Abstract
Volcanic ash-derived soils (VADS, variable-charge soils) are predominant in some regions of the world, being of great importance in the agricultural economy of several emerging countries. Their amphoteric surface charge characteristics confer physical/chemical properties different to constant surface charge-soils, showing a particular behavior in relation to the herbicide adsorption kinetics. Volcanic soils represent an environmental substrate that may become polluted over time due to intensive agronomic uses. Solute transport models have contributed to a better understanding of herbicide behavior on variable- and constant-charge soils, being also necessary to evaluate the fate of herbicides and to prevent potential contamination of water resources. The following chapter is divided into four sections: physical/chemical properties of variable and constant-charge soils, kinetic adsorption models frequently used to obtain kinetic parameters of herbicides on soils, solute transport models to describe herbicide adsorption on VADS, and impact of experimental conditions of kinetic batch studies on solute transport mechanisms.
Keywords
- variable-charge soils
- constant-charge soils
- kinetic adsorption
- herbicides and solute transport mechanism
1. Introduction
Nature of soils is regulated by various soil-forming factors such as parent material, climate, vegetation, and time [1]. These factors vary widely among region, and also these vary in their properties. Volcanic ash-derived soils (VADS) are predominantly found in regions of the world with geochemical characteristics dominated by active and recently extinct volcanic activity. These have great importance in the agricultural economy of several emerging and developing countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania, and America. They are abundant and widespread in central-southern Chile (from 19° to 56° S latitude), accounting for approximately 69% of the arable land [2].
Agricultural practices developed in Chilean VADS have led to the very increased use of herbicides and also require frequent adjustments of soil pH and mineral fertilization [3, 4, 5]. Among these soils, andisols and ultisols are the most abundant, both presenting an acidic pH (4.5–5.5). Andisols are rich in organic matter (OM), with high specific surface area, P retention (>85%), and variable charge with low saturation of bases, low bulk density (<0.9 Mg m−3) associated with a high porosity, and a strong microaggregation of heterogeneous forms and a mineralogy dominated by short-range ordered minerals, such as allophane (Al2O3SiO2 × nH2O) [2, 6]. Allophane plays a key role in surface reactivity in andisols determining the availability of nutrients and controlling soil contaminant behavior [6]. Ultisols have a low amount of OM, relatively high amounts of Fe oxides in different degrees of crystallinity, low base saturation (<30%), high bulk density (0.8–1.1 Mg m−3), and high clay content (>40%) [2, 7]. This last component provides a finer texture that allows a greater cohesion with respect to andisols [2, 8].
Andisols present variable surface charge, originated in both inorganic and organic constituents. Inorganic minerals such as goethite (FeOOH), ferrihydrite (Fe10O15 × 9H2O), gibbsite (Al(OH)3), imogolite, and allophane contribute through the dissociation of Fe▬OH and Al▬OH active surface groups, while OM through the dissociation of its functional groups (mainly carboxylic and phenolic) and humus-Al and Fe complexes with amphoteric characteristics contributes too. For the other side, ultisols present little or no charge, because more crystalline minerals, such as halloysite and/or kaolinite dominate their mineralogy.
Several herbicide adsorption kinetic studies on VADS have indicated that the herbicide adsorption is a nonequilibrium process [5, 9]. Time-dependent adsorption can be a result from physical and chemical nonequilibrium and intrasorbent diffusion can occur during the transport of pesticides in soils [10]. In general, nonequilibrium adsorption has been attributed to several factors, such as: diffusive mass transport resistances, nonlinearity in adsorption isotherms, adsorption-desorption nonsingularity and rate-limited adsorption reactions [11]. The
The adsorption-desorption behavior of pesticides is the principal process affecting the fate of these chemicals in soil and water. In general, adsorption-desorption processes are known to be important because they are time-dependent and with considerable ecosystem impact, influencing the availability of organic pollutants for plant uptake, microbial degradation, and transport in soil and consequently leaching potential. In this sense, the principal process that affects the fate of pesticides in soil and water is adsorption of pesticides from soil solution to soil particle active sites, which limit transport in soils by reducing their concentration in the soil solution. Therefore, adsorption kinetic studies provide important information for weed control, crop toxicity, runoff, and carryover events, serving as the foundation for estimating effects on biotic and abiotic environmental components. The kinetic parameters can be obtained by means of the application of two kinds of kinetic models: the ones that allow establishing principal kinetic parameters and modeling of the adsorption process and other models frequently used to describe adsorption mechanisms of organic compounds on soils. Such information is necessary in order to understand leaching of herbicides for preventing potential contamination of groundwater.
The aim of this chapter is to establish the differences of adsorption kinetics of ionizable and nonionizable herbicides (INIH) in Chilean VADS to investigate the mechanisms involved of INIH adsorption on VADS by applying different solute adsorption mechanism models. Kinetic adsorption model description is also necessary in order to develop and validate computer simulation transport models on VADS to prevent potential contamination of water resources, considering model restrictions related to experimental conditions of kinetic batch studies on solute transport mechanisms.
2. Physical and chemical properties of variable-charge soils
Variable-charge soils are dominated by Al/Fe-humus complexes, by ferrihydrite, a short-range-order Fe hydroxide mineral, or by clay components characterized by the formation of short-range-order aluminosilicates, such as allophane and imogolite [13]. The clay fraction mineralogy of VADS is usually dominated by allophane with a minor content of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite, and hematite [14]. Besides, these minerals contain 2:1 and 2:1:1 type minerals and their integrades, opaline silica and halloysite [13].
These distinctive physical and chemical properties are largely due to the formation of noncrystalline materials, biological activity, and the accumulation of OM [13, 15]. The soil OM represents a key indicator of soil quality, both for agricultural (i.e., productivity and economic returns) and environmental functions (i.e., carbon sequestration). Andisols are highly representative of VADS; their OC concentration is more associated with metal-humus complexes than with concentrations of noncrystalline materials. Nevertheless these materials with variable charge surfaces provide an abundance of microaggregates that permit to encapsulate OC, favoring their physical protection [13]. Other studies indicate that Al/Fe oxides/hydroxides in allophanic soils are linked to carboxylic and aromatic groups of soil OM being the last highly decomposed [1].
In general, andisols are soils rich in constituents with amphoteric surface reactive group being considered the most abundant variable charge soils in Chile [14]. The most striking and unique properties of these are: variable charge, high water-holding capacity, low bulk density, high friability, highly stable soil aggregates due to unstable colloidal dispersions, excellent tilth and strong resistance to water erosion [13], anion adsorption, high lime or gypsum requirement to achieve neutral pH, and considerable adsorption affinity for cations (Ca and Mg), which may form both inner- and outer-sphere complexes although the first are found to be more important [14].
Andisols are relatively young soils and cover about 0.84% of the world’s land [13, 16], being a typical product of weathering increases in temperate and tropical environments with sufficient moisture [13]. In this sense, metastable noncrystalline materials are transformed to more stable crystalline minerals (e.g., halloysite, kaolinite, and gibbsite) allowing the alteration of andisols to Inceptisols, alfisols, or ultisols. Andisols are often divided into two groups based on the mineralogical composition of A horizons: allophanic andisols dominated by variable charge constituents (allophane/imogolite), and nonallophanic andisols dominated by both variable charge and constant charge components (Al/Fe-humus complexes and 2:1 layer silicates) [13]. Allophanic andisols form preferentially in weathering environments with pH values in the range of 5–7 and a low content of complexing organic compounds. Nonallophanic andisols form preferentially in pedogenic environments that are rich in OM and have pH values of 5 or less [13].
Allophanic andisols present allophane, imogolite, poorly crystalline Fe oxides (probably ferrihydrite), Al/Fe-humus complexes, volcanic glass (which is a mixture of aluminosilicates and traces of ferromagnesian minerals), and secondary Si minerals (opaline silica), resulting in pH-dependent variable charge, CEC and anion exchange capacity (AEC), and high phosphate retention >70% [1, 13]. Allophane, the main component of the clay fraction of VADS, has short to mid-range atomic order and a prevalence of Si▬O▬Al bonding [17]. This aluminosilicate consists of hollow, irregularly spherical nanoparticles with an outside diameter of 3.5–5.0 nm, a wall thickness of 0.7–1 nm, and a specific surface area of 700–900 m2 g−1 with a chemical composition generally ranging from an Al:Si atomic ratio of 1:1–2:1 [13].
The presence of allophane in andisols provides excellent physical fertility properties for crop production, such as: high friability, stable aggregates, ease of root penetration, good drainage, high permeability, low bulk density at field-moisture water content <0.9 g cm−3, high porosity, and high air and water retention [13]. An unusually high amount of micropores in allophanic VADS is partially attributable to the intra- and inter-particle pores of allophane [15]. The development of aggregates in VADS is closely related to the retention of large amounts of plant-available water. The large volume of both mesopores/micropores relates with the high water-holding capacity of andisols. In this sense, young VADS have a greater amount of macropores larger than 100 μm in diameter and a lesser amount of mesopores (0.4–6.0 μm) and micropores (<0.4 μm). In contrast, moderately weathered soils have a large amount of mesopores (0.4–6.0 μm) and micropores (<0.4 μm), contributing to the large plant-available water.
Based on their surface charge characteristics, VADS are characterized by a mixed charge system [14]. In this sense, the soil particles are of two different types: dual and variable-charge particles (phyllosilicates and allophane) and variable-charge particles (Fe/Al oxides). The surface charge density of variable-charge oxides depends on pH and ionic strength (IS) of the soil solution. The Fe/Al oxides have a surface reactive group with amphoteric properties; these groups are protonated and positively charged under acidic conditions (at a pH below the point of zero charge, PZC) or deprotonated and negatively charged under basic conditions (at a pH higher than the PZC). In general, the PZC of Al/Fe oxides are between 8 and 9. The Fe in VADS is present mostly in the form of noncrystalline hydroxides (ferrihydrite) and partly as Fe-humus complexes [13]. Ferrihydrite appears as individual spherical particles ranging in size between 2 and 5 nm. These particles form aggregates ranging from 100 to 300 nm in diameter [13].
Dual-charge particles, such as phyllosilicates and allophane, usually develop permanent and variable charge or only variable charge but with different magnitude an even different sign on different surfaces of the same particle. These inorganic minerals are abundant in VADS, controlling chemical properties of the bulk soil. The siloxane ditrigonal cavity of the phyllosilicate siloxane surfaces may develop a localized permanent negative charge as a result of isomorphic substitutions in their internal crystal structures regardless of ambient conditions. The magnitude of this permanent negative charge does not depend on pH and IS of the soil solution. In contrast, the edges of these particles develop variable charge.
The variable charge of allophane is the result of protonation and dissociation of Al▬OH and Si▬OH superficial functional groups, with Al▬OH groups having negative, neutral, or positive charge and the more acidic SI▬OH groups having either neutral or negative charge. As allophane is a dual-variable charge, VADS usually have a slightly acidic to acidic soil solution pH [14]. Under acidic conditions, the surfaces of these minerals are net positively charged. The variable positive charge results from protonation of surface inorganic soil constituents with Al▬OH, Fe▬O, and Fe▬OH groups, while the variable negative charge results from dissociation of surface Si▬OH and organic functional groups of organic soil constituents (e.g., carboxylic, phenolic, or amino reactive groups) [13]. The development of negative charge with increasing soil pH has been common to all andisols and has been strongly related to the amount of soil OM [13]. Soils with a large variable charge component required large additions of lime for pH amendment and were susceptible to leaching of cations when the soil pH decreased [13]. The CEC and AEC of variable charge components on particle edges are pH- and IS-dependent of the soil solution. On the other hand, the most important mineralogical components in ultisols are: kaolinite (dual-charge minerals), hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite, muscovite, smectite, and Fe/Al oxides (quartz in the sand and silt fractions). Kaolinite is a 1:1 phyllosilicate with a relatively low specific surface area (between 5 and 39 m2 g−1) and presents the lowest surface charge (about 1–5 cmol (c) kg−1) among common dual-charge clay minerals. The PZC of kaolinite is between 2.8 and 2.9 [14]. The kaolinite in A horizons has the same tubular morphology as the halloysite at depth suggesting that hydrated halloysite transforms to kaolinite upon dehydration. Halloysite is a 1:1 aluminosilicate hydrated mineral characterized by a diversity of morphologies (e.g., spheroidal and tubular), specific surface area, structural disorder, and physical-chemical properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity (CEC) and ion selectivity) [13].
3. Physical and chemical properties of constant-charge soils
There are different soil orders classified by soil formation, climates, and morphological features [18]. However, globally, most of the soil orders have constant charge. In general, these soils present a similar composition to the andisols, except for amorphous clays, metal oxides, oxyhydroxides, and hydroxides. In this sense, constant-charge soils are a simplification of andisols, what is expressed in a lower variety of adsorbent forms that result in a minor mechanistic variability of adsorption-desorption processes. The lack of Fe/Al oxides and allophane involves a surface without humus-Fe/Al, Fe/Al-mineral, and mineral-Fe/Al-humus complexes, reducing the combinations of possible surface-surface and herbicide-surface interactions, increasing the colloidal stability due to electrostatic repulsion between non-Fe/Al minerals and OM, both with surfaces dominated by anionic sites (S−).
A thorough analysis is required to study the adsorption kinetics with agricultural or remediation purposes. For example, histosols from peat or bog have a high OM content (>20%) [18], so the adsorption process can be simplified to the soil/solution partition coefficient normalized to the
Despite the diversity previously exposed, in all the cases, the adsorption sites are mostly neutral (S0, e.g., OMaromatic,aliphatic) and anionic (S−, e.g., siloxane), and this implies adsorption of hydrophobic, polar, and cationic herbicides, where the dominance of siloxane and anionic organic surface groups generates a low PZC and negative surface charge, mostly pH-independent [20], which therefore implies small changes in CEC of minerals and negligible AEC at soil pH. So, the adsorption is independent of PZC for constant-charge soils. We will use ultisols as a constant-charge soil to show this and contrast with andisols.
3.1. Effect of MSM adsorption in PZC on ultisols and andisols
The curve of PZC versus pH for ultisol and andisol soils is shown in Figure 1 [5]. As can be observed, a displacement of PZC to a higher pH was produced in both soil surfaces with adsorbed metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) confirming the contribution of charged surface sites to adsorption of anionic MSM through electrostatic and hydrophilic interactions on ultisols and andisols, respectively. The OM and active and free Fe/Al oxides will control the adsorption process in andisols mainly through hydrophilic on surface minerals, such as allophane, gibbsite, hematite, and goethite. In contrast, andisols present positive sites (S+, e.g., goethite at pH < 7.8) in addition to S0 and S−, that allow the anionic herbicide adsorption (X−(hydr) and X−) (Figure 2). Some intuitive mechanisms affected by pH, pKa, and PZC are anionic and cationic exchange due to their electrostatic nature, but these kinds of adsorption are usually accompanied by other mechanisms.

Figure 1.
Electrophoretic migration curves: (▲) ultisol without MSM adsorbed; (Δ) ultisol with 15 μg mL−1 of MSM adsorbed; (●) andisol without MSM adsorbed; and (Ο) andisol with 15 μg mL−1 of MSM adsorbed [

Figure 2.
Connection between adsorption parameters and mechanistic explanation from kinetic models in andisols and ultisols from
4. Adsorption kinetics
The adsorption is characterized by a three-stage process: a rapid uptake on readily available adsorption sites (Figure 2, 1st stage), followed by slow diffusion-immobilization into mesopores, micropores, or capillaries in the sorbent’s internal structure through mechanisms controlled by
4.1. Kinetic adsorption models frequently used to estimate kinetic parameters of herbicides on soils
The

Figure 3.
(A)
4.2. Mechanistic kinetic models to describe herbicide adsorption on ultisols and andisols
Figure 3B and C show a different transport mechanism for glyphosate (GPS, pKa = 0.8; 2.23; 5.46; 10.14), metsulfuron-methyl (MSM, pKa = 3.3) and diuron (DI) on ultisol and andisols [9, 12, 23]. The
Time-dependent adsorption can be a result of physical and chemical nonequilibrium [12]. The nonequilibrium adsorption on soils has been attributed to several factors, such as: diffusive mass transfer resistances, nonlinearity in adsorption isotherms, adsorption-desorption nonsingularity, and rate-limited adsorption reactions [11]. The rate-limited diffusion of the adsorbate from bulk solution to the external surface of the sorbent and rate-limited diffusion within mesopores and micropores of the soil matrix will occur before the equilibrium is reached. The adsorption process first occurs within the boundary layer around the sorbent being conceptualized as a rapid uptake process on readily available adsorption sites. The intercept of the first adsorption step (
When
The second (
The 3rd stage (Figure 2) is the adsorption of the particle in the inner surface of the sorbent through mass-action-controlled mechanisms where a rapid uptake occurs or mechanism of surface reaction which consider the interactions between functional groups of solute and surface (as a chemisorption) [9, 12, 24]. In this regard, this stage is observed in the second linear portion (
While inorganic minerals such as goethite, ferrihydrite, gibbsite, imogolite, and allophane contribute through the dissociation of Si▬OH, Fe▬OH, and Al▬OH active surface groups [21], kaolin clays could contribute to the adsorption in ultisols through Si▬OH and (Al▬OH▬Si)+0.5 from the exposed edge kaolinite of the octahedral and tetrahedral basal surfaces having a hydrophilic and hydrophobic character, respectively [21].
For the case of ionizable herbicides, such as MSM, a negative correlation has been found between adsorption capacity and pH on acidic andisols (pHsoils between 4.49–6.46) from southern China [30] and acidic ultisols (pHsoils acidic 4.7–5.2) and acidic andisols (pHsoils acidic 4.1–6.2) from Chile [5, 31]. This behavior could be related to the adsorption mechanism of neutral pesticide species (X0) on OM at low pH (S0…*X0, with S0 = hydrophobic or polar OM) and the increase of repulsion between S− and X− at high pH (Figures 1 and 2, 1st stage). In addition, a positive correlation between adsorption capacity and CEC and amorphous and free Al/Fe content even at low pH implies a significant electrostatic adsorption mechanism on S+, probably anionic exchange (S+…*X−(hydr)) (Figures 1 and 2). The presence of two mechanisms explains the variations on
For the case of amphoteric herbicides, such as imazaquin, Weber et al. studied the imazaquin adsorption (pKa = 1.8 for ▬NH+▬, 3.8 for ▬COO−, and 10.5 for ▬N−▬) in Cape Fear soil [32]. In this acidic ultisol (pHsoil = 4.7), the authors found a positive correlation between adsorption capacity and presence of cationic (X+) and neutral imazaquin, attributed to cationic exchange, an electrostatic mechanism opposite to anionic exchange observed for MSM in andisols (S−…*X+(hydr)) instead of (S+…*X−(hydr)), while the inverse correlation with the anionic species was explained by electrostatic repulsion with negative charge surfaces. In this sense, the different surface charge of both soil orders (predominance of S− for ultisols and S+ for andisols) plays an important role in herbicide-soil speciation that should be considered together with molecular properties to explain the mechanistic behavior of adsorption.
On the other hand, the OM, humic substances, and clay content increased the adsorption and reduced the mobility of imazaquin at low pH, due to the inverse relationship between adsorption and transport [32]. But this trend involves the adsorption on negatively charged sites, then andisols could exhibit a different behavior affected by positive charges and their interactions with herbicides (S+…*X) and OM (S+…*S−). For the case of a nonionizable herbicide, such as metolachlor, the OM plays a fundamental role for specific and nonspecific adsorption mechanisms. In this regard, Weber et al. studied the adsorption of metolachlor in Cape Fear soil [32], comparatively to imazaquin. In general, metolachlor was adsorbed by physical binding with soil. The proposed mechanisms were hydrophobic bonding to lipophilic sites of OM and humic substances (X0…*S0), charge-transfer mechanisms, van der Waals forces, and H-bonds on polar surfaces of clay minerals, with a greater adsorption than imazaquin, similar to DI in Chilean soils (Figure 2, 1st stage and equilibrium) [9]. Additionally, the adsorption process could be dependent on mass transfer instead of soil-herbicide affinity. In this sense, the adsorption mechanisms depend on chemical and physical properties of soil and herbicide, including the interaction between soil components. This was observed for atrazine adsorbed on OM [33], in which hydrophobic interactions were dominant in aliphatic C of the inner sites of humic self-associated aggregates for ultisols, while for andisols the adsorption occurred on the surface of aromatic C stabilized by allophane and therefore becomes more easily desorbed [33]. This effect on conformational rigidity of organic and Fe/Al-humus sorbents is interesting to predict the environmental fate of organic nonionizable herbicides, where the formation of stable Fe/Al-humus complexes becomes OM less heterogeneous in andisols, which plays an important role in controlling the reversibility of adsorption processes. The effect of soil-solution interaction on hydrophobic adsorption of acetamiprid (pKa = 4.16) was studied by Murano et al. [34]. The adsorption of neutral acetamiprid at pH 6.5 (neutral specie) increased when Al+3 or Fe+3 was added to humic substances because of hydrophobicity enhanced by cation bridging in the formation of humic substance-metal complexes (S−…*M+3…*S− and 3S−…*M+3, where M=Al+3/Fe+3), changing the surface charge, conformational structure of humic substances, and accessibility to reactive sites.The
The DI adsorption on andisols presented an initial phase with a fast trend to equilibrium, where between 10 and 50% of sites account for very fast adsorption (Figure 2, 1st stage). Again for ultisols, most of the sites corresponded to the time-dependent stage of adsorption (90%) (Figure 2, 1st stage). The adsorption of nonionic or hydrophobic compounds on VADS has been described as a two-site equilibrium-kinetic process, where
4.3. Impact of experimental conditions of kinetic batch studies on solute transport mechanisms
The adsorption mechanism is strongly related to the experimental conditions established to carry out the adsorption kinetic study. Considering previous examples of herbicide adsorption kinetics on ultisols and andisols exposed in Figure 3, the pH can affect the speciation of MSM and GPS [4, 12]. Similarly, pH can significantly affect the fraction of different soil sites for adsorption (S+, S− and S0) in andisols. In this sense, the variability in
5. Conclusions
The surface charge amphoteric characteristics of VADS confer them physical/chemical properties absolutely different to constant charge-soils, where soil composition (i.e., SOM), mineralogy, and variable charge are key components of most VADS controlling soil INIH adsorption, representing an environmental substrate that may become polluted over time due to intensive agronomic uses. The
Acknowledgments
This work was funded via projects FONDECYT 11110421 from CONICYT, Chile, CEDENNA FB0807 (Basal Funding for Scientific and Technological Centers) from CONICYT, Chile, and PFCHA/DOCTORADO NACIONAL/2017—21170499 from CONICYT, Chile.
Conflict of interest
The authors certify that they have no conflict of interest with the subject matter discussed in this chapter.
References
- 1.
Sarmah AK, Muller K, Ahmad R. Fate and behaviour of pesticides in the agroecosystem—A review with a New Zealand perspective. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 2004; 42 :125-154. DOI: 10.1071/sr03100 - 2.
Escudey M, Galindo G, Forster JE, Briceño M, Diaz P, Chang A. Chemical forms of phosphorus of volcanic ash-derived soils in chile. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2001; 32 :601-616. DOI: 10.1081/CSS-100103895 - 3.
Báez ME, Espinoza J, Silva R, Fuentes E. Sorption-desorption behavior of pesticides and their degradation products in volcanic and nonvolcanic soils: Interpretation of interactions through two-way principal component analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015; 22 :8576-8585. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4036-8 - 4.
Cáceres-Jensen L, Gan J, Báez M, Fuentes R, Escudey M. Adsorption of glyphosate on variable-charge, volcanic ash-derived soils. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2009; 38 :1449-1457. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2008.0146 - 5.
Caceres L, Fuentes R, Escudey M, Fuentes E, Baez MaE. Metsulfuron-methyl sorption/desorption behavior on volcanic ash-derived soils. Effect of phosphate and pH. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2010; 58 :6864-6869. DOI: 10.1021/jf904191z - 6.
Briceno G, Demanet R, de la Luz Mora M, Palma G. Effect of liquid cow manure on andisol properties and atrazine adsorption. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2008; 37 :1519-1526. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0323 - 7.
Pizarro C, Fabris J, Stucki J, Garg V, Morales C, Aravena S, et al. Distribution of Fe-bearing compounds in an Ultisol as determined with selective chemical dissolution and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Hyperfine Interactions. 2007; 175 :95-101. DOI: 10.1007/s10751-008-9594-z - 8.
Seguel S O, Orellana S I. Relación entre las propiedades mecánicas de suelos y los procesos de génesis e intensidad de uso. Agro Sur. 2008; 36 :82-92. DOI: 10.4206/agrosur.2008.v36n2-04 - 9.
Caceres-Jensen L, Rodriguez-Becerra J, Parra-Rivero J, Escudey M, Barrientos L, Castro-Castillo V. Sorption kinetics of diuron on volcanic ash derived soils. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2013; 261 :602-613. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.073 - 10.
Brusseau ML, Rao PSC. The influence of sorbate-organic matter interactions on sorption nonequilibrium. Chemosphere. 1989; 18 :1691-1706. DOI: 10.1016/0045-6535(89)90453-0 - 11.
Villaverde J, van Beinum W, Beulke S, Brown CD. The kinetics of sorption by retarded diffusion into soil aggregate pores. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43 :8227-8232. DOI: 10.1021/es9015052 - 12.
Cáceres-Jensen L, Escudey M, Fuentes E, Báez ME. Modeling the sorption kinetic of metsulfuron-methyl on Andisols and Ultisols volcanic ash-derived soils: Kinetics parameters and solute transport mechanisms. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2010; 179 :795-803. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.03.074 - 13.
Dahlgren RA, Saigusa M, Ugolini FC, Donald LS. The nature, properties and management of volcanic soils. In: Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press; 2004. pp. 113-182. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(03)82003-5 - 14.
Qafoku NP, Ranst EV, Noble A, Baert G. Variable charge soils: Their mineralogy, chemistry and management. In: Advances in Agronomy. Oxford: Academic Press; 2004. pp. 159-215. DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2113(04)84004-5 - 15.
Shoji S, Takahashi T. Environmental and agricultural significance of volcanic ash soils. Global Environmental Research-English Edition. 2002; 6 :113-135 - 16.
Takahashi T, Shoji S. Distribution and classification of volcanic ash soils. Global Environmental Research-English Edition. 2002; 6 :83-98 - 17.
Cea M, Seaman JC, Jara AA, Fuentes B, Mora ML, Diez MC. Adsorption behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol in an allophanic soil. Chemosphere. 2007; 67 :1354-1360. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.10.080 - 18.
Mirsal A. Origin, Monitoring & Remediation. In: Soil Pollution. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 2008. p. 312. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70777-6 - 19.
Franco A, Trapp S. Estimation of the soil–water partition coefficient normalized to organic carbon for ionizable organic chemicals. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2008; 27 :1995-2004. DOI: 10.1897/07-583.1 - 20.
Sparks DL. 5—Sorption phenomena on soils. In: Environmental Soil Chemistry. 2nd ed. Burlington: Academic Press; 2003. pp. 133-186. DOI: 10.1016/B978-012656446-4/50005-0 - 21.
Báez ME, Fuentes E, Espinoza J. Characterization of the atrazine sorption process on andisol and ultisol volcanic ash-derived soils: Kinetic parameters and the contribution of humic fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2013; 61 :6150-6160. DOI: 10.1021/jf400950d - 22.
Brusseau ML, Famisan GB, Artiola JF, Janick FA, Ian LP, Mark LB. Chemical contaminants. In: Environmental Monitoring and Characterization. Burlington: Academic Press; 2004. pp. 299-312 - 23.
Caceres-Jensen L, Rodriguez-Becerra J, Escudey M. Impact of physical/chemical properties of volcanic ash-derived soils on mechanisms involved during sorption of ionisable and non-ionisable herbicides. In: Edebali DS, editor. Advanced Sorption Process Applications. London: Intech; 2018. p. 95-149. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.81155 - 24.
Tan KL, Hameed BH. Insight into the adsorption kinetics models for the removal of contaminants from aqueous solutions. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2017; 74 :25-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.01.024 - 25.
Fernández-Bayo JD, Nogales R, Romero E. Evaluation of the sorption process for imidacloprid and diuron in eight agricultural soils from Southern Europe using various kinetic models. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008; 56 :5266-5272. DOI: 10.1021/jf8004349 - 26.
Pojananukij N, Wantala K, Neramittagapong S, Lin C, Tanangteerpong D, Neramittagapong A. Improvement of As(III) removal with diatomite overlay nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI-D): Adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetic studies. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 2017; 17 :212-220. DOI: 10.2166/ws.2016.120 - 27.
Valderrama C, Gamisans X, de las Heras X, Farrán A, Cortina JL. Sorption kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons removal using granular activated carbon: Intraparticle diffusion coefficients. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008; 157 :386-396. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.119 - 28.
Worrall F. A study of suspended and colloidal matter in the leachate from lysimeters and its role in pesticide transport. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1999; 28 :595-604. DOI: 10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800020025x - 29.
Thevenot M, Dousset S, Rousseaux S, Andreux F. Influence of organic amendments on diuron leaching through an acidic and a calcareous vineyard soil using undisturbed lysimeters. Environmental Pollution. 2008; 153 :148-156 - 30.
Zhu YF, Liu XM, Xie Z, Xu JM, Gan J. Metsulfuron-methyl adsorption/desorption in variably charged soils from Southeast China. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin. 2007; 16 :1363-1368 - 31.
Escudey M, Förster JE, Galindo G. Relevance of organic matter in some chemical and physical characteristics of volcanic ash-derived soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 2004; 35 :781-797. DOI: 10.1081/css-120030358 - 32.
Weber JB, McKinnon EJ, Swain LR. Sorption and mobility of 14C-labeled imazaquin and metolachlor in four soils as influenced by soil properties. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2003; 51 :5752-5759. DOI: 10.1021/jf021210t - 33.
Piccolo A, Conte P, Scheunert I, Paci M. Atrazine interactions with soil humic substances of different molecular structure. Journal of Environmental Quality. 1998; 27 :1324-1333. DOI: 10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700060009x - 34.
Murano H, Suzuki K, Kayada S, Saito M, Yuge N, Arishiro T, et al. Influence of humic substances and iron and aluminum ions on the sorption of acetamiprid to an arable soil. Science of the Total Environment. 2018; 615 :1478-1484. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.120 - 35.
Espinoza J, Fuentes E, Báez ME. Sorption behavior of bensulfuron-methyl on andisols and ultisols volcanic ash-derived soils: Contribution of humic fractions and mineral-organic complexes. Environmental Pollution. 2009; 157 :3387-3395. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.028