Mean level of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1β in PBMC from blood of children with generalized epilepsy, incubated with 100 μg/mL of κ-CN, αS1-CN, αS2-CN, β-CN, and a mix of α-LA and β-LG obtained from bovine, caprine, and ovine milks.
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Barely three months into the new year and we are happy to announce a monumental milestone reached - 150 million downloads.
\n\nThis achievement solidifies IntechOpen’s place as a pioneer in Open Access publishing and the home to some of the most relevant scientific research available through Open Access.
\n\nWe are so proud to have worked with so many bright minds throughout the years who have helped us spread knowledge through the power of Open Access and we look forward to continuing to support some of the greatest thinkers of our day.
\n\nThank you for making IntechOpen your place of learning, sharing, and discovery, and here’s to 150 million more!
\n\n\n\n\n'}],latestNews:[{slug:"intechopen-supports-asapbio-s-new-initiative-publish-your-reviews-20220729",title:"IntechOpen Supports ASAPbio’s New Initiative Publish Your Reviews"},{slug:"webinar-introduction-to-open-science-wednesday-18-may-1-pm-cest-20220518",title:"Webinar: Introduction to Open Science | Wednesday 18 May, 1 PM CEST"},{slug:"step-in-the-right-direction-intechopen-launches-a-portfolio-of-open-science-journals-20220414",title:"Step in the Right Direction: IntechOpen Launches a Portfolio of Open Science Journals"},{slug:"let-s-meet-at-london-book-fair-5-7-april-2022-olympia-london-20220321",title:"Let’s meet at London Book Fair, 5-7 April 2022, Olympia London"},{slug:"50-books-published-as-part-of-intechopen-and-knowledge-unlatched-ku-collaboration-20220316",title:"50 Books published as part of IntechOpen and Knowledge Unlatched (KU) Collaboration"},{slug:"intechopen-joins-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-publishers-compact-20221702",title:"IntechOpen joins the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Publishers Compact"},{slug:"intechopen-signs-exclusive-representation-agreement-with-lsr-libros-servicios-y-representaciones-s-a-de-c-v-20211123",title:"IntechOpen Signs Exclusive Representation Agreement with LSR Libros Servicios y Representaciones S.A. de C.V"},{slug:"intechopen-expands-partnership-with-research4life-20211110",title:"IntechOpen Expands Partnership with Research4Life"}]},book:{item:{type:"book",id:"172",leadTitle:null,fullTitle:"Power Quality Harmonics Analysis and Real Measurements Data",title:"Power Quality",subtitle:"Harmonics Analysis and Real Measurements Data",reviewType:"peer-reviewed",abstract:"Nowadays, the increasing use of power electronics equipment origins important distortions. The perfect AC power systems are a pure sinusoidal wave, both voltage and current, but the ever-increasing existence of non-linear loads modify the characteristics of voltage and current from the ideal sinusoidal wave. This deviation from the ideal wave is reflected by the harmonics and, although its effects vary depending on the type of load, it affects the efficiency of an electrical system and can cause considerable damage to the systems and infrastructures. Ensuring optimal power quality after a good design and devices means productivity, efficiency, competitiveness and profitability. Nevertheless, nobody can assure the optimal power quality when there is a good design if the correct testing and working process from the obtained data is not properly assured at every instant; this entails processing the real data correctly. 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She usually works in the field of computer graphics, simulation and virtual reality, developing her research activity in the Research Group in Railway Technology and Advanced Simulation (CITEF) from 1997. During this time she has been involved in different industrial projects and pilot activities promoted by the European Commission and other Spanish institutions, and has received some prizes associated with her activity. 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\nMilk represents the first food for each newborn, able to satisfy the nutritional needs differently based on yield and composition. Although the proximate composition of goat milk is quite similar to cow milk, the former has received increasing attention due to its peculiar protein, fat and mineral composition and bioactive components.
\nGreater digestibility has been attributed to goat milk due to its casein curd, which is softer and smaller and makes it more easily attached by human digestive system than that derived from other milks. Moreover, size of the fat globules and high proportion of short and medium chain fatty acids also affect the digestibility since it provides a better dispersion and a more homogenous mixture of fat.
\nAlthough the content of lactose in goat milk is comparable to that of other milking species, goat milk is rich in lactose-derived oligosaccharides (OS), especially fucosylated and sialylated OS, which are not degraded by human digestive enzymes and exert prebiotic and antimicrobial functions in the gastrointestinal tract.
\nAn appropriate nutritional intake in childhood is required for not only growth and development but also to support health and immune functions, with short and long-term implications for human well-being. Goat milk has always enjoyed particular attention for its beneficial effects in human nutrition, in particular for fragile categories such as infants and the elderly, even if the potential benefits attributed to such milk were based more on anecdotes than on scientific data.
\nTo date, scientific evidence collected in more than 70 years of scientific research and corroborated by recent advances in milk biochemistry and
The present chapter reports recent advances on the role of goat milk in several aspects of infant health. In particular, the peculiar composition of goat milk protein and lipid fractions has been deepened with the aim to exploit the use of such milk in infant nutrition.
\nThe complex genetic polymorphism of casein fraction of goat milk may offer a strategy in the treatment of cow milk allergy, due to the low amount of casein fractions in milk proteome. The study of the inflammatory response to goat milk in terms of cytokines production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with milk protein fractions represents a novel approach aiming at verifying the effective role of goat milk in the treatment of infants with cow milk allergy. PBMCs are easily isolated from blood and are used to investigate the effect of food bioactive molecules on various immune cells.
\nThe impact of milk protein mixture, casein and β-lactoglobulin fraction on cytokine production by PBMCs from infants with cow’s milk protein allergy is discussed in the present chapter. Ten patients with cow’s milk protein allergy and ten non-allergic control infants were included in the study [2].
\nThe composition of protein fraction has been investigated for its role in infant epilepsy by means of
Cytokines secreted by PBMCs are soluble polypeptides and glycoproteins that bind to specific receptors and are extremely potent at low concentrations. Their potency is partly due to the regulation of leukocyte function during inflammation.
\nThe effect of protein fractions from milk on the production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) of PMBCs from infants with generalized epilepsy was studied.
\nLevels of TNF-α, Interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6 and IL-1β in culture supernatants were determined using Luminex Multiplex Assays, while the level of ROS was measured in the culture supernatants using an OxiSelect in vitro ROS/RNS assay kit.
\nThe effect of the four casein fractions and the mixture of the two main whey milk proteins from different ruminant species (cow, sheep and goat) on cytokines and oxidative phenomena in PBMCs from children with generalized epilepsy are discussed in the present chapter [4]. Separation of milk protein fractions was obtained using reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC.
\nPBMCs were obtained by density gradient from blood of 10 children with generalized epilepsy and 10 controls. Children with epilepsy were grouped according to cytokine levels as follows: one group having levels of cytokines comparable to those of the control group; a group with cytokine levels at least 5-fold higher than the control group; and a last group having cytokine levels at least 10-fold higher than those of the control subjects. The production of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6 and IL-1β was studied in PBMC cultures, incubated with the four different casein fractions and a mixture of α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin from dairy cows, sheeps and goats. In the cultured supernatant were also measured the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
\nFinally, the present chapter gathers information on the peculiar fatty acid profile of goat milk lipid fraction and on the factors influencing the increase of fatty acids with beneficial role in human health. With this regard, the acidic profile of milk and digested milk has been studied with the aim to sustain infant nutrition in the prevention of metabolic disorders as childhood obesity.
\nThe effect of
In order to mimic milk digestion, simulated salivary fluid at pH 7, gastric fluid at pH 3, and intestinal fluid at pH 7 were prepared. Adipocytes
In-depth studies have revealed that goat milk is characterized by the presence of numerous polymorphisms in the loci of casein. The different alleles, depending on whether they are strong, weak or null, are associated with different levels of casein synthesis in milk and with different phosphorylation and glycosylation rates of the peptide chain.
\nAccording to the technological properties of milk, goat’s milk from subjects with strong alleles was associated with a greater activity of milk coagulation enzymes, resulting in a greater inclusion of nutrients in the curd, higher yields in cheese and more compact curds with respect to the milk of animals carrying weak alleles. In fact, it has been shown that homozygous goats for strong alleles (in particular CSN1S1 AA goats) are able to more effectively use food proteins and high-energy diets, resulting in the production of milk that is richer in proteins and fats [6]. The milk of animals with strong genotype also has larger fat globules and a better creaming ability than the milk of goats with null genotype [7]. Furthermore, the CSN1S1 genotype influences the concentration of some fatty acids (FA): goat’s milk homozygous for strong alleles have a higher content in short and medium chain FA (SCFA and MCFA), mainly synthesized
Goat milk offers advantages in treating people afflicted with cow milk allergies (CMA) and gastro-intestinal disorders [8]. Cow’s milk allergy is the most commonly reported childhood food allergy; recently a pan-European birth cohort study using the gold standard diagnostic procedure for food allergies confirmed challenge-proven CMA in <1% of children up to age 2 [9]. It has been reported that children affected by gastrointestinal allergy and chronic enteropathy against cow milk could be beneficially treated through goat milk therapy; although some caprine milk proteins could exert immunological cross reactivity with cow milk proteins [10]. Children with CMA present a high risk of reaching out to side reactions to other mammalian milks, so goat’s or ewe’s milk-based formulas or products may be used only after individual testing. High casein polymorphism and check for the absence of cross-reactivity could lead in future to a therapeutic approach based on personalized nutrition.
\nIn pediatric patients with CMA, IgE-binding epitopes on as1-casein, as2-casein, β-casein, κ -casein, β-lactoglobulin, BSA, IgG heavy chain, lactoferrin were recognized [11].
\nA novel approach has been conducted to study the inflammatory response to goat milk in infant with CMA by evaluating cytokines production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with whole milk, casein and β-lactoglobulin [2]. Goat milk proteins lowered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced the release of anti-inflammatory ones from PBMC compared to cow milk. In particular, secretion of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 after PBMC stimulation suggests that goat milk might prevent aberrant reactions towards antigens. Indeed Tiemessen [12] studied the role of IL-10 in T-cells reactivity of children affected by CMA highlighting the possibility that activated allergen-specific T-cells might concur to the formation of an active form of immune suppression
The level of synthesis of each protein fraction in milk due to genetic polymorphisms plays an important role in eliciting different degrees of allergic reaction. High frequency of the weak allele F, the presence of null allele for CSN1S1, and the high frequency of A0 genotype at CSN1S2 locus in goat breeds as Garganica goat makes this milk useful for testing on allergic subjects. Low levels of αs1-CN in goat milk means that its casein profile is closer to human milk than that of cow milk as human milk does not contain the αs1 -fraction and αs2 -fraction [13], while the major constituent is β-casein [14]. The phosphorylated serine residues of αS1 -casein, β-casein, and αS2 -casein appear to be an important allergenic epitope able to bind IgE even after a denaturing process. The αS1 -casein is characterized by linear epitopes released after protein digestion that can pass through the gastrointestinal system in immunologically active forms. The epitopes are mostly based in the primary sequence rather than in conformation. This is the reason why although extensively hydrolyzed formulas are considered the first choice for CMA treatment, these formulas have can also provoke an allergic reaction in some more allergic individuals, due to their residual allergenic epitopes [15].
\nGenetic polymorphism of goat milk proteins involved in human health and nutrition, associated with a different composition of milk proteins, may be responsible for the generation of a broad spectrum of casein-derived peptides [16]. Therefore, the study of the potential bioactivity of the peptide sequences released after hydrolysis plays a role of considerable relevance.
\nThe study of goat casein loci can lead to a differentiation of the goat population, based on the final use of milk. Animals characterized by weak or null casein alleles could be used in breeding programs aimed at producing milk with hypoallergenic properties, while animals with strong alleles could be destined to improve the quality and properties of milk and related products [3].
\nIn ruminant species, proteolytic activity in fresh raw milk can be attributed to indigenous enzymes, which originated from the animal, and to microbial (i.e. endogenous) enzymes. The major proteolytic system in milk is ascribed to the plasmin system, an alkaline serum proteinase system, and to cathepsins and elastase. Santillo et al. [17] investigated the effects of indigenous proteolytic enzymes on the release of bioactive peptides from goat milk. The authors have identified serine proteinases, and in particular plasmin, as protagonists in the release of numerous peptides deriving from β-CN and αs2-CN which could be considered bioactive molecules. The majority of the peptides showed similarity in the structure with bioactive peptides elsewhere described in goat and bovine milk and in dairy products. Some of the peptides have been shown to perform ACE inhibitory activity or have shown similarity in the structure with antihypertensive or antioxidant peptides.
\nEpilepsy includes a group of neurological disorders characterized by periodic episodes of spontaneous seizures; the World Health Organization estimates this disorder affects 0.8% of the world population [18].
\nSeveral reports hypothesize the existence of a correlation between seizures and certain foods. The role of food products of animal origin on the diet has been widely recognized, especially with regard to the effects of protein fractions. In fact, milk proteins play an important role in stimulating the innate immune response, through the activation of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines [2]. From this perspective, the effect of goat’s milk protein fractions on the production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines was tested in newborn patients with epilepsy.
\nCytokines are generally synthesized and secreted in response to immunological stimuli; they are soluble glycoproteins involved in growth regulation mechanisms, in the activation of immune cells and in inflammatory and immune responses, able to reach distant cells in other organs, through the peripheral circulation [19].
\nStimulation with milk protein fractions from different milking species influenced pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, produced ex vivo by PBMCs isolated from children with generalized epilepsy. Tumor necrosis factor-α produced by PBMCs cultured with caprine milk induced higher levels of this cytokine in 80% of infants. However, the levels of TNF-α detected in PBMC stimulated with goat’s milk reached lower levels with respect to bovine and ovine milk. Regarding the TNF-α production, casein fraction induced lower levels in a higher percentage of patients, while the whey protein fraction induced higher levels of TNF-α in 10% of children, regardless of species. Furthermore, TNF-α produced by PBMC cultured with bovine and ovine whey protein was found to be lower in 70% of patients, while TNF-α produced by PBMC cultured with goat whey protein fraction showed intermediate levels in 80% of cases.
\nBovine, caprine and ovine milk resulted in low IL-10 production by cultured PBMCs in at least 50% of cases, both for casein and whey protein fractions for all milk species studied. In general, the total amount of IL-10 detected was lower than that of other cytokines involved in this study. Interleukin-10 exerts extensive anti-inflammatory properties thanks to its inhibition of antigen-presenting cellular function and suppression of proinflammatory cytokines production [20]. Albenzio et al. [2] found higher levels of IL-10 in PBMCs cultured against cow and goat milk fractions in both healthy infants and infants affected by CMA.
\nGoat milk and casein fraction induced the highest levels of the same cytokine IL-1β in 80% of cases and whey protein induced an intermediate level in 80% of cases. Interleukin-1β is involved in promoting arousal toxicity and possibly in seizure generation [21]. There is a striking example of a dual role of cytokines on neuronal survival in diseased tissue; in particular, neuroprotective actions of IL-1β have been reported, probably mediated by its ability to induce the synthesis of astrocyte growth factors, promoting cellular repair mechanisms. The chronic expression of IL-1β during epileptogenesis suggests its involvement in the modulation of spontaneous seizures [22].
\nCaprine milk showed the highest level of IL-6 in 80% of patients, while bovine milk intermediate levels in 50% of patients, and ovine milk the lowest level in 60% of patients. The bovine and caprine casein fractions stimulated higher levels of IL-6 in 80% of cases, while sheep casein stimulated a lower level in 80% of cases. In addition to the animal species, the whey protein fraction stimulated a lower level of IL-6 in most of the patients studied. The complexity of the PBMC response against stimulation by milk protein fractions can find an answer in the bivalent nature of IL-6, which is necessary for normal nervous system development but has neurotoxic and proconvulsive effects when increased levels are detected in the brain [23].
\nSubsequently the effect of milk protein fractions (αS1-CN, αS2-CN, κ-CN, β-CN, and a mix of α-LA and β-LG) from different animal species (bovine, ovine, and caprine) was evaluated on pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines on infant patients [4]. Evaluating the production of cytokines by PBMC after exposure with milk protein fraction is of great interest to identify potential antigens in milk. In this study the patients were grouped as: 1) children with epilepsy having low levels of cytokines not different from those of control children (LL-EC); 2) children with epilepsy having cytokine levels at least 5-fold higher (medium levels; ML-EC) than those of control children; 3) children with epilepsy having cytokine levels at least 10-fold higher (high levels; HL-EC) than those of control children.
\n\nTable 1 reports the mean levels of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1β in PBMC from blood of children from HL-EC group, incubated with 100 μg/mL of κ-CN, αS1-CN, αS2-CN, β-CN, and a mix of α-LA and β-LG obtained from bovine, caprine, and ovine milks. The results of this work demonstrate how complex interleukin modulation is in response to the different protein fractions, whether casein or whey protein.
\nInterleukin | \nBovine milk | \nCaprine milk | \nOvine milk | \n
---|---|---|---|
TNF-α, pg./mL | \n284.72 ± 9.33 | \n329.78 ± 8.14 | \n336.40 ± 8.42 | \n
IL-1β, pg./mL | \n58.01 ± 1.02 | \n50.44 ± 0.92 | \n53.44 ± 1.06 | \n
IL-6, pg./mL | \n1,347.86 ± 28.81 | \n1,245.12 ± 26.89 | \n1,266.38 ± 30.01 | \n
Mean level of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-1β in PBMC from blood of children with generalized epilepsy, incubated with 100 μg/mL of κ-CN, αS1-CN, αS2-CN, β-CN, and a mix of α-LA and β-LG obtained from bovine, caprine, and ovine milks.
Adapted from Albenzio et al. [4].
Lower concentration of TNF-α was associated to PBMC incubated with bovine milk than with ovine or caprine milk. The major contribution to the elevation of TNF-α level was attributed to the β-casein fraction.
\nIL-1β and IL-6 recorded lower level after incubation with caprine and ovine milk than bovine milk. The differences in cytokine responses may be associated with genetic polymorphisms of the milk proteins. Concentration was lower for caprine apart from the group of patients investigated; in particular, HL-EC groups demonstrated a lower secretion in the blood stream of the interleukin. Concentrations of IL-6 were higher in cultured PBMC incubated with αS2-CN from bovine and ovine milks than in that from caprine milk. In particular, the β-CN fraction induced the highest levels of TNF-α in ovine and caprine milk, whereas the αS2- CN fraction from bovine milk stimulated the highest level of IL-6 and played a major role in production of IL-1β from cultured PBMC. In epileptic children having high cytokine levels than those of control children, the protein fraction of milk able to modulate the secretion of inflammatory interleukins appears to be represented by alpha s2 casein. Results of these recent works highlight how much the understanding of the effects of complex food matrices such as milk is still far from being completely revealed.
\nCaption to Table 1. Children have been grouped according to the level of cytokines compared to the level found in blood from control patients, as follows: LL-EC group of children with epilepsy having levels of cytokines comparable to those of control group (low level); ML-EC group of children with epilepsy with cytokine levels at least 5-fold higher (medium levels) than those of the control group; HL-EC group of children with epilepsy having cytokine levels at least 10-fold higher (high levels) than those of control group.
\nIn studies regarding childhood epilepsy, it is noteworthy to investigate the onset of oxidative stress following milk feeding, as it contributes to acute injury-induced neuronal damage [24].
\nThe evaluation of stimulation of cultured PMBC with milk and protein fractions from different species on ROS/RNS levels, evidenced that caprine milk was able to mitigate the effect on oxidative stress than bovine and ovine milks. Furthermore, within caprine milk protein fractions the ROS/RNS levels were found comparable. Lower levels of ROS/RNS detected in PBMC cultured with caprine milk fraction could be related to the lower levels of TNF-α in the corresponding fraction.
\nIt has recently been reported that the neuronal damage generated by acute injuries, resulting in detrimental effects on areas of the brain associated with learning and memory function, may be partially due to oxidative damage, which occurs during epileptogenesis [24]. Those authors also suggested that a combination therapy, based on antioxidants and antiseizure drugs, might help to reduce the cognitive impairment as comorbidities occurring in epileptic patients.
\nMilk fat derived from small ruminants represents a valuable source of fatty acids, from a nutritional and health point of view [25].
\nSmall ruminants’ milk fat presents high content in medium-chain fatty acids (C6–C10; MCFA) and five fatty acids (C10:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, and C18:1), accounting for >75% of total fatty acids in caprine and ovine milk. In fact, levels of the MCFA as caproic (C6:0) (2.4%, 1.6%), caprylic (C8:0) (2.7%, 1.3%), capric (C10:0) (10.0%, 3.0%), and lauric (C12:0) (5.0%, 3.1%) are significantly higher in goat than in cow milk, respectively [26].
\nDuring digestion, MCFA are more susceptible to the action of digestive enzymes, thanks to their low molecular weight and water solubility. Gastric lipase plays a particularly important role, as it promotes faster and more complete hydrolysis than in long-chain fatty acids. Hydrolysis of MCFA releases free fatty acids which can then be absorbed without being re-esterified in intestinal cells. MCFA have been used in the treatment of some metabolic diseases; Sanz Sampelayo et al. [25] reported that some patients suffering from malabsorption problems, pancreatic insufficiency, deficiency of bile salts or subject to intestinal resection have been treated with capric and caprylic acid. Derivatives of caprylic and capric acid were emphasized as medical and nutritional specialties: MCFA were suggested as tools in the control of obesity, in lowering serum cholesterol, in infant feeding and in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Furthermore, some studies show antimicrobial and antiviral activity for C8: 0, C10: 0 and C12: 0 [27], in particular lauric acid has been studied for its antimicrobial activity against Helicobacter pylori [28].
\nThe fat component of milk also contains essential nutrients, such as vitamins (A, D, E, K) or their precursors (carotenoids), essential polyunsaturated fatty acids and isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which humans are not able to synthesize. CLA are a group of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (cis9, cis12-C18:2, n-6). The isomer cis9, trans11-CLA, named rumenic acid, is the most prevalent—75–80% of the total CLA content in milk and meat [29]. CLA accounted for 2–4%, calculated as a percentage of total fatty acids esterified in phospholipids, in caprine and ovine milk, and less than 1% in bovine milk [30].
\nDairy products naturally contain CLA and vaccenic acid (VA) as they are produced in the rumen. The CLA content in milk is influenced by numerous factors, both endogenous (animal breed, genetic type, lactation stage and pregnancy) and exogenous (diet and environmental conditions).
\nDiet represents the factor that most influences milk CLA content, which can be naturally enriched by fresh pasture feeding [31], or through the use of specific dietary formulations including oilseeds or fish oil [32]. The content of CLA, VA and α-linolenic acid (ALA) in milk, cheese and meat are profoundly influenced by the diet of animals, which is the major source of variation. The use of pasture, fresh forage and specific vegetable fat supplements in the sheep diet greatly influences the content of these compounds in sheep products [33].
\nIn the Mediterranean area, grazing represents a fundamental dietary strategy in improving the health component of fatty acids present in sheep’s milk and meat. In fact, the meat and milk of grass-fed ruminants are characterized by a higher content of CLA, omega-3 fatty acids, beta-carotene and vitamins A and E than the meat and milk of animals fed indoors. Green herbs are particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially ALA, which have a positive effect on the content of C18: 3n-3, VA and CLA in milk and meat. ALA in the rumen undergoes a partial biohydrogenation at VA, in animal tissues is then partially converted into cis-9, trans-11 CLA, thanks to the intervention of Δ9-desaturase. Fish oil was used in the diet of goats resulting in a significant increase in the rate of transfer of dietary EPA and DHA into milk [34]. Recently, CLA and VA have acquired substantial importance as a consequence of the encouraging results in human studies [35].
\nBiochemical studies showed beneficial effects of the cis-9, cis-11 CLA on neoplastic and atherosclerotic processes [36, 37] as well as a cholesterol-lowering effect [35]. Epidemiological studies showed that C18:3n3 is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases [38], whereas EPA and DHA have beneficial effects on proper brain and visual development in the fetus, and maintenance of neural and visual tissues throughout life [39].
\nIn different studies it has been shown that CLA, being an efficient ligand of PPAR alpha, is able to activate the peroxisomal beta oxidation [40] required for the synthesis of DHA starting from ALA. In addition, the peroxisomal beta oxidation is also the catabolic pathway of oxygenated eicosanoids [41], thus carrying out an anti-inflammatory activity. It follows that the diet should be rich in CLA and VA in order to increase the biosynthesis of DHA and the presence of fatty acids of the omega-3 series among highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Furthermore, CLA is metabolized in a similar way to linoleic and is able to decrease the formation and incorporation of arachidonic acid, contributing to the increase of the n-3 HUFA score.
\nAccording to data provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of obese people in the world has tripled since 1975. Obesity and overweight are now recognized as real public health problems in every part of the world [42].
\nThe first cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed and calories expended, which is mainly due to an increased intake of energy-dense foods rich in fat and to physical inactivity due to the sedentary nature of many forms of work and to the enhancement of urbanization. Overweight and obesity are strictly related to the insurgence of many other diseases affecting human health, represented by cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and some types of cancers.
\nIn recent decades, pediatric research has focused on finding a relationship between childhood obesity and infant nutrition in the first six months of life [43]. In fact, in the period between the final stages of fetal growth and the first months of the newborn life, preadipocyte cells develop in mature adipose tissue, driven by hormonal and nutritional stimuli. Childhood obesity appears to be associated with an increased risk of obesity, premature death, and disability in adulthood. Furthermore, obese children exhibit breathing difficulties, increased risk of fractures, hypertension, early markers of cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, and psychological distress.
\nUntil recently, adipose tissue was considered only an energy reserve organ, but, following the increasing diffusion of obesity, researchers have focused attention in this field over the past twenty years [44], coming to the consideration that adipose tissue does not represent only an energy reserve, but is an important endocrine organ that has numerous targets, including some areas of the brain such as the hypothalamus. Adipose tissue is also involved in the regulation of many processes, such as homeostasis of fat mass and nutrients, regulation of the immune response, control of blood pressure, thyroid and reproductive system functions [45].
\nObesity is a metabolic disorder that manifests itself in two phenomena, namely the increase in the number of adipocytes, due to hypertrophic phenomena, and an abnormal lipid filling of already existing adipocytes, caused by hyperplastic phenomena [46]. Hyperplasia occurs mainly in the developmental age, while hypertrophy in adulthood. Obesity starts with an excessive energetic intake, due to the ingestion of fats and carbohydrates, which induces mature adipocytes to store the excess of energy as triglycerides that accumulated within the adipocytes cells, thus activating the adipogenesis with consequent growth of the cells in size and number. This cellular transformation causes a change in the adipokines secretion, the activation of pro-inflammatory processes and the increase of oxidative stress phenomena [47].
\nInfant diet is able to influence the development of adipose tissue in adults, because the transformation of preadipocyte cells into mature adipocytes takes place during the last stages of fetus growth and the first months of newborn life. Being milk the only food taken by the newborn in these phases, many researchers are interested to study the effects of milk fat component, particularly fatty acids, on the adipose tissue.
\nFlachs et al. [48] observed that some n-3 series LC-PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids), as EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic), can exert a metabolic action on adipose tissue to prevent obesity. Some authors have tested the effect of MUFAs (monounsaturated fatty acids) and CLAs (conjugated linoleic acid) as herbal extracts for obesity [49]. Guo et al. [50] have shown that caprylic acid and MCFA (medium chain fatty acids) have the ability to inhibit the synthesis of triglycerides by adipocytes. Other authors have also observed a relationship between fatty acid composition of diet and childhood obesity, evidencing synergistic effects among different fatty acids; in particular the association of n-6 series PUFAs with high concentrations of LA (linoleic acid) and of ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) seems to support growth of adipose tissue under nutritional
It is therefore interesting to understand the effect of the digestive process on milk fatty acids bioavailability, and whether this process may influence adipose tissue. Caprine milk was compared to human and formula milk to evaluate evaluated the effect of
The role of ROS in adipose tissue is complex. In preadipocytes the accumulation of mitochondrial ROS could inhibit cell proliferation [54], whereas in mature adipocytes from obese rats high level of ROS were observed and protection of adipocytes from oxidative stress is recognized as a potential clinical strategy in obesity treatment [55].
\nCaprilic acid has been shown to induce ROS generation and might also modulate PPARγ activity indirectly via the ROS signaling pathways [50]. Accordingly, digested milk from caprine showed a mean content of free caprilic acid higher than FM and HM (5.17 μg/ml for caprine, vs. 4.85, 3.5 μg/ml of extract for formula and human milk respectively), and this could partly explain the lower ROS content in digested human and formula. On the other hand, many natural lipid compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have been used to treat obesity such as n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, MUFA and CLA [49]. Santillo et al. [5] observed a higher content of free oleic and linoleic acid in digested human milk and infant formula; oleic acid content 1.5 and 6-folds higher and linoleic acid content 2 and 5.5-folds higher than what observed in ruminant milk, respectively. Since ROS are key signaling molecules that play an important role in the progression of inflammatory disorders [56], NF-κB p65 and HMGB1 were evaluated. HMGB1 promotes inflammation and its receptors interact with NF-κB p65 forming a positive feedback loop to sustain inflammatory conditions [57]. Among treatments, the lowest gene expression was found in HM and CM, the highest in FM.
\nGoat milk has received increasing attention due to its composition, in particular for feeding of fragile categories such as infants and the elderly.
\nGoat milk protein fraction revealed the presence of a high number of alleles at the four casein loci, associated with different levels of casein synthesis into milk. Recent research evidenced the important role of goat milk protein fraction in eliciting hypoallergenic reaction and in triggering cytokine response in cow milk allergy and infant epilepsy, respectively.
\nMoreover the exploitation of caprine milk in infant nutrition, in particular cases of pediatric metabolic disorders, should further investigate the role of the acidic profile of such milk on the mechanisms of both adipocyte differentiation and pro-inflammatory
The role of goat’s milk as a nutritional intervention useful to support clinical therapies in some emerging pediatric diseases shows promising results thus deserves further research.
\nThese Terms and Conditions outline the rules and regulations pertaining to the use of IntechOpen’s website www.intechopen.com and all the subdomains owned by IntechOpen located at 5 Princes Gate Court, London, SW7 2QJ, United Kingdom.
',metaTitle:"Terms and Conditions",metaDescription:"These terms and conditions outline the rules and regulations for the use of IntechOpen Website at https://intechopen.com and all its subdomains owned by Intech Limited located at 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, UK.",metaKeywords:null,canonicalURL:"/page/terms-and-conditions",contentRaw:'[{"type":"htmlEditorComponent","content":"By accessing the website at www.intechopen.com you are agreeing to be bound by these Terms of Service, all applicable laws and regulations, and agree that you are responsible for compliance with any applicable local laws. Use and/or access to this site is based on full agreement and compliance of these Terms. All materials contained on this website are protected by applicable copyright and trademark laws.
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\n\nThe following terminology applies to these Terms and Conditions, Privacy Statement, Disclaimer Notice, and any or all Agreements:
\n\n“Client”, “Customer”, “You” and “Your” refers to you, the person accessing this website and accepting the Company’s Terms and Conditions;
\n\n“The Company”, “Ourselves”, “We”, “Our” and “Us”, refers to our Company, IntechOpen;
\n\n“Party”, “Parties”, or “Us”, refers to both the Client and ourselves, or either the Client or ourselves.
\n\nAll Terms refer to the offer, acceptance, and consideration of payment necessary to provide assistance to the Client in the most appropriate manner, whether by formal meetings of a fixed duration, or by any other agreed means, for the express purpose of meeting the Client’s needs in respect of provision of the Company’s stated services/products, and in accordance with, and subject to, the prevailing laws of the United Kingdom.
\n\nAny use of the above terminology, or other words in the singular, plural, capitalization and/or he/she or they, are taken as interchangeable.
\n\nUnless otherwise stated, IntechOpen and/or its licensors own the intellectual property rights for all materials on www.intechopen.com. All intellectual property rights are reserved. You may view, download, share, link and print pages from www.intechopen.com for your own personal use, subject to the restrictions set out in these Terms and Conditions.
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\n\nIn no circumstances shall IntechOpen or its suppliers be liable for any damages (including, without limitation, damages for loss of data or profit, or due to business interruption) arising out of the use, or inability to use, the materials on IntechOpen's websites, even if IntechOpen or an IntechOpen authorized representative has been notified orally or in writing of the possibility of such damage. Some jurisdictions do not allow limitations on implied warranties, or limitations of liability for consequential or incidental damages; consequently, these limitations may not apply to you.
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\n\nThese Terms and Conditions are governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the United Kingdom and you irrevocably submit to the exclusive jurisdiction of the courts in London, United Kingdom.
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\n'}]},successStories:{items:[]},authorsAndEditors:{filterParams:{},profiles:[{id:"396",title:"Dr.",name:"Vedran",middleName:null,surname:"Kordic",slug:"vedran-kordic",fullName:"Vedran Kordic",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/396/images/7281_n.png",biography:"After obtaining his Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering he continued his education at the Vienna University of Technology where he obtained his PhD degree in 2004. He worked as a researcher at the Automation and Control Institute, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology until 2008. His studies in robotics lead him not only to a PhD degree but also inspired him to co-found and build the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems - world's first Open Access journal in the field of robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"TU Wien",country:{name:"Austria"}}},{id:"441",title:"Ph.D.",name:"Jaekyu",middleName:null,surname:"Park",slug:"jaekyu-park",fullName:"Jaekyu Park",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/441/images/1881_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"LG Corporation (South Korea)",country:{name:"Korea, South"}}},{id:"465",title:"Dr.",name:"Christian",middleName:null,surname:"Martens",slug:"christian-martens",fullName:"Christian Martens",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rheinmetall (Germany)",country:{name:"Germany"}}},{id:"479",title:"Dr.",name:"Valentina",middleName:null,surname:"Colla",slug:"valentina-colla",fullName:"Valentina Colla",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/479/images/358_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies",country:{name:"Italy"}}},{id:"494",title:"PhD",name:"Loris",middleName:null,surname:"Nanni",slug:"loris-nanni",fullName:"Loris Nanni",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/494/images/system/494.jpg",biography:"Loris Nanni received his Master Degree cum laude on June-2002 from the University of Bologna, and the April 26th 2006 he received his Ph.D. in Computer Engineering at DEIS, University of Bologna. On September, 29th 2006 he has won a post PhD fellowship from the university of Bologna (from October 2006 to October 2008), at the competitive examination he was ranked first in the industrial engineering area. He extensively served as referee for several international journals. He is author/coauthor of more than 100 research papers. He has been involved in some projects supported by MURST and European Community. His research interests include pattern recognition, bioinformatics, and biometric systems (fingerprint classification and recognition, signature verification, face recognition).",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"496",title:"Dr.",name:"Carlos",middleName:null,surname:"Leon",slug:"carlos-leon",fullName:"Carlos Leon",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Seville",country:{name:"Spain"}}},{id:"512",title:"Dr.",name:"Dayang",middleName:null,surname:"Jawawi",slug:"dayang-jawawi",fullName:"Dayang Jawawi",position:null,profilePictureURL:"//cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/author.svg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Technology Malaysia",country:{name:"Malaysia"}}},{id:"528",title:"Dr.",name:"Kresimir",middleName:null,surname:"Delac",slug:"kresimir-delac",fullName:"Kresimir Delac",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/528/images/system/528.jpg",biography:"K. Delac received his B.Sc.E.E. degree in 2003 and is currentlypursuing a Ph.D. degree at the University of Zagreb, Faculty of Electrical Engineering andComputing. His current research interests are digital image analysis, pattern recognition andbiometrics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Zagreb",country:{name:"Croatia"}}},{id:"557",title:"Dr.",name:"Andon",middleName:"Venelinov",surname:"Topalov",slug:"andon-topalov",fullName:"Andon Topalov",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/557/images/1927_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Andon V. Topalov received the MSc degree in Control Engineering from the Faculty of Information Systems, Technologies, and Automation at Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGGU) in 1979. He then received his PhD degree in Control Engineering from the Department of Automation and Remote Control at Moscow State Mining University (MGSU), Moscow, in 1984. From 1985 to 1986, he was a Research Fellow in the Research Institute for Electronic Equipment, ZZU AD, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. In 1986, he joined the Department of Control Systems, Technical University of Sofia at the Plovdiv campus, where he is presently a Full Professor. He has held long-term visiting Professor/Scholar positions at various institutions in South Korea, Turkey, Mexico, Greece, Belgium, UK, and Germany. And he has coauthored one book and authored or coauthored more than 80 research papers in conference proceedings and journals. His current research interests are in the fields of intelligent control and robotics.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Technical University of Sofia",country:{name:"Bulgaria"}}},{id:"585",title:"Prof.",name:"Munir",middleName:null,surname:"Merdan",slug:"munir-merdan",fullName:"Munir Merdan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/585/images/system/585.jpg",biography:"Munir Merdan received the M.Sc. degree in mechanical engineering from the Technical University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, in 2009.Since 2005, he has been at the Automation and Control Institute, Vienna University of Technology, where he is currently a Senior Researcher. His research interests include the application of agent technology for achieving agile control in the manufacturing environment.",institutionString:null,institution:null},{id:"605",title:"Prof",name:"Dil",middleName:null,surname:"Hussain",slug:"dil-hussain",fullName:"Dil Hussain",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/605/images/system/605.jpg",biography:"Dr. Dil Muhammad Akbar Hussain is a professor of Electronics Engineering & Computer Science at the Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Denmark. Professor Akbar has a Master degree in Digital Electronics from Govt. College University, Lahore Pakistan and a P-hD degree in Control Engineering from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Sussex United Kingdom. Aalborg University has Two Satellite Campuses, one in Copenhagen (Aalborg University Copenhagen) and the other in Esbjerg (Aalborg University Esbjerg).\n· He is a member of prestigious IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), and IAENG (International Association of Engineers) organizations. \n· He is the chief Editor of the Journal of Software Engineering.\n· He is the member of the Editorial Board of International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology (IJCSST) and International Journal of Computer Engineering and Information Technology. \n· He is also the Editor of Communication in Computer and Information Science CCIS-20 by Springer.\n· Reviewer For Many Conferences\nHe is the lead person in making collaboration agreements between Aalborg University and many universities of Pakistan, for which the MOU’s (Memorandum of Understanding) have been signed.\nProfessor Akbar is working in Academia since 1990, he started his career as a Lab demonstrator/TA at the University of Sussex. After finishing his P. hD degree in 1992, he served in the Industry as a Scientific Officer and continued his academic career as a visiting scholar for a number of educational institutions. In 1996 he joined National University of Science & Technology Pakistan (NUST) as an Associate Professor; NUST is one of the top few universities in Pakistan. In 1999 he joined an International Company Lineo Inc, Canada as Manager Compiler Group, where he headed the group for developing Compiler Tool Chain and Porting of Operating Systems for the BLACKfin processor. The processor development was a joint venture by Intel and Analog Devices. In 2002 Lineo Inc., was taken over by another company, so he joined Aalborg University Denmark as an Assistant Professor.\nProfessor Akbar has truly a multi-disciplined career and he continued his legacy and making progress in many areas of his interests both in teaching and research. He has contributed in stochastic estimation of control area especially, in the Multiple Target Tracking and Interactive Multiple Model (IMM) research, Ball & Beam Control Problem, Robotics, Levitation Control. He has contributed in developing Algorithms for Fingerprint Matching, Computer Vision and Face Recognition. He has been supervising Pattern Recognition, Formal Languages and Distributed Processing projects for several years. He has reviewed many books on Management, Computer Science. Currently, he is an active and permanent reviewer for many international conferences and symposia and the program committee member for many international conferences.\nIn teaching he has taught the core computer science subjects like, Digital Design, Real Time Embedded System Programming, Operating Systems, Software Engineering, Data Structures, Databases, Compiler Construction. In the Engineering side, Digital Signal Processing, Computer Architecture, Electronics Devices, Digital Filtering and Engineering Management.\nApart from his Academic Interest and activities he loves sport especially, Cricket, Football, Snooker and Squash. He plays cricket for Esbjerg city in the second division team as an opener wicket keeper batsman. 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He previously worked as a post-doctoral fellow at the Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Israel; University of the Free State, South Africa; and Central University of Technology Bloemfontein, South Africa. He obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan. He has published more than seventy-four journal articles and attended several national and international conferences as speaker and chair. Dr. Kendrekar has received many international awards. He has several funded projects, namely, anti-malaria drug development, MRSA, and SARS-CoV-2 activity of curcumin and its formulations. He has filed four patents in collaboration with the University of Central Lancashire and Mayo Clinic Infectious Diseases. His present research includes organic synthesis, drug discovery and development, biochemistry, nanoscience, and nanotechnology.",institutionString:"Visiting Scientist at Lipid Nanostructures Laboratory, Centre for Smart Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Central Lancashire",institution:null},{id:"428125",title:"Dr.",name:"Vinayak",middleName:null,surname:"Adimule",slug:"vinayak-adimule",fullName:"Vinayak Adimule",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/428125/images/system/428125.jpg",biography:"Dr. Vinayak Adimule, MSc, Ph.D., is a professor and dean of R&D, Angadi Institute of Technology and Management, India. He has 15 years of research experience as a senior research scientist and associate research scientist in R&D organizations. He has published more than fifty research articles as well as several book chapters. He has two Indian patents and two international patents to his credit. Dr. Adimule has attended, chaired, and presented papers at national and international conferences. He is a guest editor for Topics in Catalysis and other journals. He is also an editorial board member, life member, and associate member for many international societies and research institutions. His research interests include nanoelectronics, material chemistry, artificial intelligence, sensors and actuators, bio-nanomaterials, and medicinal chemistry.",institutionString:"Angadi Institute of Technology and Management",institution:null},{id:"284317",title:"Prof.",name:"Kantharaju",middleName:null,surname:"Kamanna",slug:"kantharaju-kamanna",fullName:"Kantharaju Kamanna",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/284317/images/21050_n.jpg",biography:"Prof. K. Kantharaju has received Bachelor of science (PCM), master of science (Organic Chemistry) and Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry from Bangalore University. He worked as a Executive Research & Development @ Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad. He received DBT-postdoc fellow @ Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore under the supervision of Prof. P. Balaram, later he moved to NIH-postdoc researcher at Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA, after his return from postdoc joined NITK-Surthakal as a Adhoc faculty at department of chemistry. Since from August 2013 working as a Associate Professor, and in 2016 promoted to Profeesor in the School of Basic Sciences: Department of Chemistry and having 20 years of teaching and research experiences.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Rani Channamma University, Belagavi",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"158492",title:"Prof.",name:"Yusuf",middleName:null,surname:"Tutar",slug:"yusuf-tutar",fullName:"Yusuf Tutar",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/158492/images/system/158492.jpeg",biography:"Prof. Dr. Yusuf Tutar conducts his research at the Hamidiye Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Turkey. He is also a faculty member in the Molecular Oncology Program. He obtained his MSc and Ph.D. at Oregon State University and Texas Tech University, respectively. He pursued his postdoctoral studies at Rutgers University Medical School and the National Institutes of Health (NIH/NIDDK), USA. His research focuses on biochemistry, biophysics, genetics, molecular biology, and molecular medicine with specialization in the fields of drug design, protein structure-function, protein folding, prions, microRNA, pseudogenes, molecular cancer, epigenetics, metabolites, proteomics, genomics, protein expression, and characterization by spectroscopic and calorimetric methods.",institutionString:"University of Health Sciences",institution:null},{id:"180528",title:"Dr.",name:"Hiroyuki",middleName:null,surname:"Kagechika",slug:"hiroyuki-kagechika",fullName:"Hiroyuki Kagechika",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/180528/images/system/180528.jpg",biography:"Hiroyuki Kagechika received his bachelor’s degree and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences from the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he served as an associate professor until 2004. He is currently a professor at the Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering (IBB), Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU). From 2010 to 2012, he was the dean of the Graduate School of Biomedical Science. Since 2012, he has served as the vice dean of the Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences. He has been the director of the IBB since 2020. Dr. Kagechika’s major research interests are the medicinal chemistry of retinoids, vitamins D/K, and nuclear receptors. He has developed various compounds including a drug for acute promyelocytic leukemia.",institutionString:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",institution:{name:"Tokyo Medical and Dental University",country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"94311",title:"Prof.",name:"Martins",middleName:"Ochubiojo",surname:"Ochubiojo Emeje",slug:"martins-ochubiojo-emeje",fullName:"Martins Ochubiojo Emeje",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/94311/images/system/94311.jpeg",biography:"Martins Emeje obtained a BPharm with distinction from Ahmadu Bello University, Nigeria, and an MPharm and Ph.D. from the University of Nigeria (UNN), where he received the best Ph.D. award and was enlisted as UNN’s “Face of Research.” He established the first nanomedicine center in Nigeria and was the pioneer head of the intellectual property and technology transfer as well as the technology innovation and support center. Prof. Emeje’s several international fellowships include the prestigious Raman fellowship. He has published more than 150 articles and patents. He is also the head of R&D at NIPRD and holds a visiting professor position at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria. He has a postgraduate certificate in Project Management from Walden University, Minnesota, as well as a professional teaching certificate and a World Bank certification in Public Procurement. Prof. Emeje was a national chairman of academic pharmacists in Nigeria and the 2021 winner of the May & Baker Nigeria Plc–sponsored prize for professional service in research and innovation.",institutionString:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",institution:{name:"National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"436430",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Mesut",middleName:null,surname:"Işık",slug:"mesut-isik",fullName:"Mesut Işık",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/436430/images/19686_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Bilecik University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"268659",title:"Ms.",name:"Xianquan",middleName:null,surname:"Zhan",slug:"xianquan-zhan",fullName:"Xianquan Zhan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/268659/images/8143_n.jpg",biography:"Dr. Zhan received his undergraduate and graduate training in the fields of preventive medicine and epidemiology and statistics at the West China University of Medical Sciences in China during 1989 to 1999. He received his post-doctoral training in oncology and cancer proteomics for two years at the Cancer Research Institute of Human Medical University in China. In 2001, he went to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) in USA, where he was a post-doctoral researcher and focused on mass spectrometry and cancer proteomics. Then, he was appointed as an Assistant Professor of Neurology, UTHSC in 2005. He moved to the Cleveland Clinic in USA as a Project Scientist/Staff in 2006 where he focused on the studies of eye disease proteomics and biomarkers. He returned to UTHSC as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in the end of 2007, engaging in proteomics and biomarker studies of lung diseases and brain tumors, and initiating the studies of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM) in cancer. In 2010, he was promoted to Associate Professor of Neurology, UTHSC. Currently, he is a Professor at Xiangya Hospital of Central South University in China, Fellow of Royal Society of Medicine (FRSM), the European EPMA National Representative in China, Regular Member of American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), European Cooperation of Science and Technology (e-COST) grant evaluator, Associate Editors of BMC Genomics, BMC Medical Genomics, EPMA Journal, and Frontiers in Endocrinology, Executive Editor-in-Chief of Med One. He has\npublished 116 peer-reviewed research articles, 16 book chapters, 2 books, and 2 US patents. His current main research interest focuses on the studies of cancer proteomics and biomarkers, and the use of modern omics techniques and systems biology for PPPM in cancer, and on the development and use of 2DE-LC/MS for the large-scale study of human proteoforms.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Xiangya Hospital Central South University",country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"40482",title:null,name:"Rizwan",middleName:null,surname:"Ahmad",slug:"rizwan-ahmad",fullName:"Rizwan Ahmad",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/40482/images/system/40482.jpeg",biography:"Dr. Rizwan Ahmad is a University Professor and Coordinator, Quality and Development, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Previously, he was Associate Professor of Human Function, Oman Medical College, Oman, and SBS University, Dehradun. Dr. Ahmad completed his education at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. He has published several articles in peer-reviewed journals, chapters, and edited books. His area of specialization is free radical biochemistry and autoimmune diseases.",institutionString:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",institution:{name:"Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University",country:{name:"Saudi Arabia"}}},{id:"41865",title:"Prof.",name:"Farid A.",middleName:null,surname:"Badria",slug:"farid-a.-badria",fullName:"Farid A. Badria",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/41865/images/system/41865.jpg",biography:"Farid A. Badria, Ph.D., is the recipient of several awards, including The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) Prize for Public Understanding of Science; the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Gold Medal for best invention; Outstanding Arab Scholar, Kuwait; and the Khwarizmi International Award, Iran. He has 250 publications, 12 books, 20 patents, and several marketed pharmaceutical products to his credit. He continues to lead research projects on developing new therapies for liver, skin disorders, and cancer. Dr. Badria was listed among the world’s top 2% of scientists in medicinal and biomolecular chemistry in 2019 and 2020. He is a member of the Arab Development Fund, Kuwait; International Cell Research Organization–United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ICRO–UNESCO), Chile; and UNESCO Biotechnology France",institutionString:"Mansoura University",institution:{name:"Mansoura University",country:{name:"Egypt"}}},{id:"329385",title:"Dr.",name:"Rajesh K.",middleName:"Kumar",surname:"Singh",slug:"rajesh-k.-singh",fullName:"Rajesh K. Singh",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/329385/images/system/329385.png",biography:"Dr. Singh received a BPharm (2003) and MPharm (2005) from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, and a Ph.D. (2013) from Punjab Technical University (PTU), Jalandhar, India. He has more than sixteen years of teaching experience and has supervised numerous postgraduate and Ph.D. students. He has to his credit more than seventy papers in SCI- and SCOPUS-indexed journals, fifty-five conference proceedings, four books, six Best Paper Awards, and five projects from different government agencies. He is currently an editorial board member of eight international journals and a reviewer for more than fifty scientific journals. He received Top Reviewer and Excellent Peer Reviewer Awards from Publons in 2016 and 2017, respectively. He is also on the panel of The International Reviewer for reviewing research proposals for grants from the Royal Society. He also serves as a Publons Academy mentor and Bentham brand ambassador.",institutionString:"Punjab Technical University",institution:{name:"Punjab Technical University",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"142388",title:"Dr.",name:"Thiago",middleName:"Gomes",surname:"Gomes Heck",slug:"thiago-gomes-heck",fullName:"Thiago Gomes Heck",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/142388/images/7259_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"336273",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Janja",middleName:null,surname:"Zupan",slug:"janja-zupan",fullName:"Janja Zupan",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/336273/images/14853_n.jpeg",biography:"Janja Zupan graduated in 2005 at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry (superviser prof. dr. Janja Marc) in the field of genetics of osteoporosis. Since November 2009 she is working as a Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biochemistry. In 2011 she completed part of her research and PhD work at Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh. She finished her PhD entitled The influence of the proinflammatory cytokines on the RANK/RANKL/OPG in bone tissue of osteoporotic and osteoarthritic patients in 2012. From 2014-2016 she worked at the Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Aberdeen as a postdoctoral research fellow on UK Arthritis research project where she gained knowledge in mesenchymal stem cells and regenerative medicine. She returned back to University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy in 2016. She is currently leading project entitled Mesenchymal stem cells-the keepers of tissue endogenous regenerative capacity facing up to aging of the musculoskeletal system funded by Slovenian Research Agency.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Ljubljana",country:{name:"Slovenia"}}},{id:"357453",title:"Dr.",name:"Radheshyam",middleName:null,surname:"Maurya",slug:"radheshyam-maurya",fullName:"Radheshyam Maurya",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/357453/images/16535_n.jpg",biography:null,institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Hyderabad",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"418340",title:"Dr.",name:"Jyotirmoi",middleName:null,surname:"Aich",slug:"jyotirmoi-aich",fullName:"Jyotirmoi Aich",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000038Ugi5QAC/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:48:28.png",biography:"Biotechnologist with 15 years of research including 6 years of teaching experience. Demonstrated record of scientific achievements through consistent publication record (H index = 13, with 874 citations) in high impact journals such as Nature Communications, Oncotarget, Annals of Oncology, PNAS, and AJRCCM, etc. Strong research professional with a post-doctorate from ACTREC where I gained experimental oncology experience in clinical settings and a doctorate from IGIB where I gained expertise in asthma pathophysiology. A well-trained biotechnologist with diverse experience on the bench across different research themes ranging from asthma to cancer and other infectious diseases. An individual with a strong commitment and innovative mindset. Have the ability to work on diverse projects such as regenerative and molecular medicine with an overall mindset of improving healthcare.",institutionString:"DY Patil Deemed to Be University",institution:null},{id:"349288",title:"Prof.",name:"Soumya",middleName:null,surname:"Basu",slug:"soumya-basu",fullName:"Soumya Basu",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035QxIDQA0/Profile_Picture_2022-04-15T07:47:01.jpg",biography:"Soumya Basu, Ph.D., is currently working as an Associate Professor at Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India. With 16+ years of trans-disciplinary research experience in Drug Design, development, and pre-clinical validation; 20+ research article publications in journals of repute, 9+ years of teaching experience, trained with cross-disciplinary education, Dr. Basu is a life-long learner and always thrives for new challenges.\r\nHer research area is the design and synthesis of small molecule partial agonists of PPAR-γ in lung cancer. She is also using artificial intelligence and deep learning methods to understand the exosomal miRNA’s role in cancer metastasis. Dr. Basu is the recipient of many awards including the Early Career Research Award from the Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India. She is a reviewer of many journals like Molecular Biology Reports, Frontiers in Oncology, RSC Advances, PLOS ONE, Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, etc. She has edited and authored/co-authored 21 journal papers, 3 book chapters, and 15 abstracts. She is a Board of Studies member at her university. She is a life member of 'The Cytometry Society”-in India and 'All India Cell Biology Society”- in India.",institutionString:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",institution:{name:"Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune",country:{name:"India"}}},{id:"354817",title:"Dr.",name:"Anubhab",middleName:null,surname:"Mukherjee",slug:"anubhab-mukherjee",fullName:"Anubhab Mukherjee",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://intech-files.s3.amazonaws.com/0033Y0000365PbRQAU/ProfilePicture%202022-04-15%2005%3A11%3A18.480",biography:"A former member of Laboratory of Nanomedicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, USA, Dr. Anubhab Mukherjee is an ardent votary of science who strives to make an impact in the lives of those afflicted with cancer and other chronic/acute ailments. He completed his Ph.D. from CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India, having been skilled with RNAi, liposomal drug delivery, preclinical cell and animal studies. He pursued post-doctoral research at College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Texas A & M University and was involved in another postdoctoral research at Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, California. In 2015, he worked in Harvard-MIT Health Sciences & Technology as a visiting scientist. He has substantial experience in nanotechnology-based formulation development and successfully served various Indian organizations to develop pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products. He is an inventor in many US patents and an author in many peer-reviewed articles, book chapters and books published in various media of international repute. Dr. Mukherjee is currently serving as Principal Scientist, R&D at Esperer Onco Nutrition (EON) Pvt. Ltd. and heads the Hyderabad R&D center of the organization.",institutionString:"Esperer Onco Nutrition Pvt Ltd.",institution:null},{id:"319365",title:"Assistant Prof.",name:"Manash K.",middleName:null,surname:"Paul",slug:"manash-k.-paul",fullName:"Manash K. Paul",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/319365/images/system/319365.png",biography:"Manash K. Paul is a Principal Investigator and Scientist at the University of California Los Angeles. He has contributed significantly to the fields of stem cell biology, regenerative medicine, and lung cancer. His research focuses on various signaling processes involved in maintaining stem cell homeostasis during the injury-repair process, deciphering lung stem cell niche, pulmonary disease modeling, immuno-oncology, and drug discovery. He is currently investigating the role of extracellular vesicles in premalignant lung cell migration and detecting the metastatic phenotype of lung cancer via machine-learning-based analyses of exosomal signatures. Dr. Paul has published in more than fifty peer-reviewed international journals and is highly cited. He is the recipient of many awards, including the UCLA Vice Chancellor’s award, a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and an editorial board member for several international journals.",institutionString:"University of California Los Angeles",institution:{name:"University of California Los Angeles",country:{name:"United States of America"}}},{id:"311457",title:"Dr.",name:"Júlia",middleName:null,surname:"Scherer Santos",slug:"julia-scherer-santos",fullName:"Júlia Scherer Santos",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/311457/images/system/311457.jpg",biography:"Dr. Júlia Scherer Santos works in the areas of cosmetology, nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology, beauty, and aesthetics. Dr. Santos also has experience as a professor of graduate courses. Graduated in Pharmacy, specialization in Cosmetology and Cosmeceuticals applied to aesthetics, specialization in Aesthetic and Cosmetic Health, and a doctorate in Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology. Teaching experience in Pharmacy and Aesthetics and Cosmetics courses. She works mainly on the following subjects: nanotechnology, cosmetology, pharmaceutical technology, aesthetics.",institutionString:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora",country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"219081",title:"Dr.",name:"Abdulsamed",middleName:null,surname:"Kükürt",slug:"abdulsamed-kukurt",fullName:"Abdulsamed Kükürt",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/219081/images/system/219081.png",biography:"Dr. Kükürt graduated from Uludağ University in Turkey. He started his academic career as a Research Assistant in the Department of Biochemistry at Kafkas University. In 2019, he completed his Ph.D. program in the Department of Biochemistry at the Institute of Health Sciences. He is currently working at the Department of Biochemistry, Kafkas University. He has 27 published research articles in academic journals, 11 book chapters, and 37 papers. He took part in 10 academic projects. He served as a reviewer for many articles. He still serves as a member of the review board in many academic journals. He is currently working on the protective activity of phenolic compounds in disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"178366",title:"Dr.",name:"Volkan",middleName:null,surname:"Gelen",slug:"volkan-gelen",fullName:"Volkan Gelen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/178366/images/system/178366.jpg",biography:"Volkan Gelen is a Physiology specialist who received his veterinary degree from Kafkas University in 2011. Between 2011-2015, he worked as an assistant at Atatürk University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology. In 2016, he joined Kafkas University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Physiology as an assistant professor. Dr. Gelen has been engaged in various academic activities at Kafkas University since 2016. There he completed 5 projects and has 3 ongoing projects. He has 60 articles published in scientific journals and 20 poster presentations in scientific congresses. His research interests include physiology, endocrine system, cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular system diseases, and isolated organ bath system studies.",institutionString:"Kafkas University",institution:{name:"Kafkas University",country:{name:"Turkey"}}},{id:"418963",title:"Dr.",name:"Augustine Ododo",middleName:"Augustine",surname:"Osagie",slug:"augustine-ododo-osagie",fullName:"Augustine Ododo Osagie",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/418963/images/16900_n.jpg",biography:"Born into the family of Osagie, a prince of the Benin Kingdom. I am currently an academic in the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Benin. Part of the duties are to teach undergraduate students and conduct academic research.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Benin",country:{name:"Nigeria"}}},{id:"192992",title:"Prof.",name:"Shagufta",middleName:null,surname:"Perveen",slug:"shagufta-perveen",fullName:"Shagufta Perveen",position:null,profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/192992/images/system/192992.png",biography:"Prof. Shagufta Perveen is a Distinguish Professor in the Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Dr. Perveen has acted as the principal investigator of major research projects funded by the research unit of King Saud University. She has more than ninety original research papers in peer-reviewed journals of international repute to her credit. 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Dr. Koprowski has authored more than a hundred research papers with dozens in impact factor (IF) journals and has authored or co-authored six books. Additionally, he is the author of several national and international patents in the field of biomedical devices and imaging. Since 2011, he has been a reviewer of grants and projects (including EU projects) in biomedical engineering.",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},subseries:[{id:"7",title:"Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics",keywords:"Biomedical Data, Drug Discovery, Clinical Diagnostics, Decoding Human Genome, AI in Personalized Medicine, Disease-prevention Strategies, Big Data Analysis in Medicine",scope:"Bioinformatics aims to help understand the functioning of the mechanisms of living organisms through the construction and use of quantitative tools. The applications of this research cover many related fields, such as biotechnology and medicine, where, for example, Bioinformatics contributes to faster drug design, DNA analysis in forensics, and DNA sequence analysis in the field of personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is a type of medical care in which treatment is customized individually for each patient. Personalized medicine enables more effective therapy, reduces the costs of therapy and clinical trials, and also minimizes the risk of side effects. Nevertheless, advances in personalized medicine would not have been possible without bioinformatics, which can analyze the human genome and other vast amounts of biomedical data, especially in genetics. The rapid growth of information technology enabled the development of new tools to decode human genomes, large-scale studies of genetic variations and medical informatics. The considerable development of technology, including the computing power of computers, is also conducive to the development of bioinformatics, including personalized medicine. In an era of rapidly growing data volumes and ever lower costs of generating, storing and computing data, personalized medicine holds great promises. Modern computational methods used as bioinformatics tools can integrate multi-scale, multi-modal and longitudinal patient data to create even more effective and safer therapy and disease prevention methods. Main aspects of the topic are: Applying bioinformatics in drug discovery and development; Bioinformatics in clinical diagnostics (genetic variants that act as markers for a condition or a disease); Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning in personalized medicine; Customize disease-prevention strategies in personalized medicine; Big data analysis in personalized medicine; Translating stratification algorithms into clinical practice of personalized medicine.",annualVolume:11403,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/7.jpg",editor:{id:"351533",title:"Dr.",name:"Slawomir",middleName:null,surname:"Wilczynski",fullName:"Slawomir Wilczynski",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y000035U1loQAC/Profile_Picture_1630074514792",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Medical University of Silesia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Poland"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"5886",title:"Dr.",name:"Alexandros",middleName:"T.",surname:"Tzallas",fullName:"Alexandros Tzallas",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/5886/images/system/5886.png",institutionString:"University of Ioannina, Greece & Imperial College London",institution:{name:"University of Ioannina",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Greece"}}},{id:"257388",title:"Distinguished Prof.",name:"Lulu",middleName:null,surname:"Wang",fullName:"Lulu Wang",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRX6kQAG/Profile_Picture_1630329584194",institutionString:"Shenzhen Technology University",institution:{name:"Shenzhen Technology University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"China"}}},{id:"225387",title:"Prof.",name:"Reda R.",middleName:"R.",surname:"Gharieb",fullName:"Reda R. Gharieb",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/225387/images/system/225387.jpg",institutionString:"Assiut University",institution:{name:"Assiut University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Egypt"}}}]},{id:"8",title:"Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics",keywords:"Bioinspired Systems, Biomechanics, Assistive Technology, Rehabilitation",scope:'Bioinspired technologies take advantage of understanding the actual biological system to provide solutions to problems in several areas. Recently, bioinspired systems have been successfully employing biomechanics to develop and improve assistive technology and rehabilitation devices. The research topic "Bioinspired Technology and Biomechanics" welcomes studies reporting recent advances in bioinspired technologies that contribute to individuals\' health, inclusion, and rehabilitation. Possible contributions can address (but are not limited to) the following research topics: Bioinspired design and control of exoskeletons, orthoses, and prostheses; Experimental evaluation of the effect of assistive devices (e.g., influence on gait, balance, and neuromuscular system); Bioinspired technologies for rehabilitation, including clinical studies reporting evaluations; Application of neuromuscular and biomechanical models to the development of bioinspired technology.',annualVolume:11404,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/8.jpg",editor:{id:"144937",title:"Prof.",name:"Adriano",middleName:"De Oliveira",surname:"Andrade",fullName:"Adriano Andrade",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002bRC8QQAW/Profile_Picture_1625219101815",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Federal University of Uberlândia",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"49517",title:"Prof.",name:"Hitoshi",middleName:null,surname:"Tsunashima",fullName:"Hitoshi Tsunashima",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYTP4QAO/Profile_Picture_1625819726528",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Nihon University",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Japan"}}},{id:"425354",title:"Dr.",name:"Marcus",middleName:"Fraga",surname:"Vieira",fullName:"Marcus Vieira",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0033Y00003BJSgIQAX/Profile_Picture_1627904687309",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Universidade Federal de Goiás",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Brazil"}}},{id:"196746",title:"Dr.",name:"Ramana",middleName:null,surname:"Vinjamuri",fullName:"Ramana Vinjamuri",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/196746/images/system/196746.jpeg",institutionString:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institution:{name:"University of Maryland, Baltimore County",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"United States of America"}}}]},{id:"9",title:"Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering",keywords:"Biotechnology, Biosensors, Biomaterials, Tissue Engineering",scope:"The Biotechnology - Biosensors, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering topic within the Biomedical Engineering Series aims to rapidly publish contributions on all aspects of biotechnology, biosensors, biomaterial and tissue engineering. We encourage the submission of manuscripts that provide novel and mechanistic insights that report significant advances in the fields. Topics can include but are not limited to: Biotechnology such as biotechnological products and process engineering; Biotechnologically relevant enzymes and proteins; Bioenergy and biofuels; Applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics; Applied microbial and cell physiology; Environmental biotechnology; Methods and protocols. Moreover, topics in biosensor technology, like sensors that incorporate enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, whole cells, tissues and organelles, and other biological or biologically inspired components will be considered, and topics exploring transducers, including those based on electrochemical and optical piezoelectric, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical elements. Chapters exploring biomaterial approaches such as polymer synthesis and characterization, drug and gene vector design, biocompatibility, immunology and toxicology, and self-assembly at the nanoscale, are welcome. Finally, the tissue engineering subcategory will support topics such as the fundamentals of stem cells and progenitor cells and their proliferation, differentiation, bioreactors for three-dimensional culture and studies of phenotypic changes, stem and progenitor cells, both short and long term, ex vivo and in vivo implantation both in preclinical models and also in clinical trials.",annualVolume:11405,isOpenForSubmission:!0,coverUrl:"https://cdn.intechopen.com/series_topics/covers/9.jpg",editor:{id:"126286",title:"Dr.",name:"Luis",middleName:"Jesús",surname:"Villarreal-Gómez",fullName:"Luis Villarreal-Gómez",profilePictureURL:"https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/users/126286/images/system/126286.jpg",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Autonomous University of Baja California",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Mexico"}}},editorTwo:null,editorThree:null,editorialBoard:[{id:"35539",title:"Dr.",name:"Cecilia",middleName:null,surname:"Cristea",fullName:"Cecilia Cristea",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYQ65QAG/Profile_Picture_1621007741527",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Romania"}}},{id:"40735",title:"Dr.",name:"Gil",middleName:"Alberto Batista",surname:"Gonçalves",fullName:"Gil Gonçalves",profilePictureURL:"https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/intech-files/0030O00002aYRLGQA4/Profile_Picture_1628492612759",institutionString:null,institution:{name:"University of Aveiro",institutionURL:null,country:{name:"Portugal"}}},{id:"211725",title:"Associate Prof.",name:"Johann F.",middleName:null,surname:"Osma",fullName:"Johann F. 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