Data collection and data analysis.
\r\n\tFood insecurity results in fear of hunger and starvation that ultimately affects one’s ability to work for sustainability and economic growth of the country. In addition to this, food insecurity results in various chronic diseases due to reduce immunity that ultimately, a burned on the county economy. Therefore, this book will intend to discuss in detail about the food insecurity challenges and their effect on the quality of life. This book will also aim to provide an overview about the new trends and future prospective that help to resolve the food security issues.
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A significant organizational change must take place within the organization in order to create the basis for lean to take hold. The lean transition process requires significant changes in the company’s function [1]. There must be a form of sharable knowledge at an organizational level to ease the transition. In the comprehensive review of the literature by [2], two gaps were identified that required an understanding of sharable knowledge development processes. Both of these concerns dealt with the individual knowledge development and the methods of how an organization developed a sharable knowledge from individual knowledge to organizational knowledge.
Three domains that serve as the foundation of this study are: knowledge development, knowledge management driven by knowledge development and conveyance, and strategic change implementation (change management), primarily process innovation. To have a level of organizational knowledge is to say that knowledge was held at the organizational level rather than individual level. At an organizational level, the organizational norms, behaviors, and viewpoints changed because of the developing knowledge process. Lean manufacturing has two fundamental elements, which are a systematic approach to process improvement by removing waste, and develop the people who work within the service to create a culture of continuous improvement [3]. The concern that becomes the foundation for this study is that there are many failures in lean manufacturing implementation. Each failure can be attributed in two difference causes, which include lack of understanding the concept of waste, and the fundamental issues of lean culture [4]. The problem addressed in this study is the lack of insight into the development and conveyance of tacit knowledge, which lead to the failure of lean manufacturing implementation an organization.
Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to understand how the tacit knowledge could become sharable as organizational knowledge by proposing the model of tacit knowledge transfer in lean manufacturing implementation. The existence of such a model could benefit the company involved in the implementation of lean manufacturing system in their company. The implementation of lean manufacturing system will be more effective if every company had a good lean knowledge and understand how to properly implement lean in the production process.
Since year 2000, the lean concept has become more contingent and the scope has been extended to include the perspective of organizational learning. Some analysts, like Hines et al. [5] and Jorgensen et al. [6], thought that the lean concept has a greater change of progress and maturity in the future. Evolution can be compared to organizational learning through a phased process. Shah and Ward [7] believe that lean manufacturing is a multifaceted system. The lean system’s integrated nature includes both individuals and process components. It is also linked to the company (i.e., internal) and components of the supplier and customer (i.e., external). In the analysis of the Toyota Production System, [8] points out that lean works on two main principles: “continuous improvement” and “respect for people.” Many senior managers outside Toyota have ignored “respect for people” and misunderstood “continuous improvement” [9]. Lean manufacturing is rooted from kaizen or continuous improvement, which requires skills and a common way of thinking to systematically eliminate waste and improve the value of activities. The lean concept has therefore advanced to a stage that includes the management of knowledge creation, which aims to create a learning organization in which people are the soul of a lean process [10, 11].
One of the main barriers to its implementation is the misunderstanding of the real concept and purpose of lean manufacturing. Herron and Braiden [12] suggest that the reason for this misunderstanding is due to cultural differences during the implementation of the transition or translation of the lean concept. The concept’s misunderstanding leads to several major problems, such as the piecemeal adoption of lean tools and techniques [13], the misuse of lean tools [12], and lack of lean culture development that supports lean production in the company [6].
Lean manufacturing consists of a large number of practices and techniques. An analysis of 100 lean tools and techniques done by Bhamu and Singh Sangwan [14] has shown that a large number of lean practices exist with multiple names, overlap with other tools, and even have different methods of implementation proposed by different researchers. Herron and Hicks [15] have classified lean practices based upon the types of knowledge embedded in the tools known as tacit and explicit knowledge. Explicit knowledge, such as statistical process control (SPC), failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA), single minute exchange of die (SMED), fool proofing or poka-yoke, and value stream mapping, are techniques that are well documented and relatively easy to learn from literatures. In contrast, tacit knowledge that include continuous improvement or kaizen, total productive maintenance (TPM), Kanban, 5S, standardized working, and policy deployment (hoshin kanri), are techniques difficult to implement without the right support. Transferring tacit knowledge takes a long time because it often requires a change in culture and substantial experience to be gained.
According to [16], 42% of the knowledge in an organization is stored in human mind, 26% is in the form of paper documents, 20% is in electronic documents, and 12% in the electronic-knowledge base. The knowledge in human mind is referred as tacit knowledge, which is the most important aspect that should be understood and realized by the company. Tacit knowledge has been classified into two dimensions, the technical and the cognitive dimension. The technical dimension can be viewed as expertise “at ones fingertips” and it encompasses information and expertise in relation to “know-how.” The cognitive dimension consists of mental models, beliefs, and values, and it reflects the image of reality and vision of the future. This study focuses on the technical dimension of tacit knowledge in lean manufacturing. However, tacit knowledge is very difficult to transfer when compared to explicit knowledge. On the other hand, tacit knowledge can be able to help the company to succeed if they have the right approach in transferring the knowledge to other individuals in the company.
The development and transfer of knowledge can be referred to SECI (socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization) model, as shown in Figure 1. SECI model is the model of knowledge creation is developed by [17]. The model has been tested and applied in various empirical studies in the field of information and communication technology, education, banking, manufacturing, and many more. All these studies have suggested that the SECI process has improved the performance and achievement in the organizations. The selection of SECI model in this study is in the ground that SECI model is the most popular model in the creation of knowledge, and this model could give the clear description of the development and transfer of knowledge.
SECI model of knowledge creation.
One Malaysian automotive manufacturing company, Company A was chosen for the case study. The company is selected based on the criteria which have been set. The criteria are: (1) the company must apply lean, (2) must have lean department or unit, and (3) included in Malaysian Automotive Institute (MAI) database. The data collection was prepared by first contacting the company to be studied to gain their co-operation, explained the purpose of the study, and recorded the key contact information. A semi-structured interview guide was developed upon a common case study protocol inferred from the review of literature. The interview protocol was developed to probe the development and transfer of lean tacit knowledge during the lean implementation process. To explain the process of the data collection, Table 1 shows the measures taken in the overall research design in detail.
Method of data collection | Data obtained | Data analysis |
---|---|---|
Interview | Transcript of each interview | Thematic analysis Cross-comparison analysis between wweach respondent |
Site observation | Observation notes Checklist | Content analysis |
Documents | Written documents (newsletter, past progress report) | Content analysis |
Data collection and data analysis.
The same interview protocol was used for triangulation purposes to improve the reliability of research. The need for triangulation stems from the ethical need to confirm the validity of the obtained data. The subjects of the interview are questioned about their actual experiences. For each respondent, an interview was conducted for about 2 h. The respondents were the key employees in the company directly in the lean manufacturing. Table 2 provides a summary of the respondents’ background.
Respondent | Position | Working experience | No. of years working in Company A |
---|---|---|---|
A | Company Manager | 5 years | 5 years |
B | Assistant Manager | 21 years | 9 years |
C | Technical Assistant—Operations Department | 20 years | 9 years |
D | Supervisor—Operations Management | 17 years | 8 years |
Respondents’ background.
Company A is established since 1992 in Selangor, Malaysia. The company started to grow their business by opening the other three factories in Gurun, Kedah (1996), Tanjung Malim, Perak (2007), and Bukit Beruntung, Selangor (2012). Company A expanded the business in designing and producing automotive plastic and metal components. In addition, the company is also the supplier to two Malaysian car producers, which were Proton and Perodua.
Company A started to implement lean manufacturing system since 2009. This implementation was under supervision of a team known as Lean Improvement Team which was created in each factory. This team was responsible in the lean manufacturing system implementation in their factory on an ongoing basis. Furthermore, the team is the main resource in identifying the opportunities to enhance the production productivity by applying the lean thinking system.
All the lean implementation approaches started from discussion with the employees who directly involved in solving the problems in the chosen area or department. The team also conducted meetings to discuss matters relating to the implementation of lean improvement every week. The aim of the meeting is to ensure the goals and targets set could be reached within the specified time.
The Lean Improvement Team is also responsible in delivering information of lean manufacturing concept to other employees. These information were relayed through various ways such as meeting in small groups, through social networks and training. The aim was to ensure all the employees truly understand the lean concept until the company reaches to the high level of effectiveness.
However, the implementation of lean manufacturing in Company A was limited due to financial reasons because it involved sending the team members to relevant trainings with external experts in lean manufacturing system. Therefore, the authors have come to the conclusion that Company A was not comprehensively a lean company, as it did not receive a full support from the top management in the lean manufacturing implementation. Even though, the Lean Improvement Team has been working hard to improve the company’s progress in lean manufacturing system, the team members need to enhance their knowledge, especially in advanced lean manufacturing tools and practices.
To understand the lean manufacturing system know-how is an important element in implementing lean effectively in Company A. In an effort to ensure employee involvement and motivation, understanding of the thinking behind the implementation of lean is very important [18]. Table 3 shows the understanding and interpretation of the respondents in lean manufacturing system. It shows that lean manufacturing system has different dimensions and meanings in the context of each respondent.
Respondent | Lean manufacturing system is |
---|---|
A |
|
B |
|
C |
|
D |
|
Respondents’ understanding and interpretation of lean manufacturing system.
The knowledge and skills in lean manufacturing gained had prompted them to apply lean manufacturing system to increase the productivity in the company. The respondents’ knowledge and expertise of lean were developed and transferred from the number of activities or approaches such as lean training, case studies, simulations, industrial visits, and database sharing.
Lean training is one of the common activities to develop lean tacit knowledge. According to the respondents, they acquired the information and knowledge related to lean from training conducted by MAI and their customers. As mentioned by Respondent A;
Whereas, Respondent B revealed that he developed the lean knowledge and skills from lean training conducted by the Company A’s customer;
At the same time, Respondents C and D only gained knowledge lean through training conducted by Respondents A and B after their lean program organized. Such knowledge has led them to begin seeking about the implementation of effective lean operations. From the exposure given, Respondents C and D began to move actively in looking for ways the implementation of lean effectively through discussions and meetings with Respondents A and B.
Case study is another approach to develop lean tacit knowledge. Respondent B revealed on how case studies were conducted;
According to the respondents, case studies performed were also related to the Value Stream Mapping (VSM), where they were assigned to study their own factory. During the period of case studies, they were often monitored and assisted by the consultants who were experts from Japan in solving the problems that arise.
After conducting case studies, Respondents A and B confessed that their understanding and skills in lean manufacturing system improved tremendously. Then, they started to see the benefits of implementing lean system in the company. This was mainly due to the coaching done by the lean experts who taught them to solve problems according to lean approaches. When asked about how the lean experts trained them, Respondent A stated:
Respondent B:
Understanding and learning directly in the operation helped them to better understand and apply their knowledge in implementing lean manufacturing system in their company.
Another method in developing lean tacit knowledge among employees in Company A is simulation. Respondents A and B mentioned that in lean trainings, one of the approach employed by the lean experts was game simulation. The main benefit of the simulation tools is that the trainees would be able to experience different responses and actions to a real life situation. This could increase their understanding in the actual implementation of the lean.
In addition to lean training, case studies, and simulation games, industrial visits to successfully implemented lean companies and sharing a database relating to the implementation of lean is also other ideas used in developing and obtaining knowledge of lean manufacturing system. It is revealed by the respondents as below:
Respondents A:
Respondent B:
Respondent C:
Rapid technological developments led many individuals find information quickly and fast. Undoubtedly, Internet resources are also a resource for the sender to acquire knowledge and skills in applying lean manufacturing system in the company. A variety of lean techniques and practices available from YouTube make learning lean system more easily attained and implemented by individuals within the company. This situation was disclosed by Respondents A, B, and D on how they develop knowledge and skills in the implementation of lean.
Respondents A:
Respondent B:
Respondent D:
Learning through a variety of methods is the most effective action in developing lean thinking culture in the organization. Knowledge and skills of lean manufacturing are important to ensure that the company continues to be successful in implementing an effective lean manufacturing system. According to [19], skills, knowledge, and experience of the employees are necessary for effective lean manufacturing implementation across the company.
The success transfer of lean tacit knowledge is very important in a company in order to enhance the understanding of lean manufacturing concept and culture among the employees. From the information obtained, the authors have developed a model of tacit knowledge transfer in lean manufacturing system implementation as a guide to assist manufacturing companies in Malaysia in developing the tacit lean knowledge in their companies, such as continuous improvement or kaizen, total productive maintenance (TPM), Kanban, and 5S.
Figure 2 shows the developed model based on the case study conducted. For the transfer of knowledge to be successful, the sender and the recipient must be willing to participate in the knowledge transferring process. There are two dimensions involved in the transferring process, such as externalization to internalization. Both of these dimensions have their own distinctive elements in developing and transferring the lean knowledge.
Model of tacit knowledge transfer in the implementation of lean manufacturing.
From the sender, the dimension involved is the externalization. The sender should be an individual who is knowledgeable and skillful in tacit lean knowledge before transferring the knowledge to the other employees in the company. Therefore, the sender must clearly demonstrate, summarize, and translate the tacit knowledge that he obtained to comprehensible information, known as explicit knowledge.
For the recipient, the dimension observed is internalization. This process involved the transfer of lean knowledge, which is sharable from explicit knowledge to tacit knowledge. Internalization refers to the application of knowledge in real situation. Through internalization, a clear knowledge will be converted to the tacit knowledge of an individual and then developed as the basic knowledge of the organization [20]. According to [17], the process of internalization involved “learning by doing” in order to create the employee’s tacit knowledge.
Therefore, to effectively transfer the tacit knowledge of lean manufacturing, such as Kaizan, 5S and TPM, organized lean activities should be arranged. The lean activities have three steps, which are lean training, practical, and continuous assessments, as shown in Figure 3. These steps are in continuous loop until the company has achieved the organizational basic lean knowledge.
Steps of lean activities.
As shown in Figure 3, the first step of lean activities is lean training. During the training, the recipient is exposed to the concept and application of lean manufacturing. The purpose of training is to create the basic knowledge of lean manufacturing to the recipient, especially for the new workers. The lean training could be done either directly (training, meetings, simulation, and case studies) or indirectly (coaching and informal discussion). An effective training should be conducted in a small group and performed regularly, so that the knowledge and understanding of lean manufacturing is transferred to the recipient.
The second stage in the transferring of tacit knowledge of lean manufacturing is through “learning by doing.” In order to strengthen the understanding of the recipient, practical training is very important. The sender can describe lean manufacturing in detail and clear by demonstrating the lean practices, so that the recipient or workers could perform what they have learned in real working environment. An example of learning 5S or Kaizen, the concept of learning by doing could be done on ongoing basis.
The final step is the assessment after transferring the lean knowledge to the recipient. The purpose of assessment is to ensure that the recipient understands and is able to apply the knowledge learned. According to [21], the most important element in knowledge is through migration, identification, development of knowledge, and followed by evaluation and implementation. The transfer could be more effective if the assessment could be done continuously either individually or in group within the company. Hence, the new knowledge could continue to grow and become the fundamental knowledge of the company.
Based on the findings, the effective transfer of lean tacit knowledge plays an important role in ensuring the level of successful implementation of lean manufacturing system in a company. The right approach of lean tacit knowledge transfer able to increase the ability of employees toward effective lean thinking. However, in order to be able to transfer the knowledge, the senders need acquire the lean knowledge to be competent. Therefore, this study has identified five approaches such as lean training, case studies, simulations, industrial visits and database sharing, and Internet resources (videos). A model was also developed to guide the manufacturing companies, especially the lean implementation team, on how the tacit knowledge of an experienced individual on lean manufacturing can be transferred or shared to other employees. Hence, the implementation of lean manufacturing will be more effective, if every company has a good lean knowledge and understands on how to properly implement lean in the production process.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions and the warm co-operation of Company A. In addition, authors appreciatively acknowledge the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education and Universiti Utara Malaysia for awarding us with the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/SO Code: 13021) to carry out this research project.
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\\n\\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\\n\\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\\n\\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
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\\n\\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\\n\\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\\n\\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
\\n\\nIntechopen.com website content and services are provided on an "AS IS" and an "AS AVAILABLE" basis. Material appearing on www.intechopen.com could include minor technical, typographical, or photographic errors. IntechOpen may make changes to any material contained on its website at any time without notice.
\\n\\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\\n\\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\\n\\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\\n\\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
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\\n\\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
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\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
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\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
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\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
\n\nWe employ the use of cookies. By using the IntechOpen website you consent to the use of cookies in accordance with IntechOpen’s Privacy Policy. Most modern day interactive websites use cookies to enable the retrieval of user details for each visit. On our site, cookies are predominantly used to enable functionality and ease of use for those visiting the site.
\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
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\n\nIntechOpen has no formal affiliation to any external sites that link to www.intechopen.com, unless otherwise specifically stated. As such, it is not responsible for content that appears on any such sites. The inclusion of any link to IntechOpen does not imply endorsement by IntechOpen. Use of any such linked website is done solely at the user's own discretion.
\n\nWe reserve the right of ownership over our entire website www.intechopen.com, and all contents. By using our services, you agree to remove all links to our website immediately upon request. We also reserve the right to amend these Terms and Conditions and our linking policy at any time. By continuing to link to our website, you agree to be bound to, and abide by, these linking Terms and Conditions.
\n\nIf you find any link on our website, or any linked website, objectionable for any reason, please Contact Us. We will consider all requests to remove links but will have no obligation to do so.
\n\nWithout prior approval and express written permission, you may not create frames around our web pages or use other techniques that alter in any way the visual presentation or appearance of our website.
\n\nIntechOpen may revise its Terms of Service for its website at any time without notice. By using this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the current version of all Terms at the time of use.
\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
\n\nCroatian version of Terms and Conditions available here
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However, only recently researchers have started to investigate their relationship with mental health. Evidence coming from literature suggests that they have both advantages and disadvantages for individuals. The aim of this study is to critically review the existent research conducted on the relationship between online social networking and social anxiety.",book:{id:"5384",slug:"new-developments-in-anxiety-disorders",title:"New Developments in Anxiety Disorders",fullTitle:"New Developments in Anxiety Disorders"},signatures:"Anca Dobrean and Costina-Ruxandra Păsărelu",authors:[{id:"188659",title:"Dr.",name:"Anca",middleName:null,surname:"Dobrean",slug:"anca-dobrean",fullName:"Anca Dobrean"},{id:"188660",title:"Mrs.",name:"Costina",middleName:null,surname:"Păsărelu",slug:"costina-pasarelu",fullName:"Costina Păsărelu"}]},{id:"66570",title:"Neurophenomenology, Enaction, and Autopoïesis",slug:"neurophenomenology-enaction-and-autopo-esis",totalDownloads:1039,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:1,abstract:"The project of neurophenomenology, initiated by Francisco Varela, aims at establishing correlations between descriptions of lived experience (as elicited by the explicitation interview technique) and brain states (as measured with increasing precision and detail by the new brain imaging techniques). However, on their own, such correlation aggravates rather than solve Chalmers’ “hard problem”–how can a neuronal state be a state of consciousness? The question that arises is thus how to interpret such correlations. I will argue that this requires putting the brain in the body of an animal living in the world. 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Nerve injuries are generally divided into three categories as neuropraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis. Neurotmesis is the most severe form. Schwann cells are activated within 24 hours of the injury and the healing cascade continued with the cells, which are stimulated by Schwann cells. And neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) have a crucial role in regeneration and degeneration processes. Additionally, Schwann cells upregulate the expression of some proteins, such as fibronectin, which are crucial for axonal regeneration. All this information about nerve healing sheds light on treatment studies. Iatrogenic nerve injury has an important place in peripheral nerve injury. Causes may be direct surgical damage, wrong intraoperative patient positioning, anaesthesia-related reasons or limb tourniquets. Typical symptoms are motor or sensory deficits such as paraesthesia, weakness, paralysis and pain. Many of the traumatic nerve injuries require surgical repair. Direct nerve repair and autologous nerve grafts are still gold-standard treatment options. Additionally, nerve conduits are very successful to provide an ideal peripheral support for neuronal recovery but are still insufficient. 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He also obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also completed a short-term fellowship in Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation at Newcastle General Hospital, England. Dr. Rezaei is a Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs and Research, at the School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and head of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding president of the Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Dr. Rezaei has directed more than 100 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. He is an editor, editorial assistant, or editorial board member of more than forty international journals. He has edited more than 50 international books, presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and published more than 1,100 scientific papers in international journals.",institutionString:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",institution:{name:"Tehran University of Medical Sciences",country:{name:"Iran"}}},{id:"180733",title:"Dr.",name:"Jean",middleName:null,surname:"Engohang-Ndong",slug:"jean-engohang-ndong",fullName:"Jean Engohang-Ndong",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180733/images/system/180733.png",biography:"Dr. Jean Engohang-Ndong was born and raised in Gabon. After obtaining his Associate Degree of Science at the University of Science and Technology of Masuku, Gabon, he continued his education in France where he obtained his BS, MS, and Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology. He worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Newark, NJ for four years before accepting a three-year faculty position at Brigham Young University-Hawaii. Dr. Engohang-Ndong is a tenured faculty member with the academic rank of Full Professor at Kent State University, Ohio, where he teaches a wide range of biological science courses and pursues his research in medical and environmental microbiology. Recently, he expanded his research interest to epidemiology and biostatistics of chronic diseases in Gabon.",institutionString:"Kent State University",institution:{name:"Kent State University",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"188773",title:"Prof.",name:"Emmanuel",middleName:null,surname:"Drouet",slug:"emmanuel-drouet",fullName:"Emmanuel Drouet",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/188773/images/system/188773.png",biography:"Emmanuel Drouet, PharmD, is a Professor of Virology at the Faculty of Pharmacy, the University Grenoble-Alpes, France. As a head scientist at the Institute of Structural Biology in Grenoble, Dr. Drouet’s research investigates persisting viruses in humans (RNA and DNA viruses) and the balance with our host immune system. He focuses on these viruses’ effects on humans (both their impact on pathology and their symbiotic relationships in humans). He has an excellent track record in the herpesvirus field, and his group is engaged in clinical research in the field of Epstein-Barr virus diseases. He is the editor of the online Encyclopedia of Environment and he coordinates the Universal Health Coverage education program for the BioHealth Computing Schools of the European Institute of Science.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Grenoble Alpes University",country:{name:"France"}}},{id:"131400",title:"Prof.",name:"Alfonso J.",middleName:null,surname:"Rodriguez-Morales",slug:"alfonso-j.-rodriguez-morales",fullName:"Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/131400/images/system/131400.png",biography:"Dr. Rodriguez-Morales is an expert in tropical and emerging diseases, particularly zoonotic and vector-borne diseases (especially arboviral diseases). He is the president of the Travel Medicine Committee of the Pan-American Infectious Diseases Association (API), as well as the president of the Colombian Association of Infectious Diseases (ACIN). He is a member of the Committee on Tropical Medicine, Zoonoses, and Travel Medicine of ACIN. He is a vice-president of the Latin American Society for Travel Medicine (SLAMVI) and a Member of the Council of the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID). Since 2014, he has been recognized as a Senior Researcher, at the Ministry of Science of Colombia. He is a professor at the Faculty of Medicine of the Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, in Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia. He is an External Professor, Master in Research on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. He is also a professor at the Master in Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru. In 2021 he has been awarded the “Raul Isturiz Award” Medal of the API. Also, in 2021, he was awarded with the “Jose Felix Patiño” Asclepius Staff Medal of the Colombian Medical College, due to his scientific contributions to COVID-19 during the pandemic. He is currently the Editor in Chief of the journal Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases. His Scopus H index is 47 (Google Scholar H index, 68).",institutionString:"Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Colombia",institution:null},{id:"332819",title:"Dr.",name:"Chukwudi Michael",middleName:"Michael",surname:"Egbuche",slug:"chukwudi-michael-egbuche",fullName:"Chukwudi Michael Egbuche",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/332819/images/14624_n.jpg",biography:"I an Dr. Chukwudi Michael Egbuche. I am a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nnamdi Azikiwe University",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"284232",title:"Mr.",name:"Nikunj",middleName:"U",surname:"Tandel",slug:"nikunj-tandel",fullName:"Nikunj Tandel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284232/images/8275_n.jpg",biography:'Mr. Nikunj Tandel has completed his Master\'s degree in Biotechnology from VIT University, India in the year of 2012. He is having 8 years of research experience especially in the field of malaria epidemiology, immunology, and nanoparticle-based drug delivery system against the infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders and cancer. He has worked for the NIH funded-International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research project "Center for the study of complex malaria in India (CSCMi)" in collaboration with New York University. The preliminary objectives of the study are to understand and develop the evidence-based tools and interventions for the control and prevention of malaria in different sites of the INDIA. Alongside, with the help of next-generation genomics study, the team has studied the antimalarial drug resistance in India. Further, he has extended his research in the development of Humanized mice for the study of liver-stage malaria and identification of molecular marker(s) for the Artemisinin resistance. At present, his research focuses on understanding the role of B cells in the activation of CD8+ T cells in malaria. Received the CSIR-SRF (Senior Research Fellow) award-2018, FIMSA (Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia-Oceania) Travel Bursary award to attend the IUIS-IIS-FIMSA Immunology course-2019',institutionString:"Nirma University",institution:{name:"Nirma University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"334383",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Simone",middleName:"Ulrich",surname:"Ulrich Picoli",slug:"simone-ulrich-picoli",fullName:"Simone Ulrich Picoli",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/334383/images/15919_n.jpg",biography:"Graduated in Pharmacy from Universidade Luterana do Brasil (1999), Master in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology from Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (2002), Specialization in Clinical Microbiology from Universidade de São Paulo, USP (2007) and PhD in Sciences in Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012). She is currently an Adjunct Professor at Feevale University in Medicine and Biomedicine courses and a permanent professor of the Academic Master\\'s Degree in Virology. She has experience in the field of Microbiology, with an emphasis on Bacteriology, working mainly on the following topics: bacteriophages, bacterial resistance, clinical microbiology and food microbiology.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Feevale",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"229220",title:"Dr.",name:"Amjad",middleName:"Islam",surname:"Aqib",slug:"amjad-aqib",fullName:"Amjad Aqib",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229220/images/system/229220.png",biography:"Dr. Amjad Islam Aqib obtained a DVM and MSc (Hons) from University of Agriculture Faisalabad (UAF), Pakistan, and a PhD from the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore, Pakistan. Dr. Aqib joined the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery at UAF for one year as an assistant professor where he developed a research laboratory designated for pathogenic bacteria. Since 2018, he has been Assistant Professor/Officer in-charge, Department of Medicine, Manager Research Operations and Development-ORIC, and President One Health Club at Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. He has nearly 100 publications to his credit. His research interests include epidemiological patterns and molecular analysis of antimicrobial resistance and modulation and vaccine development against animal pathogens of public health concern.",institutionString:"Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences",institution:null},{id:"333753",title:"Dr.",name:"Rais",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmed",slug:"rais-ahmed",fullName:"Rais Ahmed",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/333753/images/20168_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Agriculture Faisalabad",country:{name:"Pakistan"}}},{id:"62900",title:"Prof.",name:"Fethi",middleName:null,surname:"Derbel",slug:"fethi-derbel",fullName:"Fethi Derbel",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/62900/images/system/62900.jpeg",biography:"Professor Fethi Derbel was born in 1960 in Tunisia. He received his medical degree from the Sousse Faculty of Medicine at Sousse, University of Sousse, Tunisia. He completed his surgical residency in General Surgery at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and was a member of the Unit of Liver Transplantation in the University of Rennes, France. He then worked in the Department of Surgery at the Sahloul University Hospital in Sousse. Professor Derbel is presently working at the Clinique les Oliviers, Sousse, Tunisia. His hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, colorectal, pancreatic, hepatobiliary, and gastric surgery. He is also very interested in hernia surgery and performs ventral hernia repairs and inguinal hernia repairs. He has been a member of the GREPA and Tunisian Hernia Society (THS). During his residency, he managed patients suffering from diabetic foot, and he was very interested in this pathology. For this reason, he decided to coordinate a book project dealing with the diabetic foot. Professor Derbel has published many articles in journals and collaborates intensively with IntechOpen Access Publisher as an editor.",institutionString:"Clinique les Oliviers",institution:null},{id:"300144",title:"Dr.",name:"Meriem",middleName:null,surname:"Braiki",slug:"meriem-braiki",fullName:"Meriem Braiki",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/300144/images/system/300144.jpg",biography:"Dr. Meriem Braiki is a specialist in pediatric surgeon from Tunisia. She was born in 1985. She received her medical degree from the University of Medicine at Sousse, Tunisia. She achieved her surgical residency training periods in Pediatric Surgery departments at University Hospitals in Monastir, Tunis and France.\r\nShe is currently working at the Pediatric surgery department, Sidi Bouzid Hospital, Tunisia. Her hospital activities are mostly concerned with laparoscopic, parietal, urological and digestive surgery. She has published several articles in diffrent journals.",institutionString:"Sidi Bouzid Regional Hospital",institution:null},{id:"229481",title:"Dr.",name:"Erika M.",middleName:"Martins",surname:"de Carvalho",slug:"erika-m.-de-carvalho",fullName:"Erika M. de Carvalho",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/229481/images/6397_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Oswaldo Cruz Foundation",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"186537",title:"Prof.",name:"Tonay",middleName:null,surname:"Inceboz",slug:"tonay-inceboz",fullName:"Tonay Inceboz",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/186537/images/system/186537.jfif",biography:"I was graduated from Ege University of Medical Faculty (Turkey) in 1988 and completed his Med. PhD degree in Medical Parasitology at the same university. I became an Associate Professor in 2008 and Professor in 2014. I am currently working as a Professor at the Department of Medical Parasitology at Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey.\n\nI have given many lectures, presentations in different academic meetings. I have more than 60 articles in peer-reviewed journals, 18 book chapters, 1 book editorship.\n\nMy research interests are Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis (diagnosis, life cycle, in vitro and in vivo cultivation), and Trichomonas vaginalis (diagnosis, PCR, and in vitro cultivation).",institutionString:"Dokuz Eylül University",institution:{name:"Dokuz Eylül University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"71812",title:"Prof.",name:"Hanem Fathy",middleName:"Fathy",surname:"Khater",slug:"hanem-fathy-khater",fullName:"Hanem Fathy Khater",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/71812/images/1167_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. Khater is a Professor of Parasitology at Benha University, Egypt. She studied for her doctoral degree, at the Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA. She has completed her Ph.D. degrees in Parasitology in Egypt, from where she got the award for “the best scientific Ph.D. dissertation”. She worked at the School of Biological Sciences, Bristol, England, the UK in controlling insects of medical and veterinary importance as a grant from Newton Mosharafa, the British Council. Her research is focused on searching of pesticides against mosquitoes, house flies, lice, green bottle fly, camel nasal botfly, soft and hard ticks, mites, and the diamondback moth as well as control of several parasites using safe and natural materials to avoid drug resistances and environmental contamination.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Banha University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"99780",title:"Prof.",name:"Omolade",middleName:"Olayinka",surname:"Okwa",slug:"omolade-okwa",fullName:"Omolade Okwa",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/99780/images/system/99780.jpg",biography:"Omolade Olayinka Okwa is presently a Professor of Parasitology at Lagos State University, Nigeria. She has a PhD in Parasitology (1997), an MSc in Cellular Parasitology (1992), and a BSc (Hons) Zoology (1990) all from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. She teaches parasitology at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She was a recipient of a Commonwealth fellowship supported by British Council tenable at the Centre for Entomology and Parasitology (CAEP), Keele University, United Kingdom between 2004 and 2005. She was awarded an Honorary Visiting Research Fellow at the same university from 2005 to 2007. \nShe has been an external examiner to the Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, MSc programme between 2010 and 2012. She is a member of the Nigerian Society of Experimental Biology (NISEB), Parasitology and Public Health Society of Nigeria (PPSN), Science Association of Nigeria (SAN), Zoological Society of Nigeria (ZSN), and is Vice Chairperson of the Organisation of Women in Science (OWSG), LASU chapter. She served as Head of Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Lagos State University from 2007 to 2010 and 2014 to 2016. 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His research work has been published in various high-impact factor journals (Science, PNAS, Nature Medicine) with a high number of citations. He has received many awards and honors in India and abroad including various Young Scientist Awards, BBSRC India Partnering Award, and Dr. JC Bose National Award of Department of Biotechnology, Min. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. Dr. Saxena is a fellow of various international societies/academies including the Royal College of Pathologists, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Medicine, London; Royal Society of Biology, United Kingdom; Royal Society of Chemistry, London; and Academy of Translational Medicine Professionals, Austria. He was named a Global Leader in Science by The Scientist. 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