Table entries for the O-D pair 76–90.
\\n\\n
IntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\\n\\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\\n\\nLaunching 2021
\\n\\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\\n\\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\\n\\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\\n\\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\\n\\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\\n\\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\\n\\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\\n\\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\\n"}]',published:!0,mainMedia:{caption:"",originalUrl:"/media/original/132"}},components:[{type:"htmlEditorComponent",content:'With the desire to make book publishing more relevant for the digital age and offer innovative Open Access publishing options, we are thrilled to announce the launch of our new publishing format: IntechOpen Book Series.
\n\nDesigned to cover fast-moving research fields in rapidly expanding areas, our Book Series feature a Topic structure allowing us to present the most relevant sub-disciplines. Book Series are headed by Series Editors, and a team of Topic Editors supported by international Editorial Board members. Topics are always open for submissions, with an Annual Volume published each calendar year.
\n\nAfter a robust peer-review process, accepted works are published quickly, thanks to Online First, ensuring research is made available to the scientific community without delay.
\n\nOur innovative Book Series format brings you:
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will also publish a program of research-driven Thematic Edited Volumes that focus on specific areas and allow for a more in-depth overview of a particular subject.
\n\nIntechOpen Book Series will be launching regularly to offer our authors and editors exciting opportunities to publish their research Open Access. We will begin by relaunching some of our existing Book Series in this innovative book format, and will expand in 2022 into rapidly growing research fields that are driving and advancing society.
\n\nLaunching 2021
\n\nArtificial Intelligence, ISSN 2633-1403
\n\nVeterinary Medicine and Science, ISSN 2632-0517
\n\nBiochemistry, ISSN 2632-0983
\n\nBiomedical Engineering, ISSN 2631-5343
\n\nInfectious Diseases, ISSN 2631-6188
\n\nPhysiology (Coming Soon)
\n\nDentistry (Coming Soon)
\n\nWe invite you to explore our IntechOpen Book Series, find the right publishing program for you and reach your desired audience in record time.
\n\nNote: Edited in October 2021
\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"},{slug:"introducing-intechopen-book-series-a-new-publishing-format-for-oa-books-20210915",title:"Introducing IntechOpen Book Series - A New Publishing Format for OA Books"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"5461",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Hair and Scalp Disorders",title:"Hair and Scalp Disorders",subtitle:null,reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"This textbook contains the latest advances and scientific knowledge from the leading experts in hair biology, hair disorders, and clinical trichology. The book consists of ten sections in which hair biology, hair genetics, hair diagnostics, hair loss types, pathogenesis, treatment options, and restoration techniques are discussed. This book also emphasizes on various genetic and nongenetic alopecia types, differential diagnosis, and the measurement of hair loss. One chapter of the book is devoted to natural products for hair care and treatment. We believe that this textbook will serve as a comprehensive guide to many physicians dealing with hair disorders in their clinical practice.",isbn:"978-953-51-3098-7",printIsbn:"978-953-51-3097-0",pdfIsbn:"978-953-51-4857-9",doi:"10.5772/63002",price:139,priceEur:155,priceUsd:179,slug:"hair-and-scalp-disorders",numberOfPages:386,isOpenForSubmission:!1,isInWos:null,isInBkci:!1,hash:"87c272cade1ee498e1b4d6051aa8d41e",bookSignature:"Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu",publishedDate:"May 3rd 2017",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5461.jpg",numberOfDownloads:56759,numberOfWosCitations:18,numberOfCrossrefCitations:20,numberOfCrossrefCitationsByBook:0,numberOfDimensionsCitations:31,numberOfDimensionsCitationsByBook:1,hasAltmetrics:1,numberOfTotalCitations:69,isAvailableForWebshopOrdering:!0,dateEndFirstStepPublish:"April 18th 2016",dateEndSecondStepPublish:"May 9th 2016",dateEndThirdStepPublish:"August 13th 2016",dateEndFourthStepPublish:"November 11th 2016",dateEndFifthStepPublish:"December 11th 2016",currentStepOfPublishingProcess:5,indexedIn:"1,2,3,4,5,6",editedByType:"Edited by",kuFlag:!1,featuredMarkup:null,editors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",middleName:null,surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64792/images/5583_n.png",biography:"Zekayi Kutlubay, MD, is a chief physician of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Hospital. He is also an associate professor in the Department of Dermatology at Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty in Turkey. He has coauthored over 40 publications and supervised several master, doctoral, and postdoctoral students. His actual research interests are focused on psoriasis, pediatric dermatology, autoimmune bullous diseases, urticaria and allergic diseases, Behçet’s disease, vasculitis, lasers, cosmetic dermatology, facial rejuvenation, hair diseases, mesotherapy, botulinum toxin, and fillers.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"5",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"2",institution:{name:"Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Turkey"}}}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,coeditorOne:{id:"64794",title:"Mr.",name:"Server",middleName:null,surname:"Serdaroglu",slug:"server-serdaroglu",fullName:"Server Serdaroglu",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/64794/images/5584_n.png",biography:"Server Serdaroglu, MD, is the head of the Department of Dermatology at Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. He is also a professor in the Department of Dermatology at Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty in Turkey. He has coauthored over 30 publications and supervised several master, doctoral, and postdoctoral students. His actual research interests are focused on psoriasis, hair diseases, pediatric dermatology, autoimmune bullous diseases, urticaria and allergic diseases, lasers, and cosmetic dermatology.",institutionString:null,position:null,outsideEditionCount:0,totalCites:0,totalAuthoredChapters:"3",totalChapterViews:"0",totalEditedBooks:"0",institution:null},coeditorTwo:null,coeditorThree:null,coeditorFour:null,coeditorFive:null,topics:[{id:"1003",title:"Trichology",slug:"trichology"}],chapters:[{id:"53795",title:"Introductory Chapter: Hair Loss",doi:"10.5772/66984",slug:"introductory-chapter-hair-loss",totalDownloads:2406,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:null,signatures:"Zekayi Kutlubay and Server Serdaroglu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53795",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53795",authors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay"}],corrections:null},{id:"53880",title:"Anatomy and Physiology of Hair",doi:"10.5772/67269",slug:"anatomy-and-physiology-of-hair",totalDownloads:7774,totalCrossrefCites:5,totalDimensionsCites:8,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hair is one of the characteristic features of mammals and has various functions such as protection against external factors; producing sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones; impact on social and sexual interactions; thermoregulation and being a resource for stem cells. Hair is a derivative of the epidermis and consists of two distinct parts: the follicle and the hair shaft. The follicle is the essential unit for the generation of hair. The hair shaft consists of a cortex and cuticle cells, and a medulla for some types of hairs. Hair follicle has a continuous growth and rest sequence named hair cycle. The duration of growth and rest cycles is coordinated by many endocrine, vascular and neural stimuli and depends not only on localization of the hair but also on various factors, like age and nutritional habits. Distinctive anatomy and physiology of hair follicle are presented in this chapter. Extensive knowledge on anatomical and physiological aspects of hair can contribute to understand and heal different hair disorders.",signatures:"Bilgen Erdoğan",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53880",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53880",authors:[{id:"193661",title:"Dr.",name:"Bilgen",surname:"Erdoğan",slug:"bilgen-erdogan",fullName:"Bilgen Erdoğan"}],corrections:null},{id:"53430",title:"Mechanism of Hair Loss from the Point of View of Epidermal Cell Polarity",doi:"10.5772/66735",slug:"mechanism-of-hair-loss-from-the-point-of-view-of-epidermal-cell-polarity",totalDownloads:2664,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The epidermis and hair follicle epithelium have a polarized stratified architecture, and epidermal homeostasis is maintained by stem cell and progenitor populations present in the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis and in different compartments of the hair follicle. Atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs—a subgroup of the PKC family) are localized to tight junctions and regulate the apico-basal epithelial polarity in simple epithelia. In the stratified epidermis, aPKCs are expressed in the basal layer and are implicated in the regulation of oriented cell division by localizing to the apical pole of basal cells during mitosis. Mutant mice harboring epidermis-specific deletion of aPKCλ showed progressive hair loss, abnormal hair cycling, an increase of asymmetric cell division in the epidermis and hair follicles, and a gradual decrease in the hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) population. Lineage tracing analysis has demonstrated that mutant HFSCs lose their stemness and become more committed proliferating progenitors. Moreover, the expressions of quiescence-inducing factors (Bmp6 and Fgf18) were suppressed in the mutant hair follicles. These results clarify a novel function of aPKCλ in maintaining the quiescence of HFSCs and suggest that epidermal cell polarity is a new clue to understanding the pathogenesis of hair loss.",signatures:"Shin-Ichi Osada",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53430",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53430",authors:[{id:"190768",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Shin-Ichi",surname:"Osada",slug:"shin-ichi-osada",fullName:"Shin-Ichi Osada"}],corrections:null},{id:"53304",title:"Hair Follicle Reconstruction and Stem Cells",doi:"10.5772/66707",slug:"hair-follicle-reconstruction-and-stem-cells",totalDownloads:2204,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"De novo hair follicle (HF) formation in embryonic skin and hair growth in postnatal skin are the result of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions between specialized mesenchymal dermal papilla (DP) and epithelial stem cells that give rise to hairs. Adult HF is a valuable source of different lineages of stem cells (SCs) with morphogenetic potential. Epithelial stem cells are residing in the special compartment of HF (the bulge) and can be mobilized to regenerate the new follicle with each hair cycle and to reepithelialize epidermis during wound repair. This review summarizes the current knowledge on key characteristics of HF SC populations in terms of regenerative potential. General biological principles that govern the mesenchymal-epithelial interactions within the HF and the signaling pathways that control HF development are discussed. The main focus is on recent approaches to reconstruct folliculogenesis in vitro and perspectives of the tissue engineering in alopecia therapy.",signatures:"Ekaterina P. Kalabusheva, Elina S. Chermnykh, Vasily V. Terskikh and\nEkaterina A. Vorotelyak",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53304",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53304",authors:[{id:"191045",title:"Dr.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Vorotelyak",slug:"ekaterina-vorotelyak",fullName:"Ekaterina Vorotelyak"},{id:"191046",title:"Ms.",name:"Ekaterina",surname:"Kalabusheva",slug:"ekaterina-kalabusheva",fullName:"Ekaterina Kalabusheva"},{id:"195509",title:"Prof.",name:"Vasily",surname:"Terskikh",slug:"vasily-terskikh",fullName:"Vasily Terskikh"},{id:"195510",title:"Dr.",name:"Elina",surname:"Chermnykh",slug:"elina-chermnykh",fullName:"Elina Chermnykh"}],corrections:null},{id:"54131",title:"The Histological Mechanisms of Hair Loss",doi:"10.5772/67275",slug:"the-histological-mechanisms-of-hair-loss",totalDownloads:2336,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"The growing hair resists pulling out of the skin in particular site, where the keratinization of hair cortex and hair cuticle cells as well as the cells of the hair inner root sheath (IS) (being in tight contact) are advanced enough to make them rather strong but lower the level where the hair separates from the hair inner root sheath. The hair which does not grow is kept for some time within the skin by the direct contact of the keratinized hair cortex cells with the cells of the hair outer root sheath. Such contact is absent at the phase of growing hair and even in the case of proliferation inhibition in the follicle bulb causing the lack of hair resistance to pulling it out of the skin several days after inhibition induction.",signatures:"Vsevolodov Eduard Borisovich",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54131",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54131",authors:[{id:"191715",title:"Dr.",name:"Eduard",surname:"Vsevolodov",slug:"eduard-vsevolodov",fullName:"Eduard Vsevolodov"}],corrections:null},{id:"53525",title:"Trichoscopy and Trichogram",doi:"10.5772/66836",slug:"trichoscopy-and-trichogram",totalDownloads:2610,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hair and scalp examination techniques can be classified into three categories: noninvasive methods (clinical history, general examination, photography, hair count, weighing shed hair, pull test, global hair counts, dermoscopy, electron microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, etc.); semi‐invasive methods (the trichogram, unit areatrichogram); and invasive methods (biopsies in cicatritial alopecia). Scalp dermoscopy or trichoscopy is one of thenoninvasive techniques for the evaluation of patients with hair loss that allows for magnified visualization of the hair and scalp skin. It may be performed with a manual dermoscope (10× magnification) or a videodermoscope (up to 1000× magnification). This method is simple, quick, and easy to perform, is well‐accepted by patients, and is useful for monitoring treatment, determining severity of the disease and follow‐up. It is a simple, minimally invasive and rapid technique for measuring hair follicle activity. Trichogram represents a semi‐invasive technique for the evaluation of patients with hair loss that allows the microscopic examination of hairs plucked from the scalp and provides information about the state of the proximal end of the hair shaft and the distal end. The trichogram is a useful complementary tool for clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and the monitoring of treatment response.",signatures:"Melike Kibar",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53525",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53525",authors:[{id:"189899",title:"Dr.",name:"Melike",surname:"Kibar Ozturk",slug:"melike-kibar-ozturk",fullName:"Melike Kibar Ozturk"}],corrections:null},{id:"53231",title:"Alopecia Areata",doi:"10.5772/66594",slug:"alopecia-areata",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Alopecia areata is an organ-specific autoimmune disease targeting hair follicles. It causes nonscarring hair loss. The prevalence rate of the disease is approximately 1 in 1000 people worldwide. The condition is most commonly seen as circular areas of hair loss, but it may sometimes be as extensive as to involve the whole scalp or whole body. The complex pathophysiology of alopecia areata involves an autoimmune basis. Association of alopecia areata with other autoimmune diseases, such as thyroiditis and vitiligo, and the good response of patients to immunosuppressive treatment support an autoimmune etiology. Although some poor prognostic signs are defined, the course of the disease is unpredictable and the response to treatment can be variable. To date, there are neither preventive nor curative measures to deal with the condition. First-line therapy for patchy disease is topical and intralesional steroids, whereas extensive disease is conventionally managed with immunotherapy. New treatment agents, such as excimer laser, low-dose recombinant interleukin 2, Janus kinase inhibitors, and simvastatin/ezetimibe, are promising.",signatures:"Burhan Engin, Muazzez Çiğdem Oba and Yalçın Tüzün",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53231",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53231",authors:[{id:"64793",title:"Prof.",name:"Burhan",surname:"Engin",slug:"burhan-engin",fullName:"Burhan Engin"}],corrections:null},{id:"54176",title:"Telogen Effluvium",doi:"10.5772/66975",slug:"telogen-effluvium",totalDownloads:1961,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Telogen effluvium (TE) is a noninflammatory disease characterized by diffuse loss of telogen hair. It is the most frequent cause of diffuse hair loss and the actual incidence of the disease is not known. According to the underlying etiology, TE could be physiologically and pathologically classified. The evaluation of a patient with TE includes a detailed history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. The patients should be questioned in terms of TE subtype, duration, and clinical course of hair loss. The most important point in the treatment of TE is to consult about the natural course of the disease.",signatures:"Emin Ozlu and Ayse Serap Karadag",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54176",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54176",authors:[{id:"188975",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Ayse Serap",surname:"Karadag",slug:"ayse-serap-karadag",fullName:"Ayse Serap Karadag"},{id:"189961",title:"Dr.",name:"Emin",surname:"Ozlu",slug:"emin-ozlu",fullName:"Emin Ozlu"}],corrections:null},{id:"54721",title:"Androgenic Alopecia: Cross-Talk Between Cell Signal Transduction Pathways",doi:"10.5772/67845",slug:"androgenic-alopecia-cross-talk-between-cell-signal-transduction-pathways",totalDownloads:2934,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Signaling pathways that control coordination of hair follicle cells genetic program are the convenient model for explaining the hierarchy of intercellular interactions governing cyclic growth of hair. This chapter describes models of molecular signaling pathways specific to dermal papilla cells from balding human scalp in hair follicle cycle. These models include already published data, as well as information inferred from pathway analysis of microarray data and protein-protein interaction database. Interplay of androgenic-alopecia-related signaling pathways FGF, TGFB, BMP, and WNT, as well as cyclin-dependent kinases signaling, is shown.",signatures:"Anastasia Nesterova and Anton Yuryev",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54721",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54721",authors:[{id:"189400",title:"Dr.",name:"Anastasia",surname:"Nesterova",slug:"anastasia-nesterova",fullName:"Anastasia Nesterova"},{id:"205662",title:"Dr.",name:"Anton",surname:"Yuryev",slug:"anton-yuryev",fullName:"Anton Yuryev"}],corrections:null},{id:"53933",title:"Cicatricial Alopecias",doi:"10.5772/67277",slug:"cicatricial-alopecias",totalDownloads:1777,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Primary cicatricial alopecias (PCA) are a rare group of disorders in which the hair follicle is the main target of destructive inflammation resulting in irreversible hair loss with scarring of affected lesions. Inflammation may predominantly involve lymphocytes or neutrophils. Cicatricial alopecias that mainly involve lymphocytic inflammation include lichen planopilaris, discoid lupus erythematosus, pseudopelade (Brocq), central centrifugal alopecia, alopecia mucinosa, and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans. Cicatricial alopecias that are due to predominantly neutrophilic inflammation include folliculitis decalvans and dissecting cellulitis of the scalp. Acne keloidalis, acne necrotica, and erosive pustular dermatosis are cicatricial alopecias with a mixed inflammatory infiltrate.",signatures:"Ibrahim Halil Yavuz, Goknur Ozaydin Yavuz and Serap Gunes Bilgili",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53933",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53933",authors:[{id:"190495",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Serap Gunes",surname:"Bilgili",slug:"serap-gunes-bilgili",fullName:"Serap Gunes Bilgili"},{id:"191273",title:"Dr.",name:"Goknur",surname:"Ozaydin Yavuz",slug:"goknur-ozaydin-yavuz",fullName:"Goknur Ozaydin Yavuz"},{id:"191275",title:"Dr.",name:"Ibrahim Halil",surname:"Yavuz",slug:"ibrahim-halil-yavuz",fullName:"Ibrahim Halil Yavuz"}],corrections:null},{id:"53947",title:"Infections, Infestations and Neoplasms of the Scalp",doi:"10.5772/67278",slug:"infections-infestations-and-neoplasms-of-the-scalp",totalDownloads:3476,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"This chapter reviews common cutaneous infections, infestations, and neoplasms of the scalp. Infections of the scalp are subdivided into three major groups. The most seen are: (1) Bacterial: Folliculitis, folliculitis decalvans, tufted hair folliculitis and acne keloidalis nuchae. (2) Fungal: Tinea capitis, favus and kerion celsi. (3) Protozoal: Syphilitic alopecia. Pediculosis capitis is the most common worldwide infestation of the scalp. The neoplasms of the scalp are large group of different diseases due to arising different origin. In the following section, trichilemmal cyst, proliferating trichilemmal cyst, nevus sebaceous and cylindroma are discussed in detail.",signatures:"Filiz Canpolat",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53947",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53947",authors:[{id:"191617",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Filiz",surname:"Canpolat",slug:"filiz-canpolat",fullName:"Filiz Canpolat"}],corrections:null},{id:"53306",title:"Trichotillomania and Traction Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/66746",slug:"trichotillomania-and-traction-alopecia",totalDownloads:2400,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Trichotillomania and traction alopecia are chronic habitual disorders characterized by repetitive pulling of hair that results in alopecia. They are commonly observed in children and adolescents but may present in adults due to occupational or traditional behavioral patterns. Trichotillomania (hair‐pulling disorder) has been described more than a century ago, but we still have very limited data about its etiology and treatment. It is classified under the obsessive‐compulsive and related disorders along with hoarding disorder, skin‐picking disorder (excoriation) and body dysmorphic disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5; American Psychiatric Association, May 2013). Traction alopecia is defined as loss of hair caused by repetitive or continuous and prolonged tension applied to the hair, usually on the scalp periphery and associated with mechanical traction of hair due to occupational behavioral patterns such as ballerinas or traditional behavioral patterns of hairstyles that cause tension. We aim to overview the clinical and diagnostic features of trichotillomania and traction alopecia and review the therapeutic options of these disorders in this chapter.",signatures:"Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak, Melek Aslan Kayıran, Burak Tekin and\nFiliz Cebeci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53306",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53306",authors:[{id:"193582",title:"Dr.",name:"Tugba Kevser",surname:"Uzuncakmak",slug:"tugba-kevser-uzuncakmak",fullName:"Tugba Kevser Uzuncakmak"},{id:"193587",title:"Dr.",name:"Filiz",surname:"Cebeci",slug:"filiz-cebeci",fullName:"Filiz Cebeci"},{id:"193588",title:"Dr.",name:"Melek",surname:"Aslan Kayıran",slug:"melek-aslan-kayiran",fullName:"Melek Aslan Kayıran"},{id:"193589",title:"Dr.",name:"Burak",surname:"Tekin",slug:"burak-tekin",fullName:"Burak Tekin"}],corrections:null},{id:"52801",title:"Psychosocial Aspects of Hair Loss",doi:"10.5772/66156",slug:"psychosocial-aspects-of-hair-loss",totalDownloads:2529,totalCrossrefCites:6,totalDimensionsCites:7,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Hair loss (alopecia) is a common dermatological condition that affects men and women of all ages. It can be due to a wide variety of causes including scarring and non-scarring diseases. Although alopecia is not a life-threatening condition, it has significant psychological impact on the quality of life. Mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicidal thoughts are increased among alopecia patients. On the other hand, alopecia frequency increases during the course of psychological disorders. In this chapter, psychosocial aspects of hair loss and the relationship between alopecia and psychological disorders are reviewed.",signatures:"Hilal Gokalp",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/52801",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/52801",authors:[{id:"193580",title:"M.D.",name:"Hilal",surname:"Gokalp",slug:"hilal-gokalp",fullName:"Hilal Gokalp"}],corrections:null},{id:"54484",title:"Hair Loss in Children, Etiologies, and Treatment",doi:"10.5772/67379",slug:"hair-loss-in-children-etiologies-and-treatment",totalDownloads:2284,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Hair loss in children is a common and important complaint in dermatology and pediatric clinics and can be considered as a difficult and challenging problem in some cases. Early management is needed as this has its effect on development of normal mental and physical growth of children. Alopecia or hair loss is of particular concern in pediatric group, as it is associated with more significant psychological consequences in this growing age group and has patterns that are different from that seen in adults. There are common and uncommon causes for this complaint, and this usually covers a broad differential diagnosis. This chapter has been written in an attempt to distinguish the types of hair loss (acquired and congenital, common and uncommon), to facilitate the diagnostic causes of this problem, and finally to reach a proper treatment.",signatures:"Khitam Al-Refu",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54484",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54484",authors:[{id:"51233",title:"Dr.",name:"Khitam",surname:"Al-Refu",slug:"khitam-al-refu",fullName:"Khitam Al-Refu"}],corrections:null},{id:"53490",title:"Follicular Unit Extraction (FUE) Hair Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/66837",slug:"follicular-unit-extraction-fue-hair-transplantation",totalDownloads:2502,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Throughout the world, over 60% of men and 50% of women suffer from androgenetic alopecia and irreversible hair loss. This type of hair loss is a seminatural process, and medication can only temporarily inhibit it. At the moment, the solution for either androgenetic alopecia or other irreversible hair loss problems is the hair transplantation. Besides androgenetic alopecia, the many irreversible hair losses are being applied successfully by hair transplantation. In the past 10–15 years, a new hair restoration technique was introduced. This method is called follicular unit extraction (FUE) technique. FUE is an alternative which allows for quick extraction of follicular unit grafts. The hair transplantation can be used in various problems such as alopecia areata, congenital alopecia, burn sequelae, eyelash-eyebrow loss, beard loss, and mustache loss. In addition, it can camouflage the scars. The main objective of hair transplantation is to restore hair loss. We may not be able to recreate the appearance that the patients had in their early twenties; however, realistic expectations can be met with the help of technology. Based on our experience, FUE is the method that gives us the opportunity to best meet all patients’ hair transplantation expectations.",signatures:"Safvet Ors",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53490",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53490",authors:[{id:"189369",title:"Dr.",name:"Safvet",surname:"Örs",slug:"safvet-ors",fullName:"Safvet Örs"}],corrections:null},{id:"54527",title:"Complications of Hair Transplantation",doi:"10.5772/66838",slug:"complications-of-hair-transplantation",totalDownloads:2563,totalCrossrefCites:0,totalDimensionsCites:0,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Recently, hair transplantation has been frequently commonly applied for aesthetic surgical procedures. Hair transplantation has a low complication rate compared to other aesthetic surgical procedures. However, it can cause serious complications if proper attention is not given. But there are a wide range of possible complications that are less severe and manageable. Common postoperative complications include pain, edema, asymmetry, bleeding, visible scarring, folliculitis, crusting, graft dislodgement, hiccups, effluvium, pruritus, and hypoesthesia. Other less common postoperative complications include hypertrophic scarring and keloid, arteriovenous fistula, infection, cobblestoning, syncope, pigment alteration, necrosis, granulomatous reaction, pyogenic granuloma, and Kaposi’s varicelliform eruptions. The most serious complication of hair transplantation is necrosis.",signatures:"Murat Küçüktaş",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54527",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54527",authors:[{id:"189869",title:"M.D.",name:"Murat",surname:"Küçüktaş",slug:"murat-kucuktas",fullName:"Murat Küçüktaş"}],corrections:null},{id:"53233",title:"New Modalities in the Treatment of Refractory Alopecia Areata",doi:"10.5772/66591",slug:"new-modalities-in-the-treatment-of-refractory-alopecia-areata",totalDownloads:1952,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:1,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"Alopecia areata (AA) is a common and complex T-cell–mediated inflammatory disorder. It may be patchy (localized), involve the entire scalp (alopecia totalis) or entire body (alopecia universalis). Alopecia totalis and universalis are often difficult to treat. Although many therapeutic options currently exist in alopecia areata, none of them are curative or preventive. Besides, none of them are approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The disease unfortunately has an unpredictable course. The factors indicating a poor prognosis are the extent of hair loss at the presentation, long duration of the disease, and ophiasis pattern of hair loss. There are only a few randomized controlled studies conducted on recalcitrant AA. Recent research on immunology of hair follicle and recent developments in immunopathogenesis, together with the shared pathways of the disease with other autoimmune disorders, led investigators to focus on novel therapies that target specific immunological pathways. Herein, we will review shortly the current treatment options in recalcitrant alopecia areata based on recently published studies and then will focus on the recently developed broad-spectrum and targeted therapeutics.",signatures:"Arzu Kılıç",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53233",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53233",authors:[{id:"189895",title:"Prof.",name:"Arzu",surname:"Kilic",slug:"arzu-kilic",fullName:"Arzu Kilic"}],corrections:null},{id:"54160",title:"Cosmetic Procedures in the Treatment of Alopecia",doi:"10.5772/66747",slug:"cosmetic-procedures-in-the-treatment-of-alopecia",totalDownloads:3368,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:3,hasAltmetrics:1,abstract:"Alopecia has a significant negative impact on the quality of life. Unfortunately, there is no satisfactory cure for most types of alopecia. Alopecia is divided into cicatricial and noncicatricial types. Androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, and telogen effluvium are common forms of noncicatricial alopecias. In order to treat or improve the appearance, various procedures that are being applied for different types of alopecia including mesotherapy, microneedling, platelet‐rich plasma, low‐level light therapy, and stem‐cell therapy with variable outcomes are reviewed in this chapter.",signatures:"Selda Pelin Kartal, Cemile Altunel and Bilgen Gencler",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/54160",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/54160",authors:[{id:"72686",title:"Prof.",name:"Selda Pelin",surname:"Kartal",slug:"selda-pelin-kartal",fullName:"Selda Pelin Kartal"}],corrections:null},{id:"53297",title:"Alternative Medicine for Hair Loss",doi:"10.5772/66593",slug:"alternative-medicine-for-hair-loss",totalDownloads:6461,totalCrossrefCites:1,totalDimensionsCites:2,hasAltmetrics:0,abstract:"In recent years, people have begun to give further emphasis to the external beauty, especially for their hair. Except drugs with proven effectiveness, complementary and alternative treatment options that have not yet been clarified of their effectiveness and side effect profiles have been used for centuries. Many plants or their extracts are widely used to prevent hair loss and treat alopecia (e.g., androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, or traction alopecia) worldwide, especially in Far Eastern countries. The mechanisms of action of these plants are still unknown. Although there are little randomized-controlled studies investigating the effectiveness in the treatment of hair loss, reported results have demonstrated that complementary and alternative medicine will become much more popular in the near future.",signatures:"Gurkan Yardimci",downloadPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-download/53297",previewPdfUrl:"/chapter/pdf-preview/53297",authors:[{id:"193590",title:"Dr.",name:"Gurkan",surname:"Yardimci",slug:"gurkan-yardimci",fullName:"Gurkan Yardimci"}],corrections:null}],productType:{id:"1",title:"Edited Volume",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"},subseries:null,tags:null},relatedBooks:[{type:"book",id:"5941",title:"Fundamentals of Sexually Transmitted Infections",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"213a3a4ce4fd55711c78e9a7acaf6939",slug:"fundamentals-of-sexually-transmitted-infections",bookSignature:"Server Serdaroglu and Zekayi Kutlubay",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/5941.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"64792",title:"Dr.",name:"Zekayi",surname:"Kutlubay",slug:"zekayi-kutlubay",fullName:"Zekayi Kutlubay"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3038",title:"Current Genetics in Dermatology",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"384a276072f522c3aea68f9d2a0dbfd8",slug:"current-genetics-in-dermatology",bookSignature:"Naoki Oiso",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3038.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"32053",title:"Dr.",name:"Naoki",surname:"Oiso",slug:"naoki-oiso",fullName:"Naoki Oiso"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"6961",title:"Alopecia",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"211055d552abe032133f7281ea2b13dd",slug:"alopecia",bookSignature:"Muhammad Ahmad",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/6961.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"204257",title:"Dr.",name:"Muhammad",surname:"Ahmad",slug:"muhammad-ahmad",fullName:"Muhammad Ahmad"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"1591",title:"Infrared Spectroscopy",subtitle:"Materials Science, Engineering and Technology",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"99b4b7b71a8caeb693ed762b40b017f4",slug:"infrared-spectroscopy-materials-science-engineering-and-technology",bookSignature:"Theophile Theophanides",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/1591.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"37194",title:"Dr.",name:"Theophile",surname:"Theophanides",slug:"theophile-theophanides",fullName:"Theophile Theophanides"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3161",title:"Frontiers in Guided Wave Optics and Optoelectronics",subtitle:null,isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"deb44e9c99f82bbce1083abea743146c",slug:"frontiers-in-guided-wave-optics-and-optoelectronics",bookSignature:"Bishnu Pal",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3161.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"4782",title:"Prof.",name:"Bishnu",surname:"Pal",slug:"bishnu-pal",fullName:"Bishnu Pal"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"3092",title:"Anopheles mosquitoes",subtitle:"New insights into malaria vectors",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"c9e622485316d5e296288bf24d2b0d64",slug:"anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors",bookSignature:"Sylvie Manguin",coverURL:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/3092.jpg",editedByType:"Edited by",editors:[{id:"50017",title:"Prof.",name:"Sylvie",surname:"Manguin",slug:"sylvie-manguin",fullName:"Sylvie Manguin"}],equalEditorOne:null,equalEditorTwo:null,equalEditorThree:null,productType:{id:"1",chapterContentType:"chapter",authoredCaption:"Edited by"}},{type:"book",id:"371",title:"Abiotic Stress in Plants",subtitle:"Mechanisms and Adaptations",isOpenForSubmission:!1,hash:"588466f487e307619849d72389178a74",slug:"abiotic-stress-in-plants-mechanisms-and-adaptations",bookSignature:"Arun Shanker and B. 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Electric vehicles have obvious advantages in energy saving and emission reduction (such as reducing gas emissions, air pollution especially PM2.5 fine dust and noise, reducing dependence on fossil fuels, promoting industrial development and using renewable energy), so they are growing rapidly. Electric vehicles are the most promising solution for a green and clean environment when the world is more dependent on renewable energy sources. At the same time, they have also become an alternative to gasoline-powered vehicles and are promoted by policymakers worldwide as a solution to combat environmental problems and stimulate the economy. Electric vehicles are considered an extremely effective and urgent solution in the electrification of the transportation sector, and it will be an indispensable means of transportation in the future. Electric vehicles have been proven as a tool to reduce the negative effects of petroleum extraction, importation, refining and combustion. However, electric vehicles face many disadvantages compared to conventional gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles, including high initial investment costs, limited driving range and especially a scarcity of available stations for recharging them. The popularity of electric vehicles in the future, more or less depends on the development of the infrastructure to serve this type of vehicle. Demand for electric vehicles is expected to increase over the next few years, it is still constrained by many factors especially battery cost and availability of charging station infrastructure. Investors are willing to invest in charging station infrastructure if and only if there is a sufficiently large number of electric vehicles in the network.
To attract consumers to purchase and use electric vehicles, charging station infrastructure must be deployed in convenient locations that are coordinated with each other. A power battery is one of the most important components of electric vehicles and the fundamental challenge for electric vehicles is to ensure a suitable energy storage device capable of supporting high range, fast charging and efficient driving. With an increasing number of electric vehicles on the road, the implementation of an efficient and well-planned charging infrastructure is highly desirable. In order to gradually replace traditional means of transport and put electric vehicles into use on a large scales, the construction of electric vehicle charging facilities has received strong support from governments around the world and has been focused on by scientists. As the number of electric vehicles in the city increases, the optimal location of the charging station plays an important role in ensuring the efficient operation of electric vehicles. To solve this problem, there are many design parameters related to charging stations available in the electric vehicle network that need to be considered. These parameters need to be involved to determine the optimal electric vehicle fast-charging station infrastructure. These parameters typically include: location, level, size and capacity of charging stations.
There are typically two different types of charging station configurations for electric vehicles: inter-city charging stations and intra-city charging stations. With inter-city charging stations required for electric vehicles to travel long distances, the electric vehicle will charge during the electric vehicle’s journey. In contrast, for intra-city or urban charging stations with short distance travels, the electric vehicle’s charging can be done when the electric vehicle finishes its journey. Different charging station locating approaches should be applied to the different charging demands.
Battery electric vehicles have enjoyed fast-growing adoption in recent year, however a number of factors are restricting the development of electric vehicles [1]. One of the typical limitations is that electric vehicles take a long time to charge. DC fast charging requires around half an hour to fill up to 80% of the battery capacity, whereas AC slow charging may take 6–8 h to fully recharge the battery [2]. In addition, electric vehicle charging piles are considered to be inconvenient and insuffïcient in number at present [3]. Fang He et al. [4] have proposed how to optimally locate public charging stations for electric vehicles on the road network, considering drivers’ spontaneous adjustments and interactions of travel and recharging decisions. This paper adopts a tour-based approach to analyze the complete tour of the driver that may consist of several trips in a pre-determined order, and assume that their drivers simultaneously decide tour paths and recharging plans to minimize the travel and recharging times while ensuring not running out of charge before completing their tours.
The location model based on flow demand was first proposed by Hodgson, who developed a Flow-Capture Location Model (FCLM) based on the maximum coverage. On this basis, Kuby considered the driving range of the vehicle and proposed the Flow-Refueling Location Model (FRLM) [5, 6], Capacitated Fow Refueling Location Model (CFRLM) that considers capacity constraints [7] and Deviation-Fow Refueling Location Model (DFRLM) [8]. Patrick Jochem et al. [9] were extended the flow-refueling location model (FRLM) to the German autobahn, this model extension comprehends mainly the inclusion of the access distance for traffic participants to their closest network node. Traditionally, the FRLM has been formulated using a two-stage approach: the first stage generates combinations of locations capable of serving the round trip on each route, and then a mixed-integer programming is used to locate p facilities to maximize the flow refueled given the feasible combinations created in the first stage. Ismail Capar et al. [10] presented a Mixed-Binary-Integer Programming (MBIP) formula, which is an improvement of FRLM. The FRLM and flexible reformulation FRLM (FRFRLM) is used by Cheng Wang et al. [11] to solve the large-scale transportation network problem within a reasonable time.
Travel demand is the indispensable component to generate the travel routes of EVs, which provide the basic geographic information to locate charging stations. Several studies conducted the planning of EV charging stations with assumed traffic flow and network [12, 13, 14]. Jianmin Jia et al. [15] presents the approach to locate charging stations utilizing the reconstructed EVs trajectory derived from the Cellular Signaling Data, investigated the large-scale CSD and illustrated the method to generate the 24-hour travel demand for each EV. With the development of information technology, researchers started to explore the trajectory data in the locating problems of charging station on the basis of the floating vehicles, such as taxis, with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices [16]. The travel demand model can provide quick estimation of EV trips, while the trajectory data, such as the taxi GPS data, would better represent the real-world travel patterns of EVs. For locating fast-charging stations, in [17] Csaba Csiszár was presented an arc-based location optimisation method realized by using a geographic information system and greedy algorithm.
From the point of view of modern city planning, the location of EVs charging stations must meet the requirements of the city transportation network layout. While from the perspective of power system planning, the location of EVs charging stations should be in accordance with the current situation in short-term as well as long-term planning of the distribution system involved. EVs charging stations must be close to load centers and respect constraints on load balance, power quality, and power supply reliability of urban. From the perspective of EVs’ owners, the sites of EV charging stations should be in locations which are convenient for EV’s owners and near the charging demands. Furthermore, other factors, such as the location adaptability and land price, should also be considered. Thus, the initial candidate sites of EV charging stations can be determined with the aforementioned factors properly considered.
We first use a simple illustrative example to highlight the importance of considering the trip sequence in describing the travel and charging behaviors in a common use case of electric vehicles. In Figure 1, assuming network nodes (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) are candidate locations for charging station placement. Node 1 was set as origin and node (5) was set as destination. The distance of each link are also shown in the Figure. A full journey would be (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) to reach the destination, and then back (5.4), (4, 3), (3,2), (2,1) to return to the original position. We first assume that the vehicle battery range R ¡40 km when the tour starts, there is no chance for vehicles to complete the trip between the O-D pair because vehicles cannot complete the trip (2,3). When R = 40, the charging station can choose one of two alternatives with (1,2,3,4) or (1,2,3,5). Under both solutions, electric vehicles will be charged at nodes (1), (2) and (3). If at (4) is placed a charging station, vehicles charged at (4) can reach the destination and return to (4). Next, after being fully charged at (4), the vehicle can return to the origin by charging again at (3) and (2). Similarly, we can see that when R = 50, it does not need to place the charging station at (1) anymore because a fully charged vehicale at (2) (while returning from the destination) can reach the origin and have enough electric capacity to travel to (2) when a new trip is next start. When R = 200 km, a single charging station at any node is sufficient to charge the entire journey because even after a full charge at (1), the vehicles will have enough battery capacity to reach (5) and go back to (1).
An example network with a single O-D.
Through the above simple example, we see that the range of battery electric vehicle plays a decisive role in the distribution of charging stations on the traffic network in the city. First, if there is no charging station built at the origin then there should be at least one charging station was built within the R/2 distance to the origin node. Second, if there is a charging station was built at a location, the next charging station should be within the range R. Finally, if the vehicle range is greater than or equal to two times the path length, a single charging station at any node can provide electrical power whole journey. Thus, if there is a charging station at the origin node, the model will start the round trip with a fully charged state (State of Charge - SoC = 100%). If there is no charging station at the origin node, vehicles will start with the remaining battery SoC observed at the end of the previous trip. With the assumption of constant energy consumption and roundtrips it is secured that each trip will at least start with SoC of 50%.
The problem of placing charging stations for electric vehicles involves finding the optimal location of charging stations in the transport network so that the operating parameters of the vehicle network are least affected. Real-world vehicle travel patterns, especially for electric vehicles, provide abundant information to investigate charging demand. Nevertheless, it is impractical to adopt the travel information from all private vehicles. Therefore, GPS location data and vehicle’s trace collection was considered to provide the travel information.
Besides the commute trips, the other purpose trips were also considered in this model. The purpose of activity locations was determined by the time of day. For instance, the “home” location is defined as the place with the most visits between 8 pm and 8 am for each day during the observation period, while the “work” location is defined as the place with the most visits on weekdays between 8 am and 8 pm during the observation period. The rest of the locations are regarded as the “other”, such as shopping and recreation. With the activity location and purpose inferred from the vehicle’s traces, the 24-hour travel demand for the electric vehicle is able to generate based on the time sequence of each activity.
We focus on the urban electric vehicle fast charging infrastructure planning model and investigate the positioning aspects of fast charging stations in the dense residential areas road network. It supports city trips, where charging infrastructure and BEVs both play an important role in optimizing electric vehicle charging station locations. Consider a metropolitan road network where all vehicles in the network are assumed to be battery electric vehicles. This assumption is not necessarily restrictive as the model proposed below can be easily extended to accommodate both electric and regular vehicles. Let G(N,A) be a transportation network of the electric vehicles system, where N is the set of nodes (i.e., origins, destination, junctions) and A is the set of directed links (arcs). While all nodes in N are eligible candidate sites for stations, the set of O-D nodes can be a subset of N. Thus, an unpopulated road junction can be included as a candidate site but need not be included as an O-D node. Next, given a set of O-D pairs (Q) with a nonnegative traffic flow (fq), the set of nodes visited while traveling on path q (Nq), and vehicle range (R), the FRLM is defined as the problem of locating p facilities on the network G(N,A) to maximize the total traffic flow refueled. Traffic flow between an O-D pair q is considered as refueled only when vehicles leaving the origin can reach the destination and return back to the origin without running out of fuel. Before presenting the problem definition, we discuss related assumptions and present additional notation, subsequently. It is assumed that the traffic and path between the O-D pairs are known in advance. Traffic assigned a unique path is usually the shortest path determined by the Disktra algorithm [18]. From a problem formulation perspective, the proposed model can easily be extended to multiple avenues; therefore, this assumption is not restrictive. Although in some cases flow information may not be available, it can be obtained from the traffic demand matrix or through O-D estimation methods. Therefore, it is also reasonable to assume that the traffic volume is known in advance.
This work applied and extended the flow-refueling location model (FRLM) developed by Capar et al. (2013) [19, 20] as a basis. The formulation of the problem is as follows.
Subject to:
Where,
The set of candidate sites accessible from the mth candidate site on a path q can be calculated from [10]:
Where,
The battery range of an EV trip represents the maximum length an EV can travel without charging, which is imposed by the battery technology. Here, “charging” is used to broadly represent battery recharge, battery exchange, or any other option to obtain a fully charged battery for the EV to continue its travel. To develop a widely applicable fast-charging station location optimisation method that considers the several relevant variables of the electromobility systems, which are as follows: trafic flow volume, the usual range of battery electric vehicle, general user demand, and especially taking into account the effect of traffic congestion; however, trafic flow volume, range of electric vehicle, and the number of EVs are the most critical parameters. The outlined method first computes static ranking variables based on statistics and spatial relations (getting and summing close attribute values). Then the selection of those candidate sites that fit the scenario goals was performed by GIS scripting.
In fast-charging infrastructure location optimization method, the set of candidate sites
The energy consumption of an electric vehicle depends not only on the distance it travels, but also on the density of vehicle traffic on the road. Traffic congestion at different times of the day plays an important part in the energy consumption of an electric vehicle. We use a traffic congestion coefficient [21] to analyze the interlink between traffic and energy consumption. This coefficient is calculated as the ratio of actual energy consumed by an electric vehicle to cover a certain distance during particular hour of the day, to the energy consumed by it during the same period to cover the same distance on an empty road under ideal conditions. The coefficient varies between 0 to 1, with 1 reflecting an empty road condition and 0 being standstill traffic. This traffic congestion coefficient might vary from place to place. This coefficient takes into consideration the energy loss due to frequent breaking and accelerating and extra energy consumed during vehicle ignition. All other minor inefficiencies are included in this coefficient.
Where,
Before scheduling the next trip for EV, its state of charge has to be assessed to evaluate whether the remaining battery level is sufficient enough to take the next trip or to travel to the nearest charging station. A general equation for the distance that an EV can travel during a certain hour of the day can be derived as [22]:
Where,
The geographical information of the transport system was extracted from OpenStreetMap [23]. The survey area is in Cau Giay district, Hanoi city (Vietnam). It is comprised of 166 nodes (geographical points) and approximately 500 sections of roads (straight lines connecting two nodes) with lengths ranging from a few meters up to 10 km. Office/work hours are based on the Vietnam legislation are from 8 am to 17 pm. This information is used to create the vehicles’ plans.
This network has 363 arcs and 166 junctions (vertices), each of which serves as a candidate site. The OD flow of electric vehicles and the distance between the OD points in Cau Giay district during a working day are provided. There are 166 candidate sites and 5000 O-D pairs were tested in a working day. Note that because the model ensures that the return trip is rechargable, by extension so are the round trips starting at either end. For illustration purposes, Figure 2 shows, the transportation system indicating roads, as bold lines. In the transportation network shown in Figure 2, there are 166 candidate sites for the fast-charging station. These were locations where fast-charging stations can be deployed, highlighted in green, and numbered from 1 to 166. However, not all of them have been selected for fast-charging station deployment. The selection depends on the vehicles traffic flow through the candidate sites’ locations. Therefore, the vehicle traffic flows through nodes were evaluated, the node with high traffic will be prioritized for selection to deploy the fast-charging station. The three candidate nodes circled in red in Figure 2 (nodes 76, 90, and 135) are nodes with high media flow as assessed through simulation. These nodes are located on arterial traffic routes which vehicles from outside enter the center and vice versa. The traffic flow profiles for nodes 76, 90, and 135 of intense vehicle movement, surveyed during the average 1-day period, was shown in Figure 5.
Transportation network in Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Before the traffic flow simulation, the routes of each vehicle must be defined, i.e. the shortest path between the points in their plans (Dijkstra’s algorithm [18]). After each traffic flow simulation, vehicles facing traffic jams have their routes recalculated. The travel time of each vehicle depends on the length of the section of road belonging to its route and the actual velocity. All vehicles perform their routes concurrently. This process is repeated for a pre-defined number of iterations to reduce the travel times individually [24].
It can be noted from Figure 3 that most of the trips are shorter than 35 km. Generally, the travel modes of trips consist of walking, riding a bicycle, using public transit, and using a private car. The walk and bicycle travel modes have short trip lengths mainly under 10 km. Therefore, the daily trips whose length is over 20 km are assumed to be EV trips in this survey, and these trips were used to generate basic travel demand.
Distribution of trip frequencies by cumulative trip length.
The hourly travel demand was imported into SUMO (Simulation of Urban Mobility) [25] for vehicle traffic flow analysis to generate the trajectory of the EVs. Since the EVs may have multiple trips in a day, the time sequenced trajectories between different activity locations for one EV were merged to reconstruct the complete daily trip. Figure 4 illustrates an EV trajectory example, trajectory 1 illustrates the route from home to work, while trajectory 2 illustrates a different route since the EV traveled to other purpose activity place during the trip from work to home. Both trajectory 1 and trajectory 2 make up the complete daily trip for one EV.
An example of EV trajectory with other purpose trip.
In traffic flow analysis, we applied to the 166 nodes in the traffic network, one O-D flow contains the information about how many vehicles are driving from O to D and back in a day, a week or a certain period of time. The set of locations of nodes with high traffic is determined through simulation data analysis which are preferred locations in the fast-charging station selection.
Table 1 shows an exemplary O-D pair from node (76) to node (90). The distance from node (76) to node (90) is 32 km. The path of this O-D flow shown in the table starts at node (76) and continues all the way crossing nodes (77), (80), and (91) until it reaches node (90) and come back. Traffic flow through all nodes are evaluated. The high traffic flow sections of roads are considered to be potential fast charging stations locations. The traffic flow profiles of nodes locations (76), (90) and (135) are plotted on Figure 5. Each profile is unique, consequence of vehicles flowing towards city centre in the morning and the other way around after work. High and thin peaks indicate possible traffic jams.
From node (O) | To node (D) | Flow volumne (trips/day) | Distance (km) | Shortest path (via nodes) | Distances between nodes (76–77/77–80/80–91/91–90) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
76 | 90 | 124 | 32 | 76–77–80–91–90–91–80–77-76 | 7/8/8/9 |
Table entries for the O-D pair 76–90.
Traffic flow profiles for three roads of intense vehicle movement.
Characteristics of electric vehicles used in this survey are shown in Table 2. Fast-charging stations are assumed to be immediately available to EVs that arrive for charging, i.e. EVs do not wait to charge.
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Battery Capacity | 280 Ah |
Technology | Lithium-ion |
Battery on-board power | 15.4 kWh |
Driving Range | 140 Km |
Charging point power demand | 50 kW |
40% |
Characteristics (average) of EVs [26].
The travel times of EVs can be translated into cost. Thus, initially, fast-charging stations locations are selected using the most used routes of regular vehicles based on traffic flows. So, the selected fast-charging stations locations might be suitable for some EVs, it will not necessarily be aligned with the routes of all EVs. Several EVs go to charge in this fast charging stations causing traffic jams, leads to larger travel times within the region. This highlights the importance of evaluating the selected locations. Besides, traffic congestion is quite a serious problem in developing cities, especially with mixed traffic characteristics like in Hanoi. Traffic congestion affects the distance traveled by EVs, and this must be taken into account when planning electric vehicle charging stations. Figure 6 shows the variations in the traffic congestion coefficient over the day, calculated using the Eq. (6). Survey time is from 7 am to 10 pm.
Traffic congestion coefficient variation.
From all candidate sites, the top 18 busiest sections of roads are considered to be potential fast-charging station locations (red circle in Figure 7). Most of these fast-charging station locations are outside the city centre, on the northern and western areas due to the population distribution. With the fast-charging station locations identified, the traffic flow analysis is performed for each of the fast-charging station cases: from one to 18 fast-charging station locations.
Potential fast-charging station locations with high traffic flow of EVs.
The daily increase in the number of EVs brings in a big challenge for the planning of charging stations. In order to deal with the placement issues of EV charging stations, this chapter presents an optimized model for locating fast-charging stations using the EV trajectories reconstructed from simulation. In this model, battery degradation, the range of electric vehicle, traffic congestion conditions and especially vehicles traffic flow have considered to determine the optimal locations for the fast-charging station network. This is a quick and efficient way to solve the location problem of fast-charging stations. However, this approach is based on the assumption that the EVs will take the route derived from the simulation, which can be veriï¬ed. under the connected vehicle environment in the future. It can also be further improved if more research can be carried out to investigate the deployment of the local institutional and spatial settings.
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His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. 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Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. 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