency responses differ due to the different resonant frequency of the piezoelectric harvester. In this case, the actuator was a broadband magnetostrictive actuator. Behind the harvester, a piezoelectric cone transducer with a natural frequency of 38 kHz is placed.
View and frequency response of the system for simultaneous power transmission through the wall of a hermetic glass container with a wall thickness of about 10 mm.
Multi-node harvesting systems for simultaneous energy recovery from many sources, including:
Multi-node harvesting structures based on miniature harvester machines with magnetostrictive cores
Wireless monitoring of the parameters of the harvesting node using micro-electro-mechanical systems’ (MEMS) sensors for SHM applications (Figure 20)
Microprocessor systems powered from harvesting sources
Autonomous monitoring system Multi-DOF
View of a single electronic wireless node powered from a harvesting source.
In the field of low-power technology, the definition of harvester as a single microprocessor power supply (μC) was adopted, which after wireless feeding sends data in accordance with its operating algorithm (program code) to the receiving and processing unit. A single harvesting system is a node in a larger structure managed from a central site. Individual configurations of harvester can allow tuning the harvesting power supply to specific phenomena that trigger its operation. Figure 21 shows a schematic diagram of a harvesting structure consisting of several harvesters activated as a result of an external stimulus.
Activation of harvester by physical phenomenon.
Harvesters which in their principle of work use cross effects, more and more often are based on magneto-mechanical phenomena. It is assumed that even in the case of low power and efficiency, they can be a valuable source of power supply.
Multi-node harvesting structure can be used in structural health monitoring (SHM) applications to recover an electric power from the wasted energy generated mostly from vibrations. Magnetic harvester also might be used as a power source in SHM systems which are monitoring large mechanical structures. Our latest system presents this solution. It uses 14 MEMS sensors which designated 14 degrees of freedom (DOF) (3D accelerometer, 3D gyroscope, 3D magnetometer, barometric pressure sensor, microphone, temperature T, humidity R, light intensity). The structure of the system was shown in the Figure 22. The software designed by authors allows to monitor the parameters provided by 14 sensors via web page or in service mode. The software is designed to support such systems as ADIS16488 module and other components of one of the most precise Analog Devices iMEMS 2016 (IMU). In order to process data received from the 14DOF sensors, which include not only measuring the certain physical value but also monitoring the level of recovered energy, the proper microprocessors had to be chosen (an important factor is a power consumption).
The structure of a wireless harvesting system with a 14DOF block.
Figure 23 shows three typical sources of low-frequency energy harvesting: mechanical shock wave (Figure 23A), low-frequency mechanical resonance (Figure 23B), and energy transmission though ultrasonic resonant vibrations (Figure 23C). Properly selected conditioning circuit provides the harvesting system with a useful current and voltage capabilities. The creation of a wireless node to measure certain physical quantities and to monitor the level of recovered energy requires selection of an appropriate hardware platform such as a microprocessor and wireless transmission system. The use of smart materials in wireless power transmission turned out to be effective. For this purpose, a SURPS system for simultaneous power and data transmission was developed. It ensured transmission through various media (solid, liquid) and with various transmitter-receiver configurations [X].
Energy-harvesting sources and their power requirements: (A) mechanical impact, (B) low-frequency mechanical resonance, and (C) energy transmission by ultrasonic vibration.
After matching the sensor-microprocessor configuration with a suitable energy harvester, the whole packets, together with a wireless communication system, were placed in the nodes. Due to the fact that every node is equipped with the same wireless communication system, different types of sensors can be easily substituted or put together by the user, thanks to the dedicated software shown in Figure 24.
Prototyping of the multi-DOF wireless sensor platform: main communication station and the Multi-DOF software.
Properly selected conditioning circuit provides the harvesting system with a certain current and voltage output. The creation of a wireless node to measure certain physical quantities and to monitor the level of recovered energy requires selection of an appropriate hardware platform such as a microprocessor and wireless transmission system.
The essence of EH is to create new concepts of current generators, using cross effects, including more often magnetomechanical phenomena. The use of smart materials for wireless power transmission (and information) proved to be practical, and the results obtained during the research indicated the high efficiency of this method.
A technique for powering the microprocessor system from harvester machines combined with various configurations at carrier frequencies depending on the natural frequency of the structure containing dedicated actuators and harvester units with electromagnetic and magnetostriction transducers was developed. Satisfactory results have been achieved even when transmitting many bytes of information encoded in accordance with ASCII characters. Simultaneous supply of the sensory system was obtained, based on an industrial 32-bit microprocessor system and data transmission in half-duplex mode at the speed of about 1000 bps with the recovery of energy from mechanical vibrations with an over-acoustic frequency.
Thanks to the observations made, it was found that the use of solutions based on the SURPS system developed by the authors enables the transmission of energy over long distances without using cables but only through inaudible mechanical vibrations. However, the location of the harvester in different types of construction cannot be arbitrary. It is closely related to the medium in which the transmission takes place, as well as the length of the ultrasonic carrier wave.
The research was funded by the National Center for Research and Development within LIDER IX project (grant number: LIDER/21/0082/L-9/17/NCBR/2018).
When students know that their parents are invested in their education experiences, they understand the importance of education and the expectations their parents have for them [1]. When parents are engaged in students’ academic experiences they are more likely to know what is being taught in students’ classes and can to find ways to support their learning at home. As the significance of parent involvement becomes more evident school leaders, teachers, and policy makers are exploring ways to expand parent involvement. There is a motivation to move beyond traditional approaches such as parent-teacher conferences to more dynamic, engaging approaches where parents’ knowledge is valued and leveraged to create culturally responsive education experiences. Even though the structure of formal K-12 schools creates more opportunities for parents to participate in young elementary students’ education experiences, middle school students still show great benefit when their parents participate in school-based events and academic experiences [2].
If parents can engage in academic tasks with their students, it extends students’ instruction experiences. Students have more opportunities to discuss content, relate it to real world contexts and make meaningful connections to their lived experiences. These experiences could improve students’ science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) knowledge and lead to increased learning outcomes.
This chapter summarizes some of the work being done on the Fostering Equitable Science through Parental Involvement and Technology (ESPRIT) Project that focuses on the ways that parents participate in activities designed to increase their involvement in middle school students’ science education experiences. In the ESPRIT project work, ethnic and racial minority and immigrant parents are invited to create video responses to questions and activities assigned by their middle school students’ science teachers.
ESPRIT leverages a technology-enhanced social learning environment (SLE) called Flipgrid™ (flipgrid.com) to engage science teachers and student-parent pairs in discussions and activities designed to create connected learning experiences [3] that prompt middle school students to connect their personal interests and cultural knowledge with their academic science learning experiences. The Flipgrid social learning environment is available via an app that works on laptops, tablets, and smart phones. In a typical sequence of events, teachers create a video or text based question or assign a brief activity within the SLE and share the question via a secure link sent to students and parents. Then parents and students create a video-based response between 90 seconds and 5 minutes long. Teachers can show the video responses during class, respond to them individually, or ask students to engage in an online discussion by responding to each other’s videos. This project is well-situated to examine the rich affordances of computer supported collaborative learning experiences as we focus on how teachers, students, and parents form a dynamic knowledge building community via interactions with the SLE activities [4].
A major facet of the ESPRIT project research is to understand the ways in which participating in the SLE activities increases parent involvement. This chapter presents a new model intended to expand the notion parent involvement to focus on behaviors and activities that shift and adjust as teachers, students, and parents participate in a range of constructive, collaborative activities. The chapter also highlights roles that parents take on as they participate in an online social learning environment. These ideas are relevant for researchers, teachers, and curriculum designers interested in new ways to support parent involvement and incorporate technology into science education experiences.
Parent involvement is broadly defined as the behaviors that parents engage in with their children at home and the activities they participate in in school contexts. In their conceptualization of parent involvement, the authors in [5] describe parent involvement as having three dimensions related to behavioral, affective, and cognitive behaviors. They further specify that in order for children to experience the positive benefits of parent involvement, they must actively process information related to the involvement behaviors and incorporate it into their attitudes, motivations, and school-based schemas.
Recent research aimed at understanding home-school relationships asks that we reconceptualize parent involvement as parent engagement that is “a two-way interaction process between school and home, referring to a mutual exchange of values and knowledge. It places emphasis on reciprocity, empowerment, empathy, change and opportunities for both parents and the school” [6], p. 11.
Other perspectives of parent involvement discuss the distinction between parent involvement and parent engagement as a continuum of roles [7]. At one end of the continuum, parents participate in traditional parent involvement activities. They are primarily recipients of information from teachers and participants in school-directed activities. The other end of the continuum represents more active parent engagement where parents have agency and participate in activities that directly support student learning. This continuum framing aligns with the call for schools to view families as partners who can play important roles that support students’ academic success [8].
Many types of parent involvement have been shown to support students’ educational experiences and increase student learning outcomes [9]. To build on this knowledge, teachers, curriculum designers and researchers can leverage technology to take advantage of the fact that parents are driven to be engaged in meaningful ways and are willing to take on significant roles in their students’ education experiences. As we consider how technology can support student learning, we can also focus on how it can enhance parent involvement.
The ESPRIT project embodies this approach to broadening the impact of technology in education. In the social learning environment, teachers ask open-ended questions that allow parents and students to determine how they want to respond. Parents are asked to participate in activities that invite them to make cognitive, socio-emotional, or cultural contributions to the tasks. Parents also have more agency to structure the activities they engage in with their children. For example, as they record a video response, parents might share an experience from their lives that relates to an academic lesson their child is learning at school. In discussions with their child, they could share their ideas about how a particular content area relates to real world issues, or they could explain a scientific phenomenon and the factors that influence it. Prior to recording their video responses, parents and students are likely to have offline discussions to decide what they are going to say. After they post their responses, they may continue to discuss the content and ideas included in their response. The full cycle of parents and students creating responses that teachers can use during instruction creates the mutual exchange of knowledge that supports the type of parent involvement being called for in current educational research.
Multiple studies indicate that parents from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds recognize the importance of education and are keen to participate in their students’ education experiences. However, there are barriers to participation that parents from minority, immigrant, and low-socioeconomic status groups are likely to experience [10]. For instance, parents from minority groups have expressed challenges related to transportation and scheduling issues. Immigrant parents who do not speak English may experience additional obstacles that prevent them from participating in traditional parent involvement activities [11]. Language and communication are among the most frequently cited variables that influence the ways that immigrant families participate in school events [12].
In an interview based study of Latino immigrant parents, participants summarized the communication and scheduling frustrations they experience when trying to participate in activities like parent-teacher conferences and open house night. Time was also mentioned as a barrier because some parents work evenings and cannot attend after school events. Communication was reported as a barrier because translators were not always available. Parents also expressed confusion about knowing the ways to best support their children’s learning. A general frustration with not knowing what was expected of them created a culture of dissatisfaction and confusion [13].
In addition to these reported barriers, narrow views of parent involvement are likely to overlook ways that parents from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds are involved in students’ education experiences [6].
Parents have access to multiple types of technology platforms (i.e., laptop computers, mobile phones, tablets) and recognize that these tools can be used to broaden the ways that they are involved in their children’s education [14].
In the ESPRIT Project, parents and students create video-based responses in their homes or other locations in their community, and they are able to do it in a fairly short timeframe that fits their schedules. In several cases, parents speak in Spanish, Somali, Hmong, or Karen. Members of our research team translate those responses, or the teachers ask students to translate as they show the response during class. By using the SLE environment, teachers emphasize and value the diversity of languages spoken in their students’ families.
When teachers design prompts and activities for parents and students to complete together, parents are developing an awareness of the content being covered in their child’s science lessons. In addition, parents are included in the school community when teachers show parents’ recorded responses in their classrooms. Because teachers are able to use the SLE across multiple curriculum units, they create several SLE assignments throughout the school year and establish an expectation that parents and students should work together to discuss content being covered in their science lessons.
For example, in her lesson about scientific practices, a fifth grade teacher created a prompt asking parents to explain what scientists do. Parents recorded videos in the social learning environment. Their responses included ideas about discovering cures for illnesses, conducting experiments, and solving problems. During her lesson, the teacher quickly transcribed the responses on a post-it note while she played the parent video responses for the class. Then, she asked the class which scientific practice they thought the parent was talking about according to a chart in the classroom. Once the students agreed on the practice, the student whose parent was speaking in the video response took the post-it note and placed it in the section of the chart with the practice identified in the discussion.
In addition to the home-school connections that are being created, it is also important to note that because parents and students can view responses from other families, they are getting to know more about the families in the school community. Overall, using the social learning environment addresses some of the typical barriers immigrant and minority parents face and provide meaningful opportunities for all parents. These types of parent involvement are changing the ways that parents are engaged in their children’s learning and enriching the ways that teachers are providing instruction.
Currently, the ways that parents are invited to participate in their children’s learning are largely routine; whether they are asked to help them study for tests, complete daily homework, or assist with large project-based assignments. Still, these activities have been shown to have positive impacts on academic outcomes and are customarily offered as involvement opportunities in most K-12 schools in the US. The argument presented in this chapter is not that these types of involvement are not important and impactful. Instead, I am suggesting that there are ways to expand our thinking about parent involvement so that parents and students are continually exploring ways to connect academic experiences to meaningful, real-world contexts and students’ lived experiences.
Figure 1 presents a new model of productive parent involvement that illustrates the ways that parents participate in students’ academic experiences. It builds on ideas related to adaptive expertise [15], and is meant to provide a framework for thinking about how parents experience parent involvement activities.
New model of productive parent involvement.
When parents are new to the school environment or are engaging in unfamiliar activities they are involved novices. They do not have enough experience engaging in the tasks to feel that they can be innovative or creative nor do they have enough practice so that participating in the activities feels familiar. If parents are unable to develop a comfort level and knowledge base so that the parent involvement activities become familiar, they may view it as a generally frustrating endeavor. They are also unlikely to advance from being novices.
In cases of routine involvement, parents become familiar with particular opportunities for involvement and are able to master particular ways of being involved. They may participate in a variety of activities ranging from attending parent teacher conferences and other school events to assisting their children with homework. These behaviors are largely unidirectional. School administrators and teachers create the experiences and have a fairly scripted role for parents to play. Parents and students may become bored, passive, and unmotivated in these instances of routine parent involvement.
In this model, productive parent involvement occurs when parents are invited to participate in a broad range of activities that support their child’s education. They have the scaffolded support needed to try new activities and become familiar with them. Over time, they can further enhance their involvement by personalizing activities and connecting them students’ everyday lived experiences. The model is intended to illustrate the idea that productive parent involvement requires multiple experiences that allow parents to become familiar with the activities. It also underscores the need for to challenge and inspire parents to engage in innovative thinking about their students’ education.
Figure 2 presents the model with technology featured as a mechanism for supporting parent involvement activities and for promoting productive parent involvement. In this version of the model, novice involvement is that in which parents have little to no experience or knowledge of a new technology being utilized. As an example, imagine that schools and/or teachers are attempting to try new technologies to support parent involvement. However, parents are not receiving the proper guidance or support to experience the value of the technology. Parents may try the new tools, become frustrated, and then ultimately decide not use them. At the school level, this might include utilizing a new parent portal designed to provide information about school events and grades. At the classroom level, teachers may ask parents to help their students use specific apps to complete homework assignments. When parents are new to the technology, they do not feel comfortable enough to use it efficiently nor do they have enough experience with it to support their students’ learning.
Technology and productive parent involvement.
Frustrated involvement occurs when parents are asked to learn to use multiple technologies with little support. They might also be asked to use too many technologies (i.e., apps for homework, texting and email for communication, and portals for information). As more school districts adopt one-to-one device programs, parents are likely to see a wide range of technologies that their children are being asked to use. Without proper guidance and support, they may become frustrated and decide that they are unable to be involved as much as they would like. Parents are also likely to become frustrated when they are asked to utilize technology to increase home-school connections that are primarily unidirectional [16].
When parents use a particular technology one way without making adjustments based on the academic content, students’ understanding, cultural knowledge, or personal interests and routine involvement becomes the norm. While this type of involvement may be fine in the short term [17], it does not hold much promise for sustained engagement.
By using a technology-enhanced social learning environment, we avoid frustrated and routine parent involvement because parents are invited to participate in students’ learning in a variety of activities. They are asked to engage in familiar activities like discussing everyday ideas and explaining scientific phenomena. They are asked to complete demonstrations and experiments at home with their students and they are invited to share their cultural knowledge and expertise. The social learning environment remains the same, but the activities that parents participate in with their students is ever-changing. Over time, parents are able to become active and engaged participants in students’ academic experiences. They are more likely to understand what students are learning in their classes and know how to support them at home. They are empowered to engage in productive parent involvement where share knowledge, learn new ideas, and try new activities with their children.
In the ESPRIT Project, parent involvement occurs through discourse within a technology-enhanced social learning environment. By assigning prompts that students and parents complete together, teachers are inviting parents to take on a variety of roles that enhance students’ learning experiences. In our work, one way that we explain the various participation dynamics is to characterize parents’ participation by describing the roles they play. The roles could vary based on the structure and content of the prompt. They could also vary based on the parents’ personality and experience with the project activities. We have observed four main roles that parents take on as they generate video responses with their children: [1] passive participant, [2] scientific knowledge resource, [3] cultural knowledge resource, and [4] co-learner.
Many parents begin as
Another SLE prompt asks, “What is the oldest thing you own? Do you know how old it is and where it came from?” In one of the responses, we can see and hear the student talking while her mother is off camera giving her details about the items she is describing and directing her to turn the camera around to show some of the items. Even when they are responding directly to the prompts, several parents’ initial responses are voice only responses. They do not show their faces, but they provide information related to the prompt.
After observing their children creating one or two prompt responses, parents are likely to transition from being passive participants to engaging in more active roles. Once parents are actively participating it is possible to further characterize their roles by the type of information they share.
In some cases, parents serve as a
Parents take on the role of a
When parents are involved in their students’ learning as a resource the experience is largely passive for the students. However, students are benefitting from revisiting scientific information covered in their classes or hearing new scientific ideas. When parents share cultural knowledge, students see the value of their funds of knowledge [18] and make important home-school connections.
A fourth role we have observed is that of
New understandings of parent involvement are necessary as more efforts are made to use technology to connect students’ home and school environments. The work in this chapter expands parent involvement research by focusing on how parents are involved in academic tasks with their students. It also recognizes the power of technology to create new pathways for parent involvement and contributes to a growing body of work focusing on parent roles and outcomes [19].
The flexibility and accessibility of mobile technologies and apps allow parents who may not be typically involved in education to engage in a range of activities that can enhance their children’s educational experiences. Technology can expand parent involvement from unidirectional, school-based, experiences to community-building experiences that encourage parents to discuss academic ideas with their children, their family members, and other families in their school community.
In the ESPRIT project, we have observed how technology can help parents from diverse backgrounds to engage in academic activities with their students and have an impact on their students’ classroom experiences. Parents share their knowledge in their own voice and in their first language. In some instances, the teacher shows the video response in class and the student translates. This sends a powerful message that the students’ funds of knowledge are valued in their classrooms. Even if teachers do not show all of the video responses in class, the act of being asked to engage in the SLE tasks, has impressive impacts. Students see that their parents have valuable knowledge to share, and parents feel validated as key advocates in their children’s academic experiences.
The roles that parents play in the SLE activities illustrate that technology enhanced interventions can increase and sustain parent involvement so that parents are able to engage in productive parent involvement. The SLE is flexible enough that teachers can invite parents to participate in a multiple roles across a wide range of content areas. Parents and students are able to participate in academic activities that are culturally rich and personally meaningful.
There is evidence that when teachers enact technology-enhanced systems, parents are likely to use the system as well. Additionally, the more frequently teachers incorporate these systems into their classroom practices, the more they become a normative aspect of parent involvement [19]. Once this happens, a critical feedback loop can be created so that parents have a better understanding about what is happening in classrooms and teachers develop an awareness of the wealth of knowledge parents have that can enhance their instruction [20].
Parent involvement requires innovative thinking about ways to provide opportunities for parents to participate in their children’s education experiences. This type of thinking is especially important in order to include parents from underrepresented groups who are more likely to experience inequities and disadvantages that prevent them from being as engaged as parents from majority populations. Technology-enhanced parent engagement activities like those discussed in this chapter can elicit academic discourse that is culturally responsive and personally relevant.
The ESPRIT project is funded by a grant from the National Science Foundation (#1657088). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed in the chapter are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. I would like to acknowledge the hard work and creative ideas from all of the ESPRIT research team members: Tayler Loiselle, Elena Gullickson, Isabel Lopez, Abdirashid Abdi, Corissa Wurth, Samuel Bullard, Madeline Quickstad, Daria Zharova, and Lucas Simpson. This work would not be possible without all of you.
Keisha Varma has NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this chapter.
Thank you to all of the teachers, students, and parents who have participated in the ESPRIT project activities.
We believe financial barriers should not prevent researchers from publishing their findings. With the need to make scientific research more publicly available and support the benefits of Open Access, more and more institutions and funders are dedicating resources to assist faculty members and researchers cover Open Access Publishing Fees (OAPFs). In addition, IntechOpen provides several further options presented below, all of which are available to researchers, and could secure the financing of your Open Access publication.
",metaTitle:"Waiver Policy",metaDescription:"We feel that financial barriers should never prevent researchers from publishing their research. With the need to make scientific research more publically available and support the benefits of Open Access, more institutions and funders have dedicated funds to assist their faculty members and researchers cover the APCs associated with publishing in Open Access. Below we have outlined several options available to secure financing for your Open Access publication.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/waiver-policy",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\\n\\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\\n\\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\\n\\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\\n\\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\\n\\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\\n\\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\\n\\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\\n\\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\\n\\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\\n\\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\\n"}]'},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'At IntechOpen, the majority of OAPFs are paid by an Author’s institution or funding agency - Institutions (73%) vs. Authors (23%).
\n\nThe first step in obtaining funds for your Open Access publication begins with your institution or library. IntechOpen’s publishing standards align with most institutional funding programs. Our advice is to petition your institution for help in financing your Open Access publication.
\n\nHowever, as Open Access becomes a more commonly used publishing option for the dissemination of scientific and scholarly content, in addition to institutions, there are a growing number of funders who allow the use of grants for covering OA publication costs, or have established separate funds for the same purpose.
\n\nPlease consult our Open Access Funding page to explore some of these funding opportunities and learn more about how you could finance your IntechOpen publication. Keep in mind that this list is not definitive, and while we are constantly updating and informing our Authors of new funding opportunities, we recommend that you always check with your institution first.
\n\nFor Authors who are unable to obtain funding from their institution or research funding bodies and still need help in covering publication costs, IntechOpen offers the possibility of applying for a Waiver.
\n\nOur mission is to support Authors in publishing their research and making an impact within the scientific community. Currently, 14% of Authors receive full waivers and 6% receive partial waivers.
\n\nWhile providing support and advice to all our international Authors, waiver priority will be given to those Authors who reside in countries that are classified by the World Bank as low-income economies. In this way, we can help ensure that the scientific work being carried out can make an impact within the worldwide scientific community, no matter where an Author might live.
\n\nThe application process is open after your submitted manuscript has been accepted for publication. To apply, please fill out a Waiver Request Form and send it to your Author Service Manager. If you have an official letter from your university or institution showing that funds for your OA publication are unavailable, please attach that as well. The Waiver Request will normally be addressed within one week from the application date. All chapters that receive waivers or partial waivers will be designated as such online.
\n\nDownload Waiver Request Form
\n\nFeel free to contact us at funders@intechopen.com if you have any questions about Funding options or our Waiver program. If you have already begun the process and require further assistance, please contact your Author Service Manager, who is there to assist you!
\n\nNote: All data represented above was collected by IntechOpen from 2013 to 2017.
\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"6700",title:"Dr.",name:"Abbass A.",middleName:null,surname:"Hashim",slug:"abbass-a.-hashim",fullName:"Abbass A. Hashim",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6700/images/1864_n.jpg",biography:"Currently I am carrying out research in several areas of interest, mainly covering work on chemical and bio-sensors, semiconductor thin film device fabrication and characterisation.\nAt the moment I have very strong interest in radiation environmental pollution and bacteriology treatment. The teams of researchers are working very hard to bring novel results in this field. I am also a member of the team in charge for the supervision of Ph.D. students in the fields of development of silicon based planar waveguide sensor devices, study of inelastic electron tunnelling in planar tunnelling nanostructures for sensing applications and development of organotellurium(IV) compounds for semiconductor applications. I am a specialist in data analysis techniques and nanosurface structure. I have served as the editor for many books, been a member of the editorial board in science journals, have published many papers and hold many patents.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sheffield Hallam University",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"12392",title:"Mr.",name:"Alex",middleName:null,surname:"Lazinica",slug:"alex-lazinica",fullName:"Alex Lazinica",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/12392/images/7282_n.png",biography:"Alex Lazinica is the founder and CEO of IntechOpen. After obtaining a Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, he continued his PhD studies in Robotics at the Vienna University of Technology. Here he worked as a robotic researcher with the university's Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Group as well as a guest researcher at various European universities, including the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL). During this time he published more than 20 scientific papers, gave presentations, served as a reviewer for major robotic journals and conferences and most importantly he co-founded and built the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems- world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics. Starting this journal was a pivotal point in his career, since it was a pathway to founding IntechOpen - Open Access publisher focused on addressing academic researchers needs. Alex is a personification of IntechOpen key values being trusted, open and entrepreneurial. Today his focus is on defining the growth and development strategy for the company.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"19816",title:"Prof.",name:"Alexander",middleName:null,surname:"Kokorin",slug:"alexander-kokorin",fullName:"Alexander Kokorin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/19816/images/1607_n.jpg",biography:"Alexander I. Kokorin: born: 1947, Moscow; DSc., PhD; Principal Research Fellow (Research Professor) of Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.\r\nArea of research interests: physical chemistry of complex-organized molecular and nanosized systems, including polymer-metal complexes; the surface of doped oxide semiconductors. He is an expert in structural, absorptive, catalytic and photocatalytic properties, in structural organization and dynamic features of ionic liquids, in magnetic interactions between paramagnetic centers. The author or co-author of 3 books, over 200 articles and reviews in scientific journals and books. He is an actual member of the International EPR/ESR Society, European Society on Quantum Solar Energy Conversion, Moscow House of Scientists, of the Board of Moscow Physical Society.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics",country:{name:"Russia"}}},{id:"62389",title:"PhD.",name:"Ali Demir",middleName:null,surname:"Sezer",slug:"ali-demir-sezer",fullName:"Ali Demir Sezer",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62389/images/3413_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Ali Demir Sezer has a Ph.D. from Pharmaceutical Biotechnology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Marmara (Turkey). He is the member of many Pharmaceutical Associations and acts as a reviewer of scientific journals and European projects under different research areas such as: drug delivery systems, nanotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Dr. Sezer is the author of many scientific publications in peer-reviewed journals and poster communications. Focus of his research activity is drug delivery, physico-chemical characterization and biological evaluation of biopolymers micro and nanoparticles as modified drug delivery system, and colloidal drug carriers (liposomes, nanoparticles etc.).",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Marmara University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"64434",title:"Dr.",name:"Angkoon",middleName:null,surname:"Phinyomark",slug:"angkoon-phinyomark",fullName:"Angkoon Phinyomark",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64434/images/2619_n.jpg",biography:"My name is Angkoon Phinyomark. I received a B.Eng. degree in Computer Engineering with First Class Honors in 2008 from Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand, where I received a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering. My research interests are primarily in the area of biomedical signal processing and classification notably EMG (electromyography signal), EOG (electrooculography signal), and EEG (electroencephalography signal), image analysis notably breast cancer analysis and optical coherence tomography, and rehabilitation engineering. I became a student member of IEEE in 2008. During October 2011-March 2012, I had worked at School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, United Kingdom. In addition, during a B.Eng. I had been a visiting research student at Faculty of Computer Science, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain for three months.\n\nI have published over 40 papers during 5 years in refereed journals, books, and conference proceedings in the areas of electro-physiological signals processing and classification, notably EMG and EOG signals, fractal analysis, wavelet analysis, texture analysis, feature extraction and machine learning algorithms, and assistive and rehabilitative devices. I have several computer programming language certificates, i.e. Sun Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform 1.4 (SCJP), Microsoft Certified Professional Developer, Web Developer (MCPD), Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, .NET Framework 2.0 Web (MCTS). I am a Reviewer for several refereed journals and international conferences, such as IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Optic Letters, Measurement Science Review, and also a member of the International Advisory Committee for 2012 IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications and 2012 IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Joseph Fourier University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"55578",title:"Dr.",name:"Antonio",middleName:null,surname:"Jurado-Navas",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",fullName:"Antonio Jurado-Navas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",biography:"Antonio Jurado-Navas received the M.S. degree (2002) and the Ph.D. degree (2009) in Telecommunication Engineering, both from the University of Málaga (Spain). He first worked as a consultant at Vodafone-Spain. From 2004 to 2011, he was a Research Assistant with the Communications Engineering Department at the University of Málaga. In 2011, he became an Assistant Professor in the same department. From 2012 to 2015, he was with Ericsson Spain, where he was working on geo-location\ntools for third generation mobile networks. Since 2015, he is a Marie-Curie fellow at the Denmark Technical University. His current research interests include the areas of mobile communication systems and channel modeling in addition to atmospheric optical communications, adaptive optics and statistics",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Malaga",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"6495",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Eberli",slug:"daniel-eberli",fullName:"Daniel Eberli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/6495/images/1947_n.jpg",biography:"Daniel Eberli MD. Ph.D. is a scientific physician working in the translational field of urologic tissue engineering. He has a medical degree from the Medical School in Zurich, Switzerland, and a Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine from Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC. He currently has a faculty position at the Department of Urology at the University Hospital Zurich, where he devotes half of his time to patient care. He is a lecturer at the Medical School of Zurich and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. Together with his research team, he is working on novel biomaterials for bladder reconstruction, improving autonomic innervation, cellular treatment of incontinence and tracking of stem cells.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",country:{name:"Switzerland"}}},{id:"122240",title:"Prof.",name:"Frede",middleName:null,surname:"Blaabjerg",slug:"frede-blaabjerg",fullName:"Frede Blaabjerg",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Aalborg University",country:{name:"Denmark"}}},{id:"50823",title:"Prof.",name:"Hamid Reza",middleName:null,surname:"Karimi",slug:"hamid-reza-karimi",fullName:"Hamid Reza Karimi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Polytechnic University of Milan",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"22128",title:"Dr.",name:"Harald",middleName:null,surname:"Haas",slug:"harald-haas",fullName:"Harald Haas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Edinburgh",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"80399",title:"Dr.",name:"Huosheng",middleName:null,surname:"Hu",slug:"huosheng-hu",fullName:"Huosheng Hu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Essex",country:{name:"United Kingdom"}}},{id:"135796",title:"Prof.",name:"Jim",middleName:null,surname:"Van Os",slug:"jim-van-os",fullName:"Jim Van Os",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Utrecht University",country:{name:"Netherlands"}}}],filtersByRegion:[{group:"region",caption:"North America",value:1,count:6630},{group:"region",caption:"Middle and South America",value:2,count:5913},{group:"region",caption:"Africa",value:3,count:2404},{group:"region",caption:"Asia",value:4,count:12563},{group:"region",caption:"Australia and Oceania",value:5,count:1009},{group:"region",caption:"Europe",value:6,count:17575}],offset:12,limit:12,total:17575},chapterEmbeded:{data:{}},editorApplication:{success:null,errors:{}},ofsBooks:{filterParams:{hasNoEditors:"0",sort:"-dateEndThirdStepPublish",topicId:"5"},books:[{type:"book",id:"11803",title:"Alternative Dietary Lifestyles",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"54e1d61b9b0befe1e198556039143205",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Paz Otero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11803.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"356318",title:"Dr.",name:"Paz",surname:"Otero",slug:"paz-otero",fullName:"Paz Otero"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11785",title:"Ginger - Cultivation and Use",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"1caa2d6d054af82de4a88ecb2b3fedfa",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Prashant Kaushik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11785.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"311935",title:"Dr.",name:"Prashant",surname:"Kaushik",slug:"prashant-kaushik",fullName:"Prashant Kaushik"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11606",title:"Asteraceae - Characterization, Recent Advances and Applications",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"910ecf8411098a42bb250c87a978f1b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Mohamed A. El-Esawi",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11606.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"191770",title:"Dr.",name:"Mohamed A.",surname:"El-Esawi",slug:"mohamed-a.-el-esawi",fullName:"Mohamed A. El-Esawi"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12172",title:"Health Risks of Food Additives - Recent Developments and Trends in Food Sector",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f6aa23b1045d266d0928fcef04fa3417",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Muhammad Sajid Arshad and Mr. Waseem Khalid",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12172.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"192998",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Sajid",surname:"Arshad",slug:"muhammad-sajid-arshad",fullName:"Muhammad Sajid Arshad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11612",title:"Landraces - Its Productive Conservation",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"9c3ea2c2248cc3c8a2888e525c732c26",slug:null,bookSignature:"Emeritus Prof. Arnoldo González-Reyna and Dr. Prashant Kaushik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11612.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"470479",title:"Emeritus Prof.",name:"Arnoldo",surname:"González-Reyna",slug:"arnoldo-gonzalez-reyna",fullName:"Arnoldo González-Reyna"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11642",title:"Food Preservation and Packaging - Recent Process and Technological Advancements",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"00f636e3012dc12ebb8713cb51d75a1f",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Jaya Shankar Tumuluru",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11642.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"95803",title:"Dr.",name:"Jaya Shankar",surname:"Tumuluru",slug:"jaya-shankar-tumuluru",fullName:"Jaya Shankar Tumuluru"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11784",title:"Bryophytes - The State of Knowledge in a World Under Climate Change",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"80743b2add35e11b09c10e6895a45831",slug:null,bookSignature:"Prof. Jair Putzke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11784.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"324930",title:"Prof.",name:"Jair",surname:"Putzke",slug:"jair-putzke",fullName:"Jair Putzke"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11624",title:"Agricultural Waste - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"f86a9f720cc3ac0f1c385d0367ea89b9",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Fiaz Ahmad and Prof. Muhammad Sultan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11624.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"338219",title:"Dr.",name:"Fiaz",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"fiaz-ahmad",fullName:"Fiaz Ahmad"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11788",title:"Plant Stress Responses and Defense Mechanisms",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"fd76ac80924e5a4d530ad0a1b54ca1f4",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Saddam Hussain, Dr. Tahir Hussain Awan, Dr. Ejaz Waraich and Dr. Masood Iqbal Awan",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11788.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"247858",title:"Dr.",name:"Saddam",surname:"Hussain",slug:"saddam-hussain",fullName:"Saddam Hussain"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11810",title:"Animal Behavior - New Insights",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"db1dacc9284b2fc73f38fa985a586e15",slug:null,bookSignature:"Associate Prof. Volkan Gelen and Dr. Abdulsamed Kükürt",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11810.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"178366",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Volkan",surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12157",title:"Rice Crops - Productivity, Quality and Sustainability",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"2a38bb2448f4516740db05ce746f08e3",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Min Huang, Dr. Jiana Chen, Dr. Xiaowu Pan and Dr. Haiming Tang",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12157.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"189829",title:"Dr.",name:"Min",surname:"Huang",slug:"min-huang",fullName:"Min Huang"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"12173",title:"Dairy Processing - From Basics to Advances",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!0,hash:"420e687768b56ca7b3238d77f63f1302",slug:null,bookSignature:"Dr. Neelam Upadhyay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/12173.jpg",editedByType:null,editors:[{id:"269538",title:"Dr.",name:"Neelam",surname:"Upadhyay",slug:"neelam-upadhyay",fullName:"Neelam Upadhyay"}],productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],filtersByTopic:[{group:"topic",caption:"Agricultural and Biological Sciences",value:5,count:43},{group:"topic",caption:"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology",value:6,count:13},{group:"topic",caption:"Business, Management and Economics",value:7,count:4},{group:"topic",caption:"Chemistry",value:8,count:25},{group:"topic",caption:"Computer and Information Science",value:9,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Earth and Planetary Sciences",value:10,count:19},{group:"topic",caption:"Engineering",value:11,count:65},{group:"topic",caption:"Environmental Sciences",value:12,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Immunology and Microbiology",value:13,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Materials Science",value:14,count:30},{group:"topic",caption:"Mathematics",value:15,count:11},{group:"topic",caption:"Medicine",value:16,count:128},{group:"topic",caption:"Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials",value:17,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Neuroscience",value:18,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science",value:19,count:7},{group:"topic",caption:"Physics",value:20,count:12},{group:"topic",caption:"Psychology",value:21,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Robotics",value:22,count:3},{group:"topic",caption:"Social Sciences",value:23,count:9},{group:"topic",caption:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",value:25,count:3}],offset:12,limit:12,total:43},popularBooks:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9808",title:"Contemporary Topics in Patient Safety",subtitle:"Volume 1",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb6371607c2c6c02c6a2af8892765aba",slug:"contemporary-topics-in-patient-safety-volume-1",bookSignature:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki and Michael S. Firstenberg",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9808.jpg",editors:[{id:"181694",title:"Dr.",name:"Stanislaw P.",middleName:null,surname:"Stawicki",slug:"stanislaw-p.-stawicki",fullName:"Stanislaw P. Stawicki"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9544",title:"Global Trade in the Emerging Business Environment",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"fb8cb09b9599246add78d508a98273d5",slug:"global-trade-in-the-emerging-business-environment",bookSignature:"Muhammad Mohiuddin, Jingbin Wang , Md. Samim Al Azad and Selim Ahmed",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9544.jpg",editors:[{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],offset:12,limit:12,total:4387},hotBookTopics:{hotBooks:[],offset:0,limit:12,total:null},publish:{},publishingProposal:{success:null,errors:{}},books:{featuredBooks:[{type:"book",id:"9974",title:"E-Learning and Digital Education in the Twenty-First Century",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"88b58d66e975df20425fc1dfd22d53aa",slug:"e-learning-and-digital-education-in-the-twenty-first-century",bookSignature:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9974.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3385,editors:[{id:"94099",title:"Dr.",name:"M. Mahruf C.",middleName:null,surname:"Shohel",slug:"m.-mahruf-c.-shohel",fullName:"M. Mahruf C. Shohel"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11001",title:"Density Functional Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"82d53383af78ab41eb982086c02fb2bb",slug:"density-functional-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11001.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1875,editors:[{id:"198499",title:"Dr.",name:"Daniel",middleName:null,surname:"Glossman-Mitnik",slug:"daniel-glossman-mitnik",fullName:"Daniel Glossman-Mitnik"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10356",title:"Natural Medicinal Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"943e56ccaaf19ff696d25aa638ae37d6",slug:"natural-medicinal-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10356.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3842,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"11752",title:"Natural Drugs from Plants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a0a83c0822608ef7592bf16a5ed0ada4",slug:"natural-drugs-from-plants",bookSignature:"Hany A. El-Shemy",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11752.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3008,editors:[{id:"54719",title:"Prof.",name:"Hany",middleName:null,surname:"El-Shemy",slug:"hany-el-shemy",fullName:"Hany El-Shemy"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10251",title:"Plankton Communities",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e11e441ca2d2d5f631b1b4704505cfb6",slug:"plankton-communities",bookSignature:"Leonel Pereira and Ana Marta Gonçalves",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10251.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1109,editors:[{id:"279788",title:"Dr.",name:"Leonel",middleName:null,surname:"Pereira",slug:"leonel-pereira",fullName:"Leonel Pereira"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10830",title:"Animal Feed Science and Nutrition",subtitle:"Production, Health and Environment",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"79944fc8fbbaa329aed6fde388154832",slug:"animal-feed-science-and-nutrition-production-health-and-environment",bookSignature:"Amlan Kumar Patra",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10830.jpg",publishedDate:"May 18th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1010,editors:[{id:"310962",title:"Dr.",name:"Amlan",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Patra",slug:"amlan-patra",fullName:"Amlan Patra"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10584",title:"Engineered Wood Products for Construction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"421757c56a3735986055250821275a51",slug:"engineered-wood-products-for-construction",bookSignature:"Meng Gong",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10584.jpg",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3918,editors:[{id:"274242",title:"Dr.",name:"Meng",middleName:null,surname:"Gong",slug:"meng-gong",fullName:"Meng Gong"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9670",title:"Current Trends in Wheat Research",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"89d795987f1747a76eee532700d2093d",slug:"current-trends-in-wheat-research",bookSignature:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9670.jpg",publishedDate:"May 11th 2022",numberOfDownloads:1654,editors:[{id:"185476",title:"Dr.",name:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman",middleName:null,surname:"Ansari",slug:"mahmood-ur-rahman-ansari",fullName:"Mahmood-ur-Rahman Ansari"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"9032",title:"Corporate Social Responsibility",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f609bf3251d7cc7bae0099a4374adfc3",slug:"corporate-social-responsibility",bookSignature:"Beatrice Orlando",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9032.jpg",publishedDate:"March 16th 2022",numberOfDownloads:7686,editors:[{id:"232969",title:"Prof.",name:"Beatrice",middleName:null,surname:"Orlando",slug:"beatrice-orlando",fullName:"Beatrice Orlando"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}},{type:"book",id:"10681",title:"Biodegradation Technology of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"9a6e10e02788092872fd249436898e97",slug:"biodegradation-technology-of-organic-and-inorganic-pollutants",bookSignature:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes, Rodrigo Nogueira de Sousa and Kamila Cabral Mielke",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10681.jpg",publishedDate:"April 20th 2022",numberOfDownloads:3444,editors:[{id:"197720",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Kassio",middleName:null,surname:"Ferreira Mendes",slug:"kassio-ferreira-mendes",fullName:"Kassio Ferreira Mendes"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter"}}],latestBooks:[{type:"book",id:"10522",title:"Coding Theory",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"6357e1dd7d38adeb519ca7a10dc9e5a0",slug:"coding-theory-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan and Sudev Naduvath",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10522.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"26327",title:"Dr.",name:"Sudhakar",middleName:null,surname:"Radhakrishnan",slug:"sudhakar-radhakrishnan",fullName:"Sudhakar Radhakrishnan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10821",title:"Automation and Control",subtitle:"Theories and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"18463c2291ba306c4dcbabd988227eea",slug:"automation-and-control-theories-and-applications",bookSignature:"Elmer P. Dadios",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10821.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"111683",title:"Prof.",name:"Elmer P.",middleName:"P.",surname:"Dadios",slug:"elmer-p.-dadios",fullName:"Elmer P. Dadios"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11348",title:"Mutagenesis and Mitochondrial-Associated Pathologies",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"001972b3c5b49367314b13025a449232",slug:"mutagenesis-and-mitochondrial-associated-pathologies",bookSignature:"Michael Fasullo and Angel Catala",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11348.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"258231",title:"Dr.",name:"Michael",middleName:"Thomas",surname:"Fasullo",slug:"michael-fasullo",fullName:"Michael Fasullo"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"11123",title:"Epoxy-Based Composites",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c1c5447cf3b9d6c7688276ac30e80de6",slug:"epoxy-based-composites",bookSignature:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Ramesh Arthanari and M.R.Meera",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11123.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"247421",title:"Dr.",name:"Samson Jerold Samuel",middleName:null,surname:"Chelladurai",slug:"samson-jerold-samuel-chelladurai",fullName:"Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10632",title:"Theory and Practice of Tunnel Engineering",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"7ba17749f9d0b6a62d584a3c320a1f49",slug:"theory-and-practice-of-tunnel-engineering",bookSignature:"Hasan Tosun",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10632.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"79083",title:"Prof.",name:"Hasan",middleName:null,surname:"Tosun",slug:"hasan-tosun",fullName:"Hasan Tosun"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10906",title:"Fungal Reproduction and Growth",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f84de0280d54f3b52e3e4585cff24ac1",slug:"fungal-reproduction-and-growth",bookSignature:"Sadia Sultan and Gurmeet Kaur Surindar Singh",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10906.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"176737",title:"Dr.",name:"Sadia",middleName:null,surname:"Sultan",slug:"sadia-sultan",fullName:"Sadia Sultan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10914",title:"Effective Elimination of Structural Racism",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"f6a2562646c0fd664aca8335bc3b3e69",slug:"effective-elimination-of-structural-racism",bookSignature:"Erick Guerrero",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10914.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"294761",title:"Dr.",name:"Erick",middleName:null,surname:"Guerrero",slug:"erick-guerrero",fullName:"Erick Guerrero"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10664",title:"Animal Reproduction",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"2d66af42fb17d0a6556bb9ef28e273c7",slug:"animal-reproduction",bookSignature:"Yusuf Bozkurt and Mustafa Numan Bucak",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10664.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"90846",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Bozkurt",slug:"yusuf-bozkurt",fullName:"Yusuf Bozkurt"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10940",title:"Plant Hormones",subtitle:"Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"5aae8a345f8047ed528914ff3491f643",slug:"plant-hormones-recent-advances-new-perspectives-and-applications",bookSignature:"Christophe Hano",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10940.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"313856",title:"Dr.",name:"Christophe",middleName:"F.E.",surname:"Hano",slug:"christophe-hano",fullName:"Christophe Hano"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"10207",title:"Sexual Abuse",subtitle:"An Interdisciplinary Approach",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"e1ec1d5a7093490df314d7887e0b3809",slug:"sexual-abuse-an-interdisciplinary-approach",bookSignature:"Ersi Kalfoğlu and Sotirios Kalfoglou",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10207.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",publishedDate:"May 25th 2022",editors:[{id:"68678",title:"Dr.",name:"Ersi",middleName:null,surname:"Kalfoglou",slug:"ersi-kalfoglou",fullName:"Ersi Kalfoglou"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}]},subject:{topic:{id:"542",title:"Graphics Technology",slug:"graphics-technology",parent:{id:"89",title:"Computer Graphics",slug:"computer-and-information-science-computer-graphics"},numberOfBooks:1,numberOfSeries:0,numberOfAuthorsAndEditors:28,numberOfWosCitations:22,numberOfCrossrefCitations:11,numberOfDimensionsCitations:24,videoUrl:null,fallbackUrl:null,description:null},booksByTopicFilter:{topicId:"542",sort:"-publishedDate",limit:12,offset:0},booksByTopicCollection:[{type:"book",id:"1969",title:"Computer Graphics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"a996909bf7bccb07bba2ced36e184ea1",slug:"computer-graphics",bookSignature:"Nobuhiko Mukai",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1969.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"102590",title:"Prof.",name:"Nobuhiko",middleName:null,surname:"Mukai",slug:"nobuhiko-mukai",fullName:"Nobuhiko Mukai"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}}],booksByTopicTotal:1,seriesByTopicCollection:[],seriesByTopicTotal:0,mostCitedChapters:[{id:"34477",doi:"10.5772/36170",title:"To see the unseen. Computer graphics in visualisation and reconstruction of archaeological and historical textiles",slug:"to-see-the-unseen-computer-graphics-in-visualisation-and-reconstruction-of-archaeological-and-histor",totalDownloads:2902,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Maria Cybulska",authors:[{id:"107338",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Cybulska",slug:"maria-cybulska",fullName:"Maria Cybulska"}]},{id:"34474",doi:"10.5772/34878",title:"Volume Ray Casting in WebGL",slug:"volume-ray-casting-in-webgl",totalDownloads:6239,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"John Congote, Luis Kabongo, Aitor Moreno, Alvaro Segura, Andoni Beristain, Jorge Posada and Oscar Ruiz",authors:[{id:"2144",title:"Dr.",name:"Oscar",middleName:null,surname:"Ruiz",slug:"oscar-ruiz",fullName:"Oscar Ruiz"},{id:"101974",title:"MSc.",name:"John",middleName:null,surname:"Congote",slug:"john-congote",fullName:"John Congote"},{id:"111517",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:null,surname:"Kabongo",slug:"luis-kabongo",fullName:"Luis Kabongo"},{id:"111519",title:"MSc.",name:"Aitor",middleName:null,surname:"Moreno",slug:"aitor-moreno",fullName:"Aitor Moreno"},{id:"111520",title:"MSc.",name:"Alvaro",middleName:null,surname:"Segura",slug:"alvaro-segura",fullName:"Alvaro Segura"},{id:"111521",title:"Dr.",name:"Jorge",middleName:null,surname:"Posada",slug:"jorge-posada",fullName:"Jorge Posada"},{id:"111526",title:"Dr.",name:"Andoni",middleName:null,surname:"Beristain",slug:"andoni-beristain",fullName:"Andoni Beristain"}]},{id:"34468",doi:"10.5772/35555",title:"Bounding Volume Hierarchies for Collision Detection",slug:"bounding-volume-hierarchies-for-collision-detection",totalDownloads:5128,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:5,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Hamzah Asyrani Sulaiman and Abdullah Bade",authors:[{id:"104973",title:"Dr.",name:"Hamzah Asyrani",middleName:null,surname:"Sulaiman",slug:"hamzah-asyrani-sulaiman",fullName:"Hamzah Asyrani Sulaiman"},{id:"104975",title:"Prof.",name:"Abdullah",middleName:null,surname:"Bade",slug:"abdullah-bade",fullName:"Abdullah Bade"}]},{id:"34476",doi:"10.5772/36205",title:"Maxine: Embodied conversational agents for multimodal affective communication",slug:"maxine-embodied-conversational-agents-for-multimodal-affective-communication",totalDownloads:2595,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:4,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Sandra Baldassarri and Eva Cerezo",authors:[{id:"107479",title:"Dr.",name:"Sandra",middleName:null,surname:"Baldassarri",slug:"sandra-baldassarri",fullName:"Sandra Baldassarri"},{id:"111767",title:"Dr.",name:"Eva",middleName:null,surname:"Cerezo",slug:"eva-cerezo",fullName:"Eva Cerezo"}]},{id:"34473",doi:"10.5772/37288",title:"Fast Local Tone Mapping, Summed-Area Tables and Mesopic Vision Simulation",slug:"fast-local-tone-mapping-summed-area-tables-and-mesopic-vision-simulation",totalDownloads:5131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Marcos Slomp, Michihiro Mikamo and Kazufumi Kaneda",authors:[{id:"110963",title:"Dr.",name:"Michihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Mikamo",slug:"michihiro-mikamo",fullName:"Michihiro Mikamo"},{id:"111532",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Slomp",slug:"marcos-slomp",fullName:"Marcos Slomp"},{id:"111534",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazufumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneda",slug:"kazufumi-kaneda",fullName:"Kazufumi Kaneda"}]}],mostDownloadedChaptersLast30Days:[{id:"34477",title:"To see the unseen. Computer graphics in visualisation and reconstruction of archaeological and historical textiles",slug:"to-see-the-unseen-computer-graphics-in-visualisation-and-reconstruction-of-archaeological-and-histor",totalDownloads:2902,totalCrossrefCites:3,totalDimensionsCites:7,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Maria Cybulska",authors:[{id:"107338",title:"Dr.",name:"Maria",middleName:null,surname:"Cybulska",slug:"maria-cybulska",fullName:"Maria Cybulska"}]},{id:"34466",title:"An approach to representation of type-2 fuzzy sets using computational methods of computer graphics",slug:"an-approach-to-representation-of-type-2-fuzzy-sets-using-computational-methods-of-computer-graphics",totalDownloads:4106,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Long Ngo and The Long Pham",authors:[{id:"107605",title:"Dr.",name:"Long Thanh",middleName:null,surname:"Ngo",slug:"long-thanh-ngo",fullName:"Long Thanh Ngo"},{id:"112555",title:"Prof.",name:"The Long",middleName:null,surname:"Pham",slug:"the-long-pham",fullName:"The Long Pham"}]},{id:"34471",title:"Design and Implementation of Interactive Flow Visualization Techniques",slug:"design-and-implementation-of-interactive-flow-visualization-techniques",totalDownloads:3337,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Tony McLoughlin and Robert Laramee",authors:[{id:"106448",title:"Dr.",name:"Robert",middleName:"S",surname:"Laramee",slug:"robert-laramee",fullName:"Robert Laramee"},{id:"106485",title:"Dr.",name:"Tony",middleName:null,surname:"McLoughlin",slug:"tony-mcloughlin",fullName:"Tony McLoughlin"}]},{id:"34469",title:"Modelling and Visualization of the Surface Resulting from the Milling Process",slug:"modelling-and-visualization-of-the-surface-resulting-from-the-milling-process",totalDownloads:3424,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Tobias Surmann",authors:[{id:"105870",title:"Dr.",name:"Tobias",middleName:null,surname:"Surmann",slug:"tobias-surmann",fullName:"Tobias Surmann"}]},{id:"34473",title:"Fast Local Tone Mapping, Summed-Area Tables and Mesopic Vision Simulation",slug:"fast-local-tone-mapping-summed-area-tables-and-mesopic-vision-simulation",totalDownloads:5131,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:null,book:{id:"1969",slug:"computer-graphics",title:"Computer Graphics",fullTitle:"Computer Graphics"},signatures:"Marcos Slomp, Michihiro Mikamo and Kazufumi Kaneda",authors:[{id:"110963",title:"Dr.",name:"Michihiro",middleName:null,surname:"Mikamo",slug:"michihiro-mikamo",fullName:"Michihiro Mikamo"},{id:"111532",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcos",middleName:null,surname:"Slomp",slug:"marcos-slomp",fullName:"Marcos Slomp"},{id:"111534",title:"Dr.",name:"Kazufumi",middleName:null,surname:"Kaneda",slug:"kazufumi-kaneda",fullName:"Kazufumi Kaneda"}]}],onlineFirstChaptersFilter:{topicId:"542",limit:6,offset:0},onlineFirstChaptersCollection:[],onlineFirstChaptersTotal:0},preDownload:{success:null,errors:{}},subscriptionForm:{success:null,errors:{}},aboutIntechopen:{},privacyPolicy:{},peerReviewing:{},howOpenAccessPublishingWithIntechopenWorks:{},sponsorshipBooks:{sponsorshipBooks:[],offset:8,limit:8,total:0},allSeries:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],testimonialsList:[{id:"6",text:"It is great to work with the IntechOpen to produce a worthwhile collection of research that also becomes a great educational resource and guide for future research endeavors.",author:{id:"259298",name:"Edward",surname:"Narayan",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/259298/images/system/259298.jpeg",slug:"edward-narayan",institution:{id:"3",name:"University of Queensland",country:{id:null,name:"Australia"}}}},{id:"13",text:"The collaboration with and support of the technical staff of IntechOpen is fantastic. The whole process of submitting an article and editing of the submitted article goes extremely smooth and fast, the number of reads and downloads of chapters is high, and the contributions are also frequently cited.",author:{id:"55578",name:"Antonio",surname:"Jurado-Navas",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRisIQAS/Profile_Picture_1626166543950",slug:"antonio-jurado-navas",institution:{id:"720",name:"University of Malaga",country:{id:null,name:"Spain"}}}}]},series:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 27th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},subseries:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",slug:"rosa-maria-martinez-espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa has been a Spanish Full Professor since 2020 (Biochemistry and Molecular Biology) and is currently Vice-President of International Relations and Cooperation development and leader of the research group 'Applied Biochemistry” (University of Alicante, Spain). Other positions she has held at the university include Vice-Dean of Master Programs, Vice-Dean of the Degree in Biology and Vice-Dean for Mobility and Enterprise and Engagement at the Faculty of Science (University of Alicante). She received her Bachelor in Biology in 1998 (University of Alicante) and her PhD in 2003 (Biochemistry, University of Alicante). She undertook post-doctoral research at the University of East Anglia (Norwich, U.K. 2004-2005; 2007-2008).\nHer multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating archaea and their potential applications in biotechnology. She has an H-index of 21. She has authored one patent and has published more than 70 indexed papers and around 60 book chapters.\nShe has contributed to more than 150 national and international meetings during the last 15 years. Her research interests include archaea metabolism, enzymes purification and characterization, gene regulation, carotenoids and bioplastics production, antioxidant\ncompounds, waste water treatments, and brines bioremediation.\nRosa María’s other roles include editorial board member for several journals related\nto biochemistry, reviewer for more than 60 journals (biochemistry, molecular biology, biotechnology, chemistry and microbiology) and president of several organizing committees in international meetings related to the N-cycle or respiratory processes.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",slug:"sukru-beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",biography:"Dr. Şükrü Beydemir obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 1995 from Yüzüncü Yıl University, MSc in Biochemistry in 1998, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2002 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He performed post-doctoral studies at Max-Planck Institute, Germany, and University of Florence, Italy in addition to making several scientific visits abroad. He currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Turkey. Dr. Beydemir has published over a hundred scientific papers spanning protein biochemistry, enzymology and medicinal chemistry, reviews, book chapters and presented several conferences to scientists worldwide. He has received numerous publication awards from various international scientific councils. He serves in the Editorial Board of several international journals. Dr. Beydemir is also Rector of Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Turkey.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",slug:"deniz-ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",biography:"Dr. Deniz Ekinci obtained a BSc in Chemistry in 2004, MSc in Biochemistry in 2006, and PhD in Biochemistry in 2009 from Atatürk University, Turkey. He studied at Stetson University, USA, in 2007-2008 and at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Germany, in 2009-2010. Dr. Ekinci currently works as a Full Professor of Biochemistry in the Faculty of Agriculture and is the Head of the Enzyme and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Turkey. He is a member of the Turkish Biochemical Society, American Chemical Society, and German Genetics society. Dr. Ekinci published around ninety scientific papers, reviews and book chapters, and presented several conferences to scientists. He has received numerous publication awards from several scientific councils. Dr. Ekinci serves as the Editor in Chief of four international books and is involved in the Editorial Board of several international journals.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",slug:"yannis-karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",biography:"Yannis Karamanos, born in Greece in 1953, completed his pre-graduate studies at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, then his Masters and Doctoral degree at the Université de Lille (1983). He was associate professor at the University of Limoges (1987) before becoming full professor of biochemistry at the Université d’Artois (1996). He worked on the structure-function relationships of glycoconjugates and his main project was the investigations on the biological roles of the de-N-glycosylation enzymes (Endo-N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase and peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl) asparagine amidase). From 2002 he contributes to the understanding of the Blood-brain barrier functioning using proteomics approaches. He has published more than 70 papers. His teaching areas are energy metabolism and regulation, integration and organ specialization and metabolic adaptation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",slug:"paolo-iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",biography:"Paolo Iadarola graduated with a degree in Chemistry from the University of Pavia (Italy) in July 1972. He then worked as an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Science of the same University until 1984. In 1985, Prof. Iadarola became Associate Professor at the Department of Biology and Biotechnologies of the University of Pavia and retired in October 2017. Since then, he has been working as an Adjunct Professor in the same Department at the University of Pavia. His research activity during the first years was primarily focused on the purification and structural characterization of enzymes from animal and plant sources. During this period, Prof. Iadarola familiarized himself with the conventional techniques used in column chromatography, spectrophotometry, manual Edman degradation, and electrophoresis). Since 1995, he has been working on: i) the determination in biological fluids (serum, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum) of proteolytic activities involved in the degradation processes of connective tissue matrix, and ii) on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. In this context, he has developed and validated new methodologies (e.g., Capillary Electrophoresis coupled to Laser-Induced Fluorescence, CE-LIF) whose application enabled him to determine both the amounts of biochemical markers (Desmosines) in urine/serum of patients affected by Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (Human Neutrophil Elastase, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in sputa of these patients. More recently, Prof. Iadarola was involved in developing techniques such as two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled to liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (2DE-LC/MS) for the proteomic analysis of biological fluids aimed at the identification of potential biomarkers of different lung diseases. He is the author of about 150 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; Total citations: 1568- According to WOS: H-Index: 20; Total Citations: 1296) of peer-reviewed international journals. He is a Consultant Reviewer for several journals, including the Journal of Chromatography A, Journal of Chromatography B, Plos ONE, Proteomes, International Journal of Molecular Science, Biotech, Electrophoresis, and others. He is also Associate Editor of Biotech.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",slug:"simona-viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",biography:"Simona Viglio is an Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Molecular Medicine at the University of Pavia. She has been working since 1995 on the determination of proteolytic enzymes involved in the degradation process of connective tissue matrix and on the identification of biological markers of lung diseases. She gained considerable experience in developing and validating new methodologies whose applications allowed her to determine both the amount of biomarkers (Desmosine and Isodesmosine) in the urine of patients affected by COPD, and the activity of proteolytic enzymes (HNE, Cathepsin G, Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase) in the sputa of these patients. Simona Viglio was also involved in research dealing with the supplementation of amino acids in patients with brain injury and chronic heart failure. She is presently engaged in the development of 2-DE and LC-MS techniques for the study of proteomics in biological fluids. The aim of this research is the identification of potential biomarkers of lung diseases. She is an author of about 90 publications (According to Scopus: H-Index: 23; According to WOS: H-Index: 20) on peer-reviewed journals, a member of the “Società Italiana di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare,“ and a Consultant Reviewer for International Journal of Molecular Science, Journal of Chromatography A, COPD, Plos ONE and Nutritional Neuroscience.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null}]},overviewPageOFChapters:{paginationCount:52,paginationItems:[{id:"80761",title:"Extractions Methods and Biological Applications of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102955",signatures:"Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Himani, Sushila Arya, Ravendra Kumar and Om Prakash",slug:"extractions-methods-and-biological-applications-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81545",title:"Physiochemical Properties of Essential Oils and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104112",signatures:"Sunil Kumar Yadav",slug:"physiochemical-properties-of-essential-oils-and-applications",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:9,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}}]},overviewPagePublishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7006",title:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7006.jpg",slug:"biochemistry-and-health-benefits-of-fatty-acids",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Viduranga Waisundara",hash:"c93a00abd68b5eba67e5e719f67fd20b",volumeInSeries:1,fullTitle:"Biochemistry and Health Benefits of Fatty Acids",editors:[{id:"194281",title:"Dr.",name:"Viduranga Y.",middleName:null,surname:"Waisundara",slug:"viduranga-y.-waisundara",fullName:"Viduranga Y. Waisundara",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/194281/images/system/194281.jpg",biography:"Dr. Viduranga Waisundara obtained her Ph.D. in Food Science and Technology from the Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, in 2010. She was a lecturer at Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore from July 2009 to March 2013. She relocated to her motherland of Sri Lanka and spearheaded the Functional Food Product Development Project at the National Institute of Fundamental Studies from April 2013 to October 2016. She was a senior lecturer on a temporary basis at the Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Technology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. She is currently Deputy Principal of the Australian College of Business and Technology – Kandy Campus, Sri Lanka. She is also the Global Harmonization Initiative (GHI) Ambassador to Sri Lanka.",institutionString:"Australian College of Business & Technology",institution:null}]},{type:"book",id:"6820",title:"Keratin",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6820.jpg",slug:"keratin",publishedDate:"December 19th 2018",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Miroslav Blumenberg",hash:"6def75cd4b6b5324a02b6dc0359896d0",volumeInSeries:2,fullTitle:"Keratin",editors:[{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",slug:"miroslav-blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7978",title:"Vitamin A",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7978.jpg",slug:"vitamin-a",publishedDate:"May 15th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Leila Queiroz Zepka, Veridiana Vera de Rosso and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes",hash:"dad04a658ab9e3d851d23705980a688b",volumeInSeries:3,fullTitle:"Vitamin A",editors:[{id:"261969",title:"Dr.",name:"Leila",middleName:null,surname:"Queiroz Zepka",slug:"leila-queiroz-zepka",fullName:"Leila Queiroz Zepka",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/261969/images/system/261969.png",biography:"Prof. Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an associate professor in the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. She has more than fifteen years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 550 scientific publications/communications, including 15 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 380 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of five journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interests include microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},{type:"book",id:"7953",title:"Bioluminescence",subtitle:"Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7953.jpg",slug:"bioluminescence-analytical-applications-and-basic-biology",publishedDate:"September 25th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hirobumi Suzuki",hash:"3a8efa00b71abea11bf01973dc589979",volumeInSeries:4,fullTitle:"Bioluminescence - Analytical Applications and Basic Biology",editors:[{id:"185746",title:"Dr.",name:"Hirobumi",middleName:null,surname:"Suzuki",slug:"hirobumi-suzuki",fullName:"Hirobumi Suzuki",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/185746/images/system/185746.png",biography:"Dr. Hirobumi Suzuki received his Ph.D. in 1997 from Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan, where he studied firefly phylogeny and the evolution of mating systems. He is especially interested in the genetic differentiation pattern and speciation process that correlate to the flashing pattern and mating behavior of some fireflies in Japan. He then worked for Olympus Corporation, a Japanese manufacturer of optics and imaging products, where he was involved in the development of luminescence technology and produced a bioluminescence microscope that is currently being used for gene expression analysis in chronobiology, neurobiology, and developmental biology. Dr. Suzuki currently serves as a visiting researcher at Kogakuin University, Japan, and also a vice president of the Japan Firefly Society.",institutionString:"Kogakuin University",institution:null}]}]},openForSubmissionBooks:{paginationCount:4,paginationItems:[{id:"11445",title:"Multi-Agent Technologies and Machine Learning",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11445.jpg",hash:"d980826615baa6e33456e2a79064c5e8",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"March 29th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"265237",title:"Prof.",name:"Igor",surname:"Sheremet",slug:"igor-sheremet",fullName:"Igor Sheremet"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11446",title:"Industry 4.0 - Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11446.jpg",hash:"be984f45b90c1003798661ef885d8a34",secondStepPassed:!0,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:3,submissionDeadline:"May 12th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"303193",title:"Dr.",name:"Meisam",surname:"Gordan",slug:"meisam-gordan",fullName:"Meisam Gordan"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11448",title:"Artificial Neural Networks - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11448.jpg",hash:"e57ff97a39cfc6fe68a1ac62b503dbe9",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 3rd 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"22866",title:"Dr.",name:"Chi Leung Patrick",surname:"Hui",slug:"chi-leung-patrick-hui",fullName:"Chi Leung Patrick Hui"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{id:"11447",title:"Swarm Intelligence - Recent Advances and Current Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11447.jpg",hash:"f68e3c3430a74fc7a7eb97f6ea2bb42e",secondStepPassed:!1,currentStepOfPublishingProcess:2,submissionDeadline:"June 14th 2022",isOpenForSubmission:!0,editors:[{id:"24555",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco Antonio",surname:"Aceves Fernandez",slug:"marco-antonio-aceves-fernandez",fullName:"Marco Antonio Aceves Fernandez"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:51,paginationItems:[{id:"81545",title:"Physiochemical Properties of Essential Oils and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104112",signatures:"Sunil Kumar Yadav",slug:"physiochemical-properties-of-essential-oils-and-applications",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81927",title:"Purinergic System in Immune Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104485",signatures:"Yerly Magnolia Useche Salvador",slug:"purinergic-system-in-immune-response",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"80495",title:"Iron in Cell Metabolism and Disease",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101908",signatures:"Eeka Prabhakar",slug:"iron-in-cell-metabolism-and-disease",totalDownloads:8,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Iron Metabolism - Iron a Double‐Edged Sword",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10842.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81799",title:"Cross Talk of Purinergic and Immune Signaling: Implication in Inflammatory and Pathogenic Diseases",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104978",signatures:"Richa Rai",slug:"cross-talk-of-purinergic-and-immune-signaling-implication-in-inflammatory-and-pathogenic-diseases",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81764",title:"Involvement of the Purinergic System in Cell Death in Models of Retinopathies",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103935",signatures:"Douglas Penaforte Cruz, Marinna Garcia Repossi and Lucianne Fragel Madeira",slug:"involvement-of-the-purinergic-system-in-cell-death-in-models-of-retinopathies",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81756",title:"Alteration of Cytokines Level and Oxidative Stress Parameters in COVID-19",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104950",signatures:"Marija Petrusevska, Emilija Atanasovska, Dragica Zendelovska, Aleksandar Eftimov and Katerina Spasovska",slug:"alteration-of-cytokines-level-and-oxidative-stress-parameters-in-covid-19",totalDownloads:11,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Chemokines Updates",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11672.jpg",subseries:{id:"18",title:"Proteomics"}}},{id:"81681",title:"Immunomodulatory Effects of a M2-Conditioned Medium (PRS® CK STORM): Theory on the Possible Complex Mechanism of Action through Anti-Inflammatory Modulation of the TLR System and the Purinergic System",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104486",signatures:"Juan Pedro Lapuente",slug:"immunomodulatory-effects-of-a-m2-conditioned-medium-prs-ck-storm-theory-on-the-possible-complex-mech",totalDownloads:5,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81647",title:"Diabetes and Epigenetics",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104653",signatures:"Rasha A. Alhazzaa, Thomas Heinbockel and Antonei B. Csoka",slug:"diabetes-and-epigenetics",totalDownloads:12,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Epigenetics to Optogenetics - A New Paradigm in the Study of Biology",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9672.jpg",subseries:{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology"}}},{id:"81580",title:"Graft-Versus-Host Disease: Pathogenesis and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104450",signatures:"Shin Mukai",slug:"graft-versus-host-disease-pathogenesis-and-treatment",totalDownloads:16,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Purinergic System",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10801.jpg",subseries:{id:"17",title:"Metabolism"}}},{id:"81533",title:"Prenylation of Natural Products: An Overview",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104636",signatures:"Kantharaju Kamanna and Aravind Kamath",slug:"prenylation-of-natural-products-an-overview",totalDownloads:20,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Kantharaju",surname:"Kamanna"}],book:{title:"Modifications of Biomolecules",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11098.jpg",subseries:null}}]},subseriesFiltersForOFChapters:[{caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:10,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:17,group:"subseries"},{caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:20,group:"subseries"}],publishedBooks:{paginationCount:27,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"10803",title:"Reactive Oxygen Species",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10803.jpg",slug:"reactive-oxygen-species",publishedDate:"April 28th 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rizwan Ahmad",hash:"176adcf090fdd1f93cb8ce3146e79ca1",volumeInSeries:28,fullTitle:"Reactive Oxygen Species",editors:[{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9008",title:"Vitamin K",subtitle:"Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9008.jpg",slug:"vitamin-k-recent-topics-on-the-biology-and-chemistry",publishedDate:"March 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Hiroyuki Kagechika and Hitoshi Shirakawa",hash:"8b43add5389ba85743e0a9491e4b9943",volumeInSeries:27,fullTitle:"Vitamin K - Recent Topics on the Biology and Chemistry",editors:[{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"10799",title:"Phenolic Compounds",subtitle:"Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10799.jpg",slug:"phenolic-compounds-chemistry-synthesis-diversity-non-conventional-industrial-pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-applications",publishedDate:"February 23rd 2022",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Farid A. Badria",hash:"339199f254d2987ef3167eef74fb8a38",volumeInSeries:26,fullTitle:"Phenolic Compounds - Chemistry, Synthesis, Diversity, Non-Conventional Industrial, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Applications",editors:[{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9659",title:"Fibroblasts",subtitle:"Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9659.jpg",slug:"fibroblasts-advances-in-inflammation-autoimmunity-and-cancer",publishedDate:"December 22nd 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj and Katja Lakota",hash:"926fa6446f6befbd363fc74971a56de2",volumeInSeries:25,fullTitle:"Fibroblasts - Advances in Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Cancer",editors:[{id:"328755",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Mojca",middleName:null,surname:"Frank Bertoncelj",slug:"mojca-frank-bertoncelj",fullName:"Mojca Frank Bertoncelj",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/328755/images/system/328755.jpg",institutionString:"BioMed X Institute",institution:{name:"University Hospital of Zurich",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Switzerland"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8977",title:"Protein Kinases",subtitle:"Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8977.jpg",slug:"protein-kinases-promising-targets-for-anticancer-drug-research",publishedDate:"December 8th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rajesh Kumar Singh",hash:"6d200cc031706a565b554fdb1c478901",volumeInSeries:24,fullTitle:"Protein Kinases - Promising Targets for Anticancer Drug Research",editors:[{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"India"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"8018",title:"Extracellular Matrix",subtitle:"Developments and Therapeutics",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/8018.jpg",slug:"extracellular-matrix-developments-and-therapeutics",publishedDate:"October 27th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula, Joseph Orgel P.R.O. and Zvi Loewy",hash:"c85e82851e80b40282ff9be99ddf2046",volumeInSeries:23,fullTitle:"Extracellular Matrix - Developments and Therapeutics",editors:[{id:"212416",title:"Dr.",name:"Rama Sashank",middleName:null,surname:"Madhurapantula",slug:"rama-sashank-madhurapantula",fullName:"Rama Sashank Madhurapantula",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/212416/images/system/212416.jpg",institutionString:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institution:{name:"Illinois Institute of Technology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9759",title:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease",subtitle:"Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9759.jpg",slug:"vitamin-e-in-health-and-disease-interactions-diseases-and-health-aspects",publishedDate:"October 6th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Pınar Erkekoglu and Júlia Scherer Santos",hash:"6c3ddcc13626110de289b57f2516ac8f",volumeInSeries:22,fullTitle:"Vitamin E in Health and Disease - Interactions, Diseases and Health Aspects",editors:[{id:"109978",title:"Prof.",name:"Pınar",middleName:null,surname:"Erkekoğlu",slug:"pinar-erkekoglu",fullName:"Pınar Erkekoğlu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/109978/images/system/109978.jpg",institutionString:"Hacettepe University",institution:{name:"Hacettepe University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9753",title:"Terpenes and Terpenoids",subtitle:"Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9753.jpg",slug:"terpenes-and-terpenoids-recent-advances",publishedDate:"July 28th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Shagufta Perveen and Areej Mohammad Al-Taweel",hash:"575689df13c78bf0e6c1be40804cd010",volumeInSeries:21,fullTitle:"Terpenes and Terpenoids - Recent Advances",editors:[{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",institutionString:"King Saud University",institution:{name:"King Saud University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9403",title:"Human Microbiome",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9403.jpg",slug:"human-microbiome",publishedDate:"June 16th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Natalia V. Beloborodova and Andrey V. Grechko",hash:"c31366ba82585ba3ac91d21eb1cf0a4d",volumeInSeries:20,fullTitle:"Human Microbiome",editors:[{id:"199461",title:"Prof.",name:"Natalia V.",middleName:null,surname:"Beloborodova",slug:"natalia-v.-beloborodova",fullName:"Natalia V. Beloborodova",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/199461/images/system/199461.jpg",institutionString:"Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology",institution:null}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9731",title:"Oxidoreductase",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9731.jpg",slug:"oxidoreductase",publishedDate:"February 17th 2021",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",hash:"852e6f862c85fc3adecdbaf822e64e6e",volumeInSeries:19,fullTitle:"Oxidoreductase",editors:[{id:"224662",title:"Prof.",name:"Mahmoud Ahmed",middleName:null,surname:"Mansour",slug:"mahmoud-ahmed-mansour",fullName:"Mahmoud Ahmed Mansour",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/224662/images/system/224662.jpg",institutionString:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institution:{name:"King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9742",title:"Ubiquitin",subtitle:"Proteasome Pathway",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9742.jpg",slug:"ubiquitin-proteasome-pathway",publishedDate:"December 9th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Xianquan Zhan",hash:"af6880d3a5571da1377ac8f6373b9e82",volumeInSeries:18,fullTitle:"Ubiquitin - Proteasome Pathway",editors:[{id:"223233",title:"Prof.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/223233/images/system/223233.png",institutionString:"Shandong First Medical University",institution:{name:"Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null},{type:"book",id:"9002",title:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/9002.jpg",slug:"glutathione-system-and-oxidative-stress-in-health-and-disease",publishedDate:"August 26th 2020",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",hash:"127defed0a50ad5ed92338dc96e1e10e",volumeInSeries:17,fullTitle:"Glutathione System and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease",editors:[{id:"217850",title:"Dr.",name:"Margarete Dulce",middleName:null,surname:"Bagatini",slug:"margarete-dulce-bagatini",fullName:"Margarete Dulce Bagatini",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/217850/images/system/217850.jpeg",institutionString:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},subseriesFiltersForPublishedBooks:[{group:"subseries",caption:"Proteomics",value:18,count:3},{group:"subseries",caption:"Metabolism",value:17,count:6},{group:"subseries",caption:"Cell and Molecular Biology",value:14,count:8},{group:"subseries",caption:"Chemical Biology",value:15,count:10}],publicationYearFilters:[{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2022",value:2022,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2021",value:2021,count:7},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2020",value:2020,count:12},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2019",value:2019,count:3},{group:"publicationYear",caption:"2018",value:2018,count:2}],authors:{paginationCount:25,paginationItems:[{id:"429683",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilal",middleName:null,surname:"Khalid",slug:"bilal-khalid",fullName:"Bilal Khalid",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/429683/images/system/429683.png",biography:"Dr. Bilal Khalid received a Ph.D. in Industrial Business Administration from KMITL Business School, Bangkok, in 2021, and a master’s in International Business Management from Stamford International University, Bangkok, in 2017. Dr. Khalid\\'s research interests include leadership and negotiations, digital transformations, gamification, eLearning, blockchain, Big Data, and management of information technology. Dr. Bilal Khalid also serves as an academic editor at Education Research International and a reviewer for international journals.",institutionString:"KMITL Business School",institution:{name:"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang",country:{name:"Thailand"}}},{id:"418514",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Mohiuddin",slug:"muhammad-mohiuddin",fullName:"Muhammad Mohiuddin",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038UqSfQAK/Profile_Picture_2022-05-13T10:39:03.jpg",biography:"Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin is an Associate Professor of International Business at Laval University, Canada. He has taught at Thompson Rivers University, Canada; University of Paris-Est, France; Osnabruck University of Applied Science, Germany; and Shanghai Institute of Technology and Tianjin University of Technology, China. He has published research in Research Policy, Applied Economics, Review of Economic Philosophy, Strategic Change, International Journal of Logistics, Sustainability, Journal of Environmental Management, Journal of Global Information Management, Journal of Cleaner Production, M@N@GEMENT, and more. He is a member of CEDIMES Institut (France), Academy of International Business (AIB), Strategic Management Society (SMS), Academy of Management (AOM), Administrative Science Association of Canada (ASAC), and Canadian council of small business and entrepreneurship (CCSBE). He is currently the director of the Research Group on Contemporary Asia (GERAC) at Laval University. He is also co-managing editor of Transnational Corporations Review and a guest editor for Electronic Commerce Research and Journal of Internet Technology.",institutionString:"Université Laval",institution:{name:"Université Laval",country:{name:"Canada"}}},{id:"189147",title:"Dr.",name:"Hailan",middleName:null,surname:"Salamun",slug:"hailan-salamun",fullName:"Hailan Salamun",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/189147/images/19274_n.jpeg",biography:"Hailan Salamun, (Dr.) was born in Selangor, Malaysia and graduated from Tunku Ampuan Jamaah Religious High School at Shah Alam. Obtained a degree from the International Islamic University (UIA), Gombak in the field of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Heritage. Next, I furthered my studies to the professional level to obtain a Diploma in Education at UIA. After serving for several years in school, I furthered my studies to the Master of Dakwah and Leadership at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi. I graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy in Principalship Leadership from the University of Malaya (UM) in 2010. I am currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Nationalism and Civilization, Center for Basic and Continuing Education, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. Prior to that, I had served in several educational institutions such as schools, the Institute of Teacher Education (IPG), and also the University of Malaya. I am also actively involved in paper presentation, writing and publishing. My research interests are focused on leadership, education, society and Islamic civilization. This area of research requires a detailed understanding of Islamic studies and research studies in leadership. Another research interest that I have explored recently is the politics of the Malay community and also the leadership of the mosque.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"442081",title:"Dr.",name:"Audrey",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"audrey-addy",fullName:"Audrey Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"437993",title:"Mr.",name:"Job",middleName:null,surname:"Jackson",slug:"job-jackson",fullName:"Job Jackson",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Management College of Southern Africa",country:{name:"South Africa"}}},{id:"428495",title:"Prof.",name:"Asyraf",middleName:null,surname:"Ab Rahman",slug:"asyraf-ab-rahman",fullName:"Asyraf Ab Rahman",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universiti Malaysia Terengganu",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"429650",title:"Dr.",name:"Jacqueline",middleName:null,surname:"Kareem",slug:"jacqueline-kareem",fullName:"Jacqueline Kareem",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Christ University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421041",title:"Dr.",name:"Sunil",middleName:null,surname:"Kumar Ramdas",slug:"sunil-kumar-ramdas",fullName:"Sunil Kumar Ramdas",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Jain University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"421833",title:"Mr.",name:"Eugene",middleName:null,surname:"Owusu-Acheampong",slug:"eugene-owusu-acheampong",fullName:"Eugene Owusu-Acheampong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ghana",country:{name:"Ghana"}}},{id:"239876",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Luciana",middleName:null,surname:"Mourão",slug:"luciana-mourao",fullName:"Luciana Mourão",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Salgado de Oliveira",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"421735",title:"Dr.",name:"elizabeth",middleName:null,surname:"addy",slug:"elizabeth-addy",fullName:"elizabeth addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"442083",title:"Dr.",name:"James",middleName:null,surname:"Addy",slug:"james-addy",fullName:"James Addy",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437991",title:"Prof.",name:"Muhammad",middleName:null,surname:"Hoque",slug:"muhammad-hoque",fullName:"Muhammad Hoque",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421006",title:"Dr.",name:"Anna",middleName:null,surname:"Uster",slug:"anna-uster",fullName:"Anna Uster",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470243",title:"Dr.",name:"Md Samim",middleName:null,surname:"Al Azad",slug:"md-samim-al-azad",fullName:"Md Samim Al Azad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"470244",title:"Dr.",name:"Slimane",middleName:null,surname:"Ed-dafali",slug:"slimane-ed-dafali",fullName:"Slimane Ed-dafali",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421011",title:"Dr.",name:"Afatakpa",middleName:null,surname:"Fortune",slug:"afatakpa-fortune",fullName:"Afatakpa Fortune",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"446057",title:"Mr.",name:"Okedare",middleName:null,surname:"David Olubukunmi",slug:"okedare-david-olubukunmi",fullName:"Okedare David Olubukunmi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421778",title:"Dr.",name:"Fatimah",middleName:"Saeed",surname:"AlAhmari",slug:"fatimah-alahmari",fullName:"Fatimah AlAhmari",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421024",title:"Prof.",name:"Harold Andrew",middleName:null,surname:"Patrick",slug:"harold-andrew-patrick",fullName:"Harold Andrew Patrick",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421065",title:"Ms.",name:"Euzália",middleName:null,surname:"do Rosário Botelho Tomé",slug:"euzalia-do-rosario-botelho-tome",fullName:"Euzália do Rosário Botelho Tomé",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421053",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ken",middleName:null,surname:"Kalala Ndalamba",slug:"ken-kalala-ndalamba",fullName:"Ken Kalala Ndalamba",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"421826",title:"Dr.",name:"Inusah",middleName:null,surname:"Salifu",slug:"inusah-salifu",fullName:"Inusah Salifu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"420823",title:"Prof.",name:"Gardênia da Silva",middleName:null,surname:"Abbad",slug:"gardenia-da-silva-abbad",fullName:"Gardênia da Silva Abbad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"437613",title:"MSc.",name:"Juliana",middleName:null,surname:"Legentil",slug:"juliana-legentil",fullName:"Juliana Legentil",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null}]}},subseries:{item:{id:"9",type:"subseries",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",hasOnlineFirst:!0,hasPublishedBooks:!0,annualVolume:11405,editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",slug:"luis-villarreal-gomez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",biography:"Dr. Luis Villarreal is a research professor from the Facultad de Ciencias de la Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Tijuana, Baja California, México. Dr. Villarreal is the editor in chief and founder of the Revista de Ciencias Tecnológicas (RECIT) (https://recit.uabc.mx/) and is a member of several editorial and reviewer boards for numerous international journals. He has published more than thirty international papers and reviewed more than ninety-two manuscripts. His research interests include biomaterials, nanomaterials, bioengineering, biosensors, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,series:{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",issn:"2631-5343"},editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",slug:"cecilia-cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",slug:"gil-goncalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",slug:"johann-f.-osma",fullName:"Johann F. Osma",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDv7QAG/Profile_Picture_1626602531691",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad de Los Andes",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Colombia"}}},{id:"69697",title:"Dr.",name:"Mani T.",middleName:null,surname:"Valarmathi",slug:"mani-t.-valarmathi",fullName:"Mani T. Valarmathi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/69697/images/system/69697.jpg",institutionString:"Religen Inc. | A Life Science Company, United States of America",institution:null},{id:"205081",title:"Dr.",name:"Marco",middleName:"Vinícius",surname:"Chaud",slug:"marco-chaud",fullName:"Marco Chaud",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSDGeQAO/Profile_Picture_1622624307737",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade de Sorocaba",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}}]},onlineFirstChapters:{paginationCount:21,paginationItems:[{id:"80761",title:"Extractions Methods and Biological Applications of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102955",signatures:"Sonu Kumar Mahawer, Himani, Sushila Arya, Ravendra Kumar and Om Prakash",slug:"extractions-methods-and-biological-applications-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:null,totalDimensionsCites:null,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81545",title:"Physiochemical Properties of Essential Oils and Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.104112",signatures:"Sunil Kumar Yadav",slug:"physiochemical-properties-of-essential-oils-and-applications",totalDownloads:0,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"81067",title:"Encapsulation of Essential Oils and Their Use in Food Applications",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103147",signatures:"Hamdy A. Shaaban and Amr Farouk",slug:"encapsulation-of-essential-oils-and-their-use-in-food-applications",totalDownloads:50,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80959",title:"Biological Application of Essential Oils and Essential Oils Components in Terms of Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Cholinesterase Enzymes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102874",signatures:"Mejra Bektašević and Olivera Politeo",slug:"biological-application-of-essential-oils-and-essential-oils-components-in-terms-of-antioxidant-activ",totalDownloads:48,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80859",title:"Antioxidant Effect and Medicinal Properties of Allspice Essential Oil",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103001",signatures:"Yasvet Yareni Andrade Avila, Julián Cruz-Olivares and César Pérez-Alonso",slug:"antioxidant-effect-and-medicinal-properties-of-allspice-essential-oil",totalDownloads:34,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80777",title:"Starch: A Veritable Natural Polymer for Economic Revolution",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102941",signatures:"Obi P. Adigwe, Henry O. Egharevba and Martins O. Emeje",slug:"starch-a-veritable-natural-polymer-for-economic-revolution",totalDownloads:44,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80673",title:"Teucrium ramosissimum Derived-Natural Products and Its Potent Effect in Alleviating the Pathological Kidney Damage in LPS-Induced Mice",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102788",signatures:"Fatma Guesmi and Ahmed Landoulsi",slug:"teucrium-ramosissimum-derived-natural-products-and-its-potent-effect-in-alleviating-the-pathological",totalDownloads:36,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80600",title:"Essential Oil as Green Preservative Obtained by Ecofriendly Extraction Techniques",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.103035",signatures:"Nashwa Fathy Sayed Morsy",slug:"essential-oil-as-green-preservative-obtained-by-ecofriendly-extraction-techniques",totalDownloads:61,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:[{name:"Nashwa",surname:"Morsy"}],book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79875",title:"Comparative Study of the Physiochemical Composition and Techno-Functional Properties of Two Extracted Acorn Starches",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101562",signatures:"Youkabed Zarroug, Mouna Boulares, Dorra Sfayhi and Bechir Slimi",slug:"comparative-study-of-the-physiochemical-composition-and-techno-functional-properties-of-two-extracte",totalDownloads:51,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80395",title:"History, Evolution and Future of Starch Industry in Nigeria",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102712",signatures:"Obi Peter Adigwe, Judith Eloyi John and Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"history-evolution-and-future-of-starch-industry-in-nigeria",totalDownloads:53,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80168",title:"Benzimidazole: Pharmacological Profile",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102091",signatures:"Mahender Thatikayala, Anil Kumar Garige and Hemalatha Gadegoni",slug:"benzimidazole-pharmacological-profile",totalDownloads:75,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80122",title:"Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Potentials of Essential Oils",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.102037",signatures:"Ishrat Nazir and Sajad Ahmad Gangoo",slug:"pharmaceutical-and-therapeutic-potentials-of-essential-oils",totalDownloads:129,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,authors:null,book:{title:"Essential Oils - Advances in Extractions and Biological Applications",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/11332.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80130",title:"Exploring the Versatility of Benzimidazole Scaffolds as Medicinal Agents: A Brief Update",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101942",signatures:"Gopakumar Kavya and Akhil Sivan",slug:"exploring-the-versatility-of-benzimidazole-scaffolds-as-medicinal-agents-a-brief-update",totalDownloads:57,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80018",title:"Potato Starch as Affected by Varieties, Storage Treatments and Conditions of Tubers",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101831",signatures:"Saleem Siddiqui, Naseer Ahmed and Neeraj Phogat",slug:"potato-starch-as-affected-by-varieties-storage-treatments-and-conditions-of-tubers",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"80023",title:"Binary Interactions and Starch Bioavailability: Critical in Limiting Glycemic Response",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101833",signatures:"Veda Krishnan, Monika Awana, Debarati Mondal, Piyush Verma, Archana Singh and Shelly Praveen",slug:"binary-interactions-and-starch-bioavailability-critical-in-limiting-glycemic-response",totalDownloads:78,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Starch - Evolution and Recent Advances",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10798.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}},{id:"79964",title:"The Anticancer Profile of Benzimidazolium Salts and their Metal Complexes",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.101729",signatures:"Imran Ahmad Khan, Noor ul Amin Mohsin, Sana Aslam and Matloob Ahmad",slug:"the-anticancer-profile-of-benzimidazolium-salts-and-their-metal-complexes",totalDownloads:92,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,authors:null,book:{title:"Benzimidazole",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/10840.jpg",subseries:{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology"}}}]},publishedBooks:{paginationCount:1,paginationItems:[{type:"book",id:"7437",title:"Nanomedicines",subtitle:null,coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/7437.jpg",slug:"nanomedicines",publishedDate:"February 13th 2019",editedByType:"Edited by",bookSignature:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",hash:"0e1f5f6258f074c533976c4f4d248568",volumeInSeries:5,fullTitle:"Nanomedicines",editors:[{id:"63182",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad Akhyar",middleName:null,surname:"Farrukh",slug:"muhammad-akhyar-farrukh",fullName:"Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/63182/images/system/63182.png",institutionString:"Forman Christian College",institution:{name:"Forman Christian College",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null}]},testimonialsList:[{id:"18",text:"It was great publishing with IntechOpen, the process was straightforward and I had support all along.",author:{id:"71579",name:"Berend",surname:"Olivier",institutionString:"Utrecht University",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71579/images/system/71579.png",slug:"berend-olivier",institution:{id:"253",name:"Utrecht University",country:{id:null,name:"Netherlands"}}}},{id:"27",text:"The opportunity to work with a prestigious publisher allows for the possibility to collaborate with more research groups interested in animal nutrition, leading to the development of new feeding strategies and food valuation while being more sustainable with the environment, allowing more readers to learn about the subject.",author:{id:"175967",name:"Manuel",surname:"Gonzalez Ronquillo",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/175967/images/system/175967.png",slug:"manuel-gonzalez-ronquillo",institution:{id:"6221",name:"Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México",country:{id:null,name:"Mexico"}}}},{id:"8",text:"I work with IntechOpen for a number of reasons: their professionalism, their mission in support of Open Access publishing, and the quality of their peer-reviewed publications, but also because they believe in equality.",author:{id:"202192",name:"Catrin",surname:"Rutland",institutionString:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/202192/images/system/202192.png",slug:"catrin-rutland",institution:{id:"134",name:"University of Nottingham",country:{id:null,name:"United Kingdom"}}}}]},submityourwork:{pteSeriesList:[{id:"14",title:"Artificial Intelligence",numberOfPublishedBooks:9,numberOfPublishedChapters:87,numberOfOpenTopics:6,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2633-1403",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.79920",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"7",title:"Biomedical Engineering",numberOfPublishedBooks:12,numberOfPublishedChapters:99,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-5343",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71985",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],lsSeriesList:[{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:27,numberOfPublishedChapters:290,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0983",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"25",title:"Environmental Sciences",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:9,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2754-6713",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100362",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"10",title:"Physiology",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:139,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2631-8261",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72796",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],hsSeriesList:[{id:"3",title:"Dentistry",numberOfPublishedBooks:8,numberOfPublishedChapters:129,numberOfOpenTopics:0,numberOfUpcomingTopics:2,issn:"2631-6218",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71199",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"6",title:"Infectious Diseases",numberOfPublishedBooks:13,numberOfPublishedChapters:108,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2631-6188",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.71852",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"13",title:"Veterinary Medicine and Science",numberOfPublishedBooks:11,numberOfPublishedChapters:104,numberOfOpenTopics:3,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:"2632-0517",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.73681",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],sshSeriesList:[{id:"22",title:"Business, Management and Economics",numberOfPublishedBooks:1,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:1,issn:"2753-894X",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100359",isOpenForSubmission:!0},{id:"23",title:"Education and Human Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:0,numberOfOpenTopics:2,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100360",isOpenForSubmission:!1},{id:"24",title:"Sustainable Development",numberOfPublishedBooks:0,numberOfPublishedChapters:12,numberOfOpenTopics:5,numberOfUpcomingTopics:0,issn:null,doi:"10.5772/intechopen.100361",isOpenForSubmission:!0}],subseriesList:[],annualVolumeBook:{},thematicCollection:[],selectedSeries:null,selectedSubseries:null},seriesLanding:{item:{id:"11",title:"Biochemistry",doi:"10.5772/intechopen.72877",issn:"2632-0983",scope:"Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all areas of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics to ecology, medicine, and population biology. Biochemistry examines macromolecules - proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids – and their building blocks, structures, functions, and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins, and hormones, which play roles in life processes. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting classical chemistry methods, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation, etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the ‘big data’ omics systems. Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying, and examining individual components of a biological system; in the apt words of Efraim Racker (1913 –1991), “Don’t waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes.” Today, however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe entirely particular biological systems. The ‘big data’ metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the comprising proteins, e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment, e.g., the bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address the current research on biomolecules and the emerging trends with great promise.",coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg",latestPublicationDate:"May 26th, 2022",hasOnlineFirst:!0,numberOfOpenTopics:4,numberOfPublishedChapters:289,numberOfPublishedBooks:27,editor:{id:"31610",title:"Dr.",name:"Miroslav",middleName:null,surname:"Blumenberg",fullName:"Miroslav Blumenberg",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/31610/images/system/31610.jpg",biography:"Miroslav Blumenberg, Ph.D., was born in Subotica and received his BSc in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. He completed his Ph.D. at MIT in Organic Chemistry; he followed up his Ph.D. with two postdoctoral study periods at Stanford University. Since 1983, he has been a faculty member of the RO Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU School of Medicine, where he is codirector of a training grant in cutaneous biology. Dr. Blumenberg’s research is focused on the epidermis, expression of keratin genes, transcription profiling, keratinocyte differentiation, inflammatory diseases and cancers, and most recently the effects of the microbiome on the skin. He has published more than 100 peer-reviewed research articles and graduated numerous Ph.D. and postdoctoral students.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"New York University Langone Medical Center",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}},subseries:[{id:"14",title:"Cell and Molecular Biology",keywords:"Omics (Transcriptomics; Proteomics; Metabolomics), Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, Signal Transduction and Regulation, Cell Growth and Differentiation, Apoptosis, Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, Autophagy, Cell Cycle, Macromolecules and Complexes, Gene Expression",scope:"The Cell and Molecular Biology topic within the IntechOpen Biochemistry Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of cell and molecular biology, including aspects related to biochemical and genetic research (not only in humans but all living beings). We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics include, but are not limited to: Advanced techniques of cellular and molecular biology (Molecular methodologies, imaging techniques, and bioinformatics); Biological activities at the molecular level; Biological processes of cell functions, cell division, senescence, maintenance, and cell death; Biomolecules interactions; Cancer; Cell biology; Chemical biology; Computational biology; Cytochemistry; Developmental biology; Disease mechanisms and therapeutics; DNA, and RNA metabolism; Gene functions, genetics, and genomics; Genetics; Immunology; Medical microbiology; Molecular biology; Molecular genetics; Molecular processes of cell and organelle dynamics; Neuroscience; Protein biosynthesis, degradation, and functions; Regulation of molecular interactions in a cell; Signalling networks and system biology; Structural biology; Virology and microbiology.",annualVolume:11410,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/14.jpg",editor:{id:"165627",title:"Dr.",name:"Rosa María",middleName:null,surname:"Martínez-Espinosa",fullName:"Rosa María Martínez-Espinosa",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/165627/images/system/165627.jpeg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Alicante",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"79367",title:"Dr.",name:"Ana Isabel",middleName:null,surname:"Flores",fullName:"Ana Isabel Flores",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRpIOQA0/Profile_Picture_1632418099564",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"328234",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Palavecino",fullName:"Christian Palavecino",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000030DhEhQAK/Profile_Picture_1628835318625",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Central University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"186585",title:"Dr.",name:"Francisco Javier",middleName:null,surname:"Martin-Romero",fullName:"Francisco Javier Martin-Romero",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSB3HQAW/Profile_Picture_1631258137641",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Extremadura",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Spain"}}}]},{id:"15",title:"Chemical Biology",keywords:"Phenolic Compounds, Essential Oils, Modification of Biomolecules, Glycobiology, Combinatorial Chemistry, Therapeutic peptides, Enzyme Inhibitors",scope:"Chemical biology spans the fields of chemistry and biology involving the application of biological and chemical molecules and techniques. In recent years, the application of chemistry to biological molecules has gained significant interest in medicinal and pharmacological studies. This topic will be devoted to understanding the interplay between biomolecules and chemical compounds, their structure and function, and their potential applications in related fields. Being a part of the biochemistry discipline, the ideas and concepts that have emerged from Chemical Biology have affected other related areas. This topic will closely deal with all emerging trends in this discipline.",annualVolume:11411,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/15.jpg",editor:{id:"441442",title:"Dr.",name:"Şükrü",middleName:null,surname:"Beydemir",fullName:"Şükrü Beydemir",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003GsUoIQAV/Profile_Picture_1634557147521",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Anadolu University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorTwo:{id:"13652",title:"Prof.",name:"Deniz",middleName:null,surname:"Ekinci",fullName:"Deniz Ekinci",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYLT1QAO/Profile_Picture_1634557223079",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Ondokuz Mayıs University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"241413",title:"Dr.",name:"Azhar",middleName:null,surname:"Rasul",fullName:"Azhar Rasul",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRT1oQAG/Profile_Picture_1635251978933",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Government College University, Faisalabad",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"178316",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Sergey",middleName:null,surname:"Sedykh",fullName:"Sergey Sedykh",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178316/images/system/178316.jfif",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Novosibirsk State University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Russia"}}}]},{id:"17",title:"Metabolism",keywords:"Biomolecules Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, Metabolic Pathways, Key Metabolic Enzymes, Metabolic Adaptation",scope:"Metabolism is frequently defined in biochemistry textbooks as the overall process that allows living systems to acquire and use the free energy they need for their vital functions or the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life. Behind these definitions are hidden all the aspects of normal and pathological functioning of all processes that the topic ‘Metabolism’ will cover within the Biochemistry Series. Thus all studies on metabolism will be considered for publication.",annualVolume:11413,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/17.jpg",editor:{id:"138626",title:"Dr.",name:"Yannis",middleName:null,surname:"Karamanos",fullName:"Yannis Karamanos",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002g6Jv2QAE/Profile_Picture_1629356660984",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Artois University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"France"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"243049",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Pantea Stoian",fullName:"Anca Pantea Stoian",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/243049/images/system/243049.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"203824",title:"Dr.",name:"Attilio",middleName:null,surname:"Rigotti",fullName:"Attilio Rigotti",profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Chile"}}},{id:"300470",title:"Dr.",name:"Yanfei (Jacob)",middleName:null,surname:"Qi",fullName:"Yanfei (Jacob) Qi",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300470/images/system/300470.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine and Cell Biology",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Australia"}}}]},{id:"18",title:"Proteomics",keywords:"Mono- and Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis (1-and 2-DE), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS; MS/MS), Proteins",scope:"With the recognition that the human genome cannot provide answers to the etiology of a disorder, changes in the proteins expressed by a genome became a focus in research. Thus proteomics, an area of research that detects all protein forms expressed in an organism, including splice isoforms and post-translational modifications, is more suitable than genomics for a comprehensive understanding of the biochemical processes that govern life. The most common proteomics applications are currently in the clinical field for the identification, in a variety of biological matrices, of biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of disorders. From the comparison of proteomic profiles of control and disease or different physiological states, which may emerge, changes in protein expression can provide new insights into the roles played by some proteins in human pathologies. Understanding how proteins function and interact with each other is another goal of proteomics that makes this approach even more intriguing. Specialized technology and expertise are required to assess the proteome of any biological sample. Currently, proteomics relies mainly on mass spectrometry (MS) combined with electrophoretic (1 or 2-DE-MS) and/or chromatographic techniques (LC-MS/MS). MS is an excellent tool that has gained popularity in proteomics because of its ability to gather a complex body of information such as cataloging protein expression, identifying protein modification sites, and defining protein interactions. The Proteomics topic aims to attract contributions on all aspects of MS-based proteomics that, by pushing the boundaries of MS capabilities, may address biological problems that have not been resolved yet.",annualVolume:11414,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/18.jpg",editor:{id:"200689",title:"Prof.",name:"Paolo",middleName:null,surname:"Iadarola",fullName:"Paolo Iadarola",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bSCl8QAG/Profile_Picture_1623568118342",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorTwo:{id:"201414",title:"Dr.",name:"Simona",middleName:null,surname:"Viglio",fullName:"Simona Viglio",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRKDHQA4/Profile_Picture_1630402531487",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Pavia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Italy"}}},editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"72288",title:"Dr.",name:"Arli Aditya",middleName:null,surname:"Parikesit",fullName:"Arli Aditya Parikesit",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/72288/images/system/72288.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Indonesia International Institute for Life Sciences",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Indonesia"}}},{id:"40928",title:"Dr.",name:"Cesar",middleName:null,surname:"Lopez-Camarillo",fullName:"Cesar Lopez-Camarillo",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40928/images/3884_n.png",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},{id:"81926",title:"Dr.",name:"Shymaa",middleName:null,surname:"Enany",fullName:"Shymaa Enany",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRqB9QAK/Profile_Picture_1626163237970",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Suez Canal University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]}]}},libraryRecommendation:{success:null,errors:{},institutions:[]},route:{name:"chapter.detail",path:"/chapters/67097",hash:"",query:{},params:{id:"67097"},fullPath:"/chapters/67097",meta:{},from:{name:null,path:"/",hash:"",query:{},params:{},fullPath:"/",meta:{}}}},function(){var e;(e=document.currentScript||document.scripts[document.scripts.length-1]).parentNode.removeChild(e)}()